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《红字》讲述了17世纪清教殖民统治下，在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯，奇灵渥斯遭遇海难，白兰以为他在海难中已经遭遇不幸。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚，戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈，拒不说出孩子的父亲。后来丈夫齐灵渥斯却平安地回到了新英格兰，并隐瞒了自己的身份。当他查出白兰的情人是丁梅斯代尔，齐灵渥斯便开始折磨这位愧疚不已的年轻牧师。最终，齐灵渥斯因偏狂报复而身败名裂；丁梅斯代尔不堪愧疚，身心俱毁，临终前在公开承认了通奸事实；只有海丝特勇敢地面对未来，准备带着女儿去欧洲开始新的生活。 霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家。他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起；把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。他是一位真正富有个性与创造力的作家，因而一直享誉英美和世界文坛，至今盛名不衰。进入二十世纪，美国的文学日趋成熟，涌现了一大批有成就的作家，如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。这些作家无不从霍桑那里深受教益，无怪乎有人称霍桑是“作家中的作家”。
The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850, is an American novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and is generally considered to be his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery, refuses to name the father, and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores questions of grace, legalism, sin and guilt.[edit] Plot summaryThe Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.[1]The novel begins in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts, then a Puritan settlement. A young woman, Hester Prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and the scarlet letter “A” on her bosom. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin – a badge of shame – for all to see. A man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she is, sent her ahead to America while he settled some affairs in Europe. However, her husband never arrived in Boston. The consensus is that he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover’s identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child’s father.[1]The elderly onlooker is Hester’s missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and Pearl (her daughter) grows into a willful, impish child, who is more of a symbol than an actual character, said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but, with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister’s torments and Hester’s secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.[1]Dimmesdale’s psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester’s charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl’s request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “A” in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning Adultery. Hester can see that the minister’s condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale’s self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his identity to Dimmesdale.[1]Hester arranges an encounter with Dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that Chillingworth knows that she plans to reveal his identity to Dimmesdale, and she wishes to protect him. While walking through the forest, the sun will not shine on Hester, though Pearl can bask in it. They then wait for Dimmesdale, and he arrives. The former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.[1]Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married an European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", and it was used for Hester and Dimmesdale.[edit] Major themesNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne[edit] SinSin and knowledge are linked in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Bible begins with the story of Adam and Eve, who were expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. As a result of their knowledge, Adam and Eve are made aware of their disobedience, that which separates them from the divine and from other creatures. Once expelled from the Garden of Eden, they are forced to toil and to procreate – two “labors” that seem to define the human condition. The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge – specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as “her passport into regions where other women dared not tread,” leading her to “speculate” about her society and herself more “boldly” than anyone else in New England.[2]As for Dimmesdale, the “cheating minister” of his sin gives him “sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his heart vibrate[s] in unison with theirs.” His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy.[2] The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.[3]The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it – as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be – is held out in part as an invitation to find “some sweet moral blossom” in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that “the deep heart of nature” (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child (the roses among the weeds) than do her Puritan neighbors. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.[4]Chillingworth’s misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the evil in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.[4]Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. [2] Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.[edit] Past and presentThe clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be “the soul and spirit of New England hardihood.” Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with “no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities,” who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.[4]Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as “dim and dusky,” “grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned,” “bitter persecutors” whose “better deeds” would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne’s disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors’ disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. “A writer of story books!” But even as he disagrees with his ancestor’s viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a “sense of place” in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.[4][edit] Public responseThe Scarlet Letter was published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.[5] When he delivered the final pages to James Thomas Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular.[6] In fact, the book was an instant best-seller[7] though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500.[5] Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".[8]The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint. In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.[9]The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days,[5] and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them".[10] 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[11][edit] Allusions* Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591-1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.[4]* Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.* Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.* John Winthrop (1588-1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.* Richard Dawkins' Out Campaign is represented with the Scarlet Letter A emblem.[edit] Film, TV and theatrical adaptationsMain article: Film Adaptations of the Scarlet Letter1995 film poster1995 film poster* 1917: A black-and-white silent film directed by Carl Harbaugh with Mary G. Martin as Hester Prynne* 1926: A silent movie directed by Victor Sjostrom and starring Lillian Gish and Lars Hanson.* 1934: film directed by Robert G. Vignola and starring Colleen Moore* 1973: Der Scharlachrote Buchstabe a film directed by Wim Wenders in German* 1979: PBS version starring Meg Foster and John Heard* 1994: A rock musical, "The Scarlet Letter" written by Mark Governor is produced in Los Angeles.* 1995: The Scarlet Letter, a film directed by Roland Joffé and starring Demi Moore as Hester and Gary Oldman as Arthur Dimmesdale. This version is "freely adapted" from Hawthorne according to the opening credits and takes liberties with the original story.* 1996: The film Primal Fear references The Scarlet Letter.* 1996: The Marilyn Manson promotional video for the song 'Man That You Fear' obliquely references the novel.* The Red Letter Plays (In The Blood produced in 1999, and F--ing A, produced in 2000) by playwright Suzan-Lori Parks, rewrote the story placing it in contemporary New York and Houston.* 2001: A musical stage adaptation which premiered at the Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Stacey Mancine, Daniel Koloski, and Simon Gray.* 2004: The Scarlet Letter is a Korean noir-thriller featuring an adulteress' monologue, that mentions a plan to raise her unborn child as Pearl in America, in a desperate plea to exit her obsessive affair.* 2008: "shAme"[1], a rock opera by Mark Governor based on "The Scarlet Letter" premieres in Los Angeles. It is a major reworking of his 1994 stage musical that was also produced in Boston in 2000 and as a radio production in Berlin in 2005. The 2000 version was endorsed and presented by the Nathaniel Hawthorne Society.[edit] References to the novelLists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2008)[edit] Literature* The 1993 novel The Holder of the World by Bharati Mukherjee re-wrote the story, placing it in present-day Boston, Colonial America, and seventeenth-century India during the spread of the British East India Company.* Deborah Noyes wrote a companion to this novel entitled Angel and Apostle with Pearl as the main character.* Postmodern writer Kathy Acker borrows from The Scarlet Letter in her novel Blood and Guts in High School. Janie, the main character, identifies with Hester Prynne and intertwines their stories in a vulgar manner.* In the novel Speak, Hairwoman, the English teacher, refers to The Scarlet Letter in her lesson. The novel's protagonist, Melinda Sordino, is a freshman in high school who is ostracized from her fellow schoolmates during the school year, much as Hester Prynne was ostracized by the Puritans in Boston.* Maryse Condé's novel I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, although set at the time of the Salem witch trials, also features the character Hester Prynne.* The title of Jhumpa Lahiri's 2008 novel Unaccustomed Earth comes from a passage from the introduction to The Scarlet Letter: "Human nature will not flourish, any more than a potato, if it be planted and replanted, for too long a series of generations, in the same worn-out soil. My children have had other birthplaces, and, so far as their fortunes may be within my control, shall strike their roots into unaccustomed earth."[edit] CultureRichard Dawkins's Out Campaign for atheism uses a red scarlet "A" on webpages and clothing as an emblem of atheist identification. [12]Tennessee has drivers convicted of DUI wear vests advertising this fact while on roadside litter pick-up duty. This is a badge of shame similar to the original scarlet letter.
