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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS，Design，Analysis，Application，Management，ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is complex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system’s requirement analysis, system structure and function in detail.1. INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS software is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, two needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a completely aiding decision system are required.
我这里有7篇研究生论文.都是很齐全的,我自己毕业就用的那个但是好象内容和你的不大符合你要是能自立题目的话，可以找我删节一下就能用
你好，我回答的是第三个题目，仅供参考，希望对你有帮助哦 What are the most important culture differences and elements of intercultural communication? As we all know, different countries have different cultures. 'Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.' (Hofstede, 1991)It is inevitable that the cultural difference has impact on business. For example, when a company having meeting, the word "table" in American English that means to put something on the agenda. But in British English it means to put something off the agenda. This example indicated how the culture affects the business.There are four cultural dimensions that were defined in Hofstede's research: Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Individualism, Masculinity, and recently Hofstede add one more: long-term-short-term orientation.What I think the most significant influence in cultural difference is the power distance. (Hoecklin,1995:28)"It would condition the extent to which employees accept that their boss has more power than they have and the extent to which they accept that their boss's opinions and decisions are right because he or she is the boss." I considered it as how much subordinates can consent or dissent with bosses or managers. It is the distance between a manager and subordinate. Among most oriental corporate cultures, there is hierarchism, greater centralization, sometimes called 'power-oriented culture', due to the historical reasons. That is a high power distance culture that mangers make the decision and superiors appeal to be entitled more privileges. Their decision always close supervision positively evaluated by subordinates. In this situation, it is not be regarded if a subordinates have a disagreement with their managers, especially in Malaysia, Japan, China, India. In the oriental, power distance is also associated with 'the family culture' (Trompernaars, 1993:139). In this kind of corporate culture the manager is like the "caring father" who knows better than his subordinates what should be done and what is suitable for them. The subordinates always esteem the managers. Because of the managers age and experience. That is usually how employees get their promotion. There are both positive and negative parts in the family cultures. I feel it is an easy managing system. But sometime it is hard to get young creative employees work well cause of the hierarchy. As Tropmenaars (1993: 142) told us "family culture at their least effective drain the energies and loyalties of subordinates to buoy up the leader." So in family culture, the power distance can be viewed as the subordinates respect the superiors.That is the corporate culture in orient. Let us take a look at the western way. It is not a whole converse phenomenon. There is 'the Eiffel Tower culture' (Trompernaars, 1997:166) in the international management. About the Eiffel tower Trompenaars (1993: 148) told us " Its hierarchy is very different from that of the family. Each higher level has a clear and demonstrable function of holding together the level beneath it." German, Austrian have the characteristic of the Eiffel Tower Culture, which is a low power distance. In the lower power dis tance, (Hoecklin, 1995:31) 'higher-educated employees hold much less authoritarian values than lower-educated ones.' The obedience showed from the subordinates to the superiors is not as much as the oriental way. The leadership can be called as hierarchy and consensus. Employee can have different opinion with his/her boss. And when he/she got different ideas, he/she can go all the way up to the boss and discuss the problem. This is a good thing usually company may explore all the potentials of its employees, because sometime the subordinates may have the better&nb sp;idea of the business.I think because of the different realization of power distance, people behave completely different in business. So conflict and misunderstanding must be emerged when two or more intercultures meet up. Under this situation, the international managers must pay attention to the clashes and be aware of. How to work the subordinates together efficiently and more cooperatively is important too.And then there is also a large discrepancy on the uncertainty avoidance. (Hoecklin, 1995:31) defined 'Uncertainty avoidance is the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules.' That means people trying to setup rules to face to the uncertainty. There is high uncertainty avoidance in most oriental countries such as Japan, China. In these countries, people prefer a stable job. They feel safe and prideful when they keep working hard at the one place. Under this circumstance, an excellent manager should keep his employee away from unpredictable ;risk. And the employee would like to be worked within groups rather than independently cause of the less risk-taking. But in most western countries, there is low uncertainty avoidance showed, whereas high job mobility occurs in those countries such as USA, Denmark, Singapore. The western people think that when they change their jobs, they can get more experience cause they like challenge. I believe that the divergence of the uncertainty avoidance is from different basic social ideology. A competent manager should pay attention on the rules setting between different uncer tainty avoidance.
你应该给出具体的要求这样英国智酷才能更好地帮助你。
【精品】大学英语作文集合9篇
在平时的学习、工作或生活中，大家最不陌生的就是作文了吧，作文是由文字组成，经过人的思想考虑，通过语言组织来表达一个主题意义的文体。那么一般作文是怎么写的呢？下面是我整理的大学英语作文9篇，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
1. 描述漫画
As is vividly depicted in the cartoon given above, we can observe that… 或As is vividly shown in the picture, we can see that…… 或As we can see from the picture,…
2. 描述漫画本质/内涵
Apparently, the picture reflects/reveals that …… 或The cartoon informs us of the phenomenon that……
3. 出现的问题或现象的原因
We believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon. First,____. Second, ____. Third, _____. 或What contributed to these changes? I think the reasons are as follows. To start with, ④______. Secondly, ⑤______ . What’s more, ⑥ _______. Last but not least, ⑦________. Reasons for …… are in abundance.
或The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows. Firstly,____. Secondly, ____. Thirdly, _____.
或There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.
4. 提出措施/建议
Therefore, immediate measures should be taken to …. To begin with,…….. What’s more,……. Last but not least,……
或It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...
或It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...
或To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...
5. 收尾段
From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ... 或In conclusion, it is imperative that ...
或In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up. 或With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly. 或We might do more than identify the cause it is important to take actions to ... 或Taking all these into account, we ...
或Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...
或Given all the above factors, it is safe to reach the conclusion that …
或Taking into account all the above factors, it is reasonable to reach the conclusion that …
How to Lose Weight
A beautiful and healthy figure is everyone’s dream. However, not everyone can easily fulfill this dream. Overweight people often have to find precise ways to lose weight.
For normal healthy people, weight is gained by taking in more calories than the body needs. Therefore, if you want to lose weight, you either have to eat fewer calories or find ways to use up more calories you take in. Dieting is probably the most popular way of losing weight, because when on a diet, you are taking fewer calories.
However, the body needs many elements in order to stay healthy, and “fad” or starvation diets are bad because they are not nutritiously balanced. A better way of dieting is to keep track of everything you eat, either by your own careful choices or by buying, for a week at a time, the packaged meals sold by some diet companies. If you do not normally exercise, you should also begin sensible exercises for your age and lifestyle to help your body use up surplus calories.
In short, a combined effort of reducing the calories you eat and using up more calories than usual through exercises should help you shed off part of your body.
Sports are flourishing in china now. More and more people are willing to take part in sports of different kinds, such as table-tennis, football, volleyball, and so on. Every year there are many matches played on the city, provincial or national level. Sports are no longer limited to a few professional players. Early in the morning people may be seen doing exercise. Martial arts (like Chinese boxing or swordplay) which formerly were cultivated for self-defense, now have become a form of physical exercise and are practiced in parks, streets, gardens, or on campuses. In addition young and old people are also often seen running in order to build up their bodies. China promotes sports to enhance the physical condition of its people; she is formulating policies to provide encouragement of this activity. She awards prizes to the excellent players for the best records both in china and the world. In the world the Chinese have become a strong people instead of “the weaklings of East Asia”.
Students long to attend colleges or universities for various reasons. In my opinion, the most coMMon reasons are to prepare for a career, to have new experiences and learn to be independent.
Career preparation is becoming more and more important to young people. For many, this is the primary reason to go to college. They know that the job market is competitive and in order to be employed in the future they have to be well equipped with knowledge and skills.
Also, students go to colleges or universities to have experiences and learn to live on their own. Going to colleges often means having the opportunity to meet with different people from different parts of the country. They learn to communicate and co-operate with each other. For most students, we guess, it is the first time that they have been away from home. They are faced with many new situations and have to learn to solve them independently, making decisions on their own and dealing with various things themselves. So colleges and universities help them grow up.
Surely, colleges and universities become their first choice.
(185words）
As is known to all, dating is popular with college students. One opinion clarify that it is reasonable, but the other keep the opposite opinion. In my opinion, dating is acceptable in suitable case.
In colleges, the students are all adults. So, they have rights to built a romantic relationship in our country. College students have been strongly committed to studying hardly towards a successful carrer and therefore hesitant to date with their different sex or not. If the dating is supportive to their studies, it should be encouraged. In that case, they will do their best to finish the all aspects of their goals for the one they love, because they don’t want see that the other involved into frustration and disappointment. Of course, if the dating is only the burden, we should refuse to accept. When the dating take you up the most time and therefore you have no time to study, communication with your friends, take part in colorful activities and do other things, I think you will be deeply depraved and never gains during your college life.
In conclusion, the influence of dating between college students is versatile. Keep your eyes open between right and wrong, let’s make ourselves to be the masters of the future.
1) According to a recent study, 根据最近的一个研究
2) A recent survey indicates that . So some people take the view that . Others, however, don t think so. 最近一项调查表明 。所以有些人认为 ，而另一些人却不这样认为。
3) No one can deny the fact that , but 没有人能否认这一事实 ，但
4) A recent newspaper report on a survey among states that 最近一家报纸报道了在学生中间进行的一项调查，指出
5) One of the of is, and always has been, that 的乐趣之一，而且永远如此的，是
6) Somebody has offered a fascinating insight into the nature of 某人已对 的本质提出了有趣的深邃见解。
7) According to a major new study, conducted by , 根据 的一项新的研究，
8) One of the most striking things about sth. /sb. is that 关于某事/某人的最令人吃惊的事情之一是
9) Although the popular idea is that , a recent study shows that 虽然普遍的观点是 ， 但最近的一项研究显示
10) All scientific observations justify the view that 所有科学观察都证明 的`观点是正确的。
I have the same routine from Monday to Friday. I usually get up at five fifty. Then I have breakfast. At six thirty, I go to school. I don’t ride a bike. I go to school on foot. I have five lessons in the morning. I do morning exercises with my classmates after the second lesson. At eleven thirty, I go home for lunch. In the afternoon, I have three lessons. After class, we often have sports in the playground. At five, I go home. After supper, I do my homework. At about ten, I go to bed. I am happy every day.
what should children do in their spare time?
today children are often busier than adults, for they have to attend some classes such as dancing and art at weekends or in the holidays.
parents think that their children will benefit from such classes. firstly, with the development of today＇s society, competitionwill be more and more intense. so only the more versatile people will have bright prospects. secondly, children will not waste their time playing games. instead, they can gain some knowledge. moreover, such classes can broaden their horizons.
however, i do not agree with the parents. nowadays, many children have been deprived of their free time and become mechanical learners at the price of their own interest. i think children should have the rights to enjoy their childhood, and to play. in their spare time they can do what they want to do. gradually they will discover what they are interestedin and do their best in respective fields.
