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The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.
填补我国注册内部控制师专业人才空白之作——引进版《国际注册内部控制师通用知识与技能指南》策划出版有感 樊清玉企业的一切管理工作，从建立和健全内部控制制度开始；企业的一切决策，应统驭在完善的内部控制制度之下；企业的一切活动，都不能游离于内部控制制度之外。管理实践证明，得控则强、失控则弱、无控则乱。——题记一、情有独钟——关注“内控”不知为什么，我对内控方面的书情有独钟。也许是作为编辑的职业敏感和专业敏感，早在2000年前后内控研究在国内刚兴起时，我就策划、陆续出版了一套《现代内部控制丛书》，受到了读者和市场的一定关注。其中《企业内部控制管理操作手册》一书，从策划到出版，是最费心力之作，好在这本大部头的书籍至今还在“长销”。我认为，只有策划出版一些有份量的拳头产品，用一个选题推动一个系统工程，用一个系统工程培养一个出版社品牌，才能在激烈的市场竞争中站稳脚跟，出版社才有持续发展可言。我一直坚信这一点并为之努力。近十年过去了，内控这个话题方兴未艾。内部控制的重要性不言而喻，就像题记所说。事实证明，不论是国内还是国外，都到了不得不重视内部控制的时候了。编辑策划图书不仅要有前瞻性，还要跟踪时下重要的热点话题。我策划图书当然“情有独钟”地继续关注内控这类选题。2009年8月，经过一番努力，策划并首次出版了由国际内部控制协会著的《国际注册内部控制师通用知识与技能指南》一书。二、物有所值——“洋为中用”历史是螺旋式上升的。我们正处在内部控制的理论与实务发生巨大变革的时代，今天的内部控制与过去的内部控制有哪些不同与创新，又有哪些继承与发展?这是许多研究内部控制的专家学者正在思考和力图求证的一个重要问题。2008年6月，在借鉴和吸收国际监管新理念的背景下，我国财政部、审计署、证监会、银监会和保监会五部委联合印发了《企业内部控制基本规范》（以下简称《规范》）。这一被称为中国版《萨·奥法案》的《规范》是我国第一部加强和完善企业内部控制系统，提高企业经营管理水平和风险防范能力，促进企业可持续发展，维护社会主义市场经济秩序和社会公众利益的重要法规文件。根据《规范》的执行要求，时机成熟时将在上市公司中施行，并鼓励非上市的大中型企业参照执行。由于企业内部控制渗透于整个组织的一系列活动中，内部控制系统建设涉及公司治理、风险管理、质量管理、信息系统、审计监督、企业文化建设等领域，涵盖的知识面广，业务流程复杂，各种技能要求全面，测评方法和测评工具复杂细致。因此，在贯彻落实《规范》的过程中，无论对员工进行内部控制相关知识和技能的培训，还是在设计和执行内部控制信息系统与实施内部控制自我评估中，都需要参考借鉴和吸收国际权威机构有关内部控制的研究成果、流程框架体系、实务指南与评估工具等技术方法。借鉴和吸收国际内部控制领域的理论知识，特别是实务经验，可以为企业董事会、高级管理层提供可供参照借鉴的内部控制流程设计、文档管理建设、自我评估的指标体系及其评估工具，避免企业单打独斗的探索，减少大量的研发成本，节约时间少走弯路，有利于尽快顺利建立起我国内部控制系统，为企业防范风险、提高经营的效率和效果、增强财务报告的可靠性，促进合法合规提供合理保证的目标。正如国际内部控制协会会长威廉·E·佩里先生（Willian E Perry）在《国际注册内部控制师通用知识与技能指南》一书致辞中指出的那样：“全球从事内部控制相关工作的大多数个人都没有受过内部控制现代定义的适当教育或训练。值得注意的是，大多数的审计师,无论是独立审计师还是内部审计师，只是接受过内部控制财务定义方面的培训。管理层如何才能确保其组织内部控制系统的适当性和有效性，并确认哪些员工能胜任工作? 答案是聘用接受过内部控制专业组织良好培训和获得‘认证’的职业人士”。2008年6月，COSO在其征求意见稿中发布了附加指南：内部控制系统监控指南。COSO在这一指南中指出，组织需要这样一个架构，既能考虑管理层和董事会的监控作用，也需要使用具备适当能力,经授权进行客观评价的“评估师”（evaluators）。评估师可以是经过专门培训的专业人士，应当独立于运营活动（例如，内部审计师），或者是组织中相关工作领域的员工，他们负责监督流程，或监控某些控制措施的执行。评估师要求具备足够的专业技能、知识和权限，同时要对内部控制所管控的风险有足够的了解。那么，谁将成为这些未来的评估师？谁能够为这些未来的评估师提供所需的专业培训？谁又是最佳的认证机构呢？现在迫切需要接受过COSO内部控制定义培训的新型内部控制专家。目前，全球只有一个机构提供这种全面培训、考试和颁发国际注册内部控制师资格证书。这个机构就是国际内部控制协会(Internal Control Institute,英文缩写ICI)。