生物入侵论文发表期刊

日前，上海海关所属邮局海关工作人员进行X光机查验时，发现一个申报品名为“牙科耗材”的海外进境邮件包裹影像异常，工作人员随即进行开箱查验，从中查获活体蚂蚁406只，蚂蚁体长约2厘米，且每只都单独放置于一个EP（环氧树脂）管中，管内有湿润的棉花，管口都留有通气孔。目前，该包裹已移交有关部门做销毁处理。

据悉，今年2月，海关总署在内的五部委联合发布《进一步加强外来物种入侵防控工作方案》，要求强化入境货物、快件、邮件等渠道的检疫监管，对截获的外来入侵物种进行严格处置。严厉打击非法引进、携带、邮递、走私外来物种的违法行为，有效堵截外来物种非法入境渠道。

海关提醒：未经检疫评估的活动物可能携带疫情疫病，而且一旦逸散繁殖可能会造外来物种入侵，严重威胁我国人民健康及生态安全。请不要随意携带、邮寄活动物入境，共同维护国门生物安全。

扩展资料：

延伸阅读－计算生物入侵成本 最新全球数据集覆盖90国343物种

施普林格·自然旗下国际专业期刊《科学数据》最新发表的一篇生态学研究论文，在线描述了一份数据集呈现出生物入侵对全球造成的经济成本，这一可更新的数据集迄今已囊括1945年至2017年、与90个国家的343个物种有关的2419项估算成本。

“生物入侵”是指原生生境以外物种的引入和传播。入侵者会造成生物多样性丧失和疾病传播，引起作物损害、基础设施退化、人类健康支出，以及与防控入侵相关的管理成本，从而造成巨大的经济损失。不久的将来预计还会发生更多的生物入侵，充分认识到这类事件的经济影响或有利于说服决策者更加关注这一问题。

该论文通讯作者、法国巴黎-萨克雷大学克里斯托夫·迪亚涅(Christophe Diagne)和同事介绍，他们最新研发的标准化综合全球性数据集InvaCost，描述了与入侵物种有关的估算经济成本，所有估算成本从20种当地货币换算成经过通货膨胀校正的单一货币(2017年美元价值)。该数据集可以按照分类组别、地理区域、受影响领域或成本类型进行搜索。

据了解，人们对于生物入侵者影响的科学理解不断加深，但对这类入侵的管理至今仍有不当之处。论文作者希望，全球性数据集InvaCost最新提供的明确数据或能缩小这之间的差距。

参考资料来源：新民晚报－海外包裹内，竟藏身活体蚂蚁406只

应用生态学报期刊级别为核心期刊，出刊周期为月刊，期刊创办于1990年。应用生态学报是中国科学院主管，中国生态学学会和中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所主办的学术性期刊。《应用生态学报》主要设有研究论文、综合评述等栏目，内容主要包括森林生态学、农业生态学、草地生态学、渔业生态学、海洋与湿地生态学、资源生态学、景观生态学、全球变化生态学、城市生态学、产业生态学、生态规划与生态设计、污染生态学、化学生态学、恢复生态学、生态工程学、生物入侵与生物多样性保护生态学、流行病生态学、旅游生态学和生态系统管理等。《应用生态学报》被“中国期刊方阵”（双效期刊）、“中国科技核心期刊”、“中文核心期刊”，被《中国科学引文数据库》（CSCD，核心期刊）、《中国科技论文与引文数据库》（CSTPCD）、《中国学术期刊综合评价数据库》（CAJCED）、《万方数据库》、《中国期刊全文数据库》（GJFD）、《中国学术期刊全文数据库》、《中文科技期刊文摘数据库》、美国《生物学文摘》（BA）、《化学文摘》（CA）、英国《生态学文摘》（EA）、日本《科学技术文献速报》（CBST）和俄罗斯《文摘杂志》（AJ）等中国内外十多家权威检索系统和数据库收录。所以的话是的哦。

编译 冯维维

Nature , 22 April 2021, Volume 592 Issue 7855

《自然》 2021年4月22日，第592卷，7855期

天体物理学

Astrophysics

All-sky dynamical response of the Galactic halo to the Large Magellanic Cloud

银河系晕对大麦哲伦星云的全天动力学响应

作者：Charlie Conroy, Rohan P. Naidu, Nicolás Garavito-Camargo, Gurtina Besla, Dennis Zaritsky, Ana Bonaca & Benjamin D. Johnson

链接：

摘要

大麦哲伦云（LMC）与银河系恒星和暗物质晕之间的引力相互作用，预计会导致银河系外的不平衡现象。

据预测，LMC的轨道上会有一个局部尾流，且在北半球大片区域会出现大规模过密度现象。作者报告了在一幅银河系地图上检测到的局部尾流和北部过密度，这幅地图是基于在60到100千秒之间的银河系中心距离上的1301颗恒星。