My dream college is the University of Arizona, which is a beautiful university located in a beautiful town, Tucson, Arizona. It is great place for sunlight. I love science. The optical science is ranked No.1 in the United States. And the communication major also is ranked No.1 in America. The campus is very beautiful and full with smiles on people's faces. They will say "Thank you" if you hold the door for them after you enter a building. The University of Arizona is a scenic spot for the traveller. There are lots of travellers, who are with their children, go the Student Union to taste fun of the college life and visit Main Library to feel the academic air. I also heard the Lunar Planetary Science College already had a cooperation with NASA and they will send an satellite to an asteroid, called 1999 RQ36. The mission is called OSIRIS-REx. Finally, BEAR DOWN, ARIZONA!
我梦想中的大学是亚利桑那大学，这是一所美丽的大学，位于Tucson亚利桑那州的一个美丽的小镇上。这是阳光的好地方。我爱科学。光学科学在美国排名第一。而通信专业也在美国排名第一。校园非常美丽，人们的脸上充满了笑容。进入大楼后，如果你为他们开门，他们会说“谢谢”。亚利桑那大学是旅行者的旅游景点。有许多旅行者和他们的孩子在一起，去学生会品尝大学生活的乐趣，参观图书馆，感受学术氛围。我还听说月球行星科学学院已经与美国航天局合作，他们将发送一个卫星，小行星1999 RQ36，称为。任务叫做奥西里斯雷克斯。最后，亚利桑那州！
【推荐】大学英语作文锦集10篇
在现实生活或工作学习中，大家都尝试过写作文吧，作文是由文字组成，经过人的思想考虑，通过语言组织来表达一个主题意义的文体。怎么写作文才能避免踩雷呢？以下是我精心整理的大学英语作文10篇，欢迎阅读与收藏。
Recently, I heard that one of my friends wanted to change his major after one-year learning because he found that he had no interest and motivation in learning this major. From my point of view, it is not wise to change major halfway.
最近，我听说我一个朋友说经过一年的学习后他想换专业，因为他发现他对现在这个专业没有任何的兴趣和动力。从我的角度来看，中途换专业是不明智的。
There are several disadvantages of changing major halfway. In the first place, changing major halfway means that we spend much time, energy and money in the last major but do not mastered the whole knowledge of that major yet. Second, changing major halfway needs a great resolution and we will face much pressure from others. Finally, changing major halfway may increase the burden of our family finance in that we need to spend another amount of money on another major. In addition, if we change our major halfway, we will lose a chance to find out our potential. Lack of persistence and willpower, we are difficult to be successful.
中途换专业有几点弊端。首先，中途换专业意味着我们要花更多的时间，精力和金钱在后面的专业上，却还不能全面的掌握该专业的知识。第二，中途换专业需要很大的决心而且我们要面临来自其他人的压力。最后，中途换专业可能会增加我们的家庭经济负担，因为我们需要花另外一大笔钱在另一个专业上。此外，如果我们中途换了专业，我们就会失去一个发现我们潜能的机会。缺乏毅力和意志力是很难成功的。
In short, it is not advocated that we change major halfway. Therefore, we had better take all aspects into consideration when we are choosing major so that we can avoid change major halfway. Once we choose a major, we should try our best to learn it better.
总之，不主张中途换专业。因此，在选择专业的时候我们最好全面考虑清楚，这样我们就可以避免中途换专业。一旦我们选择了一个专业，我们就应该尽最大努力把它学好。
4月15日，晴
多有趣啊!我去参加了一个英语角在我家附近的一个公园有很多学生这和公公婆婆正在客厅和外国友人在英语角。英语角成立三年前做出的。我认为,我们不仅可以练习说英语,而且还会使很多的外国朋友们我们谈论有趣的东西和交换了学习英语的经历,与对方。我提高了我的英语,因为我成了一名成员的英语角。
he Golden Week holidays in China has considerably promoted the development of the nations economy and touring industry and enriched peoples life. People around the country have spent more time and money traveling and relaxing themselves.
As every coin has two sides, the Golden Week holidays have also brought about piles of problems. For one thing, due to the fact that people across the country are spending their vacations during the same period of time, it is terribly crowded almost everywhere: trains, buses, hotels, scenic spots, etc., which have ruined peoples mood for vacations. For another, some businessmen take advantage of the weeklong holidays and raise the priced of commodities and services.
Personally, I believe that it is necessary for people to have long vacations, but there is no need for them to have the vacations during the same period of time. Instead, they should be allowed the freedom to arrange their own vacations. Only in this way can they really relax and refresh themselves for a new round of work.
As can be seen from the chart that money value of annual global electronic transactions id increasing gradually in the seven years. In 1997, the money value of global electronic commerce transactions is US$ 2.6 billion, while the number reaches US$1000 billion, 500 times that of 1997. why is electronic commerce booming nowadays?
从图表可以看出，在这七年内每年全球电子交易货币价值逐渐增加。1997年，全球电子商务交易货币价值是26亿美元，然而这个数字达到1万亿美元时是1997年的500倍。为什么现在电子商务如此的蓬勃发展?
Several factors contribute to this phenomenon. First, the availability of computer is the foremost cause. The rapid development of computer technology enables everybody to have access to computer and Internet. Internet now no more a stranger to common people. Second, the technology of Internet is becoming more and more mature. People, who at first do not trust business transactions on Internet, now become convinced that doing business on Internet is very convenient and effective. Thirdly, electronic commerce is the fastest way so far to make transactions across far distance. It makes it possible to do business at home and it saves time and unnecessary formalities as well. That is why electronic commerce is preferable to the prosperity of world economy and it also give birth to SOHO, a special group of people working at home. The trend towards a promising e-commerce is inevitable. Therefore let's get prepared to embrace this irretrievable trend.
有几个因素导致了这种现象。首先,计算机的可用性是最重要的原因。计算机技术的高速发展让大家都可以接触到计算机和因特网。对于普通人家，计算机现在已不再陌生。第二，网络技术也越来越成熟了。人们起初不相信在互联网上进行商业交易，而现在却开始相信在互联网上做生意是非常方便和有效的。第三,电子商务是迄今为止最快的方式来完成远距离的交易。它使人们可以在家里做生意、节省时间和不必要的手续。这就是为什么电子商务非常适合繁荣的世界经济，而且它还使SOHO诞生了，使得一群特殊的人在家里工作。一个有前途的电子商务的趋势是不可避免的。因此让我们准备接受这势不可挡的趋势。
one afternoon, a close friend of mine came up to me ecitedly:
julia, dont you know that theres a cherry tree in our school?
a cherry tree? really? where?
cherry trees were so scarce that i had only seen them in the film romantic cherry.
in i garden. hurry! lets go and see it!
i dropped my book and followed my friend out of the class
as soon as i stepped into i garden, i began seeking the precious pink eagerly. and ho, there it was! in the distance,several pink clouds were floating above a small pavilion. that was it! my cherry tree!
we quickened our steps. little by little, the gossamer like pink clouds grew bigger and bigger and at last seemed to occupy the blue sky when we were just standing under the cherry, on a small slope. beneath my feet, the soil was covered by fallen petals. what a wonderful eperience! stretching my arms widely, i felt as if flying in the air weightlessly in the world of pink.
when a gentle breeze passed by, hundreds of petals parachuted down. they danced and whirled beautifully in the air and blurred my vision. the petals were so light that it took them some time to fall down onto the ground or into the pool.
the petals lying on the ground joined their brothers and sisters to etend a pink carpet while those floating on the water were setting out on a mysterious journey.
i surely will be sorry when all of the petals have fallen down. my friend said woefully.
no. although they have left their home and have been separated from each other, they are still happy and composed and try to do their best where god place them. i said to myself,firmly and hopefully.
简 评
本文描写了樱桃树开花的美景和作者喜悦的心情。呈现在作者眼前的是一个粉红色的世界：头顶上漂浮着粉红色的“云彩”，脚下粉红色的花瓣覆盖着大地。作者对花瓣飘落的描写非常精彩：hundreds“petals parachuted down;they danced and whirled beautifully intheair，使读者仿佛身临其境。在作者笔下，这些花瓣都有了生命的灵气：落在地上的花瓣合力展开一块粉色的地毯，而落在水中的花瓣开始了它们的神秘之旅。
最后一段点明了作者对落花纷纷的理解：不管身处何地，都要力求做的最好。这一理解非常富有哲理，令人不禁想起了“落花不是无情物，化作春泥更护花”的诗句。
Today is New Year, I wish my wish, very not easy to get this joyful holiday to come. New Year's day, is our country folk ceremonious, the most lively a traditional holiday. I like the New Year, because you can get a red envelope, gather the family livelily, how happy things. Although our house is my mother and I and my sister, but I'm still happy.
Early in the morning, I was waken up by the "or" firecrackers, began my new plan. I happily to find mom, grinning ground to say: "mom, I wish you a happy New Year, more and more beautiful!" Mother to listen to and then said, "that also wish you academic progress, happy every day!" And then solemnly give red packets to me.
In the afternoon, we went to bought a lot of gun, what the tortoise cannons, parachutes, fireworks anyway. By six o 'clock, we according to the convention on the balcony of the rope to hang a big bunch of firecrackers, exciting moment arrived, sister gently walked over, picked up in the hands of sweet braved Mars, carefully lit firecrackers, ran quickly. The gunshot deafening, we had to put his hand over his ears, look at the bright sparks, is very colorful. Then we went to dinner.
