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毕设论文题目是汽车的外文翻译

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毕设论文题目是汽车的外文翻译

Scott Perl, Albuquerque, N.M. A: Auto racers have told us the main advantage in filling tires with nitrogen instead of ambient air is that nitrogen tends to maintain more consistent tire pressure over a wide range of temperatures. As friction between the tire and pavement drives up the temperature, air with varying amounts of moisture content responds differently and can cause inconsistencies in tire pressure. While racing drivers are more likely to notice the advantages of nitrogen than everyday drivers, we haven't heard of any disadvantages to using it. Skeptics question the practice, noting that ambient air is about 80% nitrogen and that it expands and contracts at the same rate as pure nitrogen. A number of readers say there's no appreciable difference in how the tires will react if filled with nitrogen, especially in everyday use. Q: Is it safe to use cruise control in rain or on wet pavement? -- Scott Brake, Westminster, Calif. A: Car makers often warn that cruise control should be used only in light traffic on open roads and in good weather. There have been reports of accidents involving cruise control when the car lost traction -- or hydroplaned -- in slippery conditions. Some car makers warn that the steady throttle of cruise control -- like keeping one's foot on the gas -- could cause the wheels to spin when they hit a wet or icy patch of road. Car-company representatives say the cruise- control warnings reflect the fact that drivers should be particularly vigilant when conditions are less than ideal, and cruising along on what amounts to partial autopilot tends to lull some drivers into a false sense of security. Q: If an automobile manual suggests a certain weight oil (such as, 5W-30), would adding a quart of a different weight oil (say, 10W-40) between complete oil changes damage the car's engine? -- Gil Ehrenkranz, Potomac, Md. A: Probably not. But today's engines generally are more precisely engineered than those of 20 or 30 years ago. Many of us at some point have topped off our cars with whatever oil happened to be available without causing damage -- at least not that we know of. Auto makers, however, say modern engines can be more sensitive to a change in oil weight, and using the wrong oil, even in small amounts, can hurt an engine's performance and even cause harm. Q: What is a sequential manual transmission? How does it differ from an automatic or a standard manual transmission? -- Harry J. Jaffe, Germantown, Tenn. A: A sequential manual transmission is a gearbox that requires gear changes to be made in order (first to second to third), instead of having a shift pattern with a lever that allows the driver to skip gears. Motorcycles have used such transmissions for decades and racing cars began using them years ago because they allow quicker shifts. Shifting is usually done through levers, buttons or switches. The sequential transmissions advertised today -- mainly in high- performance cars such as Ferraris, Aston Martins and some BMWs -- are technically manual transmissions, except that the clutch and the gear changes are controlled electronically. The advantage is that gear changes can be made more quickly and precisely than a human shifting the old-fashioned way. Traditionalists say the downside is that they simply aren't as much fun to drive and require less driver skill. 意思:斯科特Perl,阿布奎基,N.M.答:汽车赛车已经告诉了我们的主要优势和氮气充填轮胎代替周围的空气是氮倾向于保持更一致的胎压在很大的温度范围内。作为之间的摩擦力的轮胎与路面驱动温度,空气和变化不定的含水量反应,会导致不一致的轮胎压力。虽然赛车驾驶员更容易注意到的优点优点长处的优势,我们比每天氮、磷、钾和还没有收到任何缺点,使用它。怀疑论者质疑的实践,指出空气是大约80%,氮、磷、钾和热胀冷缩速度一样纯氮。大量的读者表示没有欣赏不同的轮胎会如何回应如果充满了氮,尤其是在日常使用。问:它安全巡航控制在雨中或在潮湿的路面吗?斯科特制动、威斯敏斯特宫——。答:汽车制造商经常警告巡航控制应该只用在光路交通开放的好天气。据报道,事故的巡航控制时,车失去牵引力——或者hydroplaned——在滑的条件。一些汽车制造商发出警告,稳定的油门巡航控制——就像一脚的气体——可能导致车轮旋转时,他们打湿或冰的补丁的道路。Car-company代表说,克鲁斯-控制警告反映驾驶员应特别警惕时,条件是少于理想,独自徘徊在什么等于趋于平静一些局部自动驾驶产生了一种虚假的安全感。问:如果一个汽车手册显示有一定的重量油(例如,5W-30),将增加一夸脱的不同,10W-40油(重量)之间的完整的机油变化损害的汽车引擎?吉尔Ehrenkranz、波,——事宜。答:大概不会。但是今天的引擎通常是更精确的工程比20或30年前。我们中的很多人已经超过了我们的汽车和任何可用的石油发生不损坏,至少不是我们所知道的。汽车制造商,然而,现代的引擎,可以更敏感的改变时,油,使用错误的重量,即使在少量的油,能伤害一个引擎的性能,甚至造成伤害。问:什么是一个序列手操作的传动系统。它如何与一个自动或手动传输标准吗?Jaffe >,德国——哈利。答:一个序列机械式变速器齿轮箱,是需要改变是为了(第二次到第三个),而不是有一个工作模式与杆,让车手可以跳过齿轮。使用这种传输摩托车赛车的几十年就开始使用他们,因为他们允许更快年前。通常是通过转移杠杆,按钮或开关。今天的顺序传送——主要是在广告表现等车,阿斯顿·马丁和一些不佳,手动变速器宝马—技术,除了那个离合器和齿轮的变化是控制电子签名。好处是齿轮的变化,可以作出更快速、准确地比人类将传统的方式。传统说不利的是,他们根本不一样的乐趣来驱动,需要更少的司机的技能。还有一篇:Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United States. The car made the UnitedStatesanationon wheels.Andit helped to make the United States what it is today.There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of transportation.The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used frequently.The third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact timetable.And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to have.The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much gas.Car PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are produced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to health.One way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is slow.Another way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for us.To prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total cars.They are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air clean.But this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.意思:美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家,它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔,而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了,不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车,那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长,同时,每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国,每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作:造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车,美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性,并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前,这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染,我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如,在美国,需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭,就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比,空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活,同时,它也带来了新的问题。

