不需要,PPT上只要有基本结构,大概意思,就行了。
不用,你需要把你整个论文的思路用英文顺下来,预见几个问题然后把答案捋一捋能用英文表达清楚意思即可……
不需要,PPT上只要有基本结构,大概意思,就行了。
建议的做法是:安排好10分钟左右要自述的内容做成PPT演示文档。PPT不要超过15个页面,内容多使用图表、图片少写文字,起提纲概要的作用。讲述时不要看着PPT读,要对PPT的相关内容进行深入的讲解,要说的话用自已的语言表达出来才有感染力。不要背稿子,突出主题,突出自已在毕业设计中的贡献,所作的工作,遇到的问题,解决方法。语速要平缓,自我介绍时要包括以下内容:系名、专业、毕业届别、学生姓名、学号、指导教师、毕业设计(论文)题目。
当然可以带资料啊,答辩的时候不管怎么样,至少得带上论文的稿子吧。然后你在论文中夹带点东西什么的,也是可以的。如果是本科毕业论文的话,答辩老师更是会睁一只眼闭一只眼的。当然,论文概述最好还是自己背下来,把要讲的稿子打出来,时刻准备着。毕竟人一紧张容易忘东西,有备才能无患嘛
带着,老师严的话会告诉你不可以看的,不说的话就是放你一码再好不过了。不过你还是要背的,万一老师严的话你哭都哭不出。带上去只是以防万一,而且心里也会塌实点。
不用,对自己的论文熟悉后,问什么答什么
你应该跟你的论文指导老师讨论这个事情,她很清楚地。一般简单的就会问你这篇论文的中心是什么啊,为什么写这篇文章,你对这个论题的理解之类。。。全英文哦,记得把开题报告的内容记一下,还有你的摘要和简介,结论~ 貌似可以带底稿进去的,也不用那么紧张,多跟同学交流交流,顺其自然,good luck~
不需要,PPT上只要有基本结构,大概意思,就行了。
本科生毕业论文答辩陈述不需要背诵的,念稿就可以,不过本科毕业论文答辩时自述一般控制在5分钟到10分钟之间。千万不要超过10分钟。回答一般就是3分钟左右。
在答辩会上,先让学员用15分钟左右的时间概述论文的标题以及选择该论题的原因,较详细地介绍论文的主要论点、论据和写作体会。
论文答辩内容突出重点,PPT制作:
首先,PPT代表了你要给老师展示的主题内容,所以我们选择的PPT的模板一定要简洁,尽量选择汇报类用途的模板。其次,PPT的内容应该包括你的研究背景、研究方法、研究内容以及研究结果等,必要的话加一个总结。
最后,在汇报的时候,千万不要重复已经交给老师的任务书或者答辩记录表上的内容,就算是内容一样,你讲的话也不要重复。比如你的摘要老师已经看过了,就无须再讲述了,你通过PPT陈述的重点,应该是你的研究结果,而这一部分也是老师真正想听你陈述的部分。
文科生要注意重点陈述自己论文里面在前人的基础上提出的自己的新观点,而理工科生陈述的重点是你做出的结果,比如你毕业设计的成品所实现的功能。
英语毕业论文答辩(通用6篇)
英语的论文答辩要点是格式最好少些瑕疵,提前将abstract和conclusion背一背。有利于答辩的顺利进行。下面是我为大家整理的.关于英语毕业论文的答辩。欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of On Transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is prof.With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels' addicts. For the above facts,I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This time's literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Teachers, good afternoon! My name is Chen Jing, the students of class xxx, my thesis topic is《 the power of the giver and the victim, foucault power interpretation theory perspective, the heroine in “the golden notebook, Anna》,thesis is completed under Wang Zhiqin teacher of meticulous guidance, here, I express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, to the teachers to take part in my thesis express our heartfelt thanks to you for, and for the past three years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers say heartfelt tribute.Below I will this paper design the research background, significance and main content of the teacher made a report, please the teacher criticism guidance.
First of all, I want to talk about the research background and significance of the graduation thesis design.