The food is delicious, have dumplings, braise in soy sauce meat, green vegetables soup, etc., an appetite is big, I forgot drooling, picked up the chopsticks one breath a soup, with a full stomach I watch TV.
New Year's party was really wonderful ah, have a nice compendium of materia medica, and eye-catching "ring into egg", and "not bad money" zhao4 ben3 shan, is really an eye-opener to me.
The New Year is really makes me unforgettable, like the first the unforgettable tonight!
今天是新年，我盼呀盼，好不容易才把这个令人欢喜的节日盼来了。新年，是我国民间最隆重、最热闹的一个传统节日了。我最喜欢过新年了，因为可以拿红包，一家人热热闹闹地欢聚一堂，是多么欢喜的'事情啊。虽然我们家就我和妈妈还有姐姐，但我还是很高兴。
一大早，我就被“噼里啪啦”的鞭炮声给吵醒了，开始了我的拜年计划。我兴高采烈地去找妈妈，满脸堆笑地说：“妈妈，祝你新年快乐，越来越美丽！”妈妈听后紧接着说：“那也祝你学业进步，天天开心！”然后郑重地把红包交给我了。
下午，我们去买了一大堆炮，什么乌龟炮，降落伞，烟花炮竹反正是应有尽有。到了六点，我们按照惯例在阳台的绳子上挂了一大串鞭炮，激动人心的时刻到了，姐姐轻轻地走过去，拿起手中的冒着火星的香，小心翼翼地点燃了鞭炮，飞快地跑过来。便炮声震耳欲聋，我们只得用手捂住耳朵，看着灿烂的火花，真是五彩缤纷啊。接着我们就去吃饭了。
饭菜很丰盛，有饺子，红烧肉，青菜汤等，令人胃口大开，我顾不上流口水，拿起筷子一口气吃了个精光，带着我饱饱的肚子看电视去了。
新年晚会可真是精彩啊，有好听的《本草纲目》，还有吸引人眼球的“戒指进鸡蛋”，和赵本山的《不差钱》，真算是令我大开眼界了。
这个新年真是令我难忘，就像那首《难忘今宵》一样！
How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic
Nowadays, China‘s cities are getting increasingly crowded. The rapid increase in population is being made worse by the steady influx of people from the rural areas seeking employment. As a result, heavy traffic is a big headache, with all the roads packed with cars, bicycles and pedestrians.
In my opinion, there are two ways to solve the problem. One is to build more and wider roads to make the public highways less crowded and speed up the flow of traffic. The other is to expand the number of public bus routes, so that more people can be transported and fewer people will have to travel by car or bicycle.
However, each of these solutions brings problems with it. The former may occupy too much land that could be used for farms or houses; the latter may cause inconvenience for long periods in bus lines. I think the best answer to the problem of heavy traffic is a combination of the two: build more roads in places where land is less useful, and at the same time increase the number of public bus routes.
Personal credit cards are becoming more common in China. Banks and other financial institutions are encouraging their customers to change the way they buy things. Credit cards, otherwise known as “plastic money”, are being offered on very good terms to encourage the change. Consumers will be able to “buy now, pay later”, and many see this as an advantage.
But people need to be careful. There are dangers associated with credit cards. Some people find it very easy to exceed their budget. They are tempted to purchase goods that they do not really need, and can become quickly overburdened by debt. The credit cards often charge a high rate of interest, which exacerbates the problems for these people.
However, used wisely credit cards can improve the quality of people’s lives. They can give people access to money to meet sudden unplanned expenses. Properly handled, they can let people control their expenditure and the monthly statements provide a record of where their money has gone.
When asked about do you like live with roommates,the overwhelming majority of most students answer that they quite willing to live in the dormitory.But fewer people hold that they can not bear the hostel environment and it seems that the number is increasing. There are mainly three reasons responsible for this phenomenon. In the first place,as most students never stay away from parents , so they was not accustomed to live in the dormitory and they will try to move out and to get more private place.What’s more,the living conditions are generally not so good ,there are no modern equipments,and students have to obey many regulations when living in the dormitory.
At length,the roomates all are come from the different place,living habits are quite different. From my point of view,it would be better for college students to live in the dormitory .On the one hand,it is good for college students to communicate with each other,which is will help to develop social and professional skills.On the other hand,living in the outside is more expensive than in the dormitory.We can use the money saved from renting a house to do something meaningful.
Skippingclasses is quite common in college campus in that students have more freedom oncollege than ever before. But why do they want to skip classes? Differentstudents have different reasons concerning it.
在大学中逃课是很常见的，因为学生们在大学中得到的自由比以往都要多。但是为什么他们要逃课？对于这一问题不同的学生有不同的原因。
Thereare some reasons given by some students. First, some students skip theirclasses just because they don’t like the classes. They think that some classesare quite boring and time-wasting, as well as they can’t learn a lot from theclasses. Therefore, they skip this kind of classes to study individually. Thisis one of the reasons for high absence rate in some public courses. Second,many students skip their classes because they lack of self-discipline and areindulged in other things, such as playing online games. They cannot controlthemselves well and finally lost their aim and motivation to learn. Inaddition, oversleeping and being ill are also the reasons for class absence.They consider that their absence will not be noticed if they teachers don’tcall over.
一些学生说了很多理由。首先，一些学生逃课仅仅只是因为他们不喜欢那门课。他们觉得一些课程是非常乏味、浪费时间的，而且从课堂上他们也学不到什么东西。因此，他们就逃了那一类课，然后去自习。这是一些公共课程中高缺勤率的原因之一。第二，很多学生逃课是因为他们缺乏自律并沉迷于其他事情，如，玩在线游戏。他们自控能力不是很好，终于会丢失学习目标和学习动机。另外，睡过头，生病也是上课缺席的原因。他们觉得如果老师不点名的话他们不去上课也不会被发现。
Thereare various reasons for skipping classes, but as far as I am concerned,skipping classes should not be advocated because students always can learnsomething from each class, no matter how boring the class is. In addition,skipping classes is a kind of waste of money. What’s more, attending classes isalso a kind of respect for our teachers. Therefore, please attend each class asmuch as possible.
有各种各样的逃课理由，但我觉得不应该提倡不上课，因为每一门课学生都可以从中学到一些东西，不管那门课是有多么的无聊课。而且，逃课也是浪费钱的一种方式。更重要的是，去上课也是对老师的尊重。因此，请尽量地去上课吧。
英语教育论文范文2000字