On the improvement of the current status of urban bus transport Paper Keywords: organization; planning Abstract: Urban traffic system is the urban system is an important subsystem, the city depends on the survival and development of transport, the rapid development of urban traffic and promote development. The bus transport in urban traffic is an important part of the city, it should speed up the development of urban bus transport in order to promote the rapid development of cities. Passenger traffic from the city traffic can be classified as public transport and private transport system of the two. At present, China's urban public transport characteristics are: the city public transport lanes with low coverage and low levels due to management, and other vehicles occupied by frequent public transport bus lanes caused by the low operating efficiency. Urban road unreasonable, so that local public transportation system utilization rate. Aging of the city bus a high degree of scheduling and organization of the unreasonable. Should speed up the development of urban transport system, the full development of urban transportation convenient, fast, large capacity. Therefore the following aspects should be the improvement of the urban bus transportation available. 1 city bus transport lines Urban public transport routes should be in line the city's main traffic flow, public transport in cities should be divided into the main lines and feeder lines. The main line linking the main passenger terminal and transportation hub, more than millions of people in big cities, the focus on passenger traffic hub should be set up quickly direct public transport routes. Generally by means of surveys to obtain data on a straight-line access to integrated planning and overall planning should be coordinated with the City to carry out. The use of lanes, the best rationale for a dedicated lane so that other lane segregation, isolation can be used with dedicated lanes and is equipped with monitoring systems. 2 urban public traffic density lines Urban public transport motor vehicles are usually lines of planning density, in the city center 3 ~ 4km/km2, peri-urban areas of 2 ~ 2.5km/km2, the distance between the Route 600 ~ 1000m, walking no more than 4 ~ 6min appropriate, the Town urban bus to the length of line should be advised as to the length of 8 ~ 12km. Would cause long lines of passengers waiting a long time and bus time arrival rate of a series of drawbacks such as poor. 3 bus scheduling and organization Vehicle Scheduling optimization is to determine the normal and efficient public transport operation of the important factors. Changes based on passenger flow and the specific operating conditions and other regulations, various models of vehicles and road traffic organization, such as passenger flow during peak hours to focus on the trunk of the vehicle with high-capacity organizations Station or shuttle bus from the train, in the flow large and narrow streets, small turning radius and the flow concentration of the body block with short bus. In addition, they can employ intelligent management tool. For example: public transport vehicle automatic threshold control system (collectively referred to international AVMcautomatic vehicle monitoring system), it can dispatch room in between efficient information access, effective communication links between the two (GIS). The main vehicles used by the GPS scheduling, dynamic target tracking and data collection on traffic flow, GIS geographic information used in traffic management and visualization of dynamic traffic information display. In addition, you can use variable message board information, broadcasting, on-street public phone, public computer network terminal, which has been in the way of public transport users on the roadside, bus stations or bus stops and on the platform, access to real-time information on bus travel services. 4 Coordination of bus and taxi operations management Door-to-door taxi service for passengers with a higher level of public transport. Utilization rate of its high energy consumption and less than a bus, air pollution is serious, complete the volume occupied by units of time and space resources, such as road defects, it should be based on the level of urban development and the actual needs of the taxi industry to strengthen the management and operation management, so that the coordinated development of the bus. 5 vehicle technologies to improve China's passenger capacity by bus at a small (60-90 passenger), and medium-sized (90-130 passengers) and large articulated vehicles (130-180 passengers) should be based on actual passenger traffic to the deployment of appropriate models to resources to reduce the rate of empty vehicles. It shall also meet the passenger demand on the city bus traveling comfort and convenience of passengers getting on or off request. The development of an independent suspension type, dedicated low-floor bus chassis and city buses, so bus and channel height of the pedal in order to reduce the vehicle center of gravity high over the estate to the requirements of comfort. It should also be a timely replacement of vehicles, the general public the best service life of 5 to 6 years. Extended active duty bus noise, and exhaust, and mechanical failure more than a series of shortcomings, with the scientific and technological development, many countries have also developed a number of the outcome of the application of modern high-tech bus. For example: the invention of the next generation of Japan's "middle-distance inter-city bus transport system of unmanned." Germany developed a city with public passenger transport vehicles, new cars can be run along the fixed-line and the traditional advantages of the bus and tram combination. 6 Public Transport Priority Development Strategy Urban public transport as the road space point with the demand, low environmental pollution, energy consumption should be small, giving priority to the development of traffic, in addition to China's cities are mostly intensive, therefore, to public transport systems and other forms of secondary form of transport in our country the structure of urban passenger transport natural direction of development. Commonly used way of public transportation there are two types of priority: Set according to the actual situation dedicated bus lane or bus lane roads. Intersection of the first; junction bus priority measures on the main bus phase-specific, dedicated bus lane entrance, as well as other special bus priority measures in line with the movement. City bus transportation is the main urban transport system is to communicate all aspects of the social production of an important part of urban development is the decision an important foundation for the development of one, so to speed up the development of the city bus. 【【题目你可以翻译为论改善我国目前城市公共汽车交通现状,希望可以帮助你】】

3000-4000字?!我劝你还是先找到英文文献再来百度问翻译的事情吧,这不是一般的翻译量啊,一般的上班的或者在学校的学生哪有时间给你翻译啊?再说在百度上问到的免费翻译你觉得可信么?给你推荐一家专业的翻译公司吧,沈阳美东旭翻译公司,他们是来自美国的翻译公司,有15年翻译行业经验,拥有积累多年的术语库,并且如果你有需要的话,可以为你提供以英语为母语的专业外籍人士进行翻译和校对哦,希望能对你有帮助。

汽车系毕业论文外语翻译

正在做这个项目,不过没有英文。

Three major part are composed of automobile electronic control system by the sensor , electronic control module , implementation implement , are to stimulate an electromechanical to charge the technology , the chassis electricity for charging the technology , the safe electricity of bodywork for charging a technology basically mark from the new technique that the person develops. The electricity charges system every aspect has made important contribution out in Hyundai Motor in every field. The main body of a book take that the chassis electricity charges safe air sac technology in technology as example, safety charges a technology for studying for the core safety device has been in progress to the automobile in the field with the electricity. The safe air sac is the passive safety device of automobile one li of important item device , the life having protected the riding personnel effectively is safe. Indicate, during the period of the automobile bumps against each other by large amount of the data counting and measuring really, can rightness use the safety belt and the safe air sac but make head be wounded rate cut down 30%- 50%, face be wounded rate cuts down 70%- 80%. Come to verify feasibility of safe air sac the main body of a book being analysed by the fact that time process and relevance reality getting a safeguard to safe air sac action measure the rough go into being in progress.文章有些长、、望认真看完、、标准人工翻译、、希望可以帮助你、、