Since the Golden Notebook involves comprehensive themes such as colonialism,feminism,racism,communism etc. and due to its severely fragmented writing forms,it has intrigued groups of both domestic and overseas critics. The research abroad could be roughly divided into three stages. The first comes about the biography of the author”],the general introduction and reading background of this novel,then a number of explorations over the themes of this book have been conducted, from the most popular one feminism,psychological featuresto the philosophical elements. Finally, critics shifted their concentration to the unique form or style applied by Lessing,for instance they analyzed the varied narrative techniques employed within ,the aesthetic value it displayed ,as well as its artistic nature generated by its messy forms.And it is worth mentioning that in 2006 Tapan K.Ghosh has composed a specific collection of reviews on the Golden Notebook.While the study over this novel in foreign country has been quite fruitful and mature, the research in China is far lagging behind, most of them just emphasized the novel's multiplethemes such as feminism,eco-economic,psychology and modemism Thus more angels should be discovered by scholars at home, such as colonialism, religious and psychological exploration, and their research method should be more diversified,for instance,the potential inter-disciplinary study of this novel are waiting to be excavated, and seldomhave critics compared this masterpiece with other similar text.
Based on Foucault's power theory, this thesis is going to explore how the female protagonist Anna in Doris Lessing's the Golden Notebook, the producer and victim of power,fought against her catastrophic life. Through a close reading of the text, this thesis aims at making a Foucanldian interpretation on Lessing's motivation behind portraying such a schizophrenic female personality, convincing the reader that power permeates every capillary of the society mainly by exerting influence on power relations between individual. Sinceeverything concerns with the functioning of power, be it tragedy or comedy, Anna's destiny cannot be an exception, instead of restraining from the one-way suppress from men,Foucault's power theory enables us to put the heroine into a larger, more diverse cultural or social background where individual's identity could be perceived with much more plurality or heterogeneity. Ultimately, given Anna's gender attributes, the application of Foucault's power theory to the analysis of heroine can shed light on how women could wittedly deal with their counterpart, strike a balance between freedom and restriction, and thus heading feminism into a more reasonable and rational direction.
Secondly, I want to talk about the structure and main contents of this paper.
The author is going to divide this thesis into five chapters. The first chapter is a briefing about the research background of the Golden Notebook, which provides an overview on the fragmented content and complicated structure of this masterpiece. The second chapter is an introduction of the research status of this novel at home and abroad, at the same time,Foucault's power theory will be elaborated here as the theoretical framework. Chapter three concentrates on the text analysis of the female protagonist Anna's pursuit of the free woman identity, which will be conducted mainly from three perspectives, namely her political faith,marriage and love, as well we psychological status. Through asserting Foucault's power theory into the text analysis, we could get a clear view on how the heroine became the victim of the omnipresent power in contemporary social organizations, and also how individual resisted power via making explorations on the genealogy of the self. Chapter four gives two different interpretations of Anna's destiny, with each representing the common feminists'view and Foucault's version respectively. Via such comparison, the author attempts to find a correlation between Foucault's power theory and feminism, to tell in what ways Foucault'spower theory have modified parts of problems in current feminism, and how the formal convergent with the latter. The last chapter serves as a concluding part in which a summary of this thesis will be reached, and limitations as well as further implications will be point out.
Finally, I want to talk about the deficiency existing in this paper.
The limitations of this thesis cannot be regarded as the challenge to the relevance of Foucaxxlt's theory to feminism; on the contrary, it tells that the value of applying Foucault'spower theory lies precisely in his invitation to feminists to remain highly critical about their previous prejudices as well as their future trends. In order to make full use of Foucault's power theory in modifying feminism, we have to dig out more convergences they share with each other. With the idea that knowledge and truth are partial ones serving as a start,Genealogy is then an excellent perspective for farther explorations on the Foucauldian and feminist projects.
Thank you very much!
Good morning, Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society.
And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part. Thank you!