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19世纪美利坚合众国浪漫主义作家霍桑的长篇小说。创作于1851年。小说描写女主人公海丝特·白兰跟丈夫从英国移居当时尚属英殖民地的美利坚合众国波士顿。中途丈夫被印第安人俘虏。海丝特只身到美后，迫于生活，被一青年牧师诱怀孕。此事，被当地虚伪的清教徒社会视为大逆不道。当局把海丝特抓起来投入监狱，游街示众，还要终生佩带象征耻辱的红色的A字（Adultery：通奸女犯）和站在示众台上受审。州长亲自主持了对海丝特的审讯，她所属教区的牧师丁梅斯代尔——一个被公众视为最高道德典范的诱海丝特的奸夫，也假惺惺地劝说她招出奸夫的姓名。但海丝特宁愿一人受辱，誓死也不招供。在远离社会，远离人群，受尽屈辱的处境中，海丝特孤苦顽强地生活着，全仗刺绣为生。她生活中的惟一支柱是抚养掌上明珠般的女儿珠儿。海丝特这种忍辱负重、代人受过和不屈不挠的精神，使丁梅斯代尔大为感动，也大受刺激，不久他便心力交瘁地病倒了。而获释归来，一直在暗中侦察底细的海丝特的丈夫罗杰·奇林渥斯医生，在给丁梅斯代尔治病中，已基本了解到了真情，并欲置丁梅斯代尔于死地。为了逃脱，海丝特跟丁梅斯代尔议定在新市长就职那天，带上孩于一同乘船到“看不到白人足迹”的地方去。但此事也被奇林渥斯识破，逃脱不成。于是，丁梅斯代尔在新市长就职那天，携海丝特和珠儿走上示众台，当丛宣布了自己诱海丝特的事实，并死在海丝特怀抱中。海丝特也从此得到了解放，带着珠儿远走他方。若干年后，珠儿长大成人，安了家立了业，而海丝特却一人再回到波士顿，仍带着那个红色的A字，用自己的“崇高的道德和助人精神”，把耻辱的红字变成了道德与光荣的象征，直到老死。小说以两百多年前的殖民地时代的美洲为题材，但揭露的却是19世纪资本主义发展时代美利坚合众国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺和道德的虚伪。主人公海丝特被写成了崇高道德的化身。她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔，同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。至于她的丈夫奇林渥斯，小说则把他写成了一个一心只想窥秘复仇的影子式的人物。他在小说中只起情节铺垫的作用。小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。小说在线阅读：英文阅读：
《红字》讲述了17世纪清教殖民统治下，在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯，奇灵渥斯遭遇海难，白兰以为他在海难中已经遭遇不幸。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚，戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈，拒不说出孩子的父亲。后来丈夫齐灵渥斯却平安地回到了新英格兰，并隐瞒了自己的身份。当他查出白兰的情人是丁梅斯代尔，齐灵渥斯便开始折磨这位愧疚不已的年轻牧师。最终，齐灵渥斯因偏狂报复而身败名裂；丁梅斯代尔不堪愧疚，身心俱毁，临终前在公开承认了通奸事实；只有海丝特勇敢地面对未来，准备带着女儿去欧洲开始新的生活。 霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家。他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起；把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。他是一位真正富有个性与创造力的作家，因而一直享誉英美和世界文坛，至今盛名不衰。进入二十世纪，美国的文学日趋成熟，涌现了一大批有成就的作家，如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。这些作家无不从霍桑那里深受教益，无怪乎有人称霍桑是“作家中的作家”。
毕业论文开题报告模板范文如下：
模板范文一：
1、选题目的及意义。
演员创作角色时心理活动的正确把握，能让演员更好的掌握角色，帮助演员更深刻的进入所演角色的内心，从而更生活，更直观，更真实的创造角色，从整体上提高作品的审美价值及现实意义。在创作角色时充分把握角色的心理并控制自己的心理活动，这样就能够自然而然地、直觉地、有机地抓住角色的情感，激起正确的体验。
演员创作角色时的心理活动是通过演员的神情、肢体、语言等外部行动体现出来的，之所以探讨演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性，一方面是因为创作角色时心理活动是表演“艺术中的灵魂”，另外一方面，演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性这一课题，能够使表演者在实践领域里有着十分重要的指导意义。
2、选题背景。
3、选题的研究现状。
4、结语。
5、可行性分析。
6、重点与难点分析。
7、时间进度安排。
模板范文二：
1、课题背景及现状。
项目位于南阳市宛城区人民路中段，占地公顷，建成已50多年，是该市城区唯―一座大型综合公园。鉴于现状设施老化、景观落伍等问题，同时适应全国农运会．宜居城市对景观环境的需要，要求对其进行重新规划设计，通过设计使之成为集休闲、娱乐、观光、游玩、服务为一体的综合城市公园。
2、目标。
通过本课题的学习，培养学生综合运用前四年半所学的各类基础知识和专业理论知识，专业设计技能，专业调查与实践方法，在原有基础上进一步培养和提高知识综合运用能力，理论分析应用能力，组织和独立开展工作的能力以及文字、图纸、口头表达能力，充实并完善毕业生的整体知识结构和社会工作体验。
通过本方案的各个环节的训练，掌握城市综合公园规划设计的相关原理、规划的相关法律法规，进而了解景观规划的有关知识和设计手法以及景观设计相关问题的研究，培养解决环境复杂地块问题的能力。
3、任务及途径。
学生根据提供的课题任务书，结合导师的时间安排按步骤进行设计，平时注意和导师及时沟通和交流，课下也可以根据课题的需要独立进行调研和资料的收集，前期注意详细分析基地情况，收集相关资料，综合加以分析，提出自己的方案构思，并根据构思进行方案的设计，最后提供一套完整的方案图纸和一份相关的设计说明书。
4、时间安排。
寒假期间完成实习及调研工作，还需完成实习报告、文献综述、文献翻译等设计准备工作。
第1~2周：收集相关文献资料；调研资料整理(文字、图纸)，完成开题报告。
第3~4周：功能分区、空间结构等的多向求解，完成方案一草。
模板范文三：
有关治理的理论和实践目前在发达国家极其受到重视，尤其在医疗、公共安全、教育、基础设施等公共事务领域，发达国家普遍调整政府在提供这些公共物品中的传统定位，积极寻求政府和私人机构、非政府组织、社群、公民合作，以各种创新型制度安排，共同承担提供公共物品的新的“治理”模式。
本项研究首次将治理理论引进到图书馆界，旨在系统探究包括政府在内的多种利益主体在建设、维持和发展图书馆，提供和生产图书馆服务这种公共物品中的职麦及其实现。本项研究系统引进治理理论作为理论基础和总的研究框架，以图书馆治理模式为研究对象，突出比较研究方法。
1、比较不同的图书馆治理模式在资源配置机制和效率上的差异。
2、比较不同的图书馆类型、规模，所处国别以及历史发展阶段等具体情境下图书馆治理模式的取向及其之间的内在相关性。
3、比较不同的图书馆治理模式所赖以形成和维持的法律、制度、组织和技术因素及其组合。最终，在理论上解释存在不同的图书馆治理模式及(至少在实证上)资源配置效率差异的原因;在实践上弄清各种利益主体(政府、社会组织、公民)应该以何种制度安排支持和发展图书馆，以及这样一种宏观层面的制度安排如何体现为微观层面图书馆监管体制的设计。
本项研究系应用性基础研究，研究价值体现在：
相关成果可提交给国家决策机构、图书馆主管部门和图书馆，作为制定和实施有关图书馆事业和机构改革发展的立法、政策和策略时参考。
拓宽治理理论的应用范围，形成一个比较完整的图书馆治理理论体系，促进图书馆学研究对象。范围的扩展和研究方法的丰富。
开题报告 怎么写呢?相信很多即将写 论文 的人都有此疑问，其实按照以下步骤去写，基本问题不会太大。
一、 毕业论文 的题目。
题目是毕业论文中心思想的高度概括，要求：
①准确、规范。要将研究的问题准确地概括出来，反映出研究的深度和广度，反映出研究的性质，反映出实验研究的基本要求——处理因素、受试对象及实验效应等。用词造句要科学、规范。
②简洁。要用尽可能少的文字表达，一般不得超过20个汉字。
二、介绍课题的目的、意义。
即先说明为什么要选择这个研究课题，交代研究的价值。一般先谈现实需要——由存在的问题导出研究的实际意义，然后再谈理论及学术价值，要求具体、客观，且具有针对性，注重资料分析基础，注重时代、地区或单位发展的需要，切忌空洞无物的口号。
三、介绍课题的历史背景、现状和发展趋势。
即 文献综述 ，主要说明国内外的研究情况，关于这个课题前人曾做过哪些方面的研究、解决了哪些问题、还存在什么问题等。
所谓综述的“综”即综合，综合某一学科领域在一定时期内的研究概况;“述”更多的并不是叙述，而是评述与述评，即要有作者自己的独特见解。要注重分析研究，善于发现问题，突出选题在当前研究中的位置、优势及突破点。综述的对象，除观点外，还可以是材料与方法等。
四、介绍本人研究的初步方案，需要解决的问题和突破的难点，预期的结果等。
