发布时间：
开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。题者把自己所选的课题的概况(即开题报告内容)，向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。亦可采用德尔菲法评分；再由科研管理部门综合评议的意见，确定是否批准这一选题。开题报告作为毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。研究方案，就是课题确定之后，研究人员在正式开展研究之前制订的整个课题研究的工作计划，它初步规定了课题研究各方面的具体内容和步骤。研究方案对整个研究工作的顺利开展起着关键的作用，尤其是对于我们科研经验较少的人来讲，一个好的方案，可以使我们避免无从下手，或者进行一段时间后不知道下一步干什么的情况，保证整个研究工作有条不紊地进行。可以说，研究方案水平的高低，是一个课题质量与水平的重要反映。
具体的范文模板链接：
开题报告就是你选题的一些简要介绍，让老师看看你的题目是否合理，准备的差不多，以及是否可以动工写了包括如下几个部分：1论文的研究目的和意义2国内（外）研究现状文献综述性质的，总结目前国内学者对于你的论文研究主题的文献内容3主要研究内容和创新点此处略4研究进度和安排某月某日——某月某日做什么（开题、初稿、二稿、定稿、答辩）5参考文献此处略这些都有了就行了，一千字到三千字字左右文库有范文，给你一份范文哈
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were two young men from Germany who loved a good story. 雅各布·格林和威廉·格林是两个来自德国的年轻人，他们喜欢听好听的故事。 As university students, they became interested in folktales（民间故事） — traditional stories that people memorized and told again and again. 上大学后，他们开始对民间故事有了兴趣，就是那种流传了很久讲过一遍又一遍的传统故事。 They began to collect traditional folktales from storytellers all over Germany. 他们开始从德国各地的说书人那里收集传统民间故事。 Many were similar to stories told in France, Italy, Japan, and other countries. 许多故事跟法国、意大利、日本和其他国家的相似。 Between 1812 and 1814, the brothers published two books in German. 1812年至1814年期间，兄弟俩出版了两本德语书。 These included stories like Hansel and Gretel and Little Red Riding Hood. 其中的故事包括《汉塞尔与格蕾特》和《小红帽》。 Despite the fact that Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm are often associated with Snow White and Rapunzel（长发公主）, the brothers didn't actually write any of those stories. 尽管人们经常把这对兄弟与白雪公主和长发公主联系起来，但这些故事确实不是他俩写的。 In fact, the stories existed long before the two men were born in Germany in the mid-1780s. 事实上，早在十七世纪八十年代中期，这对兄弟还没在德国出生，这些故事就已经存在了。 The fairy tales, in fact, were part of a rich oral（口头） tradition — passed down from generation to generation, often by women seeking to pass the time during household chores. 童话过去属于口头故事 - 代代相传，往往是妇女做家务时讲来消遣时间的。 In 1812, Jacob and Wilhelm published the stories as part of a collection titled Nursery and Household Tales, or what is now known as Grimm's Fairy Tales（格林童话）. 1812年，雅各布和威廉出版了一本名为《苗圃与家庭故事》的合集，也就是现在所说的《格林童话》。 The Grimm brothers' tales were about traditional life and beliefs. 格林兄弟的故事都与传统生活和信仰相关。 For example, forests are common in Germany, and this image often appears in the Grimms' stories. 例如，森林在德国很常见，而格林童话里就出现过许多森林。 In the past, many people believed forests were dangerous places. 过去，许多人认为森林是危险的地方。 In the Grimms' stories, a forest is the home of evil witches（女巫）, talking animals, and other magical beings. 格林童话中，森林里住着女巫、会说话的动物和会施魔法的精灵。 Although most people today think of these stories as fairy tales for children, the brothers first wrote them for adults. 虽然现在大多数人认为这些故事是儿童读的童话，但兄弟俩最初是写给成人读的。 Many of their early tales were dark and a little scary. Later, the brothers changed the text of some of the original stories. 早期他们写的许多故事是黑暗的，有些恐怖。后来，兄弟俩更改了其中一些故事。 They "softened" many of the tales and added drawings. This made them more appropriate for children. 把那些故事改得没那么吓人，并加进了一些绘画，这样就更适合孩子阅读。 Like the early tales, though, each story still has a moral（寓意）: work hard, be good, and listen to your parents. 不过，和早期的故事一样，每个故事都包含寓意：努力工作，做个好人，听父母的话。 Actually, as university-trained philologists（语言学者） and librarians, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm published more than fairy tales. 事实上，作为受过大学教育的语言学家和图书管理员，雅各布·格林和威廉·格林出版的作品不只是童话故事。 They wrote books about mythology（神话）, and published scholarly（学术的） works on linguistics（语言学） and medieval（中世纪） studies. 他们还写过神话方面的书，出版过语言学和中世纪研究方面的学术著作。
