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毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !
today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.
the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能，恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场，开启话题，可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读!
英语议论文范文篇1
My opinion on copying others' homework
It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.
In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the school.We should be honest and work hard to get high scores.If we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.
英语议论文范文篇2
Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.
If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.
英语议论文范文篇3
In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the lake.Behind him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s bucket.It is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.
They copy them without the fear that they might be caught.For a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.
So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.
翻译
在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼，在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然，作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行，有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。
他们抄袭他人作品，不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少，现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格，而且污染学术风气，它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延，破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是，这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。
“毕业论文”的英文：Graduation Dissertation
Dissertation 读法 英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n] 美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]
n. 论文，专题；学术演讲
短语：
1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文
2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文
3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文
4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会
5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目
词义辨析：
article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
2、paper 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
3、dissertation 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
5、prose 专指散文。
6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
例句：
1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.
毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。
2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation
关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。
毕业论文致谢词范文（英文版）
论文致谢词英文一:
I would like to extend my deep gratitude to all those who have offered mepractical, cordial and selfless support in writing this thesis.
Firstly, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Wang Baorong. He guidesme, influences me and helps me in the process of writing this thesis. It is with hispatience, generosity, and encouragement that I finally write, revise and perfect mythesis.
Secondly, I am much obliged to all teachers who ever taught me during the yearsof my postgraduate studies, esp. Prof. Li Changbao, associate Prof. Shao Youxue,associate Prof. Ceng Qunxia, associate Prof. Chen Xianghong and associate Prof.
Teng Chao. It is these distinguished professors who give me the opportunity to walkinto the academic world. To study with them will always be an honor for me and theirinstructions will follow me in my future studies.
Thirdly, my dear friend, Bao Yizong, who has worked in the audio-visual fieldfor more than three years, has also offered me great help. Based on his real experience,I can really catch a glimpse of the subtitling process and subtitlers' workingenvironment, which paves way for an accurate and pragmatic study of Red Sorghum'sEnglish subtitles.
Lastly, I also want to thank my family members, esp. my wife and my lovelydaughter. It is their understanding and patience that make this thesis possible.
论文致谢词英文二:
The completion of the thesis is attributed to many people's support andencouragement.
First and foremost, I want to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor,Professor Cao Daogen, whose patient guidance, valuable suggestions and constantencouragement make me successfully complete this thesis. His conscientious academicspirit and modest, open-minded personality inspire me both in academic study and dailylife. He gives me much help and advice during the whole process of my writing, whichhas made my accomplishments possible.
Also, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the professors who havetaught me in this university. Their instructions have helped broaden my horizon andtheir enlightening teaching has provided me with a solid foundation to accomplish thispaper and will always be of great value for my future career and academic research.
My thanks also go to the authors whose books and articles have given meinspiration in the writing of this paper.
Last but not least, I would like to express my special thanks to my parents, whosecare and support motivate me to move on and make me want to be a better person.
论文致谢词英文三:
Upon finishing this thesis, I would like to express my great gratitude towards allthose who have offered me sincere assistance in the three years.
First and foremost, my hearty thanks go to my supervisor, Professor ZhangRuwen, who has given me insightful suggestions and constant encouragement both inmy study and in my life. Furthermore, Professor Zhang's painstaking teaching andvaluable advice have profoundly contributed to the completion of the present thesis.
Also, I own my thanks to all the professors who have taught and enlightening meduring my studies in the campus, for guiding me in the field of research work, whichis both challenging and fantastic. The experience and profit I obtained will be ofgrand importance to my further studies.
Finally, I am also grateful to my family and friends, who encourage and supportme and share with me my worries, frustrations, and happiness.
你是想写什么类型的呢？我遇到很多英语专业的同学，发的不是语言研究就是教学研究的论文，语言语法类的可以去参考下现代语言学期刊，教学类的可以参考创新教育研究期刊，总的来说就是，想找什么类型的就去对应的期刊找文献
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms
（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）
（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）
【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）
【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese
（英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）
1. Introduction
(顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)
In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to
focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms
of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression
(Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999).
(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)
1.1.2…。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a),
(b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）
Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following
examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):
(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.
(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose
it.
….
3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese
idioms
… (i) ….
….
(ii) ….
….
4. Conclusion
….
Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New
York: OUP, 1981.
常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。
（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；1.5倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流；在国际学术刊物上发表，在国际上共享科研成果，英语论文也是达到学术交流的目的；另外英语论文还包括英语相关专业人员必要地用英语撰写学术报告或毕业论文等等。不同的学科或专业领域、不同的刊物对英语论文的内容、格式等有不同的要求，不同领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上既有许多共性，也不乏各自特点。
格式：
York: OUP, 1981.
标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。
就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。
提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，1.5倍行间距。
4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
每个关键词使用四号字
正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
参考资料：百度百科-英语论文
学术堂整理了十五个好写的英语论文题目，供大家进行参考：1. 试论简奥斯汀生活对其小说的影响 (On the Impact of Jane Austen’s Life on Her Novels)2. “真实的诺言”与传统文化的碰撞——简析“真人秀”的实质和本地化过程 (When True Lies Challenge Tradition—An Analysis of the Reality and Localization of Reality TV)3. 从台湾问题看中美关系 (The Sino-US Relation—The Taiwan Issue)4.《傲慢与偏见》的生命力 (The Great Vitality of Pride and Prejudice)5. 平凡中的不平凡——《傲慢与偏见》(Significance in Commonplace—Pride and Prejudice)6. 萨皮尔沃夫理论 (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)7. 论格里高尔的悲剧 (An Analysis of Gregor’s Tragedy)8. 对大学生心理健康问题予更多关注 (More Attention to the Psychological Health of College Students)9. 文体学: 语言学习的科学 (Stylistics: A Scientific Approach)10. 佛教在西方 (Buddhism in the West)11. 非语言交际 (Nonverbal Communication)12. 国际反恐 (International Anti-Terrorism)13. 全球资金市场近期特征与走向 (The Character and Tendency of Global Capital Market in Recent Decades)14. 从《老人与海》中桑堤亚哥的性格可知——人是打不败的 (A Man Cannot Be Defeated—From the Character of Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea)15. 南方的失落 (The Loss of the South)
如何有效记忆英语单词,词汇？ 摘要：新英语课程的目标是提高学生的学习兴趣和积极性,因此在教学活动中,教师应该用不同的方法创造学习情境、激发学生的学习兴趣,从而提高学习效率。关键词：兴趣；词汇；情境；记忆。英语单词学习是整个英语学习的基础，每个小小的英语单词结合起来就组成了句子，多个句子构成整篇文章。学习英语最难的是单词的记忆。对于大部分学生来说，记忆单词没有什么好方法，只会死记硬背，机械地记忆单词的每个字母，这样不但记得不熟，而且还很容易忘记。 总之，在传统教学活动中，单词记忆采用的往往是读、背、写这种机械的记忆方法。读单词，背单词，写单词成为记忆的主要手段。所以，如何采用行之有效的记忆方法提高学生的单词记忆效果，一直是英语教师探索的焦点。 笔者认为通过老师和学生的共同努力，让英语课变得有趣，让学生在自我需要中学习英语，可以通过以下几个方面得以实现： 一、设最佳心理状态 1.要激起强烈的记忆欲望 首先要明确记忆目标。在自己想要记住某些单词之前，最好怀着强烈的记忆欲望，并赋予那些单词特殊的意义和价值。笔者曾做过这样的实验：在两个水平相当的班里同样要求学生用15分钟识记50个同样单词，但只对其中一个班说，15分钟之后要进行测试，选拔前10名在学校期中总结大会上表彰，并拍照放在学校橱窗里宣传，希望同学认真准备。实验结果如下：事先说过测试的班级，15分钟后能记住86%，3小时仍能记住60%；而另一个班效果却不佳，15分钟后只能记住50%，3小时仅能记住22%，两班成绩差距显著！ 2.要促成稳定的愉悦心情 如上述实验中，作实验的那个班，当笔者宣布，他们英语测试成绩比对比班高出36分而获胜时，全体同学欢呼雀跃。紧接着笔者又公布了前10名获奖名单，并对他们进行了表彰，使课堂气氛走向高潮。临下课，笔者对当堂内容进行了测试，90分以上的有56人，占80%，是有史以来最好的课堂效果之一。课后，笔者在教后记里写下了这样的反思：这节课取得了令人满意的效果，我认为最主要的原因是学生受到适当的表扬和激励后，心情十分舒畅，精神放松，记忆通道畅通，形成记忆的最佳契机，记忆痕迹保持相对持久。作为教师应该努力创设教学情景，促成稳定的愉悦心情，促成学生最佳记忆状态的形成。 3.要树立强烈的自信心和成功感 现代教育心理学认为，一个人的成才与否，其智力因素和非智力因素都起至关重要的作用！而自信心又是非智力因素中极为重要的方面。如果学生认为学习外语很困难，那就真地会感到困难。但是，如果他充分认识了词汇在英语学习中的重要作用，坚信自己有非凡的语言才能和坚强的毅力，坚信困难只是暂时的，积极努力，百折不挠，就会使学习外语变得更加容易。 二、使用实物、图片、CAI等直观教学手段 文具、水果、食物、饮料、日常生活用品，这些单词都是可以用实物来呈现、操练的。就连动物，也可以将相关毛绒玩具带入课堂。遇到不便或不易带进课堂的物体，可采用图片进行教学，如plane、train、bookcase、table、cupboard等。如果一时找不到图片，也可以运用简单易行的简笔画，直接在黑板上画，边画边呈现，边画边操练。随着现代信息教育技术的广泛应用，多媒体辅助教学（CAI）越来越多地走进了英语课堂。CAI画面优美，音乐动听，能填补实物、图片的不足。特别在教学一些表示地点的单词，如zoo，park，supermarket，library，bedroom，sitting-room等时，它就比图片具有更多的信息量，更为学生所喜闻乐见。形象直观的实物、图片、CAI，生动活泼，视听结合，容易使学生加深印象，强化记忆，充分激发了学生的学习热情和学习兴趣。 三、动态课堂，寻找更多的精彩源泉 1.将学生崇拜的明星引入课堂 英语教学要善于利用中学生的心理特点来激发他们学习词汇的兴趣。这个年龄段的学生对成功所带来的美丽光环充满想象,他们热捧明星,视明星为偶像。笔者据此设计组织了课堂活动 Athletes and sports。这些体育明星们再次唤起了学生学习运动名称的兴趣和热情，学生饶有兴趣地学习刘翔所从事的hurdle race，田亮的diving，泰森的boxing，刘璇的gymnastics和舒马赫的rally等。 2.将音乐与课堂相结合 笔者在初二英语课中也作了一个教学实验，用一节课的时间教给学生一首英文歌曲“我心永恒”（美国影片《泰坦尼克号》主题曲）。这首旋律优美、节奏鲜明而又抒情味十足的英文歌曲，学生很快就学会了。学生就是在唱歌、感受音乐美的同时，牢牢记住了“heart”、“will”“go on”“forever”（心、将、继续、永远）等陌生单词。直到第三天、第四天以及以后的随时提问，学生都能迅速准确地书写出来。且大部分的同学对一些结构较为复杂、用法意义较为宽泛的短语也能准确默写、听写。单词掌握程度之深，让人惊叹。 四、在游戏中记忆单词 在单词记忆时应引入各种游戏，不仅能有效地调节英语学习的气氛，激发学生的学习爱好，还能促使学生以积极的心态，在活动中主动地记忆单词。 1.单词接龙游戏：多人合作，首先由任意一个学生说出一个单词，下一个学生说出的单词的第一个字母必须是上一个学生所说单词的尾字母，如此循环下去，不能重复同一个词，如有人在规定的时间内未说出单词，则被淘汰，剩下的学生继续游戏，谁坚持到最后谁就是获胜者。如：car—read—do—one—eat—ten—name--evening—game—English… 2.改头换拆词游戏：如多变的天气，用weather这七个字母能拼出多少个学过的单词？ we/eat/at/tea/the/he/her/here/there/tree /are/where/hear/heart/what/water… 3.改头换面游戏：即在一个单词中增加、减少或改变一个字母使之成为一个新词。如：of—off/if，us—as/bus，know--now/known/knew，hair—chair/air，look—book/cook… 对于习惯机械记忆的学生，教师教学的主要任务是使学生通过思维去理解所学的内容，使所教内容在学生头脑中建立起多方面的联系。大量的日常经验和实验研究都证实，只有理解了的，有系统的知识，才能长久地保持在记忆中，并在需要时很快地提取出来。 所以，在教学中，教师可引导学生在理解中识记或识记时给材料人为地建立一些联系，这样的课堂是精彩的。在这样的课堂上，学生获得了多方面的满足和发展，教师的劳动也闪耀着智慧的光芒，师生都感觉到生命活力的涌动，这才是我们教学的理想境界。英语对照：How to effectively remember English words, vocabulary? Abstract: The new English curriculum aims to improve student interest in learning and motivation, so in teaching activities, teachers should use different methods to create learning contexts to stimulate students interest in learning, to enhance learning efficiency. Keywords: interest; vocabulary; situation; memory. English words to learn the entire English language learning, and each combination of a small English words on the formation of a sentence, multiple sentences constitute the entire article. The hardest part is learning English words of memory. For most students, there is no good way to remember the word, only by rote, mechanical memory word for each letter, so remember not only unfamiliar, and very easy to forget. In short, in the traditional teaching activities, the word is often used in memory reading, back, write the memory of this mechanical method. Read the word, back the word, write the word as the primary means of memory. Therefore, the memory of how to adopt effective means to enhance student word memory effect, has been the focus of English language teachers to explore. I believe that through the joint efforts of teachers and students, so that English classes more interesting for students to learn English in the self-needs can be achieved through the following areas: 1, let the best state of mind 1. To provoke a strong memories of desire First, goals must be clear memory. Want to remember certain words in their own before, the best memories with keen desire, and give those words a special meaning and value. I have done this experiment: in two comparable level of class also requires students to use the same 15 minutes memorizing 50 words, but only on one class, said 15 minutes later to test and selection of the top 10 in school Summary of the General Assembly on the recognition period, and took photos on the school windows publicity, wants them to make earnest preparations. The results are as follows: pre-mentioned test classes, after 15 minutes can remember 86%, 3 hours can still remember the 60%; while the other classes the result was not good, after 15 minutes only remember 50%, 3 hours Remember that only 22%, a significant gap between the two classes results! 2. To promote the joy of a stable mood As mentioned above experiment, for experiments that class, when I announced that their English test scores 36 points higher than the comparison class and won, all the students cheered. Then I also announced the top 10 list of winners, and they were recognized, so that the classroom atmosphere reach new heights. Pro class is, the author of the content when the Church has been tested, 90 points more than 56 people, accounting for 80%, a record for one of the best classroom results. After the lesson, where I teach postscript written such a reflection: This lesson has achieved satisfactory results, I think the main reason is that students are subject to the appropriate recognition and incentives, the mood is very relaxed, mental relaxation, memory the access to the best opportunity for the formation of memory, the memory trace remained relatively durable. As a teacher should strive to create teaching situations, to promote stability in the joy of feeling led to the formation of students in the state of the best memories. 3. We must establish a strong sense of self-confidence and success Modern educational psychology that a person's talent or not, its intellectual factors and non-intellectual factors have played a vital role! The self-confidence of non-intellectual factors also extremely important aspect. If students believe that learning a foreign language is difficult, it really will feel difficult. However, if he was fully aware of the vocabulary in English to learn the important role of faith in their own language of extraordinary talent and strong determination, convinced that the difficulties are temporary, positive efforts, indomitable will to make learning a foreign language easier. Second, the use of real objects and pictures, CAI and other visual means of teaching Stationery, fruit, food, beverages, daily necessities, these can all be used kind words to witness a training session. Even animals can also be related to plush toys into the classroom. Inconvenient or difficult experience into the classroom objects, images can be used for teaching, such as plane, train, bookcase, table, cupboard and so on. If you can not find pictures, you can also use a simple stick figure, directly on the blackboard painting, while painting while present, while painting while drilling. With modern information technology, education, the extensive application of multimedia-aided instruction (CAI) more and more into the English classroom. CAI beautiful pictures, music and sounds, to fill the physical, pictures deficiencies. Sites, especially in the teaching of some that the word, such as the zoo, park, supermarket, library, bedroom, sitting-room, etc., it has more informative than pictures, more loved by the students. Visual image of the physical, pictures, CAI, lively, audio-visual combination is easy for the students to a deeper impression, enhance memory, fully inspired the students enthusiasm and interest in learning. 3, dynamic classroom, looking for more exciting source of 1. The worship of the star into the classroom of students English teaching should be good at the use of the psychological characteristics of middle school students to stimulate their interest in learning vocabulary. This age the success of students brought a beautiful ring is full of imagination, they are sought-star, depending on the stars as their idols. Accordingly, the author organized classroom activities designed to Athletes and sports. These sports stars are once again aroused the students to learn the name of sports interest and enthusiasm, the students learn with interest Liu Xiang is engaged hurdle race, Tian Liang's diving, Tyson's boxing, Liu Xuan's gymnastics and Schumacher's rally, etc. . 2. The combination of music and the classroom In the second year I also made an English class teaching experiment, using the time to teach a lesson to the students an English song "My Heart Will Go On" (American film "Titanic" theme song). This is a wonderful melody, rhythm and lyrical yet distinct flavor of the English song, the students soon learned it. Student is singing, feel the music and at the same time, firmly remember the "heart", "will" "go on" "forever" (mind, will continue forever) and other unfamiliar words. Until the third day, fourth day and at any time after the questions, students could write them quickly and accurately. Most of the students and some of the more complex the structure, usage, the meaning of the phrase can also be more broad and accurate dictation, dictation. Grasp the extent of the depth of the word, amazing. Fourth, remember the word in the game Memory should be a word of introduction of various games, not only can effectively adjust the atmosphere of learning English to inspire love of learning, but also encourage students to adopt a positive attitude, take the initiative in the activity memory of words. 1. Word word games: Multiplayer co-operation, first of all by any one student to say a word, the next students to elaborate on the first letter of the word must be said, a student on the end of the letter word, and so on down, could not repeat the same a word, if a person does not speak within the time prescribed words, were eliminated, the remaining students to continue the game, who stick to the end who is the winner. Such as: car-read-do-one-eat-ten-name - evening-game-English ... 2. To change the first word game for demolition: If the changeable weather, with the weather these seven letters to spell out the number of learned words? we / eat / at / tea / the / he / her / here / there / tree / are / where / hear / heart / what / water ... 3. A face-lift game: namely, that a word in the increase, decrease or change one letter to become a new word. Such as: of-off/if, us-as/bus, know--now/known/knew, hair-chair/air, look-book/cook ... For the habit of mechanical memory, students, teachers, teaching main task is to enable students to understand what they have learned by thinking about the content, so that the content taught in the minds of students to establish numerous contacts. A large number of everyday experience and experimental studies have confirmed that only understand, there are systems of knowledge, in order to maintain the long-term memory, and, if necessary quickly extracted. So, in teaching, teachers can guide students in understanding or memorizing memorizing material, when to artificially set up some links, such a classroom is wonderful. In this classroom, students receive a wide range of satisfaction and development, and teacher's labor is also shining light of wisdom, teachers and students feel the vitality of the surging, and this is our ideal of teaching.
幼儿英语教学过程，是一个循序渐进的过程，应掌握好合理科学的方式方法。一、活动设计要科学幼儿园的英语活动设计应做到游戏多、要求少，重复多、内容少。3-6岁的幼儿正处于学习语言的扩展阶段。有的专家指出：3-6岁的儿童，相当容易学会世界民族语言的发音。可以说，幼儿在学习外来语言上有比较好的先天条件，孩子们很容易接受新的单词。但是幼儿由于其特定的年龄特点，学习英语也存在一些困难因素：如注意力时间短，喜欢重复，理解和接受能力较差等。根据幼儿的这些特点，我注意从实际出发，精心设计英语活动。例如：在第一次的英语活动中，我将apple和A作为教学内容，让孩子们的触觉(摸)、嗅觉(闻)、味觉(尝)等多感官参与学习，并让每个孩子上来做"送apple宝宝回家"的游戏，使每个孩子都能练习和重复apple这个单词和发音，我也能为他们个别纠正发音。最后结合短小易学的儿歌(apple黄、apple红、apple圆、apple啧、啧、啧、甜)。一方面让幼儿熟悉apple的发音，另一方面也让他们进一步感知apple的特点。活动下来，孩子们兴趣很高，而且很轻松得就把apple这个词学会、记牢了。二、要妙用童谣在英语教学中，我发现让孩子听歌谣、说韵文，在说说唱唱中学英文，是一种非常有趣和有效的学习方法。首先，悦耳的音乐、生动的画面，具有强烈的感染力，符合幼儿思维水平。实践证明，极富特色的韵诗、歌谣及儿歌，旋律好听、简单易学，既能够吸引儿童的注意，有能适宜儿童的喜好。所以，用有节奏的音乐方式来教学，能增加语言的多样化和新鲜感，给孩子创造活泼欢快的语言学习环境。其次，歌曲童谣大都可以配合手指及肢体动作，不但能增加趣味性，而且也符合孩子爱动及爱玩的心理。更重要的是，运用肢体动作可以帮助孩记忆和理解，对语言学习有事半功倍的效果。如，孩子在学习bird(小鸟)时，边学小鸟飞边念儿歌"bird、bird飞飞"，学习elephant(大象)时，边学大象走边念儿歌"elephant，elephant走走"。第三、学习歌谣韵文不需要具备该语言的基础。小朋友们由歌谣的引导进入英文世界，只要常练习，能琅琅上口，就会有自信及成就感，对学英文更加起劲。特别是幼儿园新班的孩子，他们第一次接触英语时，新鲜感和想学英语的欲望较强，能很快得学会唱一些英语儿歌。
英语启蒙课程1-10岁链接: 提取码: a8mg据研究发现人类感知语音语感的神经中枢在9-10岁之间达到活跃巅峰，所以孩子越早学语言越好。希望英语早教资源能帮到你和你的孩子
药学学报英文版是SCI収载的，IF大约6左右
药学学报英文版不是水刊。
《药学学报》创刊于1953年，是由中国科学技术协会主管、中国药学会、中国医学科学院药物研究所主办的医学核心期刊。
据2018年5月《药学学报》编辑部官网显示，《中文信息学报》编辑委员会拥有编辑182人。
影响因子
据2018年5月24日中国知网显示，《药学学报》总被下载2307247次、总被引130683次、（2017版）复合影响因子为1.427、（2017版）综合影响因子为1.035。
据2018年5月24日万方数据知识服务平台显示，《药学学报》被引量为43555次，下载量为182530次；据2015年中国期刊引证报告（扩刊版）数据显示，《药学学报》影响因子为1.27，在全部统计源期刊（6735种）中排第615名，在药学（72种）中排第7名。
一 投稿要求1.1《首都医科大学学报》主要刊发基础医学、临床医学、预防医学、药学等领域的新成果、新技术、新经验。1.2 来稿应具先进性、新颖性和科学性，要求资料真实、数据可靠、论点明确、结构严谨，文字通顺、精炼，标点符号准确。1.3 本刊现已采用网上稿件采编系统，作者需登陆进行投稿。首次投稿需先注册，然后按提示步骤投送稿件。本刊实行双盲审稿制，投稿时请勿将作者信息（作者姓名和单位、第一作者简介、通讯作者、通讯地址、电话、E-mail及基金项目等）列入文稿中。网上投稿后，请邮寄1份纸质稿（题名页与正文页均需用A4纸小四号字隔行打印）、第一作者单位介绍信（注明材料真实可靠，无一稿多投和无科研机密资料泄密）、《著作权专有许可使用授权书》及50元稿件审稿费。不符合上述要求的，本刊将不予受理。1.4 请为本刊推荐2～4 名可以评审所投稿件的审稿专家，并注明专家的研究方向、职称、联系方式（包括联系电话、E-mail、邮寄地址、邮编）等。1.5 编辑部收到稿件后，3个月内通知作者是否录用。若超过3个月尚未收到通知，可向编辑部查询或撤稿另投他刊。切勿一稿两投。一旦发现一稿两投，将立即退稿；而一旦发现一稿两用，本刊将刊登该文系重复发表的声明，并在两年内拒绝以第一作者身份的任何来稿。1.6 来稿一律文责自负。根据《著作权法》，本刊对决定刊用的文稿可作文字修改、删节，凡有涉及原意的修改，则提请作者考虑。如不同意本刊对文稿进行删改请事先声明。修改稿逾2个月不返回本编辑部而事先未申明原因者，视作自动撤稿。1.7 著作权让与条款1)投稿著作所有列名作者皆同意所投文章经本刊刊登后，其著作财产权即让与给本刊，但作者仍保有著作人身权，并保有本著作未来自行集结、教学等个人使用之权利。2)作者于交付稿件时，除相关文件外，另需缴交《著作权专有许可使用授权书》正本，列名作者均需签名。作者可来编辑部索取或登录本刊网站下载《著作权专有许可使用授权书》。1.8 本刊被国内外多家权威数据库和文摘杂志列为固定收录刊源，或摘要转载，或全文上网，或全文进入光盘版杂志，作者来稿时如无特别声明，即视为同意纳入这些信息服务系统，以提供信息服务，进行国内外学术交流。1.9 稿件决定刊用后根据所占版面收取版面费，刊出后酌致稿酬，另赠当期学报2 本。来稿请自留底稿，不拟刊用的稿件不退还作者。1.10 本刊通信地址及联系方式：北京右安门外西头条10号 首都医科大学学报编辑部 邮政编码：100069.二 撰稿要求2.1 文字和术语 文稿力求主题明确，层次清楚，文字精炼紧凑。论著和综述篇幅一般在3 000～5 000字，不超过6 000字；个案报告不超过1 500字。名词术语以全国科学技术名词审定委员会公布的名词为准，药名以国家卫生部药典委员会公布的《中国药品通用名称》为准。新译名词应附外文。题名一般不用缩略语，正文及摘要中的缩略语，应于首次出现处写出全称并加括号。公认通用缩略语可直接应用，如DNA，HBsAg，ATP，NO，CO2，IgG，PCR，ECG等。2.2 文题 应鲜明而有特色，能准确反映文章的特定内容，不用副标题。勿用阿拉伯数字开头，勿用“……的研究”，“……的观察”等。勿用非公知的缩略词、缩写字符和代号等。中文题名一般不超过20个汉字；英文题名应与中文题名含义一致，一般不超过10个实词。2.3 作者和单位 作者姓名写在题名下，排序应在投稿时确定，在编排过程中不应再作更改。作者应是：(1)参与选题和设计，或参与资料的分析和解释者；(2)起草或修改论文中关键性理论或其他主要内容者；(3)能对编辑部的修改意见进行核修，在学术上进行答辩，并最终同意该文发表者。以上3条均需具备。作者中若有外籍作者，应附其本人同意的书面材料。作者单位需写全称，并注明城市和邮政编码。如作者单位为两个或两个以上者，在每一位作者姓名的右上角标注序号，单位全称前标上相同序号。汉语拼音署名姓前（首字母大写）名后（首字母大写），双名连写。作者单位中英文对照，详细到科室。提供第一作者简介，包括姓名（出生年-）、民族（汉族略）、籍贯、职称、主要从事哪方面的研究等。用星号（*）标注通讯作者，并提供其E-mail。2.4 基金资助项目标注 如属国家、部、省、市、校级科研基金资助的课题，请在首页地脚线处用中英文注明基金项目名称和编号。2.5 摘要 个案报告无需附摘要，其余文稿均需附中英文摘要。中英文摘要文意不要求一致，英文摘要可详细些，以500-600字为宜，应为报道性、能独立成文。非公知缩略词首次出现时应写出其全称。摘要为结构式，一般分目的（Objective）、方法（Methods）、结果（Results）和结论（Conclusion）4个部分。2.6 关键词 所有文稿均需标引关键词。关键词标引应从Medical Subject Headings(MeSH)词表中选用规范词。中医药参照《中国中医药主题词表》选用。未被收录的词如确有必要也可作为关键词标注。关键词间用分号“；”分隔。关键词数目一般为3～8个。2.7 中图分类号 应按《中国图书馆分类法（第4版）》标注。可选1～3个，主分类号排前，其间用分号“；”分隔。2.8 研究设计 当研究对象为人时，作者应说明研究方案是否符合人体试验伦理学标准，并得到伦理委员会的批准，受试者在受试前是否知情同意，获口头同意还是书面同意？调查设计应交代是前瞻性、回顾性还是横断面调查研究；实验设计应交代具体的设计类型，如属于自身配对设计、成组设计、交叉设计、析因设计或正交设计等；临床试验设计应交代属于第几期临床试验、采用了何种盲法措施、受试对象的纳入和剔除标准等。应交代如何控制重要的非试验因素的干扰和影响。2.9 统计学处理 文章中应写明所用统计分析软件及版本号，应提供所用统计分析方法的具体名称（如成组设计资料的t检验、两因素析因设计资料的方差分析等）和统计量的具体值和P值（如t=3.45，P < 0.01）；当涉及到对总体参数的推断时，还应给出95%可信区间。对于定量资料，一般应采用 ±S方式表达，并根据所采用的设计类型、资料所具备的条件和分析目的，选用合适的统计分析方法，成组资料比较常用t检验，多组资料比较应采用方差分析，偏态资料可采用秩和检验，定性资料常用X2检验。散点图上描述有明显曲线变化趋势的资料则要避免用直线回归方程。不宜用相关分析说明两种监测方法之间吻合程度的高低。对于多因素、多指标资料，在单因素分析的基础上，尽可能运用多因素统计分析方法，以便对因素之间的交互作用和多指标之间的内在联系作出较为合理的解释。使用相对数时，分母不宜小于30。要注意区分百分率与百分比的涵义。统计学符号按GB 3358-82《统计学名词及符号》的有关规定书写，一律用斜体。2.10 正文层次结构 文稿标题层次用阿拉伯数字分级编号，如一级标题用1……，二级标题用1.1……，余类推。通常设二至三级，不超过四级。文内标题力求简短，一般不超过15个字。1） 引言 简明扼要地说明本课题的背景、研究理由、目的、方法和意义。一般不超过250字。不应与摘要及讨论部分的内容重复。2） 材料与方法 分级标题为一级。应翔实、具体，使他人有重复验证的可能性。动物应说明品种、雌雄、年龄、体质量等；患者应说明性别、年龄、诊断及其标准等；关键性的试剂、药品和测试仪器，应说明品种、规格、型号和来源。中药处方必须全部列出。一般方法可引文献，如有创新或改进，则应具体描述。此外还应具体交代实验设计（包括统计学设计）的方法。3） 结果 分级标题为一级，应真实、准确地表达研究所获得的数据。可用文字、图或表表达，但三者不应重复。所有数据需经统计学处理，具体写出描述性统计量、检验性统计量和P值。不引证他人资料，不展开讨论，仅强调或概述重要的观察结果。4） 讨论 分级标题为一级。讨论内容应简洁明了，重点突出，必须紧扣研究目的，围绕结果进行深入分析，揭示事物的本质、意义，并与前人有关的结果进行比较论证，作出恰如其分、有资料依据的客观结论。2.11 图和表 应少而精，应有“自明性”，即只看图、图题，不阅正文就可理解图意。图和表不要重复同一数据。图和表均随文行。图像应清晰，照片应反差好，组织形态学图片一律用彩色照片。将中英文图序、图题和图注置于图下方。组织照片应注明染色方法和放大倍数。图的电子版要求：每单张图的分辨率≥300，图（包括标目）的宽度≥8 cm（单栏）或17 cm（双栏），高度≥5cm。表应采用三线表（不用端线、纵线和斜线，必要时可加辅助线）。表序和表题居中置于表上方。表序、表题、表内内容及表注均中英文对照。2.12 计量单位 文稿应严格执行国务院《关于在我国统一实行法定计量单位的命令》，全面贯彻国家标准GB3 100～3 102-1993《量和单位》的规定，正确使用量和单位的名称与符号。 凡有单位符号者应使用符号，如 天（d），小时（h），分（min），秒（s），升（L）等；国际单位制中单位名称来源于科学家姓氏时，其第一个字母应大写，如：帕（斯卡）、焦（耳）、瓦（特）……（Pa，J，W…）；单位符号一律用正体字母；选用合适的词头使量的数值处于0.1～1 000之间，分子分母不应同时用词头，如5 μg/mL应改为5 mg/L。2.13 统计学符号 按国家标准GB 3 35882《统计学名词及符号》的有关规定书写，常用如下：样本大小用“n”；标本的算术平均数用 表示（中位数仍用M）；标准差用s；标准误用 ±s；t检验和F检验分别用英文小写“t”和英文大写“F”；卡方检验用希文小写χ2；相关系数用r；自由度用希文小写ν（钮）；概率用英文大写P。以上符号均用斜体。2.14 数字 凡使用阿拉伯数字得体的地方，均应使用阿拉伯数字，如公历世纪、年代、年、月、日及时刻等。年份不能简写。如“1999年”不能简写为“99年”。迄数的表示，如：三万到五万应写成“3万～5万”；不能写成“3～5万”；50%～80%不能写成50～80%；3×105～5×105，不能写成3～5×105。偏差范围：如（25±1）?℃也可写成25 ℃±1 ℃，但不能写成25±1 ℃。表示物体（如肿块、皮瓣）的体积、面积，如：长10 cm，宽5 cm，高3 cm，应写成10 cm×5 cm×3 cm，不应写成10×5×3 cm或10×5×3 cm3。数值的修约不能采用“四舍五入”法则，应为“4舍6入5看后”，5后有数进上去，5后为零看左数，左数奇进偶舍弃。2.15 致谢 是对本课题有一定贡献如对文稿作过修改、提供样品、协助实验、帮助制图、制表、统计及提供课题资金资助等相关的人或机构表示感谢。要求文字简练，评价恰当，用语准确。致谢置于正文之后，参考文献之前。2.16 参考文献 应按其在正文中出现的顺序依次编序。编号标准在文献作者姓名之后或引文内容之后。参考文献引用要充分。正在印刷或即将付印的文章引用时，应在刊名后注明“（印刷中）”或“（in press）”，一旦发表应及时补齐“年，卷（期）：起?止页码”。文后参考文献的著录项目应齐全，文献作者3名以内全部列出，4名以上则列前3名，其后加“等”或“et al.”； 姓在前，名缩写在后，作者名之间用“，”分开。期刊名缩写参照“Chemical Abstract Service Source Index”(CASSI)。每条参考文献文题后加文献类型标识： (普通图书：M，会议录：C，汇编：G，报纸：N，期刊：J，学位论文：D，报告：R，标准：S，专利：P)。电子文献类型标识是由[文献类型标识/载体类型标识]组成。电子文献类型标识：数据库(DB)，计算机程序(CP)，电子公告(EB)；载体类型标识：磁带(MT)，磁盘(DK)，光盘(CD)，联机网络(OL)。如[DB/OL]——联机网上数据库，[M/CD]——光盘图书。参考文献著录示例（请注意单词的大小写和正斜体的规则）(1) 期刊：[序号]作者.文献标题[J].刊名，年，卷：起止页码.[1A] 孙家邦,朱斌,张键. 暴发性胰腺炎诊治关键探讨[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2003, 23:53-55.[1B]Takenaka K, Sakai H, Yamakawa H,et al . Polymorphism of the endoglin gene in patients with intracranial saccular aneurysms[J]. J Neurosurg, 1999 ,90:935-938.(2) 著作：[序号]作者.书名[M].出版城市：出版社，出版年：起止页码.[2] Jackson RP. Jackson sacral fixation and contoured spinal correction technique[M]. Margulies JY, ed. Lum?bosaral and spinopelvic fixation. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven Publishers, 1996.367-379.(3) 论文集：[序号]论文作者.论文题名[C] // 论文集名. 出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码.[3] Blaze M, Feigenbaum J, Ioannidis J, et al. The role of trust management in distributed systems security[C]// Secure Internet Programming: Issues for Mobile and Distributed Objects. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999: 167-173.(4) 学位论文：[序号]作者.论文名[D].保存地（城市名）：保存单位，年份.[4] 马向娟.成人急性早幼粒细胞白血病治疗方案与疗效分析[D]. 北京：北京大学,2007.(5) 专利：[序号]专利所有者.专利名称：专利国别，专利号[P].公告日期或公开日期.[5] 刘加林．多功能一次性压舌板：中国，92214985.2[P]．1993-04-14．(6) 电子文献：[序号]主要责任者.题名[EB/OL].(出版日期)[引用日期]. 获取和访问路径.[6] 萧玉. 出版业信息化迈入快车道[EB/OL]. (2001-12-19) [2002-04-15].