无论是身处学校还是步入社会，大家都不可避免地会接触到论文吧，论文可以推广经验，交流认识。相信写论文是一个让许多人都头痛的问题，以下是我为大家整理的英语教育论文范文2000字，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
论文题目： 浅析游戏教学法在中职英语课堂教学中的应用
摘要： 情感因素对语言学习有很大的影响。中职学生在英语学习方面普遍存在着基础薄弱、学习动机不强等学习焦虑方面的问题，英语课堂教学因此存在着互动消极、教学反馈少、效果差的情况。游戏教学法从理论和实际效用上对于改善这种情况都是很好的应用。
关键词： 游戏教学法;中职英语;课堂教学
英语是当今世界通用语言，我们在生活和工作中越来越多地接触、使用到英语，学好英语对于当代中职生的职业发展和个人素质的提高都是非常有益和必要的。但是实际情况是，中职生的英语基础普遍薄弱，存在不同程度的英语学习焦虑，有的中职生，由于英语基础比较薄弱，对英语失去了兴趣，出现了对英语失去信心的现象，从而导致英语课堂教学开展困难，教学效果不理想。
一、中职英语课堂教学的现状
1.教师讲授为主，师生互动为辅，学生参与度低。中职英语教学课时有限，为了完成既定的教学内容，语言知识的讲解和练习占据了大多数的课堂教学时间。师生间互动教学以教师提问，学生作答为主，学生间生生互动以课文对话的替换练习为主，形式内容单调。学生对此不感兴趣，形成了“老师讲，学生听”的单调局面。有时上课还有学生玩手机、睡觉等现象，课堂效果非常不好。
2.教材设定的情景互动内容趣味性弱，学生参与度低下。现行教材中设定的情景练习以生活类英语会话为主，如购物、就餐、问路、看病等，缺乏趣味性。中职学生处于爱玩爱闹的青春期，此类会话练习难以触动学生的兴奋点。
3.学生基础薄弱，有不同程度的英语学习焦虑。在开展课堂互动时，中职生往往沉默应对，或是消极敷衍，鹦鹉学舌，应付了事。即使教师积极地鼓励学生，这种正面的评价也很难得到学生自己的认同。
二、语言学习中的情感因素影响
语言学家斯蒂芬·克拉申(Stephen Krashen)的情感过滤假设理论(Affective Filter Hypothesis)认为，“有了大量的适合的输入的环境并不等于学生就可以学好目的语了，第二语言习得的进程还受着许多的情感因素的影响。语言输入(input)必须通过情感过滤(filter)才有可能变成语言吸入(intake)。”也就是说，情感因素起着促进或阻碍的作用。“高情感过滤会限制习得，而低情感过滤则有助于习得。”情感因素则包括动机、自信心及焦虑程度。
英语学习中的焦虑主要指学习者需要用英语这种第二语言进行表达时产生的恐惧或不安心理。Horwitz等(1986)确定了语言焦虑的三个成因：交际畏惧、考试畏惧和负面评价畏惧。在英语课堂教学中，中职生的交际畏惧和负面评价畏惧表现得非常明显。交际畏惧是指尽管语言学习者有成熟的想法和意见，但因为无法进行合理有效的语言输出引发的焦虑。要克服这种畏惧心理，要求一个轻松、愉快的学习氛围。负面评价畏惧则是指学生的自我效能感低，对自己的英语水平和能力缺乏自信心，担心无法得到肯定评价，自尊心又导致害怕接受否定评价。针对这种畏惧，一个单纯反映语言输出效果，而不加人为评价的语言环境是比较有益的。
三、注意的规律和教学游戏
无意注意也叫不随意注意，它是一种没有预定目的，也不需要意志努力的注意。引起无意注意的原因来自两个方面，一是客观刺激物的特点，二是人的主体状态。注意的规律表明：(1)那些符合人的需要和兴趣的事物，容易引起人的无意注意。(2)新颖充实、难易适当的教学内容和多样化的教学方法能保持学生的注意力。心理学的研究表明，最能引起注意的是那些既使人感到熟悉，又有些陌生的内容。而教学方法的多样化，则符合“不断变化的刺激”这一无意注意的规律，能激发学生定向探求活动，不致使定向反射由于刺激物的习惯化而消失。中职生是爱玩爱闹的青少年群体，多数喜欢做游戏，对这种形式有较高的接受度和兴趣，并且教学游戏有多种变化形式，可以提供“不断变化的刺激”，非常符合无意注意的教学规律。利用无意注意规律的教学游戏，有利于学生形成正确的学习方法和良好的学习习惯，有利于化难为易，减轻学生负担。
四、游戏教学法在中职英语课堂教学中的应用
1.游戏教学法的应用原则。
(1)目标性原则：教学游戏的设计要以教学为中心，与其密切相关。不能一味追求趣味性，而必须充分考虑教学目的、教学内容、教学要求。
(2)竞争性和协作性原则：游戏具有比赛的性质，这有助于学生克服害羞、怕说错的心理障碍;以小组的形式展开的游戏要求每个成员积极参与，为了完成同一任务互相配合，有助于克服学生的懈怠和懒惰情绪，同时培养了学生的团队精神和协作意识。
(3)层次性原则：一方面要遵循循序渐进的原则，设计一系列由易到难的游戏活动。另一方面要注意面向全体学生，根据学生的实际水平分层次地开展游戏活动，让全体学生都有机会参与，都能体验到成功的喜悦。
(4)创新性原则：根据学生的反馈和实际教学效果，不断地设计和创新新的游戏，让学生也参与到游戏的设计中来，充分调动学生的主动性和积极性。
2.游戏教学法实例。
(1)猜词游戏(词汇主题的练习)。游戏方法一：同学A对单词进行描述(Oral Description)，同学B来猜测。如“It is a kind of fruit，it has green skin and red inside.”游戏方法二：用问答形式进行猜词。给出既定范围内的单词，比如交通工具类。同学A用规定的一般疑问句句型发问，如“Does the vehicle have wheels?”同学B只能回答“Yes”或“No”。两组同学分别进行，规定时间内猜出更多词汇的一组获胜。这是一种促使学生积极思维，考察学生对知识点掌握情况的好方法。
(2)传话游戏(句子的口语练习)。学生分两组，教师把课文中的好句子或使用重点短语和词汇的句子告诉每组的第一位学生，这位学生迅速口述给第二位学生，一个一个往下传，让最后一位学生说出这句话与第一位学生所说的进行比较，看哪组传话传得又快又好，准确说出的小组为获胜者。这种方式可练习学生的听说能力，且能对课文的知识点掌握得更好。这种寓教于乐的形式，很受学生的欢迎，他们思维活跃，反应灵敏，在游戏中，就学到了很多短语和词汇，这是一举两得的好的教学方式。
(3)一站到底(文化类主题的练习)。每组选出一名学生参加游戏，以抽签的方式产生一位擂主，其他同学依次进行挑战，挑战胜利者成为下一轮的擂主接受挑战，最后站在擂主位置的同学为获胜者。挑战的题目内容是与文化相关的，每个同学答题时间有一定的限制。如“When is Christmas?(圣诞节是何时?)Whatdo westerners use when they eat?(西方人用什么吃饭?)”
(4)“记忆达人”秀(以复习职业类单词为例)。教师快速呈现一组图片，其中包括职业类、食品类、运动类等，然后要求学生说出共有几幅关于职业的图片以及这些职业的单词，答出最多者为“记忆达人”。可以把学生的积极性调动起来进行比赛。答案正确，答对数量多者为优胜者，现场发“记忆达人”小红旗。也可以进行“记忆达人”挑战赛，最终获胜者，为“记忆达人”霸主，从而激发学生的积极性。
(5)单词接龙游戏。教师给出单词，如holiday，要求学生用尾字母作为首字母给出新单词，以此类推，单词不能重复。两组同学比赛，规定时间内说出更多单词的一组获胜。在此游戏中尽量鼓励学生给出新单词。这一游戏要求学生能迅速地听出前一个学生给出的单词，且对该单词的拼写要非常熟悉，这可帮助学生记忆单词，其他的学生也可锻炼听力及巩固单词的记忆。这样既可活跃气氛，又锻炼学生的反应能力，是学生喜欢的一种非常有效的接龙游戏。
五、结论
孔子曾经说过：“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。”心理学研究表明，当一个人充满兴趣地干一件事时，创造性和主动性会得到高效发挥。他们会积极主动地去求知，去实践，并在成功的体验中收获学识增加、智力提高的乐趣和满足感，从而变得乐于学习，善于学习。实践表明，这种玩中学、学中玩的游戏教学法是中职学生乐于接受的一种情景教学方式，既可以优化中职英语课堂教学，调节课堂的学习氛围，又可以使中职学生学习和掌握知识，让学生学以致用，还可以充分调动中职学生的非智力因素和潜力，使学生改变以往消极懈怠的不良学习态度。总之，只要中职英语教师在实施游戏教学法时精心设计、运用得体，就能够提高中职学生英语学习的兴趣和效率。
参考文献：
[1]王茹。浅谈课堂游戏法在高职英语课堂中的应用[J].读与写：教育教学刊，2010，(03)。
[2]孙杰。重视情感因素，激活学生思维：浅谈游戏教学法在职校英语教学中的应用[J].中等职业教育，2012，(02)。
[3]程晓堂，郑敏。英语学习策略[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002.
【内容摘要】 今后的教学模式的发展趋势是从哲学范畴去创新课堂教学形式，在生成观视域下探索学生的心理发展，最终以课堂教学为外在形式，使学生能够形成积极的人生观、价值观。本文从“生成观”的角度来理解大学英语教学过程，对其价值导向、主体生成、生活属性等进行哲学关注，希望从理论上重新理清大学英语的教育思路，提高教学效果。
【关键词】 生成观；大学英语教育；价值导向；主体生成
将英语课堂的视角投向大学英语教学的课堂之外，从知识的传授到学生专业技能的学习，再从专业技能到健康和谐的心理活动的生成。今后的教学模式的发展趋势是从哲学范畴去创新课堂教学形式，在生成观视域下探索学生的心理发展，最终以课堂教学为外在形式，使学生能够形成积极的人生观、价值观。
一、生成观的哲学阐释
哲学家海德格尔对生成观的解释是：最为独立的“人”的存在，不能单纯的独立于社会之外，而是将其看做是社会各自然人相互作用的结果。其本质就是将“人”看做不断生长、不断完善的一个过程的产物。从哲学的角度来理解就是每一个个体都是相互影响、相互促进的“社会性人的存在”，不再单纯将“人”看做生命机体的.存活，而是将其视为“生成性的社会存在”。在大学英语教育的过程中，从“生成观”的角度来理解教学过程就是：不再将课堂教学视为单纯的知识传授，而是要从学生的知识形成过程去分析其影响因素，从心里层面、社会角度去分析探究提高学生的成长过程。从哲学的范畴就是强调学生学习的的客观性、社会性、过程性，围绕上述几个方面展开大学英语的教育活动。也就是说，大学英语教育活动中教与学的都是在社会大背景下，相互影响、相互促进的自然过程。从辩证角度去理解教学过程，对完善教学活动，提高学生综合素质有着积极的意义。
二、生成观视域下的大学英语教学
对于生成观视域下的大学英语教学活动解读，主要体现在三个方面。一是教学互动，大学课堂不再是大学教师主导的教学活动，而是需要教师和学生、学生和学生、教师与教师之间的双向、多角度互动交流，将知识的传授变成交流互动的最终产物，这也是知识本身由来的客观性存在。二是从心理、文化、环境等多角度去分析教学影响因素，更加客观的评价教学活动。大学英语教育过程是受以上诸多因素影响的，不再单纯的去完善大学课堂教学模式。这样的体系更加客观，更能综合性的分析评定大学英语教育活动。三是辩证理解学生及教师之间的关系。之前的教学活动，大学教师是教学主体，主导学生的学习活动。
（一）大学英语的价值导向
首先，大学英语教育切合现实需求。在大学英语教育的整个过程中，大学教材的选择、课堂组织形式、教学效果评价等等都需要与当前的市场经济需求相吻合。学生在学习的过程中，可以有效的将知识与现实需求结合起来，不仅提高了学习效率，而且学习的主动性大大提高。在这样的价值背景下，现实需求不是追求短期的经济需求，而是要将眼光放远，应用更加开阔的角度来审视我们当前的英语教学过程。其次，大学英语教学合乎未来需求。在变化多端的社会活动中，要有前瞻性的眼光，对当前的英语教育活动进行必要的探究，将教育活动最大化的与现实需求进行良性互动，最终能在英语教育的过程中，提高学生知识的综合运用的能力。学生的毕业时间往往与当前的英语学习有时间上的差异，也就是说知识的学习与应用不是同时进行的，这就要求教师在组织教学活动时，对知识的未来需求有一定的前瞻性，使学习的内容合乎市场经济的未来需求。第三，大学英语教育要存些“功利心”。在当前的大学英语教学中，教学活动的组织都在考试这一指挥棒下进行，这虽然能在短期内提高学生的学习成绩，但是从根本上来讲忽略教育的本质功能，是培养学生良好知识架构和实践技能，最终能在毕业后得到合适的工作，在社会上能谋生。也就是说，我们的大学教育应该在满足成绩的需求基础上，对于学生的学习内容进行相应的创新变革，最终满足学生基本的就业需求。
（二）大学英语教学的主体生成
第一，大学英语教育中的主体之一是教师。教师在教育活动中的意义不言而喻，在传统的教育活动中，更多的是关注教师的传道授业解惑，也就是说教师能否完成本职工作，很少对教师的自身价值观念和知识架构进行评价分析。在教书育人的过程中，教师的外在形式与内心诉求有着统一性的表现。第二，大学英语教育活动的主体之一是学生。学生在学习活动中，对于知识的掌握和基本实践技能的提高都与学生自身的学习行为有着密切的联系。在生成观视域下，学生的学习活动不再是单一的个体行为，而是在社会活动的范围内完成学习过程。学生在学习过程中，应该讲自身的心理活动、学习环境、文化素质等等因素与自身的学习活动结合起来，客观性的评价自身的学习行为，最终提高自身文化素养及社会实践能力。
（三）大学英语教学的生活属性
在生成观视域下，对大学英语教学活动进行分析总结，得出教学活动本身就是自然人社会活动的缩影。大学教学活动是教师与学生互动存在的社会活动，这本很就是生活的一部分。所以在教学活动中，教师与学生之间的互动交流都要本着乐观的生活态度进行，在良好的价值观引导下，进行相应的教学活动，这样往往能够达成最初的教学目标。生成观视域下的大学英语教育实践活动要本着教与学的双向交流互动、多角度分析影响因素及尊重知识的客观存在性基础上展开教学活动的组织、策划。生成观视域下的教学活动其本质是探究知识存在的客观性，在教学活动中，学生及教师相互尊重，共同交流，在此基础上不断获取文化知识，提高社会实践技能。
参考文献
[1]海德格尔.存在与时间[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2006．
[2]王守仁.坚持科学的大学英语教学改革观[J].外语界,2013(6).