On the improvement of the current status of urban bus transport Paper Keywords: organization; planning Abstract: Urban traffic system is the urban system is an important subsystem, the city depends on the survival and development of transport, the rapid development of urban traffic and promote development. The bus transport in urban traffic is an important part of the city, it should speed up the development of urban bus transport in order to promote the rapid development of cities. Passenger traffic from the city traffic can be classified as public transport and private transport system of the two. At present, China's urban public transport characteristics are: the city public transport lanes with low coverage and low levels due to management, and other vehicles occupied by frequent public transport bus lanes caused by the low operating efficiency. Urban road unreasonable, so that local public transportation system utilization rate. Aging of the city bus a high degree of scheduling and organization of the unreasonable. Should speed up the development of urban transport system, the full development of urban transportation convenient, fast, large capacity. Therefore the following aspects should be the improvement of the urban bus transportation available. 1 city bus transport lines Urban public transport routes should be in line the city's main traffic flow, public transport in cities should be divided into the main lines and feeder lines. The main line linking the main passenger terminal and transportation hub, more than millions of people in big cities, the focus on passenger traffic hub should be set up quickly direct public transport routes. Generally by means of surveys to obtain data on a straight-line access to integrated planning and overall planning should be coordinated with the City to carry out. The use of lanes, the best rationale for a dedicated lane so that other lane segregation, isolation can be used with dedicated lanes and is equipped with monitoring systems. 2 urban public traffic density lines Urban public transport motor vehicles are usually lines of planning density, in the city center 3 ~ 4km/km2, peri-urban areas of 2 ~ 2.5km/km2, the distance between the Route 600 ~ 1000m, walking no more than 4 ~ 6min appropriate, the Town urban bus to the length of line should be advised as to the length of 8 ~ 12km. Would cause long lines of passengers waiting a long time and bus time arrival rate of a series of drawbacks such as poor. 3 bus scheduling and organization Vehicle Scheduling optimization is to determine the normal and efficient public transport operation of the important factors. Changes based on passenger flow and the specific operating conditions and other regulations, various models of vehicles and road traffic organization, such as passenger flow during peak hours to focus on the trunk of the vehicle with high-capacity organizations Station or shuttle bus from the train, in the flow large and narrow streets, small turning radius and the flow concentration of the body block with short bus. In addition, they can employ intelligent management tool. For example: public transport vehicle automatic threshold control system (collectively referred to international AVMcautomatic vehicle monitoring system), it can dispatch room in between efficient information access, effective communication links between the two (GIS). The main vehicles used by the GPS scheduling, dynamic target tracking and data collection on traffic flow, GIS geographic information used in traffic management and visualization of dynamic traffic information display. In addition, you can use variable message board information, broadcasting, on-street public phone, public computer network terminal, which has been in the way of public transport users on the roadside, bus stations or bus stops and on the platform, access to real-time information on bus travel services. 4 Coordination of bus and taxi operations management Door-to-door taxi service for passengers with a higher level of public transport. Utilization rate of its high energy consumption and less than a bus, air pollution is serious, complete the volume occupied by units of time and space resources, such as road defects, it should be based on the level of urban development and the actual needs of the taxi industry to strengthen the management and operation management, so that the coordinated development of the bus. 5 vehicle technologies to improve China's passenger capacity by bus at a small (60-90 passenger), and medium-sized (90-130 passengers) and large articulated vehicles (130-180 passengers) should be based on actual passenger traffic to the deployment of appropriate models to resources to reduce the rate of empty vehicles. It shall also meet the passenger demand on the city bus traveling comfort and convenience of passengers getting on or off request. The development of an independent suspension type, dedicated low-floor bus chassis and city buses, so bus and channel height of the pedal in order to reduce the vehicle center of gravity high over the estate to the requirements of comfort. It should also be a timely replacement of vehicles, the general public the best service life of 5 to 6 years. Extended active duty bus noise, and exhaust, and mechanical failure more than a series of shortcomings, with the scientific and technological development, many countries have also developed a number of the outcome of the application of modern high-tech bus. For example: the invention of the next generation of Japan's "middle-distance inter-city bus transport system of unmanned." Germany developed a city with public passenger transport vehicles, new cars can be run along the fixed-line and the traditional advantages of the bus and tram combination. 6 Public Transport Priority Development Strategy Urban public transport as the road space point with the demand, low environmental pollution, energy consumption should be small, giving priority to the development of traffic, in addition to China's cities are mostly intensive, therefore, to public transport systems and other forms of secondary form of transport in our country the structure of urban passenger transport natural direction of development. Commonly used way of public transportation there are two types of priority: Set according to the actual situation dedicated bus lane or bus lane roads. Intersection of the first; junction bus priority measures on the main bus phase-specific, dedicated bus lane entrance, as well as other special bus priority measures in line with the movement. City bus transportation is the main urban transport system is to communicate all aspects of the social production of an important part of urban development is the decision an important foundation for the development of one, so to speed up the development of the city bus. 【【题目你可以翻译为论改善我国目前城市公共汽车交通现状,希望可以帮助你】】

Automotive electronic control system consists of sensors, the electronic control module, actuators, three major components of the development of new technology can be divided into electronic engine control technology and electronic technology, vehicle chassis safely electronic-controlled technical. In modern automotive electronic control system in all aspects of each field has made important contribution. Based on the chassis of the airbag control technology to automobile technology, for example, the domain to electronic technology as the core of the safety device is studied. The airbag as passive safety car in an important device, effectively protect the life safety of personnel rides. Through the statistics and data showed that, in the car collision, can correctly use belt and airbags can make head injury rate reduce 30-50%, facial injury rate reduce 70-80%. Based on the airbag action safety protection and measured the time process were analyzed to verify the rough study the feasibility of the airbag.

汽车翻译论文开题报告

怎么写开题报告呢?首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来,包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了,所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的,把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究,拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分:一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景,主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究,所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”,意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题,或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”,背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中,伦教作为珠江三角洲一角,在经济迅速发展的同时,她的文化发展怎么样,有哪些成就,对居民有什么影响,有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多,既可以是社会背景,也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容,顾名思义,就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”,课题研究的内容就是:“以佛山新八景为重点,考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天,结合佛山经济发展的趋势,拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的,应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题,在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的:1、通过再现长征历程,追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩,对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神,有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说,培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动,使同学的信息技术得到提高,进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分,应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说,研究性学习的课题研究方法有:实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查,从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法(根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题,以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法)、人物采访法(直接向有关人员采访,以掌握第一手材料的方法)、文献法(通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论)等等。在课题研究中,应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法,不一定面面俱到,只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤,当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面:准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴,但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位,学生不能明确自己的职责,有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿,有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组,每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长,由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况,把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分,一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展,必然需要一些经费来启动,所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少,比如搜集资料需要多少钱,实地调查的外出经费,问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用,课题组所要占用的场地费,有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料,结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动,粮草先行”,没有足够的资金作后盾,课题研究势必举步维艰,捉襟见肘,甚至于半途而废。因此,课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好,未雨绸缪,才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

汽车保险论文参考文献外文翻译

已经把7篇关于汽车的外文文献发到你邮箱了,关键词为automobile,你里面选择对你最有帮助的来看吧,翻译成3000至4000汉字的应该完全不成问题。希望对你有帮助,也希望能满意。 有不明白地方还可随时再问我。 我邮箱:46******

随着我国国民经济的可持续发展,汽车作为运输和代步工具已进入平民百姓家中。汽车 保险 与理赔作为一个行业和新兴课程也就应运而生。下面是我为大家整理的汽车保险与理赔论文,供大家参考。

汽车保险与理赔论文 范文 一:汽车保险与理赔课程改革论文

1 概述

在进行《汽车保险与理赔》课程学习之前,学生已经学习了《汽车材料》、《汽车构造》、《汽车电控技术》、《汽车及配件营销》、以及《汽车电工电子基础》等基础专业课程,为专业课的学习奠定理论基础。与《汽车保险与理赔》课程同时开设的课程还有《二手车评估与交易》、《汽车美容与装饰》,为后续学生定岗实习和走向工作岗位有着重大意义。所以《汽车保险与理赔》是一门承上启下的专业核心课。

2 教学内容

本课程显著特点是情境、体验、拓展、互动相融合,让学生有问题可想,有任务可做。并在主体教材的基础上配有教学资源库,教学资源库从现实案例、实践训练、学习考试等方向实现教学资源与教学内容的有效对接,真正实现了理实一体化。结合课程特点并通过对各大保险公司、维修厂、4S 店等用人单位的市场调研,以满足用人单位对学生的要求为宗旨,本课程共设计了 9 个学习任务。

3 教学 方法 与手段

高职院校学生其本身 文化 理论基础不佳,尤其是这门课程的前部分内容又比较枯燥,所以整体学习气氛欠佳,学生的学习积极性也不高。这就要求教师在教学过程中使用恰当的教学方法和教学手段调动学生的积极性,达到传授知识、培养能力的目的。