即说明自己的主攻方向是什么，研究中主要根据什么理论、采用什么方法、取得什么成果等。 整个研究在时间及顺序上如何安排，怎样分阶段进行，对每一阶段的起止时间、相应的研究内容及成果均要有明确的规定，阶段之间不能间断，以保证研究进程的连续性。
五、说明课题的可行性和创新性。
不仅对可能遇到的最主要的、最根本的关键性困难与问题要有准确、科学的估计和判断，并采取可行的解决方法和措施，而且要突出重点，突出所选课题与同类其他研究的不同之处。
六、列出 参考文献 。
最后要列出所查阅的主要参考文献，一方面可以反映作者立论的真实依据，另一方面也是对原著者创造性劳动的尊重，篇数以各校的规定为准。
七、听取导师评价。
在导师的评价后，再作必要的修改与补充，经导师最后认可后，就进入研究阶段，而后便可着手论文的写作。
研究生毕业论文开题报告书
题目： 论未成年人犯罪预防
——以思想道德建设为视角
姓名： 刘某某
导师： 李某某
专业： 法学
年级： XX级
时间： 2014年10月22日
一、选题依据(目的、意义、学术价值、该课题国内外研究现状、本人学术准备情况)
(一)研究的缘起与意义
新中国成立至今，政治、经济、文化蓬勃发展，社会各项事业日新月异。与此同时，社会治安形势不容乐观，其中，未成年人犯罪突出。未成年人犯罪不仅意味着个人与社会的严重冲突，而且更意味着社会化、文明化的挫败;不仅危害了社会治安秩序，干扰了经济建设和发展，也严重影响未成年人的健康成长，关系到国家的前途。未成年人犯罪的原因是多方面的，品德不良是导致未成年人犯罪的重要原因。在构建和谐社会的背景下，加强未成年人的思想道德建设，有效地预防和减少未成年人犯罪，具有重要意义。
1、理论意义
其一，刑事法学领域：
(1)为未成年人犯罪的研究提供新的视角。以思想道德建设为视角开展未成年人犯罪问题的研究，可以为犯罪问题的研究拓展新的思路。我国当前对未成年人犯罪预防问题的研究，主要是从犯罪学和刑法学两个学科内进行探讨。其中，犯罪学领域侧重于事前的社会预防和事中的治安预防;刑法学领域侧重于事后的刑罚预防。这些预防措施主要是通过外在的手段实现对未成年人越轨行为的规制，而犯罪预防内在手段的运用，即借助思想道德意识的作用引导未成年人的行为，并没有引起足够的重视。本文以未成年人的思想道德建设为视角，对未成年人犯罪预防问题展开分析，试图为犯罪预防问题的研究注入新的活力。
(2)冲破思辨研究一统天下的局面。科学的研究方法是任何科学赖以建立和发展的工具。犯罪是一“综合病症”，必须采用多种研究方法对犯罪问题进行剖析。刑事法学并非书斋里的学问，其实践性和应用性都很强。我国的学者长期以来惯于思辨式的理论研究，缺少对犯罪问题进行实证考察。本文拟通过实证调查、个别访谈的方法，了解未成年人犯罪的实际态势、分析犯罪发生的原因，为犯罪预防的研究提供实证资料。
其二，政治学领域：本研究除了在刑事法学研究领域中具有重要意义外，还具有非常重要的政治学价值。我国未成年人有3亿多，他们的思想道德状况如何，一定程度上影响着犯罪的发生，影响国家的未来发展。在当前的社会形势下，从思想道德建设的角度出发，结合未成年人犯罪的现实，有针对性地提出犯罪预防对策，对于实现我国现代化建设和社会持续进步不仅是必要的而且是必需的。
2、实践意义
未成年人是社会主义现代化事业的建设者和接班人，关注未成年人就是关心祖国的未来。从思想道德建设的视角出发，对未成年人犯罪预防问题作系统解读，可以为我国和谐社会的构建献计献策。当前，我国正处于社会转型期，构建和谐社会是我国重要的战略选择。我们要建设的是民主法治、公平正义、安定有序、人民安居乐业的和谐社会，要坚持以人为本，实现人的全面发展和社会的全面进步。犯罪破坏社会和谐，尤其是未成年人犯罪，不仅影响社会治安，更是关系到整整一代人的成长和未来国民的素质，这对和谐社会的构建意义非常。因此，关注未成年人犯罪问题不仅具有重要的现实意义，而且还具有深远的战略意义。预防和减少未成年人犯罪，有利于保障人民的安居乐业，促进社会的持续协调发展。本文根据调查收集的资料，有针对性地从思想道德建设的角度提出未成年人个人预防措施和社会治理对策。这些建议和对策，立足于我国实际，更加突出可行性和可操作性，将为我国构建和谐社会提供有益参考。
(二)研究现状
红字》的象征意义关键词：红字 象征主义 中国论文 职称论文摘要:分析了《红字》中红字“A”丰富而深刻的内涵,指出作者通过塑造“小珠儿”的形象,增强了美与丑,善与恶的对比,寄托了作者对爱的绝对自由的向往。关键词:红字;A Pearl;象征主义纳萨内尼·霍桑是浪漫主义时期美国最具天赋的小说家。他开创了美国文学史上“象征浪漫主义”的创作手法。作为生活在19世纪中期的浪漫主义作家,霍桑深受清教意识、超验哲学和神秘主义三种思想的影响,他对社会充满了怀疑,使得他的作品具有强烈的象征主义倾向。长篇小说《红字》是霍桑的代表作,作品以一通奸案为题材,通过描述小说人物的思想矛盾和生活遭遇来揭露黑暗的社会。霍桑在《红字》中艺术技巧独具匠心,特别是广泛地运用象征手法,像变魔术一样给予平凡的单词以不平凡的意义,给人以深刻的启示。《红字》中使用的象征手法有其深刻的思想根源和美学理论基础,体现了霍桑对“生命力受到压抑”的切肤之痛。鲁迅曾经指出“生命受到压抑而生的苦闷懊恼是文学的根底,而其表现手法乃是广义的象征主义”。霍桑的代表作《红字》正是在继承传统象征意义的艺术手法的基础上,开创了象征主义的新篇章。作为小说名字的“红字”贯穿于故事的全过程,并带有不同的象征含义,具有多义性和不确定性。随着故事情节的发展,红字“A”的内涵发生了由Adulteress到Able再到Angle的变化。这种象征的多义性和不确定性正是作者思想矛盾的反映,同时,作者一方面控诉清教对人性的摧残和压抑;另一方面又认同清教的道德观和教义。《红字》以17世纪北美清教殖民统治下的新英格兰为背景,取材于1642—1649年在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。故事一开始的场景发生在该镇监狱的门前,而这个场景的主角是海丝特·白兰,一个年轻、美丽的女人,她怀里抱着3个月大的女婴———珠儿,站在刑台上,等待政教合一的加尔文教(即清教)政权在大庭广众面前宣布对她的判决。那么,受审的女罪犯是什么人?她又犯了什么罪?故事开始于几年前,出身英国破落贵族家庭的白兰嫁给了一个畸形的年老学者。婚后,两人决定移居波士顿。途径荷兰时,丈夫因有事留下,妻子先独自来到波士顿,一住近两年。期间丈夫毫无音信。据传他在赶来的途中被印第安人俘虏,生死不明。在独居生活中,海丝特与当地牧师阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔相爱,生下了一个女婴。显然,她犯下了基督教“十戒”中的“一戒”,即通奸罪,为清教的教义所不容。她被投入监狱,法庭判她有罪,令她在刑台上站立三个小时当众受辱,并终身佩带一个红色的字母A(英文通奸Adultery的第一个字母)作为惩戒。但是作者霍桑赋予了在刑台上的“A”更深层的含义。对于压抑人民和毒害人民思想的清教而言,红字“A”为通奸的标记,事实上“A”不仅是海丝特深爱着的恋人Arthur Dimmesdale名字的第一个字母,也是法语中爱情Amour这个词的第一个字母。从字里行间中,读者可以品味出作者霍桑同情海丝特对爱的追求,甚至认为那是人的纯真本性,笔下洋溢出对海丝特的赞美之词:“斯特胸前红色的“A”字之精美仿佛不是屈辱的标志,而是艺术饰品。这个红色的“A”字是用细红布做的,四周用金色的丝线精心刺绣而成,手工奇巧。对于这个“A”字,霍桑设计的独具匠心,包含了丰富而华美的想象,配在她穿的那件衣服上真成了一件美丽的装饰品”。文中的描写给读者的感觉是海丝特仿佛不是一个“犯下无耻罪行的犯人”,而是一个怀抱圣婴的美丽端庄的妇人。随着故事的发展,霍桑不断地赋予了红字“A”更多更深层的含义。海斯特是一个向往纯真爱情,渴望幸福的女人。虽然她无法摆脱强加在她身体上的耻辱,但是她的内心深处的感情却激情澎湃,无法遏制。为了维持生计,她为别人刺绣。她的绣工巧夺天工,精妙绝伦。她精心地绣制各种美丽的“A”字。除了维持生计,海丝特别无所求,把寄托着她的青春,激情和才气的绣品换来的钱施舍给比她幸运的穷苦百姓。尽管她乐善好施,但是海丝特仍然没有摆脱精神的痛苦和世俗的磨难。但她始终没有消沉,反而变得坚强而成熟,依然反抗着清教并坚信着对丁梅斯代尔的爱情。时间是最好的证明,渐渐地她胸前所佩戴的红色字母“A”在众人的心中有了另一番含义:“没有人能够像她那样乐善好施,那样喜欢接济贫困者”;“那刺绣的红字闪射出非凡的光芒,给人以慰藉。在别的地方他是罪恶的标志,但在病房里却成为蜡烛。”虽然还有那些“执着的清教徒”认为海丝特的红字是耻辱的象征,但是更多善良的人们拒绝再用原来的意思解释“A”,他们说那个字的意思应该解释为“能干”(able)的意思。她以自己的美德赢得了人们的尊重和敬爱,她无尽的同情心和勇于献身的精神产生了巨大的力量,在众人眼中,红字“A”反而具有了天使的内涵———纯洁,美丽,善良,博爱。通过作者对红色字母“A”的驾驭,我们可以看出霍桑对主人公海丝特热情、善良、坚强、勇敢的天性的赞美。于此同时,我们也可以看出作者的另一个写作意图,通过美与丑,善与恶的对比,霍桑对清教徒的卑劣行径刻画的入木三分,痛斥得酣畅淋漓。“清教徒倡导勤俭、反对奢靡,无疑是净化社会的一剂良药,但是标榜禁欲,让世人过苦行僧般的生活,多少有些泯灭人性之嫌”。而主人公海丝特正是祭奠清教徒狂热宗教信仰的无辜羔羊。通过“A”的不断变化,作者为我们揭示了当时社会的真实图景。如果说红字A在清教徒的眼中是通奸的代表,那么赋予了象征意义的红字A就象征着善良、美好、坚强和勤劳。