毕业论文(设计)的内容结构规范(一)内容结构1.题目2.摘要及关键词(中英文)3.正文4.参考文献5.附录(二)内容结构要求1.题目：应简洁、明确、有概括性，字数不宜超过20个字。2.摘要及关键词(中英文)：中文摘要字数为200字左右，关键词3～5个。3.正文：本论应包括基本材料、研究内容与方法、实验结果与分析(讨论)等，结论是围绕本论所作的结束语。理工类的还应包括(1)设计方案论证;(2)计算部分;(3)结构设计部分;(4)样机或试件的各种实验及测试情况;(5)方案的校验。结论部分概括说明设计的情况和价值，分析其优点和特色、有何创新、性能达到何水平，并应指出其中存在的问题和今后改进的方向。4.参考文献：参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，一般集中列于文末。所列参考文献观点均应在毕业论文(设计)中反映出来，直接引用的观点须采用脚注，用数字加圆圈标注(如①、②„)。所列参考文献不少于15篇(部)，其中必须有一定数目的近三年的文献。理工类设计可依据专业特点由院(系)另设标准。参考文献的著录要求与格式见本《规范化要求》文末。5.附录：对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入附录，如公式的推演、编写的算法、语言程序等。二、毕业论文(设计)的文本规范要求(一)字数要求:文科专业以6000～8000字为宜，理工科专业以8000～10000字为宜。(二)文字要求：文字通顺，语言流畅，无错别字。(三)图表要求：文中的附图应统一编排序号并赋予图名;除特殊情况，要求采用计算机制图。文中图表需在表的上方、图的下方排印表号、表名、表注或图号、图名、图注。文中的表格应统一编排序号并赋予表名。表内内容应对齐，表内数字、文字连续重复时不可使用“同上”等字样或符号代替。表内数字使用同一计量单位时，可将该单位从表中提出并置于圆括号内。表内有整段文字时，起行处空一格，回行顶格，最后不用标点符号。
一、本选题的目的和意义： 本选题旨在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法，重点从文化交际的角度对日常用语中隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。 本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”(陈宏薇：1996)，翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要的作用。我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。 二、本选题国内外研究的现状和发展趋向： 对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系，其中以Lakoff &Johnson(1987)的研究最具有代表性，而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。国内对于隐喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理论的影响，其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。在隐喻翻译的研究方面，李国南(1990)，胡文仲(1994)对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较，并探讨了其翻译的途径。在近期出版的刊物中有对隐喻翻译研究方面的文章，其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。但其研究的范围也只局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。 三、主要研究的内容： 本文分五个部分。一、简要介绍隐喻与语言以及语言与文化之间的关系，提出日常用语中隐喻的汉译不可忽视文化背景，并简述本论文的主要内容。 二、重点论述隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性。三、分析隐喻的特点，从人类文化的共性论述其可译性。四、讨论隐喻的汉译标准、难点、过程、基本方法以及根据语境而确定译法的原则。五、详述隐喻汉译的方法和技巧，指出在翻译实践中，对每种方法的使用都不能走极端。结论部分，总结研究隐喻汉译所具有的实用价值。 1．引言 2．英语日常用语中隐喻存在的普遍性 隐喻的定义 关于隐喻研究的常用术语 英语日常用语中的隐喻 3.英语日常用语中隐喻的特点 日常用语中隐喻的分类 习用性隐喻 新生隐喻 英语隐喻与汉语隐喻 英语日常用语中隐喻的可译性 4.英语日常用语中的隐喻的汉译 翻译的标准 日常用语中隐喻汉译的难点 日常用语中隐喻汉译的过程 日常用语中隐喻汉译的基本方法及原则 5.日常用语中隐喻汉译的方法与技巧 直译法 意译法 转译法 直译和意译结合法
你好啊，你的开题报告选题定了没？开题报告选题老师同意了吗？准备往哪个方向写？你的开题报告格式要求下载下来了没有？学校开题报告要求看了没有？因为每个学校开题报告格式要求都是不一样的？最后祝你选题顺利通过选题意义和目的一般作为开题报告里面的第一块内容,是阐述你所研究的这个选题有没有研究价值或者说讨论价值的, 写开题报告的目的，其实就是要请导师来评判我们这个选题有没有研究价值、这个研究方法有没有可能奏效、这个论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷.写意义的时候根据你的选题来决定形式可以分现实意义和理论意义也可以不细分,把目的和意义和在一起写,总之突出你观点的新颖和重要性即可建议可以从这两点来叙述,不过要根据自己的选题,不要生搬硬套:1. (你的选题)是前人没有研究过的,也就是说研究领域中一个新颖有意义的课题,被前人所忽略的2. 前人有研究过,或者说阐述过但是没有阐述论证的足够全面,你加以丰满,或者驳斥前人的观点,总之,意义和目的一定要叙述的清晰并且是有一定新意的其次注意自己所使用的理论,你是用什么理论证明你的观点也要叙述清楚,否则难以有说服力在做文献综述和国内外研究水平的评价等等也要有翔实的根据这样才能衬托出你的选题的意义所在
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
Name is translation often occurred in ingredients. It seemingly small component, but it is bad to can cause many misunderstandings and then. Translation even difficult difficult in its profound cultural connotations, and the source language and target language different expression and accept culture way. To appropriate and scientifically translation gaudentia, must comprehend the profound cultural connotation and to follow certain translation principles, make even in both languages can be correctly understood, and do not break the source language characteristic. This paper tries to Chinese name cultural differences, naming conventions comparison, Chinese and western literature works named after people cultural connotation and so on several aspects to explore even translation principles. A Chinese and western even cultural differences Name and name from arranged sequencing see Chinese and western names cultural differences Have surnamed famous common features of the eastern and western people, but in the name of the permutation order is inverted: Chinese (li si) name permutation order is: the name is prior, name behind, While the westerners (George Bush) name permutation order by contrast, name prior, surname last. This surname and name different permutation order is east of traditional culture in different names. Name embodied on the code, and embody family name is individual code of Chinese and western