3.1 教学方法

本课程采用了多元化的教学方法,体现以教师为主导,学生为主体的教学理念。

①讲述法

是最基本的方法,通过讲述让学生了解汽车保险的基本知识、基本原则、流程及相关条款等。

②案例教学法

汽车保险与理赔课程是一门实用性很强的学科,通过各种生动的案例,激发学生学习的积极性,能使其更好的消化学过的知识,提高学生知识运用能力。案例教学法是本课程的主要教学法。③分组讨论法:教师根据学生人数,分配小组。进行某一任务时,小组成员之间开展广泛的讨论和意见交流;教师的作用主要是布置任务,给予学生启发性意见,避免学生针对某一问题争论不休或偏离主题。这一教学方法在保险基本原则中应用较多。

④角色扮演法

老师把任务布置下去,学生准备。将学生安排在模拟的工作环境中,要求扮演者处理可能出现的各种问题,并对行为表现进行评定和反馈,以此来提高学生的行为技能。在讲解保险公司业务管理以及汽车保险理赔报案中运用此教学方法。

⑤演示教学法

通过教师操作示范,学生动手实践,完成实训 报告 。在讲解汽车保险投保,查勘,定损中采用此教学方法。

⑥类比教学法

通过类比,让学生更容易理解所学内容。在讲解汽车保险合同中运用此教学方法。

3.2 教学手段

教学中采用的教学手段既有传统板书,又融入了电子课件、视频、动画等现代化教学手段。通过案例让学生理解保险基本原则、相关条款的含义、汽车保险业务流程等。在讲保险合同、交强险、商业险以及汽车保险理赔时还用到了保险单、保险证、批单、汽车保险条款、代抄单、索赔 申请书 、现场查勘记录等单证。把真实的单证发给让学生看,这样更直观生动,激发了学生的学习兴趣。

4 教学任务展示———汽车保险合同的一般法律特征

本节内容共需要两个学时,在了解了汽车保险合同基本内容及基本特征的基础上,掌握汽车保险合同的订立、成立与生效、变更和终止的相关内容,培养学生能够运用汽车保险合同的法律特征来分析案例的一种能力。

4.1 复习提问(3-5 分钟)

给学生设置 2-3 个问题,提问上一节课的重点知识,一方面可以加深学生对学过知识的印象,同时也为新课程做铺垫。

4.2 情境导入(3-5 分钟)

教材每一节都有情境导入案例,由案例导入新课。要求学生看案例,看完先不分析,带着问题学习新知识,以激发起学生的求知欲望,还能使学生明确本节课要讲述的内容。讲到相关知识再分析案例。

4.3 讲授新课(70 分钟)

知识点讲述:对于学生而言,本小节内容所涉及的知识点是生疏的,也是乏味的,因此在讲述过程中,采用生动的、视觉效果较强的多媒体幻灯片引入知识点。而且运用了类比的教学方法,把汽车保险合同的订立、变更、解除和谈恋爱、结婚、离婚进行类比。汽车保险合同的订立要经过要约和承诺两个阶段,又称投保和承保。把投保类比成求婚,承保类比成同意求婚,合同的变更类比成婚姻内容的变更,合同的解除类比成离婚。因为通俗易懂,可以使枯燥的知识生动化,学生更容易理解接受。分析案例:在知识点讲述的过程中穿插情境导入案例和其他典型案例,采用学生自主探讨、分组讨论、教师引导相结合的方法。让学生运用所学知识点分析案例,提出观点,教师引导全面分析案例,得出结论并 总结 。

4.4 小结(3-5 分钟)

小结本节课的重点、难点、知识点。

4.5 布置作业(2-3 分钟)

课堂作业是教师了解学生学习情况,检查教学效果及时调控教学的有效手段。具有巩固、强化、提升、反馈、发展等重要作用,对提高教学质量来说起着至关重要的作用。本节的作业主要就是运用汽车保险合同的一般法律规定进行案例分析。

5 教学改革设想

5.1 计算机辅助教学手段参与教学的模式

就是使用汽车保险软件,让教学内容更灵活、直观、有效,从而实现更好的教学目标。

5.2 加强实践教学

让学生多接触实际操作,锻炼实际动手能力。创造条件让学生在保险公司实习,真正参与实战。

汽车保险与理赔论文范文二:汽车保险理赔课程教学的改革思路

一、目前,汽车保险理赔课程存在的问题分析

(一)学生对保险行业的认识误区,影响了课程的学习

我国的保险行业起步较晚,发展还很不完善,由于人们对保险的知识了解不多,一些从业人员的素质不高,造成了人们对保险行业普遍存在误区。这也在一定程度上让学生对保险行业存在偏见,影响了学生对汽车保险理赔课程的学习。

(二)授课教师缺乏买践 经验 ,教学效果不佳

汽车保险与理赔课程是一门新兴学科,并且是一门实践性很强的学科。目前,我国的部分老师还没有足够的授课经验,课堂授课模式往往沿用传统的授课模式,老师凭借着教材在讲台上讲,学生在底下做笔记。这样的教学模式虽然能够在一定程度上增加学生的理论知识积累,但毕竟和实际有些脱节,往往造成“纸上谈兵”。虽然,有些老师采用案例教学法,把理论知识和案例结合起来,但是由于有些老师本身缺乏实践经验,在教学过程中,往往不能获得良好的效果。

(三)项目化运作过程中可能会出现偏离社会现买的情况

项目化运作教学过程中,依靠老师对学生设计项目,让学生相互配合运作。由于部分老师经验有限,设计出来的教学项目可能会偏离社会的真实情况,影响学生的实战效果。

(四)买训教学还不完善,效果还不明显

这方面的不足主要表现在:第一,实训建设基地不足,缺乏完备的实训室,影响了保险理赔实践的规模化开展;第二,实训教学方式单一。在教学过程中受条件的限制,偏重理论教授,轻实训操作,千篇一律,缺乏创新,导致部分学生动手能力差。

二、汽车保险理赔课程的项目化运作教学改革

(一)教学课程内容改革

在教学改革过程中,要深刻了解教学课程的特点,以“职业能力”的培养为导向,以应用型人才的培养为目标,在教学过程中,要突出重点,形成特色。紧跟社会的发展变化,树立正确的人才观。要结合 教育 改革的目标和动向,加快汽车保险理赔课程的改革力度。在讲授理论知识的同时,要重点向学生讲授在现场查勘的方法和注意事项,引入案例,帮助学生理解和学习汽车保险理赔的流程、现场勘查的事项、车辆损伤评定和计算办法。

(二)教学方法改革

在教学过程中,老师除了采用案例教学法外,还应当充分采用项目教学法。这种方法要求学生之间相互配合,共同完成一个项目的所有流程。这种教学方法的优点是学生能够掌握保险理赔的全过程,对学生的各种知识的要求比较高,考察的是学生的综合素质和能力。但是这种教学方法需要老师对这一行业有全面的了解,才能给学生设计一个符合社会现实的项目,这样学生在实际的运作过程中才能真正的与社会接轨,增强自己的社会竞争力。

(三)考试方法的改革

在汽车保险理赔课程的项目化运作改革中,对学生的考试要求也相应的做出了调整。项目化运作是一个完整的过程,在考核过程中,需要对学生进行全面考核,不能仅仅以某一方面为主,而要综合考虑,全面评价既要考察学生的理论知识,又要考查学生的实际动手能力。除此之外,项目化运作还是学生之间相互协作的过程,因此,除了老师进行评价外,学生之间也需要相互评价。最后,几个方面综合考虑,最终形成对学生的整体考核、评价。

(四)校企合作,增强项目化运作的买战性

在项目化运作过程中,单纯的靠老师设计项目,很可能会造成项目偏离社会的实际情况。因此,在项目化教学改革中,应当开展校企合作。比如:学校可以选派学生去保险公司实习,在实习的过程中,跟随保险人员完成某一真实案件的处理,加深学生对处理过程的了解,增强他们的实战能力。学校还可以开展一系列的讲座等活动,邀请一些具有丰富经验的保险人员来学校进行讲解,学生和保险人员面对面交流,保险人员也可以对学生的问题进行解答,对他们的学习进行指导。学生还可以时刻了解和掌握保险业务的变化,切实提高自己的实践能力,取得良好的实战效果。

三、结语

汽车保险理赔课程的项目化运作需要学生具备一个全局观念,立足整体,处理好项目运作的每一个过程。学校应当坚持以就业为导向,加强校企合作,士曾强学生的理论和实践相结合的能力,为社会培养优秀的复合型人才,达到改革的目标。

汽车保险与理赔论文相关 文章 :

1. 保险学论文

2. 保险理赔培训心得3篇

3. 财产保险论文

4. 保险经营与管理论文

5. 汽车保险理赔知识相关介绍

你现在在学校么?建议你到学校的图书馆去查(一般每个学校都会买网站使用权,这些特定的网站才有学术型的论文或者期刊的,一般我们自己网进不去这些网站),上中国知网,你将你论文题目输入,选择相似查找,和你论文题目一样或者相似的论文就会罗列出来了,然后你根据自己需要选择就可以。

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汽车商标翻译论文开题报告

怎么写开题报告呢?首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来,包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了,所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的,把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究,拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分:一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景,主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究,所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”,意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题,或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”,背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中,伦教作为珠江三角洲一角,在经济迅速发展的同时,她的文化发展怎么样,有哪些成就,对居民有什么影响,有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多,既可以是社会背景,也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容,顾名思义,就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”,课题研究的内容就是:“以佛山新八景为重点,考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天,结合佛山经济发展的趋势,拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的,应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题,在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的:1、通过再现长征历程,追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩,对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神,有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说,培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动,使同学的信息技术得到提高,进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分,应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说,研究性学习的课题研究方法有:实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查,从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法(根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题,以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法)、人物采访法(直接向有关人员采访,以掌握第一手材料的方法)、文献法(通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论)等等。在课题研究中,应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法,不一定面面俱到,只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤,当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面:准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴,但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位,学生不能明确自己的职责,有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿,有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组,每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长,由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况,把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分,一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展,必然需要一些经费来启动,所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少,比如搜集资料需要多少钱,实地调查的外出经费,问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用,课题组所要占用的场地费,有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料,结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动,粮草先行”,没有足够的资金作后盾,课题研究势必举步维艰,捉襟见肘,甚至于半途而废。因此,课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好,未雨绸缪,才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。

浅谈商标翻译中文化信息的处理论文

在个人成长的多个环节中,大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧,论文对于所有教育工作者,对于人类整体认识的提高有着重要的意义。写论文的注意事项有许多,你确定会写吗?以下是我为大家整理的浅谈商标翻译中文化信息的处理论文,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

论文关键词:商标翻译;文化传递;消费者文化心理;产品促梢

相关论文查阅:大学生论文、工商财务论文、经济论文、教育论文

论文摘要:商标是商品的形象代表,不仅可以体现商品的价值,同时还能折射出其丰富的历史文化意蕴。译者在进行商标翻译时必须了解掌握本国与他国的民族文化差异,既要注意文化信息的传递,使异域文化在译入语中再现,又要迎合消费者的文化心理以达到产品促梢的目的。

商标是商品的形象代表,好的商标名犹如好的产品质量,同样能达到促销目的。商标是商品的标记,是关系到企业生存和发展的重要知识产权,有着企业“黄金名片”之称,是企业走向国外市场的“金护照”。商标不仅可以体现商品的价值,同时又能折射出其丰富的历史文化意蕴。中国是一个具有五千年文明史的古国,文化积淀丰富。如“孔府家酒”、“杏花村”等就有很丰富的文化内涵,体现在商标上,也显现出浓郁的东方文化色彩。龙是中华民族的图腾形象,常被用来比喻尊贵吉样和美好的事物,因此也经常出现在商标名中。比如“龙牌”酱油,“喜得龙”服饰等。“杜康””酒商标使人不由自主地想起曹操的诗句“何以解忧,唯有杜康。”“小糊涂仙”酒则使人联想起郑板桥的“难得糊涂”。这些富有诗意和文化内涵的商标反映了中华民族灿烂的历史文化,极为耐人寻味。商标的文化内涵对企业商品的宣传、推销起着重要的作用,直接影响到商品在市场上的竞争力。在进行商标翻译时,译者经常会遇到文化信息处理的问题。这时译者该如何处理商品广告中商标的翻译呢?既然商品广告的目的是促销,其商标的翻译也应该能起到促销的作用。由于各民族存在着许多文化差异,将一种文化中的商标翻译成另一种文化中的商标时,有时很可能产生令人尴尬的结局甚至意想不到的恶果。怎样才能克服和跨越商标广告传译中的文化障碍呢?

在进行商标的选用和翻译时必须了解掌握本国与异国的民族文化差异,既要注意文化信息的传递与对等,在译人语中找到准确的词语使异域文化在译人语中再现,又要迎合消费者的文化心理以达到促销目的。具体来说,在进行汉语商标翻译时,对其中所蕴含的文化信息的处理要注意以下几个方面:

一、要尽量传达原商标的文化内涵

语言学家注重商标译名的语言学特性,要求译名响亮悦耳、易记,词法简洁,有积极的联想寓意,与原名有联系(如音似)更佳。因为品牌具有巨大的无形价值,所以译者倾向于保留商标名原名的特点以保护其价值,音译类译法往往成为译者的第一选择。许多商标名是姓氏名或新造词,本身并无太多含义,就可以采用音译法。这种方法的目的在于保留原商标名的语言形式特征,以达到价值保存或品牌名“洋化”、“异化”的效果。如将“MOtorolS"译为“摩托罗拉”," Elizabeth Arden”译为“伊丽莎白·雅顿”," Mentholatum”译为“曼秀雷敦”," Est-ee Lauder”译为“雅诗兰黛”等,这些品牌特意向读者传递一种“异国情调”,满足了人们追求异国情调的心态,因此它们在中国的销售都很好。同样,一些中国品牌也可以直接采用音译法保留其中国特色。如安踏( ANTA )、利郎(LILANG )、拼牌(PIN)等。

但音译法也有弊端,对于那些文化内涵丰富的商标名,如果采用音译法,就是单纯强调原名的语言形式特征而牺牲其丰富语义,可能使译名过于单调、苍白而缺乏人文内涵,有时甚至可能产生负面的影响。例如,“长虹”以其汉语拼音CHANGHONG作为附注商标,但CHANGHONG在外国人眼里没有任何含义。“爱妻牌”洗衣机(广东产)这个商标给懂汉语的人以美好的印象。丈夫买回这个牌子的洗衣机,标志着丈夫深爱自己的妻子,一心要免除妻子洗衣的劳苦,妻子每次看到或使用这台洗衣机时便会联想到丈夫对自己的爱,因此这一品牌的洗衣机深受中国消费者的欢迎。如果将其译成AiQiWashing Machine,商标名变成了一个冷冰冰的符号,汉语里“爱妻”的丰富寓意在外国消费者心里则荡然无存。再如,将中国名酒“杜康”翻译成英语一般按发音译为Dukang,英语国家读者看到英语商标Dukang时,只会把它与酒联系起来,而不会想到中国历史上酿酒的高手“杜康”,也不会像中国人那样把“杜康”与“好酒”联系起来。“芳芳”牌化妆品在国外的商标被翻译为“FangFang",而fang在英文中是指“毒蛇的尖牙”,谁敢把有毒的东西往身上抹?如此一来,芳芳化妆品的销售在国际市场受挫也就是情理之中的事情了。

在这种情况下,译者就要采用变通的方法,有时可采用意译法,尽力传达原商标所蕴含的文化内涵。比如,“杜康”的音译Dukang作为商标,文化信息没有完全对等。我们不妨用希腊酒神的名字Bacchus作“杜康”酒的英语商标,这样,文化信息的对等无疑比“杜康”要好得多,因为Bacchus会使西方人产生更多有关好酒的联想。“芳芳”不如译成" Fragrance(芳香)”,效果要好得多。它使不同文化背景的消费者对同一产品产生相同或相似的认识,因此也达到了翻译的目的。中文商标“皇朝”葡萄酒,英文译名是“Dynasty",不仅使人一下就联想到古老而神秘的东方国度酿造了数百年的陈年好酒,还会让人禁不住诱惑想去品尝一下美酒的味道。“飞鸽”牌自行车有令人喜爱的英文商标“Flying Pi-geon,它是和平的象征,而Flying更是把自行车的特点表现得活灵活现。

二、优先考虑消费者文化接受心理,服务于商品推销

音、形、意等只是商标的表层符号,而真正能深刻影响读者的是其精神、文化、审美等深层次需要,如马斯洛提出的归属与爱、尊重和自我实现等高级需要。因此,商标译名应在音美、形美及意美的基础上揭示产品的价值、功能与特点,译名应符合其品牌形象定位,迎合读者在文化、审美及消费心理方面的需求,做到与译语文化及其价值体系有亲和力等。

翻译理论家尤金·奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要,因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景中才具有意义。”在这一个国家被认为是非常美好的东西,到了另一个国家其含义可能会完全相反。比如,在我国“蝙蝠”这个词给人美好的联想,因为“蝠”与“福”同音,因此在我国有“蝙蝠”牌电风扇,但是“蝙蝠”的英文bat却是吸血鬼的意思。又如,如果将“双羊”牌高档羊绒被的商标名译成英文Goats,销路不可能会好,原因在于英语中goat这个词除了本意“山羊”外,还有“色鬼”之意。配上这样的英文商标,无论这种羊绒被的质量有多好,英语国家的人也不会愿意把它铺上床的。凤凰在中国古代传说中是百鸟之王,汉语中的“凤凰”有“祥瑞尊贵”之意,许多商品的商标或图案喜欢用凤凰作标记。但是在英语文化中“凤凰”指“神话中生活在沙漠里的一种鸟,每500一600年自焚,并于灰烬中重生”。“凤凰”牌自行车的商标若直译为Phoe-nix,势必使人产生“死而复生、死里逃生”等不吉利的联想,英语文化受众难以从心理上接受这一英译商标。中国一男子内衣商标为“紫罗兰”,但是其英文名不能用“pansy,因为在英文中“pansy”指无大丈夫气概的男人或搞同性恋的男人,这样,大多数西方男性消费者是不会喜欢这个品牌的。还有一些实例:“西子”香皂如果译成Shitze Toilet Soap,Shitze与英文词shits泻肚子)同音;“普科”牌手电筒如果译成Puke Flashlight, Puke与英语词puke呕吐)同形,都可能造成不好的商标译名,值得我们引以为戒。

如果译者过分拘泥于音译或直译,不仅难以传递汉语原文寓意,有时还会译出不良的英语词形引起英语读者的误解。在音译与意译法无法照顾到受众文化接受心理的时候,要优先考虑受众心理,服务于商品推销的目的。

商标翻译者可以采用借译或改译的方法,迎合读者在文化、审美及消费心理方面的需求,这种方法也叫“音义结合法”。“音义结合法是传达商标神韵的有效手段。又称为谐音取义,即并非严格按照音译,而是取与原商标名发音大致相近的谐音,赋予译名实际意义,利用汉字所蕴含的多义文化信息,诱导接受信息者产生种种联想和遐想,起到跨文化营销的理想效果”。如“雅戈尔”服饰商标借译为Younger,英文意思是“更年轻”,译名富有神韵,给人一种“穿上它会更年轻”的美好暗示。“乐凯”胶卷,其汉语商标叫起来朗朗上口,易识易记,音译成“Lucky",增添了受众国的文化信息,词美意好,诱导接受信息者购买“Lucky",起到跨文化营销的理想效果。又如,与“长虹”商标的纯音译不同,“海信”采用了改译的方法,注册了“HiSense”的英文商标,它来自high sense,即“高灵敏、高清晰”的意思,这非常符合其产品特性。同时,high sense又可理解为“高远的见识”,体现了品牌的远大理想,具有全球战略眼光。

有时宁愿用一个无具体意义但不带任何负面效应的品牌名。即生造一个音韵性质较好且在多种文化中无明确含义,因此不会产生负面影响的商标名。例如索尼(SONY),不论是中文名还是英文名,都没有具体的内涵,不会带来任何负面效应。当然,此类译名在使用之初常会遇到困难,但随着时间的推移,同样会得到消费者的认知和接受。

三、译名要因地域而异

不同地区有不同的禁忌语。如果我们把商品投人市场时,商标的翻译违背了当地的禁忌语,就会造成不堪想象的后果,因此我们要做好调查研究,对同一商品在不同文化地区采用不同的'译名,杜绝这种情况的出现。

例如,在中国和日本“4”是一个禁忌语,人们普遍认为“4”即“死”,而“8”“9”和“6”人们却特别钟爱。不要把用“666”作商标的商品出口到英国,因为“666”在《圣经》里象征魔鬼。上海生产的“三枪”牌内衣,是名牌产品,“三枪”翻译成英语是Three Guns。如果将Three Guns牌内衣出口到日本、哥伦比亚及北非地区,会受到消费者的欢迎,因为“三”在这些国家表示“积极”的意思。但是,在乍得、贝宁等地,则不能将“三枪”翻译成Three Guns ,因为在乍得像“三”这样的奇数表示“消极”的意思,在贝宁,“三”含有“巫术”的意思。

