美国对抗美国论文发表

美国教授之所以要多走第一作者，主要是因为他们认为作为第一作者能够获得更多的学术认可。因为作为第一作者，他们可以更好地参与研究过程中的项目和活动，从而获得更多的学术认可。此外，第一作者可以更好地控制研究过程中的所有步骤，从而更好地实现自己的研究目标。另外，第一作者可以更好地把握所有研究过程中的重要信息，有利于他们获得更多的学术认可。

学术，是指系统专门的学问，泛指高等教育和研究，而学术论文对个人思维的严密性和科学性也是很好的锻炼。下面是我为大家整理学术论文发表要求，希望你们喜欢。 学术论文发表要求 1、确定自己的学术论文专业和分类方向。 2、查阅期刊，寻找合适自己学术论文的相关期刊，并对其规范性，合法性，及专业程度进行综合的了解和考评。 3、寻找代理机构或者杂志社。在此杂志之家网就得提醒各位，一定确认其合法性，正规性了，对于这些机构，杂志社也要做一个全面的了解和考评，并作出慎重的结论。 4、达成协议，支付定金。然后按照编辑或者审稿专家的意见对学术论文进行修正。 5、收到用稿通知后，付清余款。学术论文成功发表之后，杂志社或者相关机构会给你寄去样刊。 6、收到样刊，确认自己的学术论文已经成功发表。(记得确认期刊是正刊，并到知网去查询下有没有被收录) “9.11”对美国经济及世界经济的影响 内容提要“9.11事件”，对美国造成了巨大的伤害和经济损失，对美国经济和世界经济也将产生深远的影响。 美国的直接经济损失 爆炸事件使世界贸易中心和五角大楼的建筑物本身的损失约为50亿～150亿美元，其保险赔偿额将达300亿美元。爆炸事件造成失踪和死亡的人数超过5000人，人寿保险赔款总额预计超过60亿美元。航空公司已宣布裁员2万人，预计被辞退的员工将达10万人。美国每天有5.5万人乘坐飞机，因停飞而带来的损失每天高达数亿美元。目前，航空公司要求政府提供240亿美元的援助金，否则，公司就有破产的危险。旅游业因飞机停飞损失惨重。世贸中心大楼内的许多著名大型金融机构，其中包括摩根斯坦利投资银行、德意志银行、德国COMMERG银行、康特杰拉德公司、汤姆逊金融公司、CHARLESSCHWAB公司、BARDAYSCAPITAL公司、美林证券、美国运通公司等，损失惨重，前四天的业务损失额累计达10亿美元(每天业务损失在2.5亿美元左右)，今后何时恢复运作还是未知数。 因股市和汇市停市，美元对欧元的汇率下降1.8%，对日元的汇率下降1.5%。美国股市因“9.11事件”关闭四个交易日后到星期一开盘，当天纽约证券交易市场“道指”跌破9000点，“纳指”也惨跌115点。一周内“道指”共下跌1369.7点，跌幅超过14%，创战后单周下跌新记录，与年初比，“道指”下跌24%。“纳指”21日收于1423.19点，一周下跌16%，与年初比，跌去42%。一周内，美国股市市值损失达1.4万亿美元。“道指”和“纳指”双双步入熊市。以上是可以直接计算的损失，另外，还有许多不可直接计算的间接损失。 对美国经济的短期影响 从经济增长角度看，这一突发事件对于正处于步履蹒跚等待复苏的美国经济来说，无疑是雪上加霜。从去年第四季度开始，美国经济走势就不妙。2000年GDP增长近5%，2001年第一季度同比增长1.3%，第二季度增长0.2%。原本预计第三季度～第四季度会回暖，然而发生这一事件后，复苏的步伐将大大减缓，不会呈现V型的发展曲线，而可能出现W或U型经济走势。根据美国《蓝筹经济指标》杂志在“9.11事件”后对美国四名经济学家的调查，其中81.8%的人认为恐怖事件使美国经济进入衰退状态，他们预计第三季度美国GDP将下降0.52%，第四季度将下降0.74%。 从金融领域看，由于证券、期货和物资市场的短期关闭，全球金融市场陷入严重的混乱并产生连锁反应。银行业，由于事件造成的重大生命财产损失，一些公司和个人的信贷可能出现坏账，部分美国银行的坏账会迅速增加，从而影响银行的经营效益。保险业，由于人寿险损失惨重，超出保险公司的赔付能力，一方面一些保险公司有破产的可能，另一方面，会导致增加以后的保险费用，从而扩大美国国民的保险支出。外汇市场，由于美元短期急剧下挫，全球汇市和黄金市场价格巨幅波动。资本市场的混乱、消费者信心的下降，打乱了美联储货币政策的既定计划，被迫在9月17日提前宣布今年以来的第八次降息，累计降息3.5个百分点，其力度超过了30年代经济大萧条时期。 从国际贸易领域看，由于美国政府在事件当日宣布立即封闭全国所有的关口，美国中断了与全球所有国家和地区的物流，许多公司，尤其是严重依赖国外市场的公司，如分布在东南亚的IT组装产业，由于生产环节中断，造成整个生产瘫痪。危机使世界黄金价格、白银价格飞涨。原油价格先是暴涨，后又猛跌。预计，其他如铜、贵金属的价格也将出现剧烈波动。如果战火烧到中东，后果将更加严重。 对世界经济的影响 在美国股市休市期间，全球股市就已先声下跌10%以上，美国股市复市的一周内全球股市继续下挫。一周内，伦敦《金融时报》指数下降322点;法兰克福DAX30指数下跌328.75点;巴黎CAC-40指数损失256.62点;东京股市跌破1万点大关，滑落为18年来最低点;台湾股市报收于3591.85点，至9年以来最低水平;香港恒生指数收于8934点，为1998年10月以来最低点。初步预计，一周内受美国股市暴跌的影响，除美国以外的世界其他股市的市值损失也在1.5万亿美元左右。即是说，包括美国在内的全球股市市值一周内的损失相当于中国三年创造的国民生产总值。 资本市场受重挫，直接影响全球外国直接投资。今年世界外国直接投资将下降40%以上，跨国购并减少1/3以上。投资收入的减少，将导致消费需求萎缩，全球对外贸易规模将大幅下降。据日本《朝日新闻》报道，新加坡今年可能出现负增长;泰国旅游可能会减少20%。韩国主动下调了今年的经济增长率;台湾半导体产业遭受沉重打击，经济增长率可能降至-1%;日本经济今年负增长已在所难免;欧洲期盼今年经济回升的愿望被美国的悲剧所打破。在前景不明的情况下，人们都不愿意对悲观的前景做出进一步预测。 对中国经济的影响 世贸中心的中国公司被炸，是我国的直接损失。美国经济复苏雪上加霜，对中国外贸的打击将首当其冲。由于它可能影响美国经济的复苏，使消费需求减少，进口减少，而美国是我国最大的贸易伙伴，占我国外贸出口比例的25%(按照美国的统计是40%)，因此，这种影响将会在下半年显现出来，将直接影响中国今年下半年的外贸出口。对于中国外贸来说，今年可谓“祸不单行”，也可谓“城门失火，殃及池鱼”。 此外，中国民航飞往美国的航班直接受到危机影响，其他航班也受到不同程度的影响。银行界的短期业务受到损失。危机引起的国际原油价格上涨将加大中国的进口成本。对阿拉伯世界的项目可能遭遇抵制因而实际无法执行。企业到美国上市的国外融资计划受阻，股市也受到美国股市及世界股市暴跌的影响而低迷徘徊，从而影响了中国资本市场的发展。 对美国经济的长期影响 以上谈的是爆炸事件对美国和世界经济的短期影响，但并不能因此认为，美国经济就进入了全面衰退，不能把它与30年代的经济大危机相提并论，那次危机是由于生产全面过剩以及金融系统全面瘫痪而引起的，本次危机是外来力量导致的，不是内部经济矛盾引起的。目前的生产过剩只是“新经济”部门的局部生产过剩，其他部门，如房地产业和一些传统工业部门并没有出问题，金融系统也没有瘫痪，因此，事件只是暂时打击了消费者和投资者的信心，影响是短暂的，从长期看信心还会重建起来。这是因为： 第一，外国资本并没有完全撤离，只是在等待观望。它们认为：1美国经济强大，占全球经济的1/4以上。2一半以上的国外客户是为了寻求较高的利差(高于日本和欧洲)。3出于资本安全考虑，虽然世界一些地区，如发生过金融危机的地区的利率大大高于美国，但由于政治和经济的不稳定性，也难以与美国争夺资金。美国出了危机可以向其他国家动武，而别的国家出了危机则没有动武的经济和军事实力。4美国证券资本的回报率也大大高于日本、欧洲以及大多数发展中国家。5美国资本市场交易成本低。其流动性大大高于世界其他资本市场。6美国公开资本市场比世界其他地区的市场更加注重保护创新和中小投资者，反对内部交易。7美国经济比较稳定，又有活力，不象欧洲和日本那样死气沉沉。 第二，美国劳动生产率仍是全世界最高的，失业率只有4.9%，比欧洲低，通胀率也只有2%～3%。此次轰炸并没有动摇美国的经济基础。 第三，美元受危机影响短期走弱，但从长期看，美国政府还将一如既往地坚持强势美元政策。强势美元之所以能够坚持下去的依据是：从外贸来看，强势美元使美国进口的东西便宜;在资本市场上，全世界3/4的资本以美元计价，如美元贬值，这些资产将会贬值;从税收看，政府要减税，如贬值的话，今年平均每个美国人将获得400美元～500美元的税收收入将会大打折扣。此外，美国还可以到处借款，支撑自己的高新技术产业的发展。然而，美元价值确实被高估了，打个比方说，水有多高，堤就筑多高，若某一天美国经济整体不行了，就将发生山洪爆发般的决堤。 第四，若美国动武，发动对阿富汗的战争，短期内会增加美国纳税人的负担，使劳动生产率下降，延缓经济复苏。但从历史上看，美国靠两次世界大战发财，二战后的越南战争刺激了美国106个月的经济增长。90年代的海湾战争，由于石油危机导致经济短期衰退，但后来克服衰退后，美国经济持续了115个月以上的战后最长的经济增长。目前，美国财政盈余，如果发动战争，美国扬言，不惜采用赤字财政来维持经济运转。从长期看，战争投资可以拉动国内需求，消化掉目前美国的过剩供给，使美国经济摆脱下滑的负面影响。 看了“学术论文发表要求”的人还看： 1. 发表学术论文格式要求 2. 发表学术论文的心得 3. 本科生如何发表学术论文 4. 学术论文标准格式规范 5. 发表学术论文的格式要求(2)

A war is a state of open, armed, often prolonged conflict carried on between nations, states, or parties. Every war has its reasons weather it be a good and acceptable reason or a bad reason. If people are going to be killed and the country itself be damaged because of the war, people will want to hear a reason. Some wars are inevitable and some are not. It all depends on its cause. The American Civil War is thought to be an inevitable war. Many are convinced that there was no other way to solve the tension between the North and the South. The difference in thinking of slavery of both sides was one of the reasons for the build up of the tension between the two sides but it was not the only reason as some may think. Economical differences and political differences also led to the tension between the two sided which resulted in a war. The war was considered inevitable because the South would not give up slavery, and the North would not let the South separate from the Union.The part slavery had on the Civil War cannot be ignored but it should not be responsible for the main cause. It was the difference in the North and the South that slavery created which led to the war. Slavery led to economic differences. In the South, slavery became a way of life. It was a large part of their society. Because they were farmers, they needed many workers to plant and gather. The South thought that if slavery was to be abolished, than their economy would fall because there would be no workers. In the North, slavery was not needed as much. The northern part of the US was mostly manufacturers. They hired workers instead of buying slaves. The South justified slavery by saying that slavery was in the bible and that slaves were treated better than the workers at factories in the North. Slavery also led to other differences. Because of slavery, different religion formed. In the North, Methodist Episcopal Church and the Quakers of Pennsylvania emerged. They were all clearly opposed to slavery and the South. In the South, the Baptists and the Presbyterians became the form of Christianity which supported the southern beliefs. All these churches were Christian and the only difference between them where their thoughts on slavery. Political differences also arose because of slavery. Because there were two different societies formed from slavery, each side required its own political support. This was how difference parties emerged. The South needed political parties that supported slavery.Power was one of the causes of the tension between the two sides. By 1850, only a third of the US population lived in the South and more states were becoming non-slave states. The South was loosing its power in the government and no longer had an effective voice. After Abraham Lincoln, a republican who was determined to keep slavery from spreading, was elected, South Carolina seceded from the Union. The rest of the South followed. The tension between the two sides grew and a little miscommunication sparked the war.The American Civil War was considered inevitable because it could not have been stopped. The way to avoid the war was to abolish slavery but that was not going to happen. The South needed the slaves and it became a crucial part of their society. Another way the war could have been avoided was if the North just allowed the South to separate without any trouble or if the South didnбпt separate from the North. Either of them could not have happened. The North did not want the South to separate because it would hurt both sides in the end. Abraham Lincoln stated, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” They both relied on each other for materials for manufacturing and protections. The North was willing to kill many people for the good of the whole country. After the South did not want to stay with the North and did not want to abolish slavery, a war was inevitable. The North had to do something even if that meant killing others.Slavery, which was an issue throughout American History, was still the problem during the American Civil war. If the problem of slavery was solved many years before the civil War and not left for the later generations, than there might not have been a war in the first place. Some might say that the American Civil War could have been avoided but with a lot of time and compromises. However, this is too risky. By giving a lot of time to resolve the conflict, the conflict itself might get worse. The country might slowly start to fall apart because they are not agreeing with each other. This is the case today with the war on Iraq. The war we are in probably could have been avoided if the US waited and tried to compromise with Saddam. The US saw this too risky. It might give Saddam time to plan an attack on the US or other countries around them. Al in all, the Civil War was the right thing to do. The country is together, united and working well today.

The Civil war rages, the War between the States has become known as the bloodiest war ever fought. The Civil War divided the United States between its Northern and Southern states. The battles lingered for long years, but the consequences of the war have endured time. The start of the war began with the firing on Ft. Sumter by the Southern states and lasted until General Robert E Lee surrendered his southern troops at Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, 1865. The War pitted brother against brother in attempts to retain a way of life and thinking. Although there has not been agreement on the major causes of the War, this essay will explore possible immediate causes and long term causes of the War. The immediate causes of the war that will be discussed are the election of Lincoln as president, the quest of the South to succeed from the Union, and the firing on Fort Sumter. The longer term causes discussed will be economic differences between the North and South, failure of Congress to compromise and the slavery and territory issues. The immediate causes of the War were the election of Lincoln as president. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the events surrounding the end of the American Civil War. This war was a war of epic proportion. Never before and not since have so many Americans died in battle. The American Civil War was truly tragic in terms of human life. In this document, I will speak mainly around those involved on the battlefield in the closing days of the conflict. Also, reference will be made to the leading men behind the Union and Confederate forces. The war was beginning to end by January of 1865. By then, Federal (Federal was another name given to the Union Army) armies were spread throughout the Confederacy and the Confederate Army had shrunk extremely in size. In the year before, the North had lost an enormous amount of lives, but had more than enough to lose in comparison to the South. General Grant became known as the "Butcher" (Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.,1894) and many wanted to see him removed. But Lincoln stood firm with his General, and the war continued. This paper will follow the happenings and events between the winter of 1864-65 and the surrender of The Confederate States of America.