如实回答,从资料上,从书本上,从网上。一般论文都能通过。只要你态度认真,诚恳,一般情况下老师不会为难你的。论文格式,板书一定要工整,这也是评分的标准呢。
你就说一部分你自己测的,一部分找的。
研究生毕业论文答辩流程及注意要点
在论文答辩前,考生准备的充分与否是保证论文质量与效果的关键,也是答辩出彩的关键。以下是我为大家收集的研究生毕业论文答辩流程及注意要点,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
一、答辩前的准备工作
(一)全力消化自己所写的论文
研究生要明确目的、端正态度、树立信心,通过硕士论文答辩这一环节,来提高自己的分析能力、概括能力及表达能力。在反复阅读、审查自己硕士论文的基础上,写好供15分钟左右用的答辩报告书特别要注意以下几点:
1、突出选题的重要性和意义。
2、介绍论文的主要观点与结构安排(这部分只说明标题就行,不要论述内容,因老师已经看过你的论文)。
3、强调论文的新意与独创性。
4、说明做了哪些必要的工作。
(二)物质准备
准备参加答辩会所需携带的用品:
1、硕士论文的底稿。
2、答辩报告书。
3、主要参考资料,答辩时虽然不能依赖这些资料,但带上这些资料,当遇到一时记不起来时,稍微翻阅一下有关资料,就可以避免出现答不上来的尴尬和慌乱。4、记录用稿纸。以便把答辩老师所提出的问题和有价值的意见、见解记录下来。通过记录,不仅可以减缓紧张心理,而且还可以更好地吃透老师所提问的要害和实质是什么,同时还可以边记边思考,使思考的过程变得很自然。(以后要准备PPT以备辅助介绍)。
5、着衣冠整洁大方、庄重,穿着尽量正式些的为好,着衣能给答辩老师一个最直接的影响你对答辩的重视程度。
(三)调整好心态
要进行答辩,首先就要明确论文答辩想考察研究生什么。硕士教育重在训练科学的思维、如何将科学成果转化为学术文章甚至是创造社会效益。因此,通过论文答辩可以考察到如下:
1、论文的真实性。实事求是乃科学研究的基础,论文本身必须真实可靠,弄虚作假难逃答辩委员会专家们的火眼金睛。如果在这方面出现问题,论文势必不能通过专家评审。
2、考察相关知识与应用能力。
3、考察研究生的综合素质、包括答辩者的表达能力。
成功的演讲是自信和技巧的结合,扎实的专业知识和细致周到的答辩准备工作是成功的前提。使用一些答辩技巧也不可缺少,可以充分展示整理研究材料、展示研究成果的能力,让别人知道自己都做了什么。要想这场战争获胜,就必须对答辩的目的、程序、可能遇到的问题及解决方法进行深入剖析,做到胸有成竹,不要紧张,要以必胜的信心,饱满的热情参加答辩。
二、硕士论文答辩程序
(一)研究生向答辩委员会报告自己硕士论文的简要情况(时间约15分钟)。
答辩报告的内容主要包括:
1、论文的内容、目的和意义;
2、硕士论文的基本内容及主要方法;
3、成果、结论和对自己完成任务的评价,强调论文的新意与独创性。
(二)答辩委员会专家提出问题(时间10~15分钟)。
提问一般包括以下三个方面的内容:
1、需要进一步说明的问题;
2、论文所涉及的有关基本理论、知识和技能;
3、考察研究生综合素质的有关问题。
答辩老师一般的提问类型:
1、对选题意义提问;
2、对重要观点及概念提问;
3、对论文新意提问;
4、对论文细节提问;
5、对论文数据来源提问;
6、对论文薄弱环节提问;
7、对建议可行性提问;
8、对自己所做工作的提问;
9、对超出论文范围的提问;
10、没有标准答案的提问;
11、对格式是否规范化的提问。
答辩提问时须知:
1、应用能力与知识宽度的准备;
2、作好常规性问题的准备;
3、细节问题不可忽视;
4、对自身能力的考查;
5、对论文可行性把握。
三、如何答辩
(一)掌握总体
以下五点是同学们答辩时必须做到:
1、脱稿汇报;
2、突出重点;
3、抓住兴趣;
4、掌握时间;
5、留下伏笔。
(二)开场白的准备
答辩开始时要向专家问好,开场白是整个论文答辩的正式开始,它可以吸引注意力、建立可信性、预告答辩的意图和主要内容。好的开始是成功的一半,要切合主题、符合答辩基调、运用适当的语言。应避免负面开头,如自我辩解等(如我最近找工作压力太大,准备不充分我工作太忙,准备不太好),既不能体现对答辩委员会专家的尊重,也是个人自信不足的表现,答辩者在各位专家的第一印象中大打折扣。牢记谦虚谨慎是我国的传统美德,但是谦虚并非不自信。同时也要避免自我表现,洋洋得意,寻求赞赏。过度的表现,会引起答辩委员会专家的反感,(如经过这么多年的思考,我认为我的这种制度设计已经达到最科学,最完美的)。