如果说小珠儿是永不磨灭的活着的红字的话,那么赋予了象征意义的小珠儿就象征着纯真的爱情、这个时代的曙光。Pearl(小珠儿)是这部小说中唯一的一个阳光人物,她像珍珠一样纯洁,像天使一样善良快乐。在四个主要人物中,只有小珠儿在道德上是完美没有残缺的,她象征着人性中最无暇的一面。小珠儿的出现并非是作者的心血来潮,读者从对海丝特女儿名字的设计上就可以体会到。她是海丝特和丁梅斯代尔的女儿。Pearl这个词来源于圣经,意思是“十分珍贵的东西”。在圣经中记载,上帝让一个商人卖掉所有的财产去买一颗珍珠,并告诉他这颗珍珠即是他的天堂。海丝特为这段爱情付出了沉重的代价,可以说女儿在她心中占据绝对重要的位置,是她的天堂。同时,霍桑在小珠儿情节上的设计也是恰到好处,独具匠心。小珠儿既是海丝特爱情的象征,同时也是她耻辱的象征,是活着的红字。作者总是会有意无意地描写小珠儿对红字近乎天生的热爱:小珠儿出生时第一眼看到的就是母亲胸前灿烂的红字A.而且小珠儿十分的喜欢,伸手去抓,“眼里总是含着奇怪的表情与特殊的微笑”。正是珠儿的存在才时刻提醒着海丝特和丁梅斯代尔他们曾经犯下的“罪行”,督促他们净化自己的灵魂改过自新。正是因为小珠儿的存在才使丁梅斯代尔有勇气在公众面前承认自己的“罪行”。可以说,小珠儿寄托了作者对美好生活,纯真爱情,和追求善良无暇的人性的向往。是作者的希望所在,也是社会的希望所在。总而言之,正是由于霍桑在《红字》中独具匠心的象征手法的运用,使《红字》成为美国第一部象征主义小说,也正是因为霍桑在《红字》中象征手法的成功运用,成就了《红字》在文学领域的重要地位。参考文献[1]常耀信.美国文学简史[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2003.[2]任晓晋,魏玲.红字中象征与原型的 模糊性、多义性和矛盾性[J].外国文学研究,2000,(1):121-125.[3]於奇.新编美国文学选读[M].郑州大学出版社,2005[4]田俊武.霍桑红字人名寓意研究[J].外国文学研究,1999,(1):52-54.[5]胡尚田.论红字中的红字[J].四川外语学院学报,1999,(4):45-48.[6]约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, study of sym bolic m ean ingsof The Scarlet L etterZHANG W en-si(Fudan U n iversity,S hangha i 200433,Ch ina)Abstract:The author gives many rich and p rofoundmeanings of the scarlet letter A to contract beauty w ithugliness besides kindness and reposes too much hope by molding the im age words:“the scarlet letter”;A Pearl;symbolism
红字》象征意义解读王丽丽 【摘要】：美国著名小说家纳撒尼尔.霍桑的代表作《红字》,是美国第一部象征主义小说。本文着重从红字"A"、人物及场景描述三个方面来解读小说中的象征意义,深刻剖析了作者的清教观,同时也揭露了当时的社会制度与传统道德观念对人性的压抑与迫害。【作者单位】： 中州大学国际教育学院;【关键词】： 纳撒尼尔·霍桑象征意义红字“A”【分类号】：【正文快照】：象征,是文学创作的一种艺术手法,通过借助具体的事物来表现抽象的意义,诱发读者的想象和联想,从而来表达作者所要表现的某种思想、感情、意志或者观点。象征是美国著名小说家纳撒尼尔·霍桑运用得最为娴熟的艺术手法之一。面对各种事物和现象,他总是思索其中更深一层的意义,
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[摘要] 撒纳尼尔•霍桑是美国19世纪著名的浪漫主义小说家、美国浪漫主义小说和心理分析小说的开创人之一。他善于运用浪漫主义的想像、象征寓意和大量主观色彩浓重的心理分析描写来突出主题、烘托人物的内心世界，同时亦表现出神秘主义的晦涩。在其代表作《红字》中，霍桑更是将这一语言技巧发挥的淋漓尽致，赋予了红色字母“A”丰富的内涵。本文主要通过分析字母“A”在小说中的各种象征意义来理解《红字》这部经典著作。
[关键词] 《红字》 字母“A” 象征意义
象征是文学创作中的一种艺术手法，借助具体的事物、形象来揭示抽象的概念或含义，从而诱发读者的想像力和联想力。“撒纳尼尔•霍桑善于运用象征性的事物来揭示具体事物背后的深层涵义”，被视为现代文学象征主义的先驱。在小说《红字》中，霍桑运用最为娴熟的艺术手法也是象征。他赋予了字母“A”及赫丝特等四位主人公丰富多样的深层意义，本文着重对贯穿整部作品始末的字母“A”加以分析，以此加深对作品的理解。
作为小说名字的“红字”贯穿于故事的全过程，并带有不同的象征含义。在小说的最开始，字母“A”是女主人公赫丝特罪恶的象征，随着故事的发展，字母“A”最终成为了“能干”、“受钦佩”、“天使”的代名词。
小说伊始主人公赫丝特•普林在差役的押解下，怀抱婴儿走上了波士顿议会厅外的示众台被教庭示众。因犯有通奸罪，赫丝特被判处终身佩戴红色的“A”字(Adultery的第一个字母，意为通奸)，无论什么时候她走在大街上都将被其他教会会员鄙视。在众多清教徒的眼中，赫丝特胸前佩戴的“A”无疑是罪恶和耻辱的标记。然而霍桑对红色字母“A”的描写却似乎想要赋予它另外一种涵义，“她的胸前有一个用漂亮的红布缝制的A形标记，而标记的饰边却是以金黄色的线精心刺绣出的华美图案。”
尽管深受清教思想毒害的清教徒们把红字“A”看作是通奸的标记，事实上，它具有更深层的象征意义。“A”不仅是赫丝特深爱着的恋人丁梅斯代尔(Arthur Dimmesdale)名字的第一个字母，也是法语中爱情(Amour)这个词的首字母，因此,红字“A”相应地代表了赫丝特对丁梅斯代尔的忠贞爱情。这一点从赫丝特被带往示众台的过程中她脸上的表情可以看出来，“于是，她将孩子移开，耽在胳膊上，面孔泛出滚烫的红晕，且挂着高傲的微笑，以一种不容蔑视的目光环顾了一下四周的市民以及邻人。”为了保护自己心爱的人，赫丝特甘愿受罚，独自承担了所有的罪责、独自承受着众人恶毒的语言及唾沫和白眼;监禁期满后，赫丝特完全可以扔掉胸前的“A”、离开新英格兰那个让她饱受屈辱的地方，但是她选择了留下，因为她心爱的“那个人就住在这里，此处有他踏出的脚印。她自认为和那个人结成了一种在这个世界上得不到承认的关系，正是这种关系将把他们一道送上末日审判席，并将审判席变为他们婚礼的祭坛，使他们在茫无涯际的来世结合在一起。”这也正说明了在她的心中仍然保有对丁梅斯代尔的爱。正是这份爱给了她勇气和力量得以忍受巨大的痛苦，也正是这份爱支持她仍然留在了新英格兰期待美好的生活。因此可以说，霍桑展示给我们的红色字母“A”并不仅仅是罪恶的标记，它也象征着赫丝特与丁梅斯代尔之间纯洁而伟大的爱情。
赫丝特能做一手好活计，她第一次出现在众人面前时胸前佩戴的A形标记就可以看出，她的`针线活真是巧夺天工。凭借这种活计就是女红，海丝特仍可以养活自己以及一天天长大的孩子，过着衣食不愁的生活。除了维持生计，赫丝特别无所求，把余出的钱拿出一点打扮自己的孩子，而其余的则捐献给慈善事业，施舍给比她幸运的穷苦百姓，尽管这些受了恩惠的人时常侮辱她。赫丝特天性善良，在人们遇到困难时，她都尽可能地给以帮助，“没有任何人能像她那样乐善好施，那样喜欢周济贫困者。”“无论何时何地，只要有灾难发生，她都会立刻找到自己的位置，服务于公众或造福于个人。”“那刺绣的红字闪射出非凡的光芒，给人带来慰藉。在别的地方它是罪恶的标志，但在病房里却成为蜡烛。”
久而久之，赫丝特表现出的温暖和宝贵的天性逐渐赢得了人们普遍的好感，而她胸前所佩戴带的红色字母“A”在众人的心中也有了另外一番含义：“红字成了她事业的象征。她乐于助人，而且精明强干和富于同情之心，最后，许多人都拒绝再用原来的意思解释红色的‘A’字了。他们说那字的意思是‘能干’(Able)，因为赫丝特•普林虽然是个妇道人家，但却无比坚强有力。”他们不再把红字看作罪恶的标记——一种对她的漫长和凄惨的惩罚——而是视为她积德行善的象征。
看到丁梅斯代尔饱受折磨的痛苦，赫丝特最初试图说服前夫老罗杰•齐林沃思放弃报复行为;劝说失败之后她就与丁梅斯代尔在树林中会面，告知丁梅斯代尔事实真相后，又劝说他和她们母女一起离开此地，并为这次旅行做好了准备。丁梅斯代尔在大庭广众之下要她和珠儿一起再次站到令她受辱的刑台后，她又站在了上面，帮助牧师完成了用生命所作的对上帝的赎罪。丁梅斯代尔先生去世不久，老罗杰•齐林沃思便一命乌呼了，这之后红字的佩戴者赫丝特•普林也不知了去向。然而多年后，她又回到了波士顿，重捡起了久别的耻辱，又戴上了那个给我们讲述了一段如此悲惨故事的标记。“在悠悠的岁月里，赫丝特的生活充满了辛勤劳作、对他人的体贴以及自我献身精神，因此，红字不再是一种招致世人嘲笑和唾弃的标记，而变成了引人哀伤，令人望而生畏、肃然起敬的东西。”[2]赫丝特•普林无私无怨，在生活中尽己所能帮助别人，尤其是女人，在她们感情经受磨难时，“或是由于不受重视和无人追求，心里想不开，产生了忧郁的负担”时，[2]赫丝特总是尽全力安慰她们，为她们出谋划策，从而又给红字赋予了天使(Angel)这一全新的象征意义。正如任晓晋和魏玲在他们的文章中所说的那样，“赫丝特通过她的美德赢得了小镇人的尊敬，她的行为为红色字母‘A’赋予了神圣的意义。在人们的心中，它就像修女胸前的十字架，是天使的象征。”