探测到的强烈的局部尾流是麦哲伦星云在银河系的第一个轨道上的独立证据。这些数据表明，外晕并不像人们通常认为的那样处于动态平衡状态。尾流的形态和强度可以用来测试暗物质和重力的性质。

Abstract

Abstract: Gravitational interactions between the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the stellar and dark matter halo of the Milky Way are expected to give rise to disequilibrium phenomena in the outer Milky Way. A local wake is predicted to trail the orbit of the LMC, and a large-scale overdensity is predicted to exist across a large area of the northern Galactic hemisphere. Here we report the detection of both the local wake and northern overdensity in a map of the Galaxy based on 1,301 stars at Galactocentric distances between 60 and 100 kiloparsecs. The detection of a strong local wake is independent evidence that the Magellanic clouds are on their first orbit around the Milky Way. These data demonstrate that the outer halo is not in dynamical equilibrium, as is often assumed. The morphology and strength of the wake could be used to test the nature of dark matter and gravity.

High-entropy ejecta plumes in Cassiopeia A from neutrino-driven convection

仙后座A中由中微子驱动的对流产生的高熵喷射羽流

作者：Toshiki Sato, Keiichi Maeda, Shigehiro Nagataki, Takashi Yoshida, Brian Grefenstette, Brian J. Williams, Hideyuki Umeda, Masaomi Ono & John P. Hughes

链接：

摘要

最近的多维模拟表明，高熵浮力羽流有助于大质量恒星爆炸。在星系超新星残骸仙后座A中向外突出的富含铁的气体手指似乎与这幅图相吻合。

作者报告了在仙后座A的冲击高速富铁喷射物中，在置信水平大于5个标准偏差的情况下观察到的这些元素——稳定的钛（Ti）和铬（Cr）。

他们发现，观测到的Ti/Fe和Cr/Fe质量比需要富α冻结，提供了在爆炸时增强冲击波的高熵喷射羽流存在的证据。这些羽流的金属成分与强烈经过中微子处理的富含质子的喷出物的预测非常吻合。这些结果通过产生仙后座A的超新星中的中微子加热支持了对流超新星引擎的运行。

Abstract

Recent multi-dimensional simulations suggest that high-entropy buoyant plumes help massive stars to explode. Outwardly protruding iron (Fe)-rich fingers of gas in the galactic supernova remnant Cassiopeia A seem to match this picture. Here we report observations of such elements—stable titanium (Ti) and chromium (Cr)—at a confidence level greater than 5 standard deviations in the shocked high-velocity Fe-rich ejecta of Cassiopeia A. We found that the observed Ti/Fe and Cr/Fe mass ratios require α-rich freeze out, providing evidence of the existence of the high-entropy ejecta plumes that boosted the shock wave at explosion. The metal composition of the plumes agrees well with predictions for strongly neutrino-processed proton-rich ejecta. These results support the operation of the convective supernova engine via neutrino heating in the supernova that produced Cassiopeia A.

物理和化学

Physics & Chemistry

Multistable inflatable origami structures at the metre scale

米级多稳定充气折纸结构

作者：David Melancon, Benjamin Gorissen, Carlos J. García-Mora, Chuck Hoberman & Katia Bertoldi

链接：

摘要

从 体育 场罩到太阳帆，人们依靠可展开性来设计大型结构，这些结构可以迅速压缩到其体积的一小部分。

作者从折纸艺术中汲取灵感，设计了多稳定、可膨胀的刚性壁可展开结构。在几何分析和实验的指导下，他们创建了一个双稳态折纸形状库，可以通过一个单一的流体压力输入部署。

然后，他们将这些单元结合起来，在米尺度上构建功能结构，如拱门和应急避难所，为建造大型充气系统提供了直接的路径，这些系统在部署后可以锁定，并通过它们僵硬的表面提供一个坚固的外壳。

Abstract

From stadium covers to solar sails, we rely on deployability for the design of large-scale structures that can quickly compress to a fraction of their size. Here we draw inspiration from origami to design rigid-walled deployable structures that are multistable and inflatable. Guided by geometric analyses and experiments, we create a library of bistable origami shapes that can be deployed through a single fluidic pressure input. We then combine these units to build functional structures at the metre scale, such as arches and emergency shelters, providing a direct route for building large-scale inflatable systems that lock in place after deployment and offer a robust enclosure through their stiff faces.