names. In this name and name permutation order is orientals in "universality and individuality" relationship held by different idea reflected. In general supreme, "three cardinal guides emphasizes so-called p-five" of Chinese traditional culture, which is inevitable represents the fathers, family's "surname" prior, who represent the individual, human symbols -- "name" last. By contrast, westerners are stress individual character, respect personal independent personality and subject consciousness, therefore represent personality conception of "name" were put in front, and represents the common surname "concept" rear. The Chinese to "surname" hotly-contested three-week dash across, inspect if "sacred", While the westerners to "surname" is watching very light, very casually. Second, the Chinese and western naming conventions comparison named principle Chinese name of total principle is: the form significance is beautiful, choose lucky words: such as "happiness", "wealth", "ting" etc, Or choose refined characters, such as "jia", "" etc. We compare the Anglo-American name: Nancy (Nancy, meaning "elegant", Helen (Helen, meaning "sunshine", Frances (Frances, meaning "freedom", it can be seen in principle differences. Naming names from the west principle can be reflected in this sentence, that is "take a good name is better than riches", But Chinese naming principles might as well as "auspicious life, summarize grave life". naming convention Chinese naming rich and colorful, reflects the nation in different social, different era of ideas, meanwhile reflected people's aspirations, ideal, etc. (1) the birth horoscope name. This is the Chinese a named custom, birth horoscope and gold, wood, water, fire and earth "five elements" to calculate, see lack a printing line is used the word name, like "f", "water", "sawasaki sichuan, etc; RunTu" Westerners natural don't believe this sets. (2) to be born time fame. Such as "chunsheng", "dawn", "song", Western naming, no this method. (3) ranking order name. Such as: "zhang SAN", "li si", "the king", The Anglo-American children ranked according to metal, such as: "ranking arrangement for the Gold (long children Gold) : Gold and Silver (Silver for children times) : ShiEr eph. (4) parents surname name. Such as: father's song, mother's name Korea, daughter named SongHan (harmonics). (5) to parents look forward to name. Such as: LiFuQin, Ruth (rose), meaning "beauty". (6) birthplace name. Such as: WangHuSheng, Scott (Scott), etc. . (7) on animals and plants for life. Such as: dragon, wild goose, tiger, chicken, rumei, Ephraim; etc. British and American names: started (Rose), Lily (lilies), etc. In addition, there are many Chinese to fame, use fixed degress word mean generation degress, make a cycle, from generation to generation. Three, sino-foreign literature works named after people cultural connotation of perspective Works of literature creation, character name selection is very important. Because in the characters, according to the purpose of writing, in order to deeply reveal characters' personalities, indicating that the fate of the characters, and end always carefully and cautiously for character select name. And, as in the names and nico panov society in his book "the more famous said, master, the more for his work carefully choose name hero." this means its connotation more rich, translation should be more ZiZhenGouZhuo, certain translation guiding principle is necessary. To sum up, the Chinese and western names reflect the differences between Chinese and western culture differences. Names is the carrier of culture and the mirror image, names and cultural change together. In symbiosis named after people more reflects different customs. Literary works named after people usually have clew character and the connotation of destiny. In translation names to follow "name from master", "conventional", