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光电论文英文文献

英文论文参考文献示例

无论在学习或是工作中,大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧,通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。你写论文时总是无从下笔?以下是我收集整理的英文论文参考文献示例,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

英语论文参考文献格式范本

用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格,如某一条目超过一行,从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入,标点符号后空一格。

参考文献条目排列顺序:英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。

1)英文参考文献

(1)专著与编著

排列顺序为:作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。

例如:

Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993.

专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名,后者用斜体。

例如:

Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971.

A.两个至三个作者

第一作者的姓在前,名在后,中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前,姓在后,中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开,最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”,后用句号。

例如:

Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000.

B. 三个以上作者

第一作者姓名(姓在前,名在后,中间加逗号)后接“et al.”,其他作者姓名省略。

例如:

Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.

C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献,参照下例:

Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a.

Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b.

(2)论文集

参照下例:

Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.

(3)百科全书等参考文献

参照下例:

Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001.

(4)学术期刊论文

参照下例:

Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18.

(5)网络文献

参照下例:

----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .

2)中文参考文献

(1)专著

参照下例:

皮亚杰.结构主义[M].北京:商务印书馆,1984.

(2)期刊文章

参照下例:

杨忠,张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究,1999,(2):1-3.

(3)学位论文

参照下例:

梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学,2002.

(4)论文集

参照下例:

许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999:5-7.

(5)附录本

翻译学论文参考文献范例

参考文献:

奥马利 第二语言习得的学习策略上海:上海外语出版社,2001

陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南:山东教育出版社,1999

丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海:上海外语出版社,2001

费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙:湖南教育出版社,2001

冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京:商务印书馆,1996

桂诗春,宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998

桂诗春 应用语言学长沙:湖南教育出版社,1998

何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000

何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997

侯维瑞 英语语体 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1988

胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京:北京大学出版社,2001

黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002

黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙:湖南教育出版社,1988

李延富主编 英语语言学基本读本 济南:山东大学出版社,1999

李运兴 语篇翻译引论 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000

刘润清 西方语言学流派北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999

刘润清等 现代语言学名著选读(上下册)北京:测绘出版社,1988

刘润清等 语言学入门 北京:人民教育出版社,1990

陆国强 现代英语词汇学(新版)上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999

拓展内容:

书写格式

1.参考文献标注的位置

2. 参考文献标标注方法和规则

3. 参考文献标标注的格式

2007年8月20日在清华大学召开的“综合性人文社会科学学术期刊编排规范研讨会”决定,2008年起开始部分刊物开始执行新的规范“综合性期刊文献引证技术规范”。该技术规范概括了文献引证的“注释”体例和“著者—出版年”体例。不再使用“参考文献”的说法。这两类文献著录或引证规范在中国影响较大,后者主要在层次较高的人文社会科学学术期刊中得到了应用。

⑴文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》,适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献,而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。

⑵顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码,序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者,在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说,引用一次的文献的页码(或页码范围)在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年,卷(期)”等+“:页码(或页码范围).”。多次引用的文献,每处的页码或页码范围(有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码)分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处,置于方括号后(仅列数字,不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符;页码范围中间的连线为半字线)并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的,该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号,做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外,参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。

⑶参考文献类型及文献类型,根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母方式标识:

专著M ; 报纸N ;期刊J ;专利文献P;汇编G ;古籍O;技术标准S ;

学位论文D ;科技报告R;参考工具K ;检索工具W;档案B ;录音带A ;

图表Q;唱片L;产品样本X;录相带V;会议录C;中译文T;

乐谱I; 电影片Y;手稿H;微缩胶卷U ;幻灯片Z;微缩平片F;其他E。

书写技巧

把光标放在引用参考文献的地方,在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”,弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”,点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字,位置为“文档结尾”,确定后Word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的`编号,并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明,在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。参考文献标注要求用中括号把编号括起来,以word2007为例,可以在插入尾注时先把光标移至需要插入尾注的地方,然后点击 引用-脚注下面的一个小箭头,在出现的对话框中有个自定义,然后输入中括号及数字,然后点插入,然后自动跳转到本节/本文档末端,此时再输入参考文献内容即可。

在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时,在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注,再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”,“引用类型”选“尾注”,引用内容为“尾注编号(带格式)”,然后选择相应的文献,插入即可。

不要以为已经搞定了,我们离成功还差一步。论文格式要求参考文献在正文之后,参考文献后还有发表论文情况说明、附录和致谢,而Word的尾注要么在文档的结尾,要么在“节”的结尾,这两种都不符合我们的要求。解决的方法似乎有点笨拙。首先删除尾注文本中所有的编号(我们不需要它,因为它的格式不对),然后选中所有尾注文本(参考文献说明文本),点“插入|书签”,命名为“参考文献文本”,添加到书签中。这样就把所有的参考文献文本做成了书签。在正文后新建一页,标题为“参考文献”,并设置好格式。光标移到标题下,选“插入|交叉引用”,“引用类型”为“书签”,点“参考文献文本”后插入,这样就把参考文献文本复制了一份。选中刚刚插入的文本,按格式要求修改字体字号等,并用项目编号进行自动编号。

打印文档时,尾注页同样会打印出来,而这几页是我们不需要的。当然,可以通过设置打印页码范围的方法不打印最后几页。这里有另外一种方法,如果你想多学一点东西,请接着往下看。

选中所有的尾注文本,点“格式|字体”,改为“隐藏文字”,切换到普通视图,选择“视图|脚注”,此时所有的尾注出现于窗口的下端,在“尾注”下拉列表框中选择“尾注分割符”,将默认的横线删除。同样的方法删除“尾注延续分割符”和“尾注延续标记”。删除页眉和页脚(包括分隔线),选择“视图|页眉和页脚”,首先删除文字,然后点击页眉页脚工具栏的“页面设置”按钮,在弹出的对话框上点“边框”,在“页面边框”选项卡,边框设置为“无”,应用范围为“本节”;“边框”选项卡的边框设置为“无”,应用范围为“段落”。切换到“页脚”,删除页码。选择“工具|选项”,在“打印”选项卡里确认不打印隐藏文字(Word默认)。

注:以上在word中的处理是比较常用的做法,不过作者需要了解,投稿稿件是word格式或pdf格式或wps格式,但是很多期刊是用方正排版系统排版的,二者不“兼容”。因此,作者的word投稿只是编辑部排版的原稿,排版问题作者无需太过担心;而作者如想要编辑部出刊前最后的电子稿(有些作者着急要清样或已经排版的电子稿)其实也没有太大意义,因为没有方正的软件就无法打开这个电子稿。

Harnessing the Power of the SunWith rising fuel costs, climate change concerns and a growing demand for electricity, renewable energy resources such as solar power are becoming an increasingly valuable part of the world's energy mix. Around the globe, businesses and homeowners are harnessing the power of the earth's most abundant natural resource - sunlight - to provide energy using solar power.GE's solar electric power systems and products offer high quality, reliable power generation for residential, commercial and industrial applications. By partnering with the sun, solar energy can supply local power for on-and off-grid applications with zero noise pollution and air emissions. 掌握太阳与不断上涨的燃料成本,气候变化的关注和对电力的需求日益增加,可再生能源资源,如太阳能发电正在成为越来越有价值的一部分,世界上能源结构。全球各地的企业和业主都掌握了地球上最丰富的天然资源-阳光-提供能源利用太阳能发电。 The sun light in the semiconductor pn junction, the formation of a new hole - electron pairs in the pn junction of the role of the electric field, the hole flow from the n area p areas, electronic flow n by p zone area, connected to the circuit after the current form. This is the photoelectric effect of the working principle of solar cells. First, the way solar power generation solar power in two ways, one is light - heat - electricity conversion mode, and the other is light - electric direct conversion approach. (1) light - heat - electricity conversion of solar radiation through the use of thermal energy generated by power generation, is normally provided by solar collectors to heat absorbed by refrigerant into steam, and steam turbine-driven power generation. A process before it is light - heat conversion process; after a process of heat - electricity conversion process, as with an ordinary power. Drawback of solar thermal power generation is highly inefficient and costly, it is estimated that at least its investment than the average fire Power your 5 to 10 times. a 1000MW of solar thermal power plants need to invest 20 to 25 billion U.S. dollars, an average of 1kW of investment from 2000 to 2500 U.S. dollars. Therefore, at present, can only be applied to small-scale special occasions, and large-scale use in the economy is very uneconomical, but also with ordinary competing power plant or nuclear power plants. (2) Optical - Electric direct conversion approach is the use of the photoelectric effect, solar radiation will be directly converted into electrical energy, light - the basic power conversion is the solar cell device. Solar cell is a kind of volts due to the effects of photovoltaic solar energy will be directly converted into electrical energy device is a semiconductor photodiode, when the sun's light to the photodiode, the photodiode will be the sun's light energy into power, resulting in current. When many cells are connected in series or parallel can be up to become a relatively large output power of a square solar cells. Solar cells is a promising new type of power supply, with a permanent, clean and flexibility of the three major advantages. Solar battery life long, as long as there is sun, solar cells can be an investment in long-term use; and thermal power, nuclear power generation compared to solar cells will not cause environmental pollution; Xinhuanet both solar cells can be as large as one million kilowatts of medium-sized power plants, small enough to only use a solar battery, which is unmatched by other power通用电气公司的太阳能电力系统和产品提供高品质,可靠发电的住宅,商业和工业应用。通过与太阳,太阳能可以提供当地的电力,供市民和离网应用与零噪音污染和废气排放 太阳光照在半导体p-n结上,形成新的空穴-电子对,在p-n结电场的作用下,空穴由n区流向p区,电子由p区流向n区,接通电路后就形成电流。这就是光电效应太阳能电池的工作原理。 一、太阳能发电方式太阳能发电有两种方式,一种是光—热—电转换方式,另一种是光—电直接转换方式。 (1) 光—热—电转换方式通过利用太阳辐射产生的热能发电,一般是由太阳能集热器将所吸收的热能转换成工质的蒸气,再驱动汽轮机发电。前一个过程是光—热转换过程;后一个过程是热—电转换过程,与普通的火力发电一样.太阳能热发电的缺点是效率很低而成本很高,估计它的投资至少要比普通火电站贵5~10倍.一座1000MW的太阳能热电站需要投资20~25亿美元,平均1kW的投资为2000~2500美元。因此,目前只能小规模地应用于特殊的场合,而大规模利用在经济上很不合算,还不能与普通的火电站或核电站相竞争。 (2) 光—电直接转换方式该方式是利用光电效应,将太阳辐射能直接转换成电能,光—电转换的基本装置就是太阳能电池。太阳能电池是一种由于光生伏特效应而将太阳光能直接转化为电能的器件,是一个半导体光电二极管,当太阳光照到光电二极管上时,光电二极管就会把太阳的光能变成电能,产生电流。当许多个电池串联或并联起来就可以成为有比较大的输出功率的太阳能电池方阵了。太阳能电池是一种大有前途的新型电源,具有永久性、清洁性和灵活性三大优点.太阳能电池寿命长,只要太阳存在,太阳能电池就可以一次投资而长期使用;与火力发电、核能发电相比,太阳能电池不会引起环境污染;太阳能电池可以大中小并举,大到百万千瓦的中型电站,小到只供一户用的太阳能电池组,这是其它电源无法比拟的

光电检测系统英文论文

我c,你在这里就想要一篇7000字左右还要英文翻译的论文,你以为人家傻啊,给你写,疯了,自己写去吧,别说7000,,700都别想。自己学那专业的不管怎么说也该能写出点什么,自己都不对自己负责,那么懒,别人凭什么帮你。

Photodetector

Abstract: The article first introduced the photoelectricity examination technology, elaborated the existing photoelectricity examination technology good and bad points and the improvement method, how did describe have designed the special electro-optical sensor, adapted the golden immunity chromatographic analysis to try the strip quota test to measure in the installment, increased the quota examination precision. Introduced one kind the hydraulic fluid impurity examination system which composes using the electro-optical sensor and the monolithic integrated circuit, elaborated in the hydraulic system hydraulic fluid impurity examination basic, as well as this system hardware and the software composition, the design and the principle of work, and carried on the discussion to the part key technologies to pile the code production technological process in view of the zinc spindle the actual situation, used in the trough type electro-optical sensor examination zinc spindle automatic pile of code production line various components traveling schedule position . The application effect indicated that, the zinc spindle automatic pile of code production line electro-optical sensor examination system has the very high examination precision and the very big usability. Key word: The photoelectricity examination technology, the electro-optical sensor, the golden immunity chromatographic analysis tries the strip, the hydraulic fluid, the zinc spindle piles the code.