A single-molecule van der Waals compass

单分子范德瓦尔斯罗盘

作者：Boyuan Shen, Xiao Chen, Huiqiu Wang, Hao Xiong, Eric G. T. Bosch, Ivan Lazić, Dali Cai, Weizhong Qian, Shifeng Jin, Xin Liu, Yu Han & Fei Wei

链接：

摘要

单分子成像在研究分子水平上的分子间相互作用方面具有挑战性，但也非常有益。在约束条件下，亚纳米尺度上的范德华相互作用强烈影响分子的各种行为。

受传统指南针的启发，作者使用对二甲苯分子作为旋转指针来检测MFI型沸石骨架直线通道中的主-客体范德瓦尔斯相互作用。

他们采用集成差示相位对比扫描透射电子显微镜对每个通道中的单个对二甲苯分子进行实空间成像。结合计算和成像研究的结果，建立了单分子指针的取向与通道的原子结构之间的良好相关性。

对二甲苯的取向有助识别范德瓦尔斯相互作用的变化，这与空间和时间维度上的通道几何有关。

这项工作不仅为在分子水平上研究多孔材料的主-客体范德瓦尔斯相互作用提供了一种可见和灵敏的手段，也促进了利用电子显微镜技术进一步研究其他单分子行为。

Abstract

Single-molecule imaging is challenging but highly beneficial for investigating intermolecular interactions at the molecular level. Van der Waals interactions at the sub-nanometre scale strongly influence various molecular behaviours under confinement conditions. Inspired by the traditional compass, here we use a para-xylene molecule as a rotating pointer to detect the host–guest van der Waals interactions in the straight channel of the MFI-type zeolite framework. We use integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy to achieve real-space imaging of a single para-xylene molecule in each channel. A good correlation between the orientation of the single-molecule pointer and the atomic structure of the channel is established by combining the results of calculations and imaging studies. The orientations of para-xylene help us to identify changes in the van der Waals interactions, which are related to the channel geometry in both spatial and temporal dimensions. This work not only provides a visible and sensitive means to investigate host–guest van der Waals interactions in porous materials at the molecular level, but also encourages the further study of other single-molecule behaviours using electron microscopy techniques.

A highly stable and flexible zeolite electrolyte solid-state Li–air battery

高度稳定、灵活的沸石电解质固态锂空气电池

作者：Xiwen Chi, Malin Li, Jiancheng Di, Pu Bai, Lina Song, Xiaoxue Wang, Fei Li, Shuang Liang, Jijing Xu & Jihong Yu

链接：

摘要

固态锂空气电池被认为是下一代的能源存储解决方案，以解决液体电池系统遇到的安全性和电化学稳定性问题。

然而，传统的固体电解质不适合在固态锂-空气系统中使用，因为它们对锂金属和/或空气不稳定，而且难以构建低电阻界面。作者提出了一个集成固态锂空气电池，包含一个超薄，高离子导电锂离子交换沸石X （LiX）膜作为唯一的固体电解质。

该电解质与铸锂作为阳极和碳纳米管作为阴极使用原位组装策略集成。由于锂或空气的影响，电解质的退化得到有效的抑制。

该电池的容量为每克碳纳米管12020毫安时，在电流密度为每克500毫安和每克容量为1000毫安时，其循环寿命为149次。

此循环寿命大于相同条件下锂铝锗磷酸盐电池（12次循环）和有机电解质电池（102次循环）。沸石基锂空气电池的电化学性能、灵活性和稳定性赋予其实用性，可以扩展到其他储能系统，如锂离子、钠空气和钠离子电池。

Abstract

Solid-state lithium (Li)–air batteries are recognized as a next-generation solution for energy storage to address the safety and electrochemical stability issues that are encountered in liquid battery systems. However, conventional solid electrolytes are unsuitable for use in solid-state Li–air systems owing to their instability towards lithium metal and/or air, as well as the difficulty in constructing low-resistance interfaces5. Here we present an integrated solid-state Li–air battery that contains an ultrathin, high-ion-conductive lithium-ion-exchanged zeolite X (LiX) membrane as the sole solid electrolyte. This electrolyte is integrated with cast lithium as the anode and carbon nanotubes as the cathode using an in situ assembly strategy. Owing to the intrinsic chemical stability of the zeolite, degeneration of the electrolyte from the effects of lithium or air is effectively suppressed. The battery has a capacity of 12,020 milliamp hours per gram of carbon nanotubes, and has a cycle life of 149 cycles at a current density of 500 milliamps per gram and at a capacity of 1,000 milliamp hours per gram. This cycle life is greater than those of batteries based on lithium aluminium germanium phosphate (12 cycles) and organic electrolytes (102 cycles) under the same conditions. The electrochemical performance, flexibility and stability of zeolite-based Li–air batteries confer practical applicability that could extend to other energy-storage systems, such as Li–ion, Na–air and Na–ion batteries.