In 19th century symbolism is produced in literature and art movement of intelligentsia in Paris, and the influence of the 20th century, the development of aesthetics, and played a certain role. This movement mainly in France and Europe's other cultural center also have some adherents, such as Germany, Belgium, etc. Symbolism symbolism, and divided into before after symbolism. Before the symbolism of the nineteenth century, produced in France's poetry genres. Representative character is: WeiErLun baudelaire, Malawi, bo and beauty. Baudelaire sonnets Correspondences of the first proposed guys with the famous "symbol" Theory. Late 19th and early 20th century symbolism extend from France, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy, Russia and other countries and regions, develop international literary trend, and in the 1920s, known as the climax period symbolism. In France, Austria viding in Ireland, Kerr Yeats and American poet is reserved for main representative. They inherited the symbolism of the development of the traditional symbolism, make more perfect, more and more rich connotation of modernist trend. The symbolism and can be divided into three stages: baudelaire before starting period symbolism. In this period, France's first prose poet's bell, Nanotubes igbokwe, poet essayist was a famous American poet and LeiYaMeng and introducing Allan POE. They and poetry theory has to baudelaire and later a large provided the poet's happened, but also become truly "poetry. The second phase is baudelaire period. Baudelaire not but the ancestor of symbolism, Is the pioneer of the modernist literature, we took him this one phase called pioneer period symbolism. The third stage is the baudelaire after the three important a poet: WeiErLun, Latin America, bo. We call this period for the symbolism of the orthodox. Because of their personal efforts, 3 to 19 century symbolism of unprecedented upsurge appeared. France, from the seraphim, essien and above all poets such as elias morey has joined symbolism. With the creation of symbolism gimmick, formed a kind of poem to drown the disintegration of the romantic has gained in popularity with the pearl, send in the pattern. After the 1890s, poetry and began to spread to western European and north American countries, where to find many companion. "Those who became the 1920s in the symbolism of the backbone. But, in France, after the summit, the symbolism immediately began to decline. In 1891, provided the author "literature" morey azriel, and provided from the first announced a so-called "advocated" Roman literature, trying to regain his ancestors of the Greek and Roman tradition of ancient literature. Then, bo, WeiErLun respectively, Latin America, 1896, 1891, 1898, many other provided poet died in selecting new development direction, no longer follow symbolism artistic standard. The symbolism as 70 literary schools, to the 19th century has actually disintegration. But the symbolism, as a kind of literary and artistic ideas, its influence has been deeply rooted in France. But because of the famous poet and Latin America, symbolism in 19th century French GuoJieXian across to Western Europe, North America, to expand in the 1920s, and rise after the symbolism. Late 19th and early 20th century symbolism extend from France, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy, Russia and other countries and regions, develop international literary trend, and in the 1920s, become the climax period symbolism. In France, Austria viding in Ireland, Kerr Yeats and American poet is reserved for main representative. They inherited the symbolism of the development of the traditional symbolism, make more perfect, more and more rich connotation of modernist trend. Its main characteristic is: create sick "beauty", the highest "real" inside, use symbol in the illusion, built in musical images, increase meditation effect.
象征主义 [ xiàng zhēng zhǔ yì ]生词本基本释义 详细释义[ xiàng zhēng zhǔ yì ]十九世纪末叶在 法国 兴起的颓废主义文艺思潮中的一个主要流派。其理论基础是主观唯心主义，认为现实世界是虚幻的、痛苦的，而“另一世界”是真的、美的。要求用晦涩难解的语言刺激感官，产生恍惚迷离的神秘联想，形成某种“意象”，即所谓“象征”。