这是一篇 PH.D的论文,谈论有关 无线传感网络 的,你看下,是否符合你需要,如果类型都不一致,那就没必要翻译了。Mechanisms for energy conservation in wireless sensor networksSupervisor: Maurizio BonuccelliThesis commettee: Paolo Ferraggina, Piero MaestriniExternal referees: Stefano Basagni, Mani SrivastavaNational commettee: Bugliesi, Meo, and Panzieri December 27, 2005 AbstractIn this thesis we address the problem of reducing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. We propose a suit of techniques andstrategies imported from other research areas that can be applied to design energy-efficient protocols in sensor networks. They includetime series forecasting, quorums systems, and the interaction between sensor properties and protocol design. We apply these techniques to the time synchronization problem, to efficiently collecting data from a sensor network, and to ensuring stronger data consistency guarantees in mobile networks.We show in [1,2,3,4] that time series forecasting techniques, and in particular autoregressive (AR) models, can be applied to sensor networks to conserve energy. We study a simple type of time series models with a short prediction window. We have chosen this model because it is capableof predicting data produced by real-world sensors measuring physical phenomena, and it is computationally tractable on modern-generation sensor networks. We apply these models to solve two relevant problems in sensor networks: the problem of efficiently collecting sensor data at the sink, and the time synchronization problem.We propose an energy-efficient framework, called SAF Similarity--based Adaptable query Framework [1,2] ), for approximate querying and detecting outlier values in sensor networks. The idea is to combine local AR models built at each node into a global model stored at the root of the network(the sink) that is used to approximately answer user queries. Our approach uses dramatically fewer transmissions than previous approximate approaches by using AR models and organizing the network into clusters based on data similarity between nodes. Our definition of data similarity is based on the coefficients of the local AR models stored at the sink, which reduces energy consumption over techniques that directly compare data values, and allows us to derive an efficient clustering algorithm that is provably optimal in the number of clusters formed by the network. Our clusters have several interesting features that make them suitable also for mobile networks: first, they can capture similarity between nodes that are not geographically adjacent; second, cluster membership adapts at no additional cost; third, nodes within a cluster are not required to track the membership of other nodes in the cluster. Furthermore, SAF provides provably correct error bounds and allows the user to dynamically tune answer quality to answer queries in an energy and resource efficient manner.In addition, we apply the AR models to solve the time synchronization problem from a novel perspective which is complementary to the well-studied clock synchronization problem [3,4]. More precisely, we analyze the case in which a sensor node decides to skip one or more clock adjustments to save energy, or it is temporarily isolated, but still requires an accurate estimate of the time. We propose a provably correct clock method based on AR models, which returns a time estimate within a constant (tunable) error bound and error probability. This method is highly adaptable and allows the sensor to decide how manyclock adjustments it can skip while maintaining the same time accuracy, thus saving energy. In addition, we propose a suit of deterministic methods that reduce the time estimation error by at least a factor 2. More precisely, we propose a provably correct deterministic clock reading method, called the DCR method, which exploits information regarding the sign of the clock deviation, and can be applied to reduce by half the frequency of the periodic clock adjustments, while maintaining the same error bound [3,4]. This method is of both practical and theoretical interest. In fact, it leads to a noticeable energy saving, and shows that a stronger but realistic clock model can lead to a refinement of the optimality bound for the maximum deviation of a clock that is periodically synchronized. In addition, we propose a generalized version of the DCR method that enhances its accuracy depending on the clock stability, and a method that guarantees the monotonicity of the time values produced.We analyze for the first time quorum system techniques in the context of sensor networks: we redesign them and show their benefits in terms of energy consumption [6]. Quorum systems have the potential to save energy in sensor networks since they can reduce noticeably the amount of communication, improve the load balance among sensor nodes, and enhance the scalability of the system. However, previous quorum systems and quorum metrics, proposed for wired networks, are unsuitable for sensor networks since they do not address their properties and limitations. These observations have motivated us to redesigning quorum systems and their metrics, taking into account the limitations and characteristics of sensors (e.g., transmission costs, limited energysource, physical radio broadcast), and the network topology. More precisely, we redefine the following quorum metrics: load balance, access cost and quorum capacity, and devise some strategies based on some characteristics of sensor networks that reduce the amount of communication when designing quorum systems for sensor networks. We apply these strategies to design a family of energy-efficient quorum systems with high resiliency. In particular, we propose a quorum construction that reduces the quorum access cost, and propose an energy-efficient data diffusion protocol built on top of it that reduces the energy consumption by reducing the amount of transmissions and collisions.In addition, we analyze quorum systems in case of high node mobility. More precisely, we study the difficult problem of guaranteeing the intersection between two quorums in case nodes move continuously along unknown paths [7]. We address this problem by defining a novel mobility model that provides a minimum set of constraints sufficient to derive strong data guarantees in highly mobile networks. Also in this case, we show the unsuitability of previous quorum systems, and provide a condition which is necessary to guarantee data availability and atomic consistency under high node mobility. We propose a new classof quorum systems, called Mobile Dissemination (MD) quorums, suitable for highly mobile networks, and propose a quorum construction which is optimal with respect to the quorum size (i.e., message transmissions) [7]. Then, we apply the MD quorum system to implement a provably correct atomic read/write shared memory for mobile and sparse networks.Bibliography [1] D. Tulone, S. Madden. PAQ: Time series forecasting for approximate query answeringin sensor networks. In Proc. of the 3rd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, pp. 21-37, Feb 2006.[2] D. Tulone, S. Madden. An energy-efficient querying framework in sensor networks for detecting node similarities.Submitted to conference.[3] D. Tulone. On the feasibility of global time estimation under isolation conditions in wireless sensor networks.To appear in Algorithmica.[4] D. Tulone. A resource-efficient time estimation for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of the 4th Workshop of Principles of Mobile Computing, pp. 52-59, Oct 2004.[5] D. Tulone. How efficiently and accurately can a process get the reference time? Intl. Symp. on Distributed Computing, Oct2003. Brief announcement, pp. 25-32.[6] D.Tulone, E. D. Demaine. Redesigning quorum systems for wireless sensor networks. Submitted to conference.[7] D. Tulone. Is it possible to ensure strong data guarantees in highly mobile networks? Submitted to conference.