(三)报告论文
报告时应注意:掌握时间、扼要介绍、沉着冷静,语音优美,用普通话,抑扬顿挫,表情丰富,表达淋漓尽致,语气上要用肯定的语言,是即是,非即非,不能模棱两可。内容上紧扣主题,表达上口齿清楚、流利,声音要响亮,富于感染力,可使用适当的手势,以取得答辩的最佳效果。我参加的答辩会上大部分同学是用比较小的音量进行陈述,估计只有前两排的人才听得清楚。声音大有三个好处:一是增强胆量,减少怯场,二是更加引起老师的注意力,三是会使自己更富激情,从而感染老师。当然,语言的流畅性、信服力等,非一日之功,看临场发挥了。
(四)如何回答答辩委员会专家提出的问题
研究生报告结束后,答辩委员会专家将会每人提出二到四个问题,记录问题时注意进行确认是否理解正确,有些专家的声音比较低沉,你听不清时,一定要追问一下老师您的意思是?理解错问题就麻烦了,导致回答问题时非常被动。专家提问不管妥当与否,都要耐心倾听,不要随便打断别人的问话。对专家提出的问题,当回答完整、自我感觉良好时,不要流露出骄傲情绪。如果确实不知如何回答时,应直接向专家说明,不要答非所问。对没有把握的问题,不要强词夺理,实事求是表明自己对这个问题还没搞清楚,今后一定要认真研究这个问题。总之,答辩中应实事求是,不卑不亢,有礼有节,时刻表现出对专家的尊重和感谢。注意答辩不纯粹是学术答辩,非学术成分大约占一半,要显示出自己各方面的成熟,要证明自己有了学术研究的能力。
有时答辩委员会的老师对答辩人所作的回答不太满意,还会进一步提出问题,以求了解论文作者是否切实搞清和掌握了这个问题。遇到这种情况,答辩人如果有把握讲清,就可以申明理由进行答辩;如果不太有把握,可以审慎地试着回答,能回答多少就回答多少,即使讲得不很确切也不要紧,只要是同问题有所关联,老师会引导和启发你切入正题;如果确是自己没有搞清的问题,就应该实事求是地讲明自己对这个问题还没有搞清楚,表示今后一定认真研究这个问题,切不可强词夺理,进行狡辩。因为,答辩委员会的老师对这个问题有可能有过专门研究,再高明的也不可能蒙他。这里我们应该明白:学员在答辩会上,某个问题被问住是不奇怪的,因为答辩委员会成员一般是本学科的专家。他们提出来的某个问题答不上来是很自然的。当然,所有问题都答不上来,一问三不知就不正常了。
答辩中,有时主答辩老师会提出与你的论文中基本观点不同的观点,然后请你谈谈看法,此时就应全力为自己观点辩护,反驳与自己观点相对立的思想。主答辩老师在提问的问题中,有的是基础知识性的问题,有的是学术探讨性的问题,对于前一类问题,是要你作出正确、全面地回答,不具有商讨性。而后一类问题,是非正误并未定论,持有不同观点的人可以互相切磋商讨。如果你所写的论文的基本观点是经过自己深思熟虑,又是言之有理、持之有据,能自圆其说的,就不要因为答辩委员会成员提出不同的见解,就随声附和,放弃自己的观点。否则,就等于是你自己否定了自己辛辛苦苦写成的论文。要知道,有的答辩老师提出的与你论文相左的观点,并不是他本人的观点,他提出来无非是想听听你对这种观点的评价和看法,或者是考考你的答辩能力或你对自己观点的坚定程度。退一步说,即使是提问老师自己的观点,你也应该抱着吾爱吾师,吾更爱真理的态度,据理力争,与之展开辩论。不过,与答辩老师展开辩论要注意分寸,运用适当的辩术。一般说,应以维护自己的观点为主,反驳对方的论点要尽可能采用委婉的语言,请教的口气,用旁说、暗说、绕着说的办法,不露痕迹地把自己的观点输入对方,让他们明理而诚服或暗服。让提问老师虽接受你的意见,但自己的自尊并没受到伤害。
(五)结束语和致谢
报告结束前一定要进行致谢。论文答辩之后,作者应该认真听取答辩委员会的评判,进一步分析、思考答辩老师提出的意见,总结论文写作的经验教训。一方面,要搞清楚通过这次毕业论文写作,自己学习和掌握了哪些科学研究的方法,在提出问题、分析问题、解决问题以及科研能力上得到了提高。还存在哪些不足,作为今后研究其他课题时的借鉴。另一方面,要认真思索论文答辩会上,答辩老师提出的问题和意见,修改自己的论文,加深研究,精心修改自己的论文,求得纵深发展,取得更大的战果。使自己在知识上、能力上有所提高。
好运伴随你们,祝愿你们答辩顺利!