英语本科毕业论文选题的题目有哪些?下面是我整理的英语本科毕业论文题目，仅供参考。
英语本科毕业论文题目【1】
1 从《远离尘嚣》看偶然与巧合
2 从亨伯特看纳博科夫的流亡观
3 透过餐具看中西方饮食文化
4 从女性主义角度解读《太阳照常升起》中的女主角——勃莱特
5 从文化视角探讨隐喻的翻译
6 从生态批评角度看威廉·福克纳的《熊》中人与自然的关系
7 从功能对等角度分析常用英语修辞格汉译
8 任务型语言教学法的优势
9 自我身份的探寻—评拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》
10 浅析英文报纸中体育新闻用语的模糊修辞
11 从电影《肖申克的救赎》和《当幸福来敲门》中探究美国人的个人主义
12 中美恭维言语行为跨文化比较研究
13 表现主义技巧在《推销员之死》中的运用
14 中国非英语专业学生在英语学习中使用元认知策略的情况调研
15 浅析英语中六种基本颜色词的英美文化内涵
16 浅析广告翻译中的文化顺应处理
17 从文化角度分析中美房地产广告的差异
18 浅析动画《加菲猫》和《加菲猫之双猫记》中的`享乐主义和利己主义
19 圣经原型解读《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》
20 论《卡斯特桥市长》中哈代的进化向善论思想
21 顺从的女人——分析《荒凉山庄》中埃斯特的形象
22 从中美传统节日对比看节日的文化内涵
23 成人的童话——《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》中象征主义的体现
24 简析网络时代英语全球化
25 《查泰莱夫人的情人》的生态女性主义解读
26 从社会文化价值方面比较中美情景喜剧差异
27 论《喧哗与骚动》中昆丁的宿命
28 《蝇王》的启示：理性的呼唤
29 中文旅游文本英译中的歧义现象分析
30 从中美婚宴差异看集体主义和个人主义
31 影响非英语专业大一新生口语输出的因素
32 《走出非洲》：走出迪内森的矛盾态度
33 旅游宣传资料中的误译与解决方法
34 从女性主义角度解读华顿《纯真年代》中的埃伦
35 电子词典与英语学习
36 英语习语与基督教
37 《伤心咖啡馆之歌》中爱米利亚性别身份分析
38 从关联理论的角度欣赏幽默翻译
39 英语缩略语及其语用功能
40 英专和非英专学生英语作文中错误的对比研究
41 武汉方言对英语语音的影响及其对教学的启示
42 中西行星命名的文化探源
43 英语新闻中的新词
44 中国古典诗歌英译中对“三美”理论的探索
45 从电影《七宗罪》浅析原罪
46 浅论体态语的社会功能
47 中西思维方式差异对中英语篇的影响
48 中国和西方国家婚俗的比较
49 浅析合作原则的违背在广告语言中的运用
50 浅析电影《推手》中中美家庭的文化冲突
英语本科毕业论文题目【2】
on Translation of Trade Marks and Culture
商标翻译与文化研究
Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice
影响翻译实践的社会和文化因素
the Translation of English Idioms
论英语习语的翻译
on Features and Translation of English Idioms
英语习语翻译特点研究
Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms
中英习语翻译与比较
on Loyalty in English-Chinese Translation
中英互译的忠实性研究
Equivalence in Translation
翻译中的文化对等性研究
Translation and the Important of it
文学翻译与重要性研究
the Du Fu’s Poems Translation
论杜甫的诗词翻译
Analysis of Techniques for Learning a Foreign Language Through Translation 通过翻译学习外语的技巧分析
11.中英颜色词的文化差异及翻译
Cultural Differences and Translation in Chinese and English Color words
翻译中不可译性的文化阐释
Cultural Perspective on Untranslatability
中英动物文化内涵的不同及翻译
Connotation and Translation in Chinese and English Animals
浅论翻译中的译者主体性发挥的度
Degree of Translators Subjectivity in Translation
修辞策略在广告英语中的效用探究
Probe of the Effect of Rhetorical Devices in English Advertisement
Analysis of the English Translation of the Information about Scenic Spots in Wuhan 武汉旅游景点资料的英译错误分析
Most Favorable Method for Translating Foreign Words into Chinese
音意兼译外来词中译之首选方法
Tentative Study on the Cohesion and Coherence in Sun Zhili’s Chinese Translation of Pride and Prejudice
浅论《傲慢与偏见》孙致礼中译本的衔接与连贯
Translation of Attributive Clauses in English for Science and Technology 科技英语中定语从句的汉译
Titles and Their TranslationA cross-cultural perspective
从跨文化角度分析电影片名及其翻译
Expressions on Public Signs from Chinese into English
汉语公示语英译
22.论文化差异与翻译
Cultural differences and translation
23.商标名的翻译原则与品牌文化
The Translation Principle of Brand Names and Brand Culture
24.英文电影片名的翻译策略与翻译方法研究
On Translation of English Film Names
25.意美、音美、形美--英文商标的汉译
Beauty in Sense, Sound and Form--On Translation of English Trademarks into Chinese
26.中文商标英译探
On the Translation of Trademarks from Chinese into English
27.国际商务谈判中的双赢语用策略
The Win-Win Pragmatic Strategies in International Business Negotiation
的合作原则在国际商务谈判中的应用
The Application of Grice’s Cooperation Principle in International Business Negotiation
29.中西文化面子观差异对比分析
An Analysis on Differences between Chinese and Western Ideas on Face
30.中西文化中女性角色意识差异及其对职业发展影响
Differences between Chinese and Western Role Awareness of Women and the Effects on Their Career Development
31.英语学习中文化障碍
Cultural Obstacles in English Learning
32.从中西委婉语的对比透视中西文化差异
Understand Chinese and English Cultural Differences through the Comparison between Chinese and western Euphenism
33.中英禁忌语比较
A Comparison between Chinese and English taboos
34.从隐私权看中西文化差异
A Comparison between Chinese and Western Cultural Differences from the Aspect of Privacy right
35.中西社会习俗比较
A Comparison Between Chinese and Western Social Conventions
36.言语行为理论及其应用
Speech Act and its Application
37.湖北经济学院英语自主学习现状调查
A Survey on the Students’ English Autonomous Learning in Hubei University of Economics
38.湖北经济学院双语课程学习现状调查