气候和生态

Climate & Ecology

Equity is more important for the social cost of methane than climate uncertainty

对于甲烷的 社会 成本而言，公平比气候不确定性更重要

作者：Frank C. Errickson, Klaus Keller, William D. Collins, Vivek Srikrishnan & David Anthoff

链接：

摘要

甲烷的 社会 成本（SC- CH4 ）衡量的是向大气中排放一吨甲烷所造成的 社会 福利的经济损失。这种评估可能反过来用于成本效益分析或为气候政策提供信息。作者通过结合最近对甲烷辐射强迫计算的25%的向上修正，结合校准的简化全球气候模型和综合评估模型（IAMs），估计了SC- CH4 。他们对SC- CH4 的多模型平均估计是在高排放情景下每吨CH4933美元，与基于美国联邦政府使用的气候不确定性框架的估计相比减少了22%。在低排放情景下（RCP 2.6），他们的多模型估计平均每吨 CH4 减少到710美元。作者表示，较紧的平衡气候敏感性估计加上先前忽略的气候模型不确定参数之间关系的影响，降低了这些估计。将研究结果扩展到考虑 社会 对公平的关注，得出的SC- CH4 估计在低收入和高收入地区之间相差超过一个数量级。作者对美国的平均加权估计增加到每吨 CH4 8290美元，而对撒哈拉以南非洲的估计减少到每吨 CH4 134美元。

Abstract

The social cost of methane (SC- CH4 ) measures the economic loss of welfare caused by emitting one tonne of methane into the atmosphere. Here we estimate the SC- CH4 by incorporating the recent upward revision of 25 per cent to calculations of the radiative forcing of methane, combined with calibrated reduced-form global climate models and an ensemble of integrated assessment models (IAMs). Our multi-model mean estimate for the SC- CH4 is US$933 per tonne of CH4 under a high-emissions scenario, a 22 per cent decrease compared to estimates based on the climate uncertainty framework used by the US federal government. Under a low-emissions scenario (RCP 2.6), our multi-model mean decreases to US$710 per tonne of CH4 . Tightened equilibrium climate sensitivity estimates paired with the effect of previously neglected relationships between uncertain parameters of the climate model lower these estimates. Extending our results to account for societal concerns about equity produces SC- CH4 estimates that differ by more than an order of magnitude between low- and high-income regions. Our central equity-weighted estimate for the USA increases to US$8,290 per tonne of CH4 whereas our estimate for sub-Saharan Africa decreases to US$134 per tonne of CH4 .

High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide

世界范围内生物入侵造成的高昂且不断上升的经济代价

作者：Christophe Diagne, Boris Leroy, Anne-Charlotte Vaissière, Rodolphe E. Gozlan, David Roiz, Ivan Jarić, Jean-Michel Salles, Corey J. A. Bradshaw & Franck Courchamp

链接：

摘要

生物入侵造成了生物多样性的大幅度下降，以及与管理这些入侵相关的 社会 经济损失和资金支出。InvaCost数据库使世界范围内生物入侵货币成本的综合数据能够可靠、全面、标准化和易于更新。

研究发现，过去几十年（1970-2017年），入侵的总报告成本最低为1.288万亿美元，年平均成本为268亿美元。此外，他们预计2017年的平均成本将达到1627亿美元。

这些费用仍然被严重低估，而且没有显示出任何放缓的迹象，每十年持续增长三倍。作者发现，所记录的成本分布广泛，在区域和分类规模上有很大差距，损害费用比管理费用高一个数量级。

作者表示，记录生物入侵代价的研究方法需要进一步改进。他们呼吁实施一致的管理行动和国际政策协议，以减少外来入侵物种的负担。

Abstract

Biological invasions are responsible for substantial biopersity declines as well as high economic losses to society and monetary expenditures associated with the management of these invasions. The InvaCost database has enabled the generation of a reliable, comprehensive, standardized and easily updatable synthesis of the monetary costs of biological invasions worldwide. Here we found that the total reported costs of invasions reached a minimum of US$1.288 trillion (2017 US dollars) over the past few decades (1970–2017), with an annual mean cost of US$26.8 billion. Moreover, we estimate that the annual mean cost could reach US$162.7 billion in 2017. These costs remain strongly underestimated and do not show any sign of slowing down, exhibiting a consistent threefold increase per decade. We show that the documented costs are widely distributed and have strong gaps at regional and taxonomic scales, with damage costs being an order of magnitude higher than management expenditures. Research approaches that document the costs of biological invasions need to be further improved. Nonetheless, our findings call for the implementation of consistent management actions and international policy agreements that aim to reduce the burden of invasive alien species.