一、毕业论文答辩的目的意义
毕业论文考察的是学员在校学习阶段全部学业的综合成果,包括是否具有:与学历水平相适应的系统、完整的专业知识,较高的理论分析水平和较强的解决实际问题的能力,较强的文章写作能力和语言表达能力。毕业论文答辩除了辅助考察以上内容外,重点考察口头语言的表达能力和思维的敏捷程度。其作用可概括为“检查”、“交流”和“发展”。具体为:1.检验论文写作的真实程度、下工夫程度。2.考察学员的口头语言表达能力。3.测验学员思维的应变能力和深入分析能力。4.测评学员的记忆能力。5.考察与论文相关知识的广度。6.使学员之间相互交流、相互启发。7.使师生之间相互交流、教学相长。8.指出论文的不足和今后的完善意见。9.提供答辩的标准和典范。10.启发学员进一步思考,发展毕业论文。
二、毕业论文答辩的范围内容
(一)自我简介部分
1.介绍论文写作的缘由、目的、意义。2.介绍论文写作的基本过程,包括:选题、收集材料、分析研究、确立观点、组织材料、安排结构、语言的使用、文章修改、参考书。3.介绍论文的基本内容、主要观点、中心观点、主要材料。4.介绍论文的特点、创新、发展。
(二)提问问答部分
1.论文本身的知识
(1)内容上的知识:包括基本概念、名词解释、原理分析、原理运用、案例分析、难点和重点分析、论文的特色分析。例如:“请从概念的内涵和外延上解释什么是,技术创新,?”“什么是司法腐败?有什么特征?”“聘任制与传统任命制的主要区别是什么?”“吸取聘任制的优点改造、并继续使用任命制行不行?”“这个问题前人早有研究,请谈谈你的不同见解”“当前企业思想政治工作的难点有那些?”等。对只列出“条条”缺乏分析的可以提问:“请分析各个条条之间的关系”;对只有理论分析而缺乏实践的可以提问:“请举一例进行分析”对提出各种措施方案的可以问:“请分析一下措施方案的合理性和可行性”。
(2)写作上的知识:包括语言的准确性、概括性,论点的分析化(内化、具体化)、系统化,论证的严密性、结构层次的清晰性。例如,如果这样提问“在管理方略与形式多样化的创新方式中有哪些应遵循的原则?”学员可以做一般性的回答。现改为“请用三句话概括在管理方略与形式多样化的创新中应遵循的基本原则。”这样考察的是学员的语言概括能力。
2.论文的相关知识
包括与论文相关的理论、知识、案例、应涉及的问题。例如,《金融罪的特征》一文,该文容量太小,系统不完整,只论述了“特征”,按理还应论述“怎样防治”,才与毕业论文的容量相当。因而提出“你对防治金融罪有什么想法“,既考察了学员的知识系统,也使学员认识到原文的不足。再如,《试论依法行政》一文,针对“依法”这个论题提问,“请列举几个需要,依,的法律文书的名称”,以此考察对法律的熟悉程度。
3.论文存在的问题
包括漏洞、不足、错误。
三、教师的主导作用
1.教师的素质
在答辩过程中导师是提问的主体,学员是答辩的主体。导师起着主导作用。导师自身的素质非常关键。导师应当具有:
(l)学者的智慧。导师对毕业论文选题专业应当具有广博的专业知识体系和深入的研究成果。应当具有很强的理解力和思辨性、对一个课题能够很快就抓住实质,明了其理论价值和实用价值,能够缕出该论题应该论证的框架结构和知识系统,分析出论文质量的高低和存在的问题或不足,有针对性地进行答辩指导。
(2)记者的敏捷。答辩过程是一个即时性的、面对面的交锋过程。有些文章和问题是当场看的或听的,时间很短,不容长时慢慢思考。导师应当具有记者的敏捷性,思维要快,善于迅速理解、记住、并很快形成判断,在适当的时候提出问题。还应当善于与学员沟通感情、进行交流。