A Survey on Bilingual Courses’ Learning in Hubei University of Economics
Cultural Connotation of English Etymology and the Teaching of English Vocabulary
英语词源的文化内涵与词汇教学
idiomsA Mirror Reflecting British Culture
英语习语与英国文化反映
Values of Chinese from Perspective of Lexicon
从词汇角度读中国人的价值观
Cultural Differences of Body Language between English and Chinese
论中英体态语文化差异
Analysis on the Differences of Interpersonal Relationship between Eastern and Western People
东西方人际关系要素差异探析
to Cultural Differences in . Business Negotiation and its Impacts
中美商务谈判中的文化差异及其影响探析
Features of Politeness Principle in Cross-cultural Communication
跨文化交际中的礼貌原则的非对称性研究
and Chinese Euphemisms: A Comparison between Their Cultural Implications
从英汉委婉语对比中透析中西文化差异
the Cultural Differences of the Etiquette Norms in Chinese and English Nonverbal Communication
中英非语言交际礼俗规范的文化差异研究
Comparative Study on the Different Cultural Connotations of Basic Chinese and English Color Words
英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究
and Cultural Differences of the English and Chinese Idioms
中英文习语的特点以及文化差异
and Western Culture Values in Advertising Language
从广告语中看中西方文化观
《红字》讲述了17世纪清教殖民统治下，在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯，奇灵渥斯遭遇海难，白兰以为他在海难中已经遭遇不幸。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚，戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈，拒不说出孩子的父亲。后来丈夫齐灵渥斯却平安地回到了新英格兰，并隐瞒了自己的身份。当他查出白兰的情人是丁梅斯代尔，齐灵渥斯便开始折磨这位愧疚不已的年轻牧师。最终，齐灵渥斯因偏狂报复而身败名裂；丁梅斯代尔不堪愧疚，身心俱毁，临终前在公开承认了通奸事实；只有海丝特勇敢地面对未来，准备带着女儿去欧洲开始新的生活。 霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家。他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起；把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。他是一位真正富有个性与创造力的作家，因而一直享誉英美和世界文坛，至今盛名不衰。进入二十世纪，美国的文学日趋成熟，涌现了一大批有成就的作家，如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。这些作家无不从霍桑那里深受教益，无怪乎有人称霍桑是“作家中的作家”。
英语专业的论文我就多了,不过你给的分也太多了点,给你发些题目吧,追加就分,给个红旗,同性恋和文化多元性《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析 浅析广告英语中的修辞西方思潮对当代中国青年的负面影响论美国电影对中国电影业造成冲击的原因 逃避，不如直面 ——浅谈“逃避主义”的根源 英汉广告文化和翻译从尊卑与平权看中西方文化的道德差异分析《傲慢与偏见》中的一个次要人物 做合格的外贸人才——针对英语专业在校生从电影《美丽人生》看完美男人形象 浅谈中学英语听说教学 从《宠儿》透视美国黑人女性的悲剧与成长《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素 英国女王伊丽莎白一世的宗教改革 英国战争对英语习语的影响 个体语言与语境 开发草地生态旅游促进西部经济发展 海丝特与卡米拉爱情观的对比分析 愉快教学法在初中英语教学中的研究中学英语教学中的肢体语言的应用 解读《简.爱》的帝国主义意识 浅析美国早期移民文化 中国和西方的酒文化 中英死亡委婉语对比分析苔丝的反叛精神 浅谈交际法在中学英语教学中的应用 关于攀枝花市公示语汉英翻译的调查与分析 消除不良商标翻译的策略 大学英语教学中的弊端及对策 论美国“西进运动”的双刃性 七曲山大酒店的管理弊端及其对策 从《鲁滨逊漂流记》看人的性格对命运的决定作用 企业文化对企业发展的作用 论中西方文学作品对正面人物的刻画 一位坚强独立的女性——简·爱 试论格萨拉生态旅游区的现状及发展前景妇女——当代美国社会不可小觑的力量 浅谈格萨拉景区旅游开发前景 像鲁滨逊一样在逆境中创造精彩 初中英语课堂互动教学的探索 论旅游英语的特征 中学生个体差异与英语素质教育商标语的翻译 初中学生个体差异与英语教学 论《美国悲剧》中萝贝塔的悲剧性 从现代汉语中的外来词看中国文化对西方文化的吸收与 论《白象似的群山》中海明威独特的写作风格 攀枝花民族中学英语教学特性分析及对策 从福娃“改名”谈文化词的翻译策略 美国英语与英国英语在词汇上的差异 非语言交际在中学英语教学中的有效应用 从《哈利·波特》看儿童的成长 浅析苔丝之死 《老人与海》象征主义探究 “师道尊严”对当代中国英语教学的负面影响 日常生活中提高英语口语方法探析 攀枝花生态旅游的发展 在国际商务谈判中建立良好第一印象的技巧 从《西风颂》看英国积极浪漫主义的特征 企业文化在企业发展中的作用 习语及习语的汉英翻译盖茨比美国梦的幻灭——透视现实生活中的爱情 文化差异对第二语言学习的影响 浅析爱默生的《论自助》——人生自主的源泉 在中西方文化背景中对龙的不同阐释 论教学交往互动中的对话 冷战后美国外交的文化阐释 网络对当代青少年的影响 欧美人所理解之天堂世界观 基于作品人物浅析菲茨杰拉德 中国80后一代眼中的美国文化和中国文化 解读《皆大欢喜》中的浪漫主义 从《红字》和《荆棘鸟》看宗教禁欲主义下的爱情跨文化交际与中西文化冲突 谈如何理解海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》网络在中学英语教学中的应用 我看简·爱的爱情 中美家庭教育与个人能力培养 试论言语行为理论在广告语中的运用 《老人与海》的悲剧色彩:对完美主义的质疑 英语名的取名艺术 英语名的取名艺术 分析简·爱的美 中西文化中颜色词的象征意义 重拾爱伦·坡的哥特小说——从写作手法剖析 论《红字》中的孤独因素 汉语语言环境对英语学习的影响 小学英语教育中的新方法 中西方婚俗的差异 斯佳丽：“旧”时代的“新”女性 交际法在中学英语课堂的应用 论修辞在英语广告中的应用 中国西部未来人才需要 论福斯塔夫的性格 从《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧看20世纪初女性的社会 从商标及广告翻译看中英文化差异 儿童英语的交互性教学 英文谚语的文化场景在中译文中的缺失与弥合 浅谈大学生英语口语表达能力的提高 美国高等教育的多元化 教师在小学英语教学中的角色和作用分析罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情悲剧之研究 放松艺术——论失落情绪的消除社会底层的底层——分析美国非裔妇女的社会地位论中西饮食文化差异 文化认同的悲剧 从美国“迷惘的一代”看当今中国年轻人的生活 中美文化视野中对个人主义的认同差异透过《飘》看现代女性对待生活的态度 美国社会的葛朗台现象 多种方法，提高初中英语课堂效益学前幼儿的英语口语教学方法和技巧 论毒品对青少年的危害 从原创广告分析中美文化差异 乐山大佛风景区宗教旅游资源的研究 从迷茫的玛尔特的悲剧看女性存在的社会价值从伊丽莎白一世的婚姻看现代爱情观 美国黑人文化得以幸存的原因解析 激发学生学习英语的兴趣 英国的民族个性——高贵与务实在饮食中的表现 大学双语教学的现状及对策 倾城之恋》与《飘》的女性主义解读 浅析中国慈善事业发展现状 思想的解放 理性的光芒 浅析美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义林奇与狼牙山五 从英汉习语的翻译看中西方文化差异初中英语教学的弊端及对策论家庭教育和学校教育的结合 都市边缘文化中西方同性恋文化浅析 《简·爱》的浪漫主义解读冷战后的美国对外战略 洋快餐对中国饮食文化的影响 中国教育体制下情境教学法的误区 美国俚语中的文化特征美国黑人文化的灵魂—音乐与舞蹈谈如何加强初一年级英语教学 手势在人际交往中的应用 从《变形记》透视家庭环境对塑造儿童健康心理的影 谈美国富翁的慈善捐助 英汉广告翻译中的文化差异 精神与形象造就优秀企业 情感因素与外语学习 从两个节日看中西方的迷信思想 从《鲁宾逊漂流记》看创新精神 二语习得中文化差异对阅读的影响 论《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情观和婚姻观 浅谈高中英语的听说教学方法 做合格的外贸人员对经贸英语专业在校生 颜色词的中英对比翻译 星条旗飘扬下的爱国主义 传统英语教育与在线英语教育 解析《长腿叔叔》少女茱蒂 成长的日志 爵士乐—二十世纪美国社会文化的一面镜子 剖析莎士比亚以四大悲剧为代表的悲剧世界 现代英语新词分析 学生焦虑与教师言行之间的关系探讨英语词汇的语境意义分析 浅析非言语交际在小学英语教学中的运用 中西方礼仪差异 论《傲慢与偏见》中的妇女地位问题 相同的性格，不同的命运——王熙凤与郝思嘉人物形象 英语中的性别歧视 初中生英语口语培养途径研究《鲁滨逊漂流记》中殖民文化对殖民地文化影响解读