摘要： 我国传统的高校英语教育偏向于应试教育，学生更多地只是为了应付考试过级，哑巴英语现象十分严重。因此，随着互联网技术的发展，高校英语教育在跨文化的视域下需要做好转型和改革。而且，高校英语教育必须适应互联网的传播方式，同时，高校英语教育还要注意互联网时代跨文化的影响。
关键词： 互联网时代；跨文化；高校英语教育
任何语言的学习都是文化的体现，同样，对于英语的教育其实也是一种文化的体现，我国传统的高校英语教育更重视的是应试教育，导致学生实践应用能力比较差，只是为了应付考试而学习英语。而随着社会的发展，以及网络技术、电子信息技术、通信技术和互联网技术的进步，全世界已经进入到了互联网时代。在互联网时代，由于以新媒体为代表的媒体传播以快速和便捷的优势迅速影响了全世界，互联网让全世界无论身在何时何地都可以迅速地获得自己想要的资料，在此大背景下，互联网的优势逐渐显现出来，跨文化融合趋势愈加明显。区域文化和地区文化很容易随着新媒体和互联网的传播进入到任何国家，所以，高校英语教育也应该做好转型和改革，从而更好地适应社会的变化和发展，促进高校英语教育水平的进一步提升。
一、高校英语教育必须适应互联网的传播方式
互联网传播方式的特点是快速和便捷，高校英语教育是一种语言学习，而语言学习首先需要的是语言的氛围和环境的熏陶，以及多语言文化的了解。在互联网时代，高校英语教育应该有效利用互联网的优势，在帮助学生学好英语的同时，教会学生在具备多渠道和传播优势的互联网上获取自身英语学习所需要的有效资料，丰富英语教育的内容，同时还应该提高学习的趣味性和生动性。高校的英语教育可以加强人才培养方案的改革与创新，让学生多进行实践性的教学，在互联网上获取自己所需要的教学资源，并且还可以进一步强化英语教学内容和教学手段的改进。互联网的发展影响了很多人，对于高校的英语教育而言，利用互联网来进行英语教学的改革势在必行，互联网的优势在于它可以丰富教学内容和教学方法，可以激发学生学习英语的兴趣，可以调动学生学习英语的积极性，从而使学生在互联网的帮助下更好地学习英语。客观地说，互联网为高校的英语教育带来了机遇，同时也带来了挑战，一方面，互联网充实了高校英语教学的教学内容，丰富了高校英语教学的教学模式；另一方面，在一定程度上，互联网在提高高校的优质英语教学方法方面提出了挑战。
二、高校英语教育要注意互联网时代跨文化的影响
互联网时代，语言早已经成为了一种传播文化的有效工具，学习一国的语言也必须要了解一个国家的文化，随着全球的一体化发展，跨文化的思想也逐渐成为学习语言的一种障碍，尤其是高校英语教学，如果不能摈弃哑巴英语的学习方式和方法，不能在跨文化语境中有效地学习英语，就无法真正地掌握英语的精髓。因此，为了学好英语这门语言，就应该加强对英美文化的全面了解，尤其是在跨文化的过程中，要注意英美思维的融入，只有这样，才能找到英语的精髓，才能确保英语学习效率。文化的接受是一个长期的过程，跨文化视域下的英语学习和高校英语教育更应该关注学生学习的过程，尤其是如何让学生在学习过程中从跨文化的观念出发，借用互联网的优势来做好自身英语的学习。语言的学习和文化的融合是息息相关、密不可分的，对于文化的了解有利于强化语言学习，而互联网时代恰好为英语教学的发展提供了条件。在高校的英语教学中，可以通过互联网来了解跨文化背景下的西方文化，便于自身更好地掌握这门语言，并且精通这门语言的学习。
三、结语
随着教育的进一步发展，高等教育已经逐步开始了应用型教育的转型，尤其是在互联网市场上，高等教育应该与时俱进，做好高校教育的工作，英语教育亦是如此，英语教育不同于其他的高校教育，是一门跨文化背景下的语言教育，因此，想要学会他国的语言，首先需要充分了解该国的文化背景，那么，如何在互联网时代，在跨文化视域的背景下提高高校英语教学水平，培养出更多的适合社会发展的人才成为需要研究的重要问题。
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高中英语的教学论文
教学论文是教师教学经验和教学研究成果在写作上的表现，简单的说，就是教师将平时教学中的一些经验或研究进行了总结，并综合运用综合理论知识进行分析和讨论。下面，我为大家分享高中英语的教学论文，希望对大家有所帮助!
摘要： 合作学习是一种富有创意和实效的教学理论与策略。它显著地提高了学生的学业成绩，并在不同程度上促进了学生形成良好合作意识与沟通意识，很快引起了世界各国的关注，被人们誉为“近十几年来最重要和最成功的教学改革”。英语学科在小组合作学习策略的计划与实施下，教学成果也取得的质的飞跃。在英语教学中，课堂教学以学生为主体，充分发挥学生的积极性与主动性，使学生被动的接受知识的学习转变成学生积极主动的学习。以小组合作学习的形式开展教学，充分调动全体学生的思维，这在英语教学成效上有着十分重要的意义。
关键词： 合作学习;教学改革;高中英语课堂;教学成效
随着新课改在我国如火如荼的进行，如何进行新课程改革，提高学生的学习效率，已经成为广大教育者最为关心的课题。顺应全国课改的潮流，我国高中英语新课程标准中也明确表示，英语教学过程中教师要学会优化学生的学习方式，使他们自己积极主动地寻找学习方法，形成具有个性的学习风格。目前，小组合作学习已经成为各地争相探索的模式，在高中的教学过程中显得尤为重要。
一、合作学习的定义
合作学习(cooperativelearning)是一种富有创意和实效的教学理论与策略。它在20世纪70年代初兴起于美国，由美国著名教育家DavidKoonts首先提倡并实施的。这种方法显著地提高了学生的学业成绩，并在不同程度上促进了学生形成良好合作意识与沟通意识，很快引起了世界各国的关注，被人们誉为“近十几年来最重要和最成功的教学改革”。在此趋势下，我国也出现了合作学习的研究与实验，并在各个学科都取得了较好的效果。英语学科也不例外，在小组合作学习策略的计划与实施下，英语教学成果也取得的质的飞跃。
二、当下英语教学存在的问题
1.基础不牢固
现今的学生从小学就开始学习英语，按常理讲，到高中应该已经对英语非常熟悉，然而在学生身上普遍存在的问题就是基础不牢固。首先，从大环境上讲，现在部分小学和初中对待英语不够重视，因此在对学生的英语教学浮于表面。其次，从学生方面，学生对于英语学习存在抵触心理，仅仅是单纯的背诵单词和短语，在语言运用方面不够重视。
2.学习兴趣不高
学生的学习兴趣会直接影响到其学习效果。许多高中教师在教学过程中会发现，对于那些基础不好的同学很难提高其成绩与实际运用能力。其中一个重要的原因就在于，这些同学对英语的学习兴趣不高，因此在学习上表现不够积极。传统的教学模式以教师为中心，学生一直被动地接受知识，没有机会进行自我思考与自我探索，学习失去了主动性;同时，被动的接受知识也逐渐磨损了学生的积极性，丧失了实际运用能力，渐渐也就失去了学习兴趣。
三、合作学习的目的.和意义
1.合作学习的目的
教师的工作是一门艺术，需要用严谨的态度去探究合理的教学方法，钻研教材，因材施教。当学生不愿学习的时候，教师必须得找到一些方法去激励学生学习。然而，学生并不是机器，他们有自己的想法，教师并不能将自己的想法强加到学生的身上。因此，寻找到学生能够接受的方法，就成了教学中至关重要的一环。各国经过多年的研究与实验，发现了小组合作学习的方式。这种方式意在提高学习效率的同时，培养学生的自我学习能力。他们通过自己交流，总结出更好的学习方法。这种学习方法正与我国新课程改革所要求的内容相符合，不仅仅帮助学生掌握基本的语言知识，同时提高学生的语言理解与实际运用能力，提高合作探究与思考能力等，促进学生的全面发展。
2.合作学习的意义
作为一门外语，熟练掌握及运用英语是不易的，其中包括大量的词汇，枯燥的语法。鉴于此，我国决定推行新课程改革，决心改变学习英语困难的这一现状。我国高中英语新课程标准强调，在英语教学中，课堂教学应以学生为主体，使学生被动的接受知识的学习转变成学生积极主动的学习。要达成这个目的，最好的办法就是实施分组化教学，以小组合作学习的形式开展，这在英语教学成效上有着十分重要的意义。然而，提高学习成绩只是我国推行新课程改革的一个方面。在英语教学中，教师的目的不仅仅是让学生学会知识，更重要的是培养学生的创造力与合作精神。合作学习能够培养学生积极向上的学习态度及合作探索精神。
四、合作学习中存在的问题与解决建议
1.合作学习中存在的问题
(1)学校方面随着合作学习被引入中国，越来越多的地区也已经意识到了合作学习的重要性，合作学习也在各大地区广泛地推行起来。然而到目前为止，真正能够切实实施并取得成效的例子不不多。其中一个重要的原因，在于部分地区对于小组学习的策略流于形式化，大大缩减了我国推行新课程改革的初衷，导致合作学习在实施过程中浮于表面，无法学到合作学习的内涵。(2)教师方面部分教师对于合作学习的理解存有误区，认为合作学习就是“放手”，寄希望于学生通过自我讨论之后，就能完全理解与掌握相应的知识;同时在学生合作学习过程中，没有去关注学生状况，最后没有进行及时的总结与评价，导致部分学生没有办法通过自我讨论与沟通做到真正地理解知识，变相地浪费了学生的宝贵时间。(3)学生方面首先，学生习惯了传统的教育模式，对于新的教育模式存在的质疑，认为学校拿自己当实验品，在浪费时间，存在抵触心理，因此不能够全身心地投入到小组活动中去;其次，部分学生参与情况不好，有些基础好的同学，不能够发挥友爱精神，不愿将自己学会的知识与组内成员分享。基础差的同学对自己没有信心，过度依赖基础好的同学，怕自己说错会被他人笑话。再次，部分学生本身学习态度不端正，会利用小组讨论的时间做些与学习无关的事。
2.对合作学习提出的建议
在学校的角度，要加大对于合作学习的管理力度，实质地提出切实可行的方案，使合作学习真正地落到实处。在实施合作学习之前，教师要向学生讲明合作学习的好处，并通过日常的活动，培养学生的合作精神，使学生在心理上先接受合作学习的方式。在进行合作学习的过程中，教师应注意随时的引导，当学生合作的参与者，并对学生的表现及时的点评，。在合作学习初期，教师一定要加强课堂上的监管，关注各个小组的实际情况，发现问题，给学生一定的指引，让学生尽快习惯并喜欢上合作学习模式。合作学习是课堂教学的一种非常有效的方式，但是在课堂教学过程中，教师应把握好合作学习的度，因材施教，选择合适的时机采取合作方式，不能只追求形式而忽略实际效果。
五、结论
合作学习的模式是我国目前正在探讨和尝试的一种有效教学模式。在新的教学模式下，教师要不断地更新理念，总结与改进，结合自身的教学实际，努力探索适合自己的合作学习教学模式，让其真正地在课堂教学中发挥作用，使课堂教学实现质的飞跃。
参考文献
[1]宋冬雪.合作学习方法在课堂教学中的有效应用[J].辽宁师范大学学报，2001，(04)
[2]刘丹枫.试探高中英语教学中的合作学习[J].考试周刊，2011，(19).