(3)主持人的协调。现在的答辩,往往是许多学员同时进行,还有主答、副主答、记录员、甚至巡视员等,导师、特别是主答导师应当具有“节目主持人”的协调能力,应善于掌握现场的.气氛、调动大家的积极性。使答辩在轻松、愉快、有序的氛围中进行。
(4)教师的风范。教师是“园丁”“蜡烛”。导师应当是知识的象征、循循善诱的象征、与人为善的象征。
答辩不是难为学员,而是一次交流和再教学。答辩中一定要充分展示出教师的师德、才学和风范。
2.提问的原则
(l)以论文的内容为基础,兼顾相关的知识、内容。
(2)难易程度适中、大小适中。例如,论文《企业精神的培育必须和创新活动一道进行》如果提问“为什么企业精神的培育必须和创新活动一道进行”,这个问题就太大了。因为全文论述的就是这个问题。如果这样问一“企业精神与创新活动有那些一致性”就比较适中。
(3)明确、具体、容易理解。例如,问题“国有企业经营体制如何创新?”问题提得有些大,而且泛。改为“什么是创新?新的标准和模式是什么?怎样创新?”3个问题,就具体、明确多了,而且提得更有深度和专业性。学员也好理解。
(4)针对学员、突出个性。学员来自不同的岗位、职业,提问题应突出其特点、发挥其所长。
(5)适当启发、深入引导。对有些问题应当给予启发、引导,调动学员的思维能动性,并使学员按照导师的思路深入思考,提高答辩的针对性和集中性。
(6)考察性而非询问性、答辩性而非辩论性。对学员的提问是一种考察,在学员谈到一些导师自己不了解的问题时,可以适当的问一点,但是不要形成“询问”,而失去身份。在答辩中有时和学员意见不一至,可以适当交换意见,但不能成为“辩论”,而模糊了答辩的主角。
(7)避免与简介内容相重复。有些问题在简介中己经谈了,在提问时就不要在重复了。
(8)提关键性问题。例如,一篇文章提出“做人要正”。什么是“正”,文章的论述很模糊。对此提出问题:“何谓管理者做人要正?请从概念的内涵和外延上给予解释”,进一步从词法学角度进行启发,使问题走向深入。
3.提问的类型
可分为“事先提出”(答辩前完成)和“临场抓题”(答辩中随时提出);“复述型”(死题)和“引申型”(活题)两类四种问题。“事先题”在答辩前10分钟给学员,让学员有个短时准备;“临场题”随时提问,以考察学员的思维的敏捷程度。“引申题”的难度比“复述题”要大,可对学员进行更深入的考察。例如,论文《浅论现代企业制度》,提问:“为什么建立现代企业制度是市场经济发展的必然?建立现代企业制度有那些要求?应注意那些问题?”即为“复述型”问题。因为原文就是从这三个方面进行论述的。如果提问:“请问现代企业制度能解决国有大中型企业的难题吗?”即为“引申型”的问题。因为,要回答这个问题必须解决好三个问题:一、什么是现代企业制度?二、当前国有大中型企业的难点是什么?三、现代企业制度的内容能解决这些问题吗?显然,这是一个很活、很有份量的问题。
4.提问的方法
(l)一次性提问法。一次性提问法适于提出较大的问题,适于考察学员系统思考、全面表述问题的能力。
(2)追问式提问法。有些问题可采取追问的方法,步步把问题引向深入。“追问法”适于考察学员针对性定向思维、快捷思维、深入思维的能力。例如,《试论依法治军》一文,先问“请简述依法治军存在那几种认识上的偏差”,然后针对学员回答的“认为依法治军会削弱当党的领导的威信”,问:“会不会削弱”和“为什么不会?”