正如此，中经安信息科技（北京）有限公司(以下简称“中经安”)与国际内部控制协会（ICI）结成合作伙伴关系，独家代理其内部控制与公司治理以及相关的产品和咨询服务。通过与ICI签订翻译协议，中经安可以组织力量翻译ICI开发的世界一流水平的内部控制和公司治理指南，包括控制流程设计、文档管理方法、量化评估工具等技术方法和解决方案。这项工作将为我国企业构建内部控制系统框架、标准和指南提供参照体系和实务操作技术方法，帮助企业开发基于信息技术环境下的内部控制系统。此外，中经安已经启动了向人力资源和社会保障部职业技能鉴定中心申报引进国际注册内部控制师职业资格证书的审核注册程序，力图通过提供适用的培训教材和完善的培训体系，开展国际注册内部控制师职业资格认证项目，为我国填补注册内部控制师专业人才的空白做出应有的贡献，促进我国内部控制实务与国际内部控制最佳实务惯例的趋同发展。本书是国际注册内部控制师资格认证项目的教科书之一，ICI设立该资格认证项目的目的是，建立全球内部控制职业人士最基本的资格标准和职业胜任能力持续改进的要求。ICI通过定义与内部控制职责相关的任务，整合企业管理的各种相关知识、法律法规、流程管理及信息系统的监管要求，形成了考核与认定国际注册内部控制师的八大专业知识与技能。书中的内容以《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》和COSO内部控制框架为基础,对每一技能分类进行了深入浅出、详尽细致的介绍，并配备了相关的实务案例、框架、图表、核查清单、治理模型等技术工具。ICI 力求通过系统化和规范化的培训，使全球的经济师、质量工程师、审计师、会计师、评估师和企业管理人员能系统全面地掌握内部控制设计、执行和保障以及流程管理与评估所需的知识和技能，成为董事会、审计委员会和监事会高度重视的复合型人才的内部控制专家。此书是一本难得的现代内部控制理论与实务相结合的教科书，以及流程管理与内部控制有效性评估的实务操作工具书。该书的出版发行不仅为开展国际注册内部控制师职业资格培训项目提供了适用的辅导教材，而且有利于为我国上市公司及大中型企业在控制流程设计、信息存档、披露和安全等方面构建新的基础设施，为内部控制系统的有效性评估提供参照借鉴的指标体系、框架模式、实务操作指南和解决方案，成而解决《规范》如何落地的问题。三、学有所得——复合人才引进和开展国际注册内部控制师资格证书项目，可以为企业提供全方位的内部控制教育流程培训，为培养我国的注册内部控制师提供适用教材和培训体系，进而填补我国注册内部控制师专业人才的空白。培养和造就具备企业管理、财务会计、信息系统和监控流程等知识和技能的复合型人才，是我国企业加强内部控制建设，促进相关行业结构调整和产业升级的必要条件；是贯彻落实科学发展观，以人为本，增强自主创新能力和完善现代企业制度的现实需要；也是促进我国内部控制实务与国际较成熟的内部控制实务趋同发展的内在需要。特别是在当前全球处于金融危机的形势下，本书的翻译与出版有其独特的十分重要的现实意义。除了以上所述对行业建设的重要性之外，从就业角度来看，在当前就业形势日趋严峻的情况下，选择本书，选择注册内部控制师，锻炼自己的综合能力，成为复合型人才，也可增加理想就业的砝码。相信有识之士慧眼识珠，在这全球内控时代活出自己的精彩！——中国内部控制网
[23] Alchain, A. and H. Demsetz. "The Property Rights Paradigm". Journal of Economic History.1973,(33): 16-27[24] Barzel, Y. "Economic Analysis of Property Rights". Cambridge, Mass.:Cambridge University Press.1989[25] Coase, R. "The Problem of Social Cost". Journal of Law and Economics. 1960,(3):1-44
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The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.
您可以来我们图书馆查找Wiley、SD、IEEE、Springer、nature这些数据库的高权文献，并下载，欢迎来咨询
[1] 财政部注册会计师委员会办公室.审计[Z].,2001..[2] 朱荣恩.内部控制的方式[J].中国审计,2002,(7):.[3] 李国盛.内控制度的现状、成因及对策建议[J].四川会计,:.[4] 张俊民.企业内部会计控制目标构造及其分层设计[J].重庆财会,:.[5] 王纬.COSO模型在会计控制中的应用[J].江苏财会,2002,(2):.