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The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, Vladimir Nabokov was Russian. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. In academia, the term often labels departments and programmes practising English studies in secondary and tertiary educational systems. Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking world.This article primarily deals with literature from Britain written in English. For literature from specific English-speaking regions, consult the see also section at the bottom of the page.Contents [hide]1 Old English 2 Renaissance literature 3 Early Modern period 3.1 Elizabethan Era 3.2 Jacobean literature 3.3 Caroline and Cromwellian literature 3.4 Restoration literature 3.5 Augustan literature 4 18th century 5 Romanticism 6 Victorian literature 7 Modernism 8 Post-modern literature 9 Views of English literature 10 See also 11 External links Old EnglishMain article: Anglo-Saxon literatureThe first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages (the oldest surviving text is Cædmon's Hymn). The oral tradition was very strong in early British culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Norwegian or, better yet, Icelandic. Much Anglo-Saxon verse in the extant manuscripts is probably a "milder" adaptation of the earlier Viking and German war poems from the continent. When such poetry was brought to England it was still being handed down orally from one generation to another, and the constant presence of alliterative verse, or consonant rhyme (today's newspaper headlines and marketing abundantly use this technique such as in Big is Better) helped the Anglo-Saxon peoples remember it. Such rhyme is a feature of Germanic languages and is opposed to vocalic or end-rhyme of Romance languages. But the first written literature dates to the early Christian monasteries founded by St. Augustine of Canterbury and his disciples and it is reasonable to believe that it was somehow adapted to suit to needs of Christian readers. Even without their crudest lines, Viking war poems still smell of blood feuds and their consonant rhymes sound like the smashing of swords under the gloomy northern sky: there is always a sense of imminent danger in the narratives. Sooner or later, all things must come to an end, as Beowulf eventually dies at the hands of the monsters he spends the tale fighting. The feelings of Beowulf that nothing lasts, that youth and joy will turn to death and sorrow entered Christianity and were to dominate the future landscape of English fiction.Renaissance literatureMain article: English RenaissanceFollowing the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature flourished. The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer, a lasting influence on literary English language. The poetry, drama, and prose produced under both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I constitute what is today labelled as Early modern (or Renaissance).Early Modern periodFurther information: Early Modern English and Early Modern Britain Elizabethan EraMain article: Elizabethan literatureThe Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the field of drama. The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was then beginning to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle Ages. The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a major tragic playwright and philosopher, the tutor of Nero) and Plautus (its comic clichés, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after). However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Seneca's ethics: showing blood and violence on the stage. In Seneca's plays such scenes were only acted by the characters. But the English playwrights were intrigued by Italian model: a conspicuous community of Italian actors had settled in London and Giovanni Florio had brought much of the Italian language and culture to England. It is also true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age and that the high incidence of political assassinations in Renaissance Italy (embodied by Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince) did little to calm fears of popish plots. As a result, representing that kind of violence on the stage was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan spectator. Following earlier Elizabethan plays such as Gorboduc by Sackville & Norton and The Spanish Tragedy by Kyd that was to provide much material for Hamlet, William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as yet unsurpassed. Shakespeare was not a man of letters by profession, and probably had only some grammar school education. He was neither a lawyer, nor an aristocrat as the "university wits" that had monopolised the English stage when he started writing. But he was very gifted and incredibly versatile, and he surpassed "professionals" as Robert Greene who mocked this "shake-scene" of low origins. Though most dramas met with great success, it is in his later years (marked by the early reign of James I) that he wrote what have been considered his greatest plays: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest, a tragicomedy that inscribes within the main drama a brilliant pageant to the new king. This 'play within a play' takes the form of a masque, an interlude with music and dance coloured by the novel special effects of the new indoor theatres. Critics have shown that this masterpiece, which can be considered a dramatic work in its own right, was written for James's court, if not for the monarch himself. The magic arts of Prospero, on which depend the outcome of the plot, hint at the fine relationship between art and nature in poetry. Significantly for those times (the arrival of the first colonists in America), The Tempest is (though not apparently) set on a Bermudan island, as research on the Bermuda Pamphlets (1609) has shown, linking Shakespeare to the Virginia Company itself. The "News from the New World", as Frank Kermode points out, were already out and Shakespeare's interest in this respect is remarkable. Shakespeare also popularized the English sonnet which made significant changes to Petrarch's model.The sonnet was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century. Poems intended to be set to music as songs, such as by Thomas Campion, became popular as printed literature was disseminated more widely in households. See English Madrigal School. Other important figures in Elizabethan theatre include Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Dekker, John Fletcher and Francis Beaumont. Had Marlowe (1564-1593) not been stabbed at twenty-nine in a tavern brawl, says Anthony Burgess, he might have rivalled, if not equalled Shakespeare himself for his poetic gifts. Remarkably, he was born only a few weeks before Shakespeare and must have known him well. Marlowe's subject matter, though, is different: it focuses more on the moral drama of the renaissance man than any other thing. Marlowe was fascinated and terrified by the new frontiers opened by modern science. Drawing on German lore, he introduced Dr. Faustus to England, a scientist and magician who is obsessed by the thirst of knowledge and the desire to push man's technological power to its limits. He acquires supernatural gifts that even allow him to go back in time and wed Helen of Troy, but at the end of his twenty-four years' covenant with the devil he has to surrender his soul to him. His dark heroes may have something of Marlowe himself, whose untimely death remains a mystery. He was known for being an atheist, leading a lawless life, keeping many mistresses, consorting with ruffians: living the 'high life' of London's underworld. But many suspect that this might have been a cover-up for his activities as a secret agent for Elizabeth I, hinting that the 'accidental stabbing' might have been a premeditated assassination by the enemies of The Crown. Beaumont and Fletcher are less-known, but it is almost sure that they helped Shakespeare write some of his best dramas, and were quite popular at the time. It is also at this time that the city comedy genre develops. In the later 16th century English poetry was characterised by elaboration of language and extensive allusion to classical myths. The most important poets of this era include Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney. Elizabeth herself, a product of Renaissance humanism, produced occasional poems such as On Monsieur’s Departure.Canons of Renaissance poetryJacobean literatureAfter Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson was the leading literary figure of the Jacobean era (The reign of James I). However, Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages rather than to the Tudor Era: his characters embody the theory of humours. According to this contemporary medical theory, behavioral differences result from a prevalence of one of the body's four "humours" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) over the other three; these humours correspond with the four elements of the universe: air, water, fire, and earth. This leads Jonson to exemplify such differences to the point of creating types, or clichés.Jonson is a master of style, and a brilliant satirist. His Volpone shows how a group of scammers are fooled by a top con-artist, vice being punished by vice, virtue meting out its reward.Others who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the brilliant comedy, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, a mockery of the rising middle class and especially of those nouveaux riches who pretend to dictate literary taste without knowing much literature at all. In the story, a couple of grocers wrangle with professional actors to have their illiterate son play a leading role in a drama. He becomes a knight-errant wearing, appropriately, a burning pestle on his shield. Seeking to win a princess' heart, the young man is ridiculed much in the way Don Quixote was. One of Beaumont and Fletcher's chief merits was that of realising how feudalism and chivalry had turned into snobbery and make-believe and that new social classes were on the rise.Another popular style of theatre during Jacobean times was the revenge play, popularized by John Webster and Thomas Kyd. George Chapman wrote a couple of subtle revenge tragedies, but must be remembered chiefly on account of his famous translation of Homer, one that had a profound influence on all future English literature, even inspiring John Keats to write one of his best sonnets.The King James Bible, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. It represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English that began with the work of William Tyndale. It became the standard Bible of the Church of England, and some consider it one of the greatest literary works of all time. This project was headed by James I himself, who supervised the work of forty-seven scholars. Although many other translations into English have been made, some of which are widely considered more accurate, many aesthetically prefer the King James Bible, whose meter is made to mimic the original Hebrew verse.Besides Shakespeare, whose figure towers over the early 1600s, the major poets of the early 17th century included John Donne and the other Metaphysical poets. Influenced by continental Baroque, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or "unpoetic" figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise effects. For example, in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", one of Donne's Songs and Sonnets, the points of a compass represent two lovers, the woman who is home, waiting, being the centre, the farther point being her lover sailing away from her. But the larger the distance, the more the hands of the compass lean to each other: separation makes love grow fonder. The paradox or the oxymoron is a constant in this poetry whose fears and anxieties also speak of a world of spiritual certainties shaken by the modern discoveries of geography and science, one that is no longer the centre of the universe. Apart from the metaphysical poetry of Donne, the 17th century is also celebrated for its Baroque poetry. Baroque poetry served the same ends as the art of the period; the Baroque style is lofty, sweeping, epic, and religious. Many of these poets have an overtly Catholic sensibility (namely Richard Crashaw) and wrote poetry for the Catholic counter-Reformation in order to establish a feeling of supremacy and mysticism that would ideally persuade newly emerging Protestant groups back toward Catholicism.Caroline