硅光电池光电检测论文

硅光电池对入射光的波长接受如下:硅片接受的光谱是320-1100nm ,峰值波长是850 或者是940 ,硅片掺杂工艺不同。材料不同,峰值不同,还有750的。硅光电池是一种直接把光能转换成电能的半导体器件。它的结构很简单,核心部分是一个大面积的PN 结,把一只透明玻璃外壳的点接触型二极管与一块微安表接成闭合回路,当二极管的管芯(PN结)受到光照时,你就会看到微安表的表针发生偏转,显示出回路里有电流,这个现象称为光生伏特效应。硅光电池的PN结面积要比二极管的PN结大得多,所以受到光照时产生的电动势和电流也大得多。光敏传感器的基础是光电效应,即利用光子照射在器件上,使电路中产生电流或使电导特性发生变化的效应。目前半导体光敏传感器在数码摄像、光通信、航天器、太阳能电池等领域得到了广泛应用,在现代科技发展中起到了十分重要的作用。能源--硅光电池串联或并联组成电池组与镍镉电池配合、可作为人造卫星、宇宙飞船、航标灯、无人气象站等设备的电源;也可做电子手表、电子计算器、小型号汽车、游艇等的电源。光电检测器件--用作近红外探测器、光电读出、光电耦合、激光增加准直、电影还音等设备的光感受器。光电控制器件--用作光电开关等光电控制设备的转换器件。

你好, 硅光电池对入射光的波长有何要求: 看光电池的特性了,一般可见光光电池对光的波长要求不高,很大的范围都可以,希望我的答案可以帮到你!