(3)启发式提问法。答辩不仅仅是“考察”,而且是一种“教学”。“启发式”提问是调动学员思维潜力,把答辩的“教学”功能开发出来的有效手段。例如,《对当前企业避税的调整与措施》一文,其标题存在着概念与语问题。首先问“企业避税是合理的还是不合理的?”学员回答“当然是不合理的。”接着问“对不合理的东西用’调整,一词是否恰当?因为’调整,一词是中性词,多用于中性对象。如,对政策调整,。”学员一时不能理解。接着进一步问“一般对偷漏税行为用’防治,或,防范,,那么你的文章标题是否应当修改一下?”这种提问即为启发式提问。
(4)示范式提问法。有些学员回答问题不得法,有必要给以示范演示。例如,在向学员提出“为什么要选择,国有企业职工思想政治工作,这个选题”时,学员回答得不得法,话是讲了不少,但没有讲在点子上。于是导师做了示范式的引导,“当前企业的思想政治工作不好做,国有困难企业的思想工作就更不好做。为此,我选择了这个很有实际意义的难题,以期尽策尽力。对下一个问题请按照这种思路回答。”对后面的回答提供了范例。
(5)补充式提问法。主要用于各位答辩导师提问之间的相互补充。
(6)归纳评价式“提问”。结束答辩时应对学员的答辩进行简单的归纳或评价。
四、学生的答辩技巧
1.认真写作、写好提纲、临阵磨枪
首先,应当认真、下工夫撰写论文,这是答辩好的前提。其次,在答辩前反复阅读论文,对论文的内容要了如指掌,记忆在心。再者,要准备一些与论文有关的材料,诸如应涉及的问题、今后的打算、最新的看法等。还要调整好精神状态,放松情绪,使答辩有一个良好思维状态。必要时搞一个答辩提纲,使答辩前的准备落到实处。
2.弄清题意、如实回答、扬长避短
事先应了解答辩的基本内容、题型和提问的方法。答辩中认真领会导师的题意,针对问题答其所问。不能理解或答不上来的问题,应向导师如实讲明或请导师换个问题。不要不懂装懂,胡乱对付。应发挥自己的特长。诸如理论特长、实践特长、专业特长。成人学员尤应如此。
3.掌握方法、突出语感、强化效果
答辩如同写文章,论述性文章的基本论证方法也是答辩的基本方法,应当熟练运用。同时,还应针对答辩时“口语性”,使用一些技巧。主要有以下几种方法:
(l)理论分析法。运用理论分析和逻辑推理的方法进行答辩,诸如演推理、归纳推理、类比推理、对比比喻等方法。如用马克思主义政治经济学的基本原理论证加强企业思想政治工作的重要性。
(2)实证论述法。用工作实践中具体事例来证实某些理论、原理、论断的科学有效性。事实可以是他人、他单位的间接事实,也可以是本人、本单位的直接事实。成人学员应以后者取胜。
(3)分析综合法。分析即把一个整体分解为若干个组成部分,或把一个基本问题展开为具体细节;综合即把若干部分综合为一个整体,或把一些具体问题抽象为一个基本原理。没有分析,不会深入、具体;没有综合不能找出联系,掌握本质,上升为理论。
分析还是一种直接论证的方法,诸如分析特点、分析本质、分析因果、分析意义、分析危害、分析主客观因素、分析条件、分析联系、分析规律等。答辩时应充分使用。
(4)对策论证法即结合实践经验拿出解决新问题的宏观策略或微观战术,发挥成人学员工作经验丰富的特长。但需要指出的是,既然是论文,就必须在“论”字上做文章,不仅要拿出对策方案说明怎样做,还要说明为什么要这样做,论证其合理性与可行性。