[23] Alchain, A. and H. Demsetz. "The Property Rights Paradigm". Journal of Economic History.1973,(33): 16-27[24] Barzel, Y. "Economic Analysis of Property Rights". Cambridge, Mass.:Cambridge University Press.1989[25] Coase, R. "The Problem of Social Cost". Journal of Law and Economics. 1960,(3):1-44
您可以来我们图书馆查找Wiley、SD、IEEE、Springer、nature这些数据库的高权文献，并下载，欢迎来咨询
[1] 财政部注册会计师委员会办公室.审计[Z].,2001..[2] 朱荣恩.内部控制的方式[J].中国审计,2002,(7):.[3] 李国盛.内控制度的现状、成因及对策建议[J].四川会计,:.[4] 张俊民.企业内部会计控制目标构造及其分层设计[J].重庆财会,:.[5] 王纬.COSO模型在会计控制中的应用[J].江苏财会,2002,(2):.
How to Manage a Small Business After you've started your small business, the surest path to success is managing and growing it effectively. This section of our website is dedicated to helping the small business owner manage, organize and systemize their company so it can virtually run itself!
[1] 财政部注册会计师委员会办公室.审计[Z].,2001..[2] 朱荣恩.内部控制的方式[J].中国审计,2002,(7):.[3] 李国盛.内控制度的现状、成因及对策建议[J].四川会计,:.[4] 张俊民.企业内部会计控制目标构造及其分层设计[J].重庆财会,:.[5] 王纬.COSO模型在会计控制中的应用[J].江苏财会,2002,(2):.
The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.
您可以来我们图书馆查找Wiley、SD、IEEE、Springer、nature这些数据库的高权文献，并下载，欢迎来咨询
关于内部控制管理论文参考文献
在学习、工作中，大家都经常看到论文的身影吧，论文是我们对某个问题进行深入研究的文章。那么你有了解过论文吗？以下是我精心整理的内部控制管理论文参考文献，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
参考文献
1.王利彦、张继东 《企业内部控制》 机械工业出版社 XX年年8月出版；
2.示嫣红 《企业内部控制》 浙江大学出版社 2010年1月出版；
3.颜梦玉 《浅谈企业内部控制》 《企业家天地》XX年年第11期；
4.李连华 《企业治理结构与内部控制的链接与互动》 《会计研究》 XX年第2期；
5.张岳麓 《企业内部控制的创新》 《企业改革与管理》 XX年10月；
6.邹歆贤 《浅谈企业内部控制》 《大众科学》 XX年年第16期。
【拓展内容】
crm论文参考文献
[1]郭愈强，樊玮.数据挖掘技术在民航CRM中的应用[J]，计算机工程，2005（31）：169-171.
[2]刘彬，白万民.浅析数据挖掘技术在CRM中的应用[J].电子世界，2014，01（17）：16-17.
[3]杨虎猛，朱汝岳.金融业分型CRM系统探索与应用[J].计算机应用与软件，2013，07（30）：259-261.
[4]徐国庆，段春梅.数据挖掘技术在CRM中的应用研究[J].网络安全技术与应用，2012，02（12）：38-40.
[5]王一鸿.体检中心CRM构建及数据挖掘的应用研究[D].华东理工大学，2011.
[6]潘光强.基于数据挖掘的CRM设计与应用研究[D].安徽工业大学，2011.
烟草论文参考文献
[1]柯晨丹《试析新时期我国烟草行业的现状及对策》
[2]《烟草控制框架公约》
[3]李景武《烟草行业实现可持续发展的思路及其对策》
[4]田蔚《自主创新：烟草行业可持续发展的前提》
[5]《烟草控制框架公约》
[6]钟陆文《论企业可持续发展的理论内涵》
[7]唐铭坚、谭礼萍《吸烟对健康的危害及控烟策略》
农业论文参考文献
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我们也可以找到这样的参考文献，简单列举如下： 1 企业内部控制与企业档案管理的相关性分析——基于《企业内部控制基本规范》的档案话题 期刊：《档案学研究》 时间：2012年2期作者：覃兆刿；罗琴2，企业内部控制与财务危机预警耦合研究——一个基于契约理论的分析框架 期刊：《会计研究》 2012年5期作者：徐光华；沈弋 3，中国企业内部控制文化构建问题研究——详解《企业内部控制基本规范》中的文化因素 ,期刊：《会计之友》 2011年26期作者：彭妍喆；陈艺婷 5. 智能信息控制:物联网下企业内部控制的核心 期刊：《会计之友》 2012年7期作者：许金叶；韩玲 资料来源：学术资讯网希望能够帮到你。