and Cromwellian literatureThe turbulent years of the mid-17th century, during the reign of Charles I and the subsequent Commonwealth and Protectorate, saw a flourishing of political literature in English. Pamphlets written by sympathisers of every faction in the English civil war ran from vicious personal attacks and polemics, through many forms of propaganda, to high-minded schemes to reform the nation. Of the latter type, Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes would prove to be one of the most important works of British political philosophy. Hobbes's writings are some of the few political works from the era which are still regularly published while John Bramhall, who was Hobbes's chief critic, is largely forgotten. The period also saw a flourishing of news books, the precursors to the British newspaper, with journalists such as Henry Muddiman, Marchamont Needham, and John Birkenhead representing the views and activities of the contending parties. The frequent arrests of authors and the suppression of their works, with the consequence of foreign or underground printing, led to the proposal of a licensing system. The Areopagitica, a political pamphlet by John Milton, was written in opposition to licensing and is regarded as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom ever written.Specifically in the reign of Charles I (1625 – 42), English Renaissance theatre experienced its concluding efflorescence. The last works of Ben Jonson appeared on stage and in print, along with the final generation of major voices in the drama of the age: John Ford, Philip Massinger, James Shirley, and Richard Brome. With the closure of the theatres at the start of the English Civil War in 1642, drama was suppressed for a generation, to resume only in the altered society of the English Restoration in 1660.Other forms of literature written during this period are usually ascribed political subtexts, or their authors are grouped along political lines. The cavalier poets, active mainly before the civil war, owed much to the earlier school of metaphysical poets. The forced retirement of royalist officials after the execution of Charles I was a good thing in the case of Izaak Walton, as it gave him time to work on his book The Compleat Angler. Published in 1653, the book, ostensibly a guide to fishing, is much more: a meditation on life, leisure, and contentment. The two most important poets of Oliver Cromwell's England were Andrew Marvell and John Milton, with both producing works praising the new government; such as Marvell's An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland. Despite their republican beliefs they escaped punishment upon the Restoration of Charles II, after which Milton wrote some of his greatest poetical works (with any possible political message hidden under allegory). Thomas Browne was another writer of the period; a learned man with an extensive library, he wrote prolifically on science, religion, medicine and the esoteric.Restoration literatureMain article: Restoration LiteratureRestoration literature includes both Paradise Lost and the Earl of Rochester's Sodom, the high spirited sexual comedy of The Country Wife and the moral wisdom of Pilgrim's Progress. It saw Locke's Treatises on Government, the founding of the Royal Society, the experiments of Robert Boyle and the holy meditations of Boyle, the hysterical attacks on theatres from Jeremy Collier, the pioneering of literary criticism from Dryden, and the first newspapers. The official break in literary culture caused by censorship and radically moralist standards under Cromwell's Puritan regime created a gap in literary tradition, allowing a seemingly fresh start for all forms of literature after the Restoration. During the Interregnum, the royalist forces attached to the court of Charles I went into exile with the twenty-year old Charles II. The nobility who travelled with Charles II were therefore lodged for over a decade in the midst of the continent's literary scene. Charles spent his time attending plays in France, and he developed a taste for Spanish plays. Those nobles living in Holland began to learn about mercantile exchange as well as the tolerant, rationalist prose debates that circulated in that officially tolerant nation.The largest and most important poetic form of the era was satire. In general, publication of satire was done anonymously. There were great dangers in being associated with a satire. On the one hand, defamation law was a wide net, and it was difficult for a satirist to avoid prosecution if he were proven to have written a piece that seemed to criticize a noble. On the other hand, wealthy individuals would respond to satire as often as not by having the suspected poet physically attacked by ruffians. John Dryden was set upon for being merely suspected of having written the Satire on Mankind. A consequence of this anonymity is that a great many poems, some of them of merit, are unpublished and largely unknown.未完
不给，自己写吧
Some people think that we learn our most important lessons in school. Others think that the knowledge we acquire outside of school is the most important. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.问题——现实情况——他人的观点——你的观点 Children all around the world are attending school. Education has become a core issue for every government on earth, and they are all striving hard to achieve higher quality and larger scale of education. This is by no means coincidence, but indicates the importance of education. In my point of view, we learn our most important lessons of our life in school, which is reflected by the emphasis of education by governments.理由一 In schools, students learn the essence of all human knowledge. The human knowledge is accumulated through all human history. Knowledge taught in lessons in school are selected and selected over thousands of years, composing the fundamental knowledge a person needed to survive and succeed in society. For example, the mathematics courses in school lay the basis for every student who is to understand numbers. If they know nothing about mathematics, they may well be fooled in the future by banks and other people.理由二 Also, the knowledge taught in school is often systematic and reasonable, rather than discrete pieces of knowledge. Through the process of learning systematically and solving academic problems by reasoning, students only learn the knowledge they are learning, but also learn the most efficient way to view and solve problems around us. For example, through learning physics and chemistry, students know more about what's happening around us, but more importantly, they grasp some idea of observation, assumption, experimentation and conclusion.理由三 And lessons in school often determine students' appetite of literature, art and music. In schools, student spend much more time learning famous piece of literary works, paintings, sculptures and great compositions, which is definitely different from what they hear and see outside the school. In this way, their appetites for beauty reach a higher level. And an appetite for fine arts and literature would bring tremendous benefits to the happiness of their life, considering the huge heritage of fine arts we have!理由四 To conclude, the knowledge taught in school is the true essence of all human knowledge, and school knowledge has a tremendous positive effect on individuals.总结理由，强化结论
帮你弄一篇吧我选的是第二个题目Information and communications technology to ChinaChina has experienced rapid growth within the information and communications technology (ICT) industry over the past decade, and now plays a leading role in China’s economic development. As a result of China’s ‘opening up’ policy and path of economic reform, China’s electronic communications industry has grown at three times the rate of GDP growth. In 2006, China’s electronic communications industry revenue reached RMB475 billion. The total value of foreign trade reached US$651.7 billion representing over 15 per cent of the global electronics trade, with the output of many electronic products ranked first worldwide. These electronics products include: • colour TVs • mobile phone handsets • computers • electronic watches • calculators • DVDsChina’s accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) provided a transitional period for opening up its telecom sector which lasted until November 2007. Consequently, this has assisted China to develop one of the largest open telecom markets in the world. The Value Added Services (VAS) sector is expected to contribute to this growth, as one of the hottest market entry sectors for foreign ICT companies. Through the Ministry of Information Industry (MII), the Chinese Government administers foreign direct investment into the telecommunications sector. This includes basic infrastructure and value added services, however, with various restrictions on foreign ownership levels. From 1 December 2007, a new set of Categories of Foreign Investment Industry Guidance 2007 Amended Version has been implemented, superseding the previous version issued on 30 November 2004, and providing new levels of guidance on foreign direct investment in the various industry sectors. To ensure China’s telecommunications market operates in a fair, transparent and effective competitive environment, China’s first Telecommunications Law has been drafted and is currently undergoing a process of public consultation before being enacted. This should provide further guidance and protection to both investors and operators, in addition to the various regulations currently in place. With China entering its 11th Five Year Plan period, ICT has also moved from 'enabling and promoting' to 'strengthening industry integration and indigenous innovations'. The key focuses are to:• Continue increasing overall integrated ICT service levels • Increase and improve the development of ICT infrastructure • Strengthen the indigenous innovation in core industries • Focus on incubating strategic industry clusters • Proactively promote the integrated development of all ICT sectors • Strengthen the modernisation of post services • Strengthen the administration of radio communications • Increase the supportive capability of ICT infrastructure to the national economyBy 2010, the targeted penetration levels for fixed telecommunication in China is anticipated to reach 30 per cent of its population to one billion subscribers in operation (SIO), and 45 per cent penetration in mobile communications to 600 million SIOs. Internet users are anticipated to reach 200 million with 15 per cent penetration.TelecommunicationsSince the first wireless mobile phone base station was installed on 18 November 1987, China reached 531.4 million mobile SIOs at the end of October 2007. Therefore, China has the highest number of mobile phone subscribers in the world. The vast number of SIOs also generated 483.7 billion short message services (SMS). Due to China’s large population, mobile penetration in China is still considered low at 39.9 per cent when compared with most developed countries. This presents substantial growth opportunities for companies within the China market.Fixed communications grew slightly lower than mobile communications with a total of 370 million SIOs, representing a 28.3 per cent penetration rate. China has over 22,000 registered companies providing Value Added Services to the telecom sector. There are six major telecommunications operators in China:• China Telecom • China Mobile • China Satellite Company • China Unicom • China Netcom • China Railway CommunicationsSoftware and system integrationIn 2006, the size of China’s domestic software market reached RMB480 billion. The total number of registered software companies increased to 15,723 with over 1.29 million people employed in the software industry. There were over 35 companies with a turnover exceeding RMB1 billion, and 51 companies with turnover in the range of RMB0.5–1 billion. Furthermore, more than 80 software companies had over 1,000 employees. There are currently 38 companies with CMM5 (Capability Maturity Model For Software) certifications, the highest level of an internationally recognized certification program for software companies. In addition, 23 companies achieved CMM4 certifications and over 200 companies were awarded CMM3 certifications. The increasing number of Chinese software companies seeking and achieving CMM certification demonstrates their enhanced software development capabilities and overall product quality to compete in the global market. InternetSince China sent out the first email 'Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world' on 