光电检测与光电传感器论文

1、定义不同

光电传感器:光电传感器是将光信号转换为电信号的一种器件。其工作原理基于光电效应。光电效应是指光照射在某些物质上时,物质的电子吸收光子的能量而发生了相应的电效应现象。

光纤传感器:光纤传感器是一种将被测对象的状态转变为可测的光信号的传感器。光纤传感器的工作原理是将光源入射的光束经由光纤送入调制器,

在调制器内与外界被测参数的相互作用,使光的光学性质如光的强度、波长、频率、相位、偏振态等发生变化,成为被调制的光信号,再经过光纤送入光电器件、经解调器后获得被测参数。

2、性能不同

光电传感器:暂态响应范围宽,谐波测量能力强,暂态特性的优劣是判断一种互感器能否在电力系统中获得应用的一个重要参数,特别是与继电保护动作时间的配合。传统电磁式互感器由于存在铁芯,对高频信号的响应特性较差,不能正确反映一次侧的暂态过程。

而光电互感器传测量的频率范围主要由电子线路部分决定,没有铁芯饱和的问题,因此能够准确反映一次侧的暂态过程。一般可设计到0.1Hz到1MHz,特殊的可设计到200MHz的带通。光电传感器的结构可以测量高压电力线路上的谐波。而电磁感应互感器是难以达到的。

数字接口,通信能力强,由于光电传感器下传的就是光数字信号,与通信网络容易接口,且传输过程中没有测量误差。

同时随着微机化的保护控制设备的广泛采用,光电互感器可以直接向二次设备提供数字量,这样就能省去原来保护装置中的变换器和A/D采样部分,使二次设备得到大大的简化,推动保护新原理的研究。

体积小,重量轻、易升级,满足变电站小型化与紧凑型的要求,由于光电传感器是靠传感头和电子线路进行信号的获取和处理,体积小,重量一般在1000kg以下,

便于集成在AIS或GIS中,这样将大大减少变电站的占地面积,满足变电站小型化和紧凑化的要求。同时光电互感器通过少量光缆与二次设备连接,可使电缆沟和电缆大为减。

光纤传感器:光纤具有很多优异的性能,例如:具有抗电磁和原子辐射干扰的性能,径细、质软、重量轻的机械性能;绝缘、无感应的电气性能;耐水、耐高温、耐腐蚀的化学性能等,

它能够在人达不到的地方,或者对人有害的地区(如核辐射区),起到人的耳目的作用,而且还能超越人的生理界限,接收人的感官所感受不到的外界信息。

3、应用不同

光纤传感器:城市建设中桥梁、大坝、油田等的干涉陀螺仪和光栅压力传感器的应用。光纤传感器可预埋在混凝土、碳纤维增强塑料及各种复合材料中,用于测试应力松弛、施工应力和动荷载应力,从而评估桥梁短期施工阶段和长期营运状态的结构性能。

在电力系统,需要测定温度、电流等参数,如对高压变压器和大型电机的定子、转子内的温度检测等,由于电类传感器易受电磁场的干扰,无法在这类场合中使用,只能用光纤传感器。

光电传感器:用光电元件作敏感元件的光电传感器,其种类繁多,用途广泛。按光电传感器的输出量性质可分为两类:把被测量转换成连续变化的光电流而制成的光电测量仪器,可用来测量光的强度以及物体的温度、透光能力、位移及表面状态等物理量。

例如:测量光强的照度计,光电高温计,光电比色计和浊度计,预防火灾的光电报警器,构成检查被加工零件的直径、长度、椭圆度及表面粗糙度等自动检测装置和仪器,其敏感元件均用光电元件。半导体光电元件不仅在民用工业领域中得到广泛的应用,在军事上更有它重要的地位。

例如用硫化铅光敏电阻可做成红外夜视仪、红外线照相仪及红外线导航系统等;把被测量转换成继续变化的光电流。利用光电元件在受光照或无光照射时"有"或"无"电信号输出的特性制成的各种光电自动装置。