在对英语国家推销产品时,不要把“白象”方便面的商标译为White Elephant,因为英语中white e1-ephant是“大而无用的东西”。也不要把中国传统出口产品“帆船牌”地毯的商标译为“Junk",因为英语中junk除了“帆船”之意外还有“垃圾破烂”的意思。

商标的作用就是让消费者能对商品的种类及特色一目了然,商标本身就是一则最为简洁有力的广告,给消费者的感性认识更为直接,更容易给消费者留下深刻的印象。其目的之一是诱使潜在的消费者对商品产生兴趣,激发其购买欲并使其采取购买行动。因此,与其他翻译不同的是,商标翻译不应单纯地以“忠实原文”、“形式对应”为衡量标准,而应立足于消费者的消费心理。译名不但要能较好地体现产品的特色,使原商标承载的信息的多重意义及功能最大限度地通过翻译体现出来,还应该考虑到消费者的文化接受心理和审美心理等,依据具体语境,灵活运用多种方法进行翻译。

一、中西方文化差异对奢侈品商标翻译的影响

奢侈品主要来自西方国家,由于中西方语言文化之间的差异,中西方的人们对同一语言信息的理解也可能不同,甚至截然相反。同样,深为某一群体喜爱和欣赏的信息未必另一文化群体会青睐。因此,好的译者在奢侈品商标翻译过程中必须将中西方文化差异对奢侈品商标翻译的影响考虑在内。

1.1、思维方式差异的影响

罗素曾说过若把中国文明和欧洲文明进行比较后不难看出,中国文化的大部分内容在希腊文化中也是可以找到的,但人类文明中的另外两个元素:犹太教和科学,在中国文明中是找不到的。事实上,中国是一个缺乏宗教的国家,不仅上层社会中没有宗教,对于全体人民而言,也同样没有。罗素的话不无道理,在一定程度上说,古代中国人没有宗教,也没有科学,原因在于中西方思维方式的不同。中国是阴阳意象思维,只关心现象世界是具体“怎么样”,关心事物的功用,是经验感性的思维,造成了中国无宗教,无科学的文化性格。这种思维方式是经验总结式的思维方式,停留在现象表面的思维方式,即意象的思维方式。西方是因果逻辑思维,更关心现象世界的背后究竟“是什么”,关心事物的抽象本质,是超验理性的思维,造成了西方有宗教,有科学的文化性格。这种思维方式是注重因果逻辑的思维方式。因此,在进行奢侈品品牌翻译时就要考虑这一差异。比如,法国的服装品牌Chanel有着众多西方奢侈品品牌的一些共同特点,一个是以其品牌的创始人的姓氏命名的,另一个是以其产品的高质量和独特性而闻名的。这反映了西方人的逻辑分析思维方式,也就是他们在创造品牌和接受品牌时,更多的是考虑产品本身的质量和特点。而中国人的直觉感性思维方式导致中国人在接受和认可品牌时,不仅考虑产品本身的质量和特点,同时也会考虑品牌名称给人带来的感觉。Chanel品牌的常见中文翻译有两种:“夏奈尔”和“香奈儿”。笔者认为后者更受中国消费者的欢迎,因为“香奈儿”既保留了洋品牌的神秘色彩,同时又给人以遐想的空间。

1.2、审美意趣差异的影响

美,其实是人的一种心理感觉。美感是审美主体在对审美客体的观察中,通过以直觉为起点的知、情、意心理因素的综合性心理活动,而产生的情理交融的精神性愉悦。“美”是对应事物的“真”、“善”和谐统一所产生的情感理想状态,这对于中西方民族来说是统一的。但中西民族的美感心理结构是不同的,中国人更多表现为美善统一,西方人更多表现出美真统一。也就是说,中国人的审美在情,美善统一,心物和谐;西方人的审美在形,美真统一,形式和谐。中国人都喜欢吉祥、如意,不管做什么事,都希望图个吉利。因此,奢侈品要想打进中国人的生活圈子,对商标的翻译就一定要符合中国人的审美观,尽量使用具有美好内涵而又高雅别致的词汇。比如,法国化妆品牌LANCOME的中文译名为“兰寇”就顺应了中国消费者的审美情趣。LANCOME这一名称来自于法国中部的一座城堡LANCOSME。由于这座城堡周围种植了很多玫瑰,充满了浪漫的意境,于是玫瑰花就成了兰寇品牌的象征。中文译名“兰寇”二字均是对植物的命名“,兰”可以给人兰草一般高贵的芳香感,香气清幽而淡雅,让人情不自禁地迷恋和沉醉在其香气里。“寇”则让人联想到含苞待放的豆寇花,继而联想到体态优美、妩媚多姿的少女,会让中国消费者产生绝美的联想。这么高端又上档次的译名,怎会不让广大女性消费者心动呢?不难看出,在中国,译者在对奢侈品牌进行翻译时,只有使用有那些有内涵又符合中国消费者群体审美心理的译名才能使这些商品备受青睐。只有当译名点成功地燃了消费者内心对美的追求欲望,并与消费者的审美意趣近乎一致时,才能彻底激起他们内心的购买欲,并将欲望付诸为行动去购买,从而为从事奢侈品经营的商家们带来一笔笔丰厚的利润,同时为企业塑造品牌形象。

1.3、价值观念差异的影响

价值观念是文化中最深层的一部分,是一个国家或民族在长期的发展过程中所形成的关于事物的判断标准和价值取向。由于中西方的历史发展过程不同,因此而造成了他们价值观念上的不同。比如,欧美国家更重视个人主义。而由于儒家思想长期对中国的影响,在中国,中庸之道、谦虚、不重竞争和团结等则更受重视。并且,中国人很重视“面子”。“面子”文化是中国人的传统价值观念之一。事实上,面子文化对中国人的日常生活消费行为有着极深的影响。很多中国消费者把奢侈品当作他们身份及品位的象征,并因此而产生购买行为。因此,译者在把奢侈品品牌翻译成中文时,要尽量使用能代表一定身份地位并具有积极语义的词语。比如,瑞士的手表品牌Piaget一直遵循着“精湛技术,时尚创作”的品牌风格,每一件作品中都将精湛的工艺与无限的创意融入其中,将腕表与珠宝的精湛工艺完美地结合在了一起。其中文译名为“伯爵”(欧洲国家对贵族的称乎),这既突出了该品牌高端的技术和时尚的创意,又会让消费者感觉到其浓浓的贵族韵味。这一译名牢牢地抓住了中国消费者在购买奢侈品时的心理,满足了他们的虚荣心,也将“伯爵”其成功地打入了中国人的“面子”市场,成为一张象征身份的“黄金名片”。