20 September 1987, the diffusion of the Internet in China has grown in parallel with the development and expansion of the overall telecom infrastructure. China has become the world’s second largest Internet user country with an estimated 162 million users behind the US with 211 million users. In addition, at the end of June 2007, China had 67 million Internet connected computers and over 1.3 million websites. The total bandwidth to the world reached 312,346Mbps with annual growth rate of 45.8 per cent.Although China’s Internet industry has achieved significant growth, the penetration is still very low at 12.3 per cent, as compared with the global average of 17.6 per cent. There is clear 'unequitable' access to the Internet between urban and rural areas with 21.6 per cent as compared to 5.1 per cent respectively.ADSL, dial-Up and wireless (including mobile phone access) are the three key access methods of accessing the Internet in China. Broadband SIOs have grown very quickly. As at December 2007, broadband users reached 122 million, the largest user country in the world, with a penetration rate of 17.5 per cent. In 2007, 30 per cent of the new broadband users were from rural areas. In addition, there are also 20.2 million dial-Up users.The key applications for Internet users in China are searching for news, instant messaging, and entertainment (music, video and games). There has been a growing trend of e-commerce related activities including net-shopping, travel booking, online stock market trading and banking. It is expected e-commerce related applications and services will become one of the key growth areas in the future.Although there has been increasing trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Internet- related infrastructure, applications and services such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Application Service Provider (ASPs), and Internet Content Provider (ICPs) are yet to open up to foreign providers, and there are strict content management and approval processes in place to ensure that the Internet is used to enhance social responsibility and harmony. The challenges facing China’s Internet industry include:• Equitable access to the Internet between urban and rural areas to break the 'digital divide'. • Level of information and technology knowledge among small to medium enterprises. • Overall quality and applications of the Internet, to improve the productivity and be more competitive on the global market. • Integration of information and communication technologies within all industry sectors.OpportunitiesThe development of China’s ICT industry provides opportunities in a number of areas, which include the following:• Telecommunications infrastructure o 3G/4G wireless communications o IP based technologies o Rural telecommunications o Network integration and billing• Value Added Services o e-Learning o Entertainment o Mobile applications• E-Commerce o Online payment and mobile payment o e-Security o Integrated logistics application and management• Industry application o Telematics o Remote metering o Geo-spatial application o Environment and clean technology applications o Finance and banking o Security o Digital content• New Technologies and applications and materials o IPTV o New digital audio systems o Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) o Nanotechnologies o Energy efficiency materialsTariffs, regulations and customsTariffs for ICT products and services vary depending on the category classification and what level of Chinese indigenous component is included. Certain ICT products exported to China are subject to China Compulsory Certification, known as 3CCC certification. As a result of China's commitments for accession into the WTO, China has applied zero tariffs to 256 categories of ICT products. To determine the exact category and the level of tariffs applied, if any, it is recommended that experienced customs brokers specialised in ICT products are consulted. Marketing your products and servicesMarket entryDepending upon your company’s situation and strategic direction, there are various vehicles that can be utilised for entry into the Chinese ICT market. These include: • Wholly owned foreign enterprises (WOFEs) • Joint ventures (JVs) • Value added resellers (VARs) • DistributorsA new and emerging type of entry vehicle, Virtual Entry, has been utilised by many small and medium (SME) companies. A Chinese domain name is registered with all the content translated into the local language, however, operations are conducted offshore in the home country. Each vehicle requires a different set of requirements and investment strategies.The Chinese Government’s aim is to become more transparent in awarding large projects. A public tender is normally published via media inviting Expression of Interests from interested and suitable companies. In some circumstances, foreign companies find it useful to form a partnership with suitable local companies to promote awareness of their capabilities. Establishing good relationships with key stakeholders are vital so that a company can be in a better position to access information and prepare a submission. However, many other projects are done via local network. In these circumstances it is often necessary to work with a local partner with a similar industry capability and background. If your products or applications do not require local modification and are 'plug and play', you may sell your products and services via a local distributor. This can occur once customs import procedure is cleared and passes through relevant network-access tests if applicable. If your products and applications require localisation, translation, further development and local integration, then a local service integrator needs to be engaged. This can be done via a joint venture partner or a service contractor, prior to selling to the end users, especially in financial and other sensitive categories.In most of the cases, except games and English language learning applications, it is most likely that your products and applications will have to be 'localised' to suit the local market environment. This is especially important for accounting, intelligent transportation systems, finance and banking, and security applications.Registration of a company is relatively easy in China once you meet all the requirements. Different company structures require different start-up capital funding. There can be regional variations to company registration requirements. It is recommended that you research well and consult widely before making a final investment decision. 刚才算了一下，大概是1700多字
有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
下面是我整理的高中英语 议论文 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读!
高中英语议论文范文：The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games, first held in 776BC, has a history of more than one thousand years. The modern Games is held every four years. Many countries try their best to bid for hosting the Olympic Games. And every country does its best to get more medals in the Games.
There are five rings on the Olympic flag, which are considered to symbolize the five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and America. The Olympic motto is: "Swifter, higher, stronger." The Games can promote the understanding and friendship among different peoples and different nations.
高中英语议论文范文：Internet Changes Life
Internet Changes Life
Globally, we have moved from a culture centered on network television, cable, AM and FM radio and telephone into a digital society with mass media,streaming information, intelligent computer.To shift to a digital economy, best demonstrated by the explosive growth of the Internet, is transforming everyday products and practices.Ideas expressed in soft wares, chips, communication systems, financial institutions and mass media have enormous leverage worldwide.Beyond emails and online shopping, the Internet promises to change dramatically huge spectrum activities.Its benefits can be well illustrated in the following aspects.
在全球范围内，我们已经从一个 文化 中心为网络电视，有线电视，AM和FM收音机，电话的社会进入到以大众媒体，信息流，智能计算机的数字社会。转变 成数字经济，最明显体现在互联网的爆增，它正在改变日常产品和实践。思想体现在软件，芯片，通信系统，金融机构和大众媒体拥有巨大的全球影响力上。除了电 子邮件和网上购物，互联网还承诺大改光谱活动。它的好处可以在以下几个方面说明。
In the first place, it contributes to escape us from laborious work, save our time, facilitate our lives.Secondly, with computer’s extensive reach into every corner of the world, a perspective of human life can be shown only with a single keystroke.No matter where we are, in school, business workshops, operating rooms, labs, banks of halls of government, the Internet appears to reflect a perspective of human life.Furthermore, computer profits us by relaxation and entertainment it provides.
首先，它有助于我们摆脱费力的工作，节省时间，方便了我们的生活。其次，计算机的广泛延伸到世界的每个角落，只需一个单一的按键就可以透视人类生 活。不管我们在哪里，在学校，企业车间，手术室，实验室，银行政府大厅，因特网似乎都可以反映人类生活。此外，电脑不仅提供放松和娱乐还有利润。
But on the other hand, some people debate that it is also inconvenient, waste the time, isolated us from people, and make our lives more complicated.Some people repair the most sophisticated computer but can’t mend a pair of socks.Yet in fact, computer collapse the distances and demolishes all boundaries.Whether computer is a blessing or a curse, depends on
高中英语议论文范文：My View on Mistakes
Mistakes are something done, said, or believed, as a result of wrong thinking or understanding, lack of knowledge or skills. No one is perfect, and no one never makes any mistakes.
Because many people are afraid of making mistakes, they don't believe, say or do much. They behave like this just because they want to make no mistake. As I said, it's impossible, Being afraid of making mistakes is a mistake itself.Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress. Making mistakes for pursuing truth is much better than doing nothing. Failure is the mother of success. Many scientists may make a great number of mistakes before they make any discovery. If we humans didn't make mistakes, we would make no progress and still live a primitive life.
Mistakes are the best teachers who guide us through difficulties. Don't let mistakes scare you. Let's learn from mistakes.
高中英语议论文范文：自律不容易
When people are in the public, they have the sense that they should not speak loudly in the public place and they should not jump the line and so on, these are rules for them, though it is not the law makes it, but the power of morality. Self-behave seems easy to do, but when the great temptation comes, self-behave will be changed quickly.
当人们身处公共场所的时候，他们意识到不应该在公共场合大声说话和不应该插队等等，这些是规则，虽然法律没有规定，但是这是道德的力量。自律看起来很容易做到，但是面对巨大的诱惑时，自律很快就会被打破。
It has been reported that in Hong Kong, a police car which was loaded with crash attracted many people to grab the money when the crash slipped down from the police car. It was such crazy, the money should be handed to the band, while on its way to the bank, people grabbed some and then left quickly. Two days later, the police found back most of the money, some people who refused to return the money were caught into the prison.
据报道，在香港，一辆装载着钱的警车，当现金从警车上滑下来的时候，吸引了很多人去抢。这是多么疯狂啊，钱本应该上交到银行，然而在运去银行的途中，人们拿走了一些，然后快速离开。两天以后，警察找回了大部分的钱，一些拒绝还钱的人被抓到，并坐牢。
Self-behave is not easy, people are easy to obey the public rules on the small issues, while when the great temptation comes, these rules are easy to be broken. The one who can refuse to the great temptation can say he is totally self-behave.
自律不容易，人们很容易遵守关于小事的公共规则，然而当面临巨大诱惑的时候，这些规则很容易就会被打破。谁能拒绝大诱惑，谁就能说他是完全的自律。
高中英语议论文范文：
Nowadays, we can see some boys and girls who live in a small world of their own. They bury themselves among books and are proud of themselves. They think that it will make them lose their face if they do housework for they often think themselves very noble.
These young people are wrong. In my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. After all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. Boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? Though not all boys remain single, yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. Anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
For what I said above, we can find some examples of our fellow-students studying abroad. All young men do housework as girls do. Someone would argue that we can employ servants. This is true. However, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? We just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. And what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ?
We must work for ourselves. Why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late?Everyone should learn to do housework. What do you think about my idea?