光电元件用作开关式光电转换元件。例如电子计算机的光电输入器,开关式温度调节装置及转速测量数字式光电测速仪等。

参考资料来源:百度百科-光纤传感器

参考资料来源:百度百科-光电传感器

1、含义:光电检测是将被测量的量转换成光通量,再转换成电量,并综合利用信息传送和处理技术。智能传感器是为了代替人和生物体的感觉器官并扩大其功能而设计制作出来的一种装置。2、关系:相互协调。光电检测利用智能传感实现各类检测的。

光电系毕业论文中英文翻译

摘要 该法同时快速测定/剩余土霉素(场外交易识别)和磺胺二甲嘧啶在肉类阶段(SDD)(牛肉,猪肉,鸡肉)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC鸡蛋)的开发。在场外进行提取和SDD是使用9月,白|架CN墨盒。载场外交易/持续发展科的高效液相色谱检测时使用LiChrospher | 100反相8月底封顶列和乙腈,乙酸,水流动相(28:4:68,五音频/视频/ V)的一个光电二极管与分析物的提取物 阵列探测器。从(0.1〜克的G - 1和1.0〜克冰川)在80.2%以上的变异系数分别为1.5和5.0%样品的加标平均回收率。为场外交易的限制和SDD检测为0.05和0.02〜克冰川分别。

毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis,音标是英[ˈθi:sɪs] 美[ˈθisɪs] 。thesisn.论文,毕业论文;论点,论题;命题扩展例句1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis. 他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination? 这个命题经得起推敲吗?3、He has finished his thesis. 他的论文完成了。4、She's finished writing her thesis. 她那篇论文写出来了。5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕. 请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.文章论点、论据鲜明,但缺乏论证。

本科论文英语怎么说?“毕业论文”用英文怎么说?Graduationthesis毕业论文用英语怎么说?Graduationthesis"论文"用英语怎么说论文(Paper)或:dissertation(论文)或:thesis(论文)经常说的:)~Englishdissertation(英语论文)Graduationthesis(毕业论文)本科毕业论文英语怎么翻译Howwillputacrossyougradua激ionthesisandthe(thesis)oraldefense?毕业论文用英语怎么说一般用thesis博士论文dissertation本科论文的"导师"英语怎么表达?通常有:supervisormentortutormentor是比较常用我想问一下,毕业论文后面写的已发表论文,状态里面,英文怎么表达?比如Accepted等等。10分submitted:就是这篇文章已经提交给期刊,但还没有得到任何答复,还完全有被拒收的可能;underreview:就是文章进入评审阶段,一般提交给期刊的文章先要经过期刊助手对文章结构,字数等技术性检查,合格的话才送交主编,由主编邀请评审专家初审。underreview表明主编已经将论文送审了,结果仍未知;majorrevision:文章需要大改,一般情况下如果(2-3位中)1位评审专家对文章提出一些尖锐、负面的意见,而另几位的意见比较正面,则主编往往会要求作者进行大改动;至此,文章还是有被接受的可能,但要看改动后的文章是否让评审专家或主编满意;minorrevision:小改动,至此文章被接受的可能已经达90%,只需要对文中小的差错进行修改即可接受;accepted:完全接受,但离出版印刷发行还有段时间;earlyonline(oronlineready):已经完全定型的文章还需要排队印刷发行,这个过程有的期刊会很长,1-2年,earlyonline或onlineready就是先将文章在网上发布出来,供读者阅读。这时的文章doi号码已经有,也可以引用,但还没有正式的卷号,期号及页码;published:最后印刷出版了本科毕业论文摘要还需要用英语翻译吗?您好,根据我上学的时候帮各种人写毕业论文的经验来看。每个学校的规定都不一样,这个问题需要咨询一下你们的指导老师,或者看一下你们学校下发的毕业论文的格式规范。有的学校需要,有的不需要。所以,需要看你们学校的规定。英语本科毕业论文怎么写??可以到淘宝网搜索店铺:职称毕业论文写作服务论文下载店老板人很热情的,是辽宁阜新的。我的同学都是在他那里下载或者写为什么本科论文前面要写一段英文英文是文章的摘要,方便英文使用者搜索到你的文章。如果你的文章写得好,被国外的人引用不是更好么。。。为什么叫做装。。。

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