1.4、词语文化内涵差异的影响

语言既是人类社会所独有的一种文化现象,又是人类思维的工具和文化载体。因此,有些词语在中西方文化中蕴藏着迥异的文化内涵,能让人们联想到特殊的信息。例如,西方人对狗情有独钟,他们不但将狗视为宠物,还认为狗是人的忠实朋友,对狗倍加爱护。从英语的下列词汇中可以看出:“Heisaluckydog”(他是个幸运的人),“Lovemelovemydog”(爱屋及乌),“Everydoghashisday”(凡人皆有得意日),它们都含有褒义。而在中国传统的文化中,人们对狗是贬多褒少。在汉语词汇中也多含贬义,如“狗腿子”、“狼心狗肺”等,多表示“龌龊”、“厌恶”、“鄙视”等含义。在西方文化中有爱狗的传统,而中华民族则崇敬龙。比如,在中国就有“生龙活虎”、“龙腾虎跃”等这样的词汇,其中“龙”的含义都是褒义的。“龙”在我国历史上还曾被作为帝王的象征,而在西方文化里“龙”的含义恰恰相反,根据《圣经》里面的描述“,龙”是恶魔,是象征邪恶和恐怖的动物。法国的珠宝奢侈品牌Boucheron的中文译名宝诗龙就很好的诠释了其品牌风格“古典优雅、精细考究”,也是很好地利用了“龙”这一汉语词汇的文化内涵的一个典范,从而使中国消费者对该品牌一见钟情。德国汽车品牌BMW的中文译名“宝马”同样利用了词语的文化内涵。在中国文化中,宝马有日行千里之意,象征着该品牌车经久耐用。中国消费者很容易将汽车性能与宝马的特性联系在一起,从而爱上该品牌。再有,汽车品牌“Hummer”(“悍马”)也将中华文化的特点考虑在其品牌汉译中。“Hummer”的英语意思是“蜂鸟”。在西方文化中,蜂鸟的翅膀被视为需要一直不停的拍动才能飞行的物体,一旦停止煽动就会很快的死亡。因此被人们视为一种永不停歇、顽强不屈的崇高精神。但是,在中国的传统文化中,蜂鸟却没有西方的那种文化蕴含,自古以来就赋予“千里马”一种吃苦耐劳的高贵品格。根据汉英语言文化的差异,译者并没有把“Hummer”译为“蜂鸟”,而是巧妙地将其译成为“悍马”。“悍”字容括了其持久耐用的特点,而“马”字又会让中国消费者联想到驰骋千里的骏马。这样的译名既体现了该品牌浓厚的中国文化信息,也让其备受消费者的青睐。

二、奢侈品商标翻译原则

根据“功能对等”原则,为了消除文化差异从而准确地再现源语文化,译者在进行奢侈品商标翻译时要遵循以下原则:第一,努力创造出既能体现原文语义又展现原文文化特色的译作。由于不同的语言象征着不同的文化特点,译者要最大限度地将源语文化进行还原。第二,当意义和文化不能同时兼顾时,译者应优先舍弃形式对等。通过在译文中改变原文的方法对原文的语意和原文化特色的还原。第三,当形式的改变还是无法还原原文的意思或反映出其文化特质时,可以采用“重创”(实际就是将源语文章的文化内涵用译语的词汇来阐述和说明的一种翻译方法)的方式来解决文化上的差异,使源语和目的语达到意义层面上对等的效果。

三、结束语

在奢侈品商标的翻译中,中西方由于思维方式、审美意趣、价值观念和词语文化内涵等方面的不同而产生的文化差异是在所难免的,因此,译者想要跨越文化差异,使中国消费者接受并喜爱商标的译名,就必须依据文化差异进行适度的、灵活的调整来解决。根据尤金·奈达的功能对等理论,译者应力图实现最自然和贴切的文化信息对等,充分把握原语和目的语文化内涵。要实现这一点,就需要对中西方文化进行对比,从而了解文化上存在的差异并在翻译时进行调整,最终在目的语中找到对等的语言表达方式。

关键词:商标;音译;意译;移译;原则

引言

我国与世界各国的经贸往来日益活跃,越来越多的外国产品涌入国内市场,同时又有更多的国内产品打入世界市场。商标是企业宣传和推销产品的利器,也是消费者认识或购买商品的向导,其作用已为越来越多的企业所重视。因此研究商标的翻译方法,提高商标的翻译质量是极其重要的一环。笔者结合商标的特征及自己对商标翻译的研究,从实际的角度出发,对商标翻译适用的方法进行了进一步探讨。

一、翻译方法

1、来源于专有名词(如:“张小泉”剪刀、Philips 电器);

2、来源于普通名词(如:“海鸥”相机、“playboy ”服饰);3、来源于臆造词汇(如:“乐凯”胶卷)。对于第一类商标一般采用音译。如“Philips-菲利浦”;第二类则常用意译法,如“pearl –珍珠”;第三类可用音译也可用意译。以上方法只是一般规律,针对一个特定的商标到底应采用那一种译法,需根据具体情况及实际效果而定。大致来看,商标翻译可采用四种方法:

1、音译法(transliteration );

2、意译法(free translation );

3、音义结合法(combining transliteration and free translation);4移译法(transference )。

(一)音译法

音译法即根据译入词的发音规律将愿意的文字拼写出来的翻译方法。有相当一部分商标,尤其是专有名词和臆造词的商标往往是不具备任何语意的,而只是作为一个标识符号来用。在这种情况下,翻译主要不在传递名称本身的语意信息,而是创造赏心悦目的美感,再现原文的音韵之美,或体现商标所蕴涵的异国情调。要实现这一类翻译目的,用音译法当属一种较为恰当的选择。例如:“Audi”(汽车)、“Hilton”(香烟)、“Coca-Cola”(饮料)分别译为“奥迪”、“希尔顿”和“可口可乐”;国内产品“茅台”(酒)、“康佳”(电器)、“上菱”(电梯),则分别译成“Mao Tai”、“Konk”、“Shang Ling”。这些商标自身都不具备任何意义,意译不仅符合译入语的发音习惯,而且也符合作为商标应简洁明快的特征,不失为商标名称翻译的佳作。

(二)意译法

意译法是从意义出发,将原文的大意表达出来。用意译法有时会更加地体现商品的功能和品质。如国产的“皇朝”葡萄酒、“永久”自行车、“太阳神”口服液;进口的“Blue Ribbon”啤酒、“Crow”汽车、“International”收音机等等。对这类品牌的翻译若仍用音译法的话,不仅会大大破坏原文的意境美,难以达到原文吸引消费者的效果,而且还有可能因字数过多导致不便记忆。而使用意译则能有效再现原文的意境,同时又能避免译文冗长的问题,是一种更为可行的翻译方法。例如美国一种香烟商标“Good Companion ”,若意译为“良友”,则简洁并使人产生亲切感。中国商标也是同样道理。

(三)音、意译结合法

对于原无实际意义的商标,按照译入语的发音规律进行音译,同时在措辞上又能考虑到译入语的文化和消费者的心理接受特点,富裕译文一定的实际意义,从而在内容和形式上做到了音义兼顾,这种音译意译结合的方法是商标翻译中又较为理想的选择。因为这不仅从形式上再现原名称的发音美,在内容上也能体现产品的特征。

(四)移译法

移译法是将原文原封不动地移到译文中去。相对于前面提到的几种译法,这应是最简单的一种。在英语中,某些商标是由企业名称、产品名称或产品构成成分等词语构成,因为名称过长不符合商标特征而取其首字母缩略形式。在汉语中若取原文的音译或意译,会同样出现名称过长的问题。在此情况下,用移译法不失为解决问题的良策。

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