我怎么听着楼主的话，这么感觉像我弟弟经常说的江湖救急，哈哈Statue of LibertyThe Statue of Liberty is more than a monument（纪念碑）. She is a beloved friend, a living symbol of freedom to millions around the world. These exhibits are a tribute（颂歌） to the people who created her, to those who built and paid for her, to the ideals she represents, and to the hopes she inspires（激发）.Statue of Liberty InformationOfficial name of the statue of liberty is "Liberty Enlightening the World"（“自由照耀世界之神”） Construction of the Statue of Liberty: began in France: 1875Sculptor: Auguste Bartholdi – Quartermaster（军需官） to a force of five thousand soldiersStatue completed in Paris: June 1884Statue presented to America by the people of France: July 4, 1884Location of Statue: Liberty Island, formerly Bedloe's Island and Fort Wood (fortress for protection of New York Harbor 1811)Height from base to torch (1984 Survey): 152' 2" ()Length of hand: 16' 5" ()Index finger（食指）: 8' 0" ()补充：塑像拔地而起，高达152英尺，基座89英尺，腰围420英寸，未露笑容的嘴有3英尺宽。女神脚下残留着许多打碎的脚镣，左手持一标有1776年7月4日的铭板，宣布自由的到来。 女神像由艾菲尔铁塔的设计者、法国土木工程师古斯塔夫�6�1艾菲尔设计，法国出资建造，花了10年时间建成。1886年10月28日，美国克里夫兰总统主持揭幕。从那以后，凡进纽约港的船只都从神像42英尺高的右臂下进入美国。开往利伯蒂岛的渡船总有排着长队的人群，进入塑像区的瓶颈一带也总是人群拥挤。可坐电梯到垫座顶上的了望台，这儿是理想的观察地。还可登高12层(共有168级台阶)，到达塑像顶端。但是，海拔305英尺高的火炬并不对观众开放。开放时间：每天9：00-16：00、圣诞休息费用：大人$10(包括往返渡船费用)，儿童、老人$5MUSEUM HIGHLIGHTS（集锦）Statue of Liberty ExhibitThe Statue of Liberty exhibit, which opened in July 1986 and is located on the second floor in the pedestal（基架） of the Statue, traces（追溯） the history and symbolism（象征主义） of the Statue of Liberty through museum objects, photographs, prints（印刷物）, videos and oral histories. In addition to historical artifacts（史前古器物） and descriptive text, full scale replicas（全尺寸复制品） of the Statue's face and foot are also on display. The main historical sections include: From Idea to Image, Fabricating（制作） the Statue, Stretching Technology, Fundraising（筹款） in France, The Pedestal, Fundraising in America, and Complete at Last. The next area focuses on the symbolism of Liberty with sections titled Mother of Exiles（放逐）, Becoming the Statue of America, Century of Souvenirs（纪念品）, The Image Exploited（开拓） and The Statue in Popular Torch ExhibitThe Torch Exhibit includes the original 1886 torch and much altered（改变的） flame in the lobby（大厅）. On the second floor balcony overlooking this torch is a display on the history of the torch and flame, explaining the various alterations through diagrams（图表）, photographs, drawings and "New Colossus（巨像）" The famous sonnet（十四行诗） written by Emma Lazarus in 1883. A bronze plaque（装饰用的青铜片）, dedicated in memory of Emma Lazarus' contribution to the completion of the Statue's pedestal, has been affixed（贴上） to the inner walls of the pedestal since the early 1900's. This plaque, currently（现在） located in the Statue of Liberty exhibit, has come to symbolize the statue's universal message of hope and freedom for immigrants（移民） coming to America and people seeking freedom around the world.
英文论文标准的格式:
1、论文题目：（下附署名）要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录
目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）
3、内容提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词
关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在提要的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题分析，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。（参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》）。
5、论文正文：
（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
(2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：
a.提出问题-论点；
b.分析问题-论据和论证；
c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤；
d.结论。
6、参考文献