(5)以纲带目法在展开论述一个问题之前,先把这个问题的主要纲目分条列项地述说一遍。然后再逐一展开。该方法对口头答辩有着特殊的效果。可增强条理性、强化记忆力、引导答辩定向展开、使观点与材料有机统一。
(6)适当重复法答辩如同演讲。其口头语言说过即逝。为强化听觉效果,适当的重复有关内容,是答辩的有效技巧。结尾总结全文是一种特殊的重复,更有归纳全文、突出整主题、强化效果的作用。
五、答辩的组织工作
1.答辩人员的组合
有关领导应充分认识毕业论文答辩的重要性,作好组织工作。其中最主要的是答辩小组人员的组合。答辩小组一般由主答、副主答、秘书等组成。应有合理的专业结构、层次结构和职能结构。专业结构方面:应以毕业论文的学科专业为依据。由专业基础课(包括写作课的教师)、专业课、相关专业课的教师和实际工作者构成。其中实际工作者也非常必要,对于考察理论联系实际的能力有不可或缺的作用。层次结构方面:应有教授、副教授、教师、助教等不同层次的人员为好。便于从不同层次角度考察学员。职能结构方面:主要是主答、副主答、秘书的分工应科学合理,是答辩工作高效、有序地进行。当前的毕业论文答辩中,人员结构不合理的现象很突出,应着重解决。
2.答辩程序的制定
应当制定严密、有序、全方位的毕业论文答辩程序。把答辩的前的毕业论文的执笔写作和答辩后的总结列入答辩的程序之中。答辩的具体环节:诸如答辩前的指导、答辩组织的建立、人员的确定、答辩的出题、答辩的现场管理、答辩的提问、学员的解答、内容的记录、成绩的评定、答辩工作的总结等都应科学化、规范化、制度化,对保证答辩工作的顺利进行和提高答辩质量有着举足轻重的作用。
1、如果是自己所做的实验。数据就是自己得出来的。
2、如果是网上抄的,那就回答为:是从网上借鉴的。
毕业答辩的注意事项:
一、熟悉内容 :作为将要参加毕业论文答辩的同学,首先而且必须对自己所著的论文内容有比较深刻的理解和比较全面的熟悉。所谓“深刻的理解”是对论文有横向的把握。这两方面是为回答答辩委员会成员就有关论文的深度及相关知识面而提出的问题所做的准备。
例如,题为<创建名牌产品发展民族产业>的论文,答辩委员会成员可能会问“民族品牌”与“名牌”有何关系。尽管论文中未必涉及“民族品牌”,但学生必须对自己的论文有“比较全面的熟悉”和“比较深刻的理解”,否则,就会出现尴尬局面
二、图表穿插 :任何毕业论文,无论是文科还是理科都或多或少地涉及到用图表表达论文观点的可能,故我认为应该有此准备。
图表不仅是一种直观的表达观点的方法,更是一种调节答辩会气氛的手段,特别是对私人答辩委员会成员来讲,长时间地听述,听觉难免会有排斥性,不再对你论述的内容接纳吸收,这样,秘然对你的毕业论文答辩成绩有所影响。
三、语流适中 :进行毕业论文答辩的同学一般都是首次。无数事实证明,他们在众多的都是和同学面前答辩时,说话速度往往越来越快,以致答辩委员会听不清楚,影响了答辩成绩。故答辩学生一定要注意在答辩过程中的语流速度,要有急有缓,有轻有重,不能像连珠炮似的轰向听众。
四、目光移动 :毕业生在论文答辩时,一般可脱稿,也可半脱稿,也可完全不脱稿。但不管哪种开工,都应注意自己的目光,使目光时常地瞟向答辩委员会成员及会场上的同学们。这是你用目光与听众进行心灵的接触,使听众对你的论题产生兴趣的一种手段。
在毕业论文答辩会上,由于听时间过长,委员们难免会有分神现象,这时,你用目光的投射会很礼貌地将他们的神“拉”回来,使委员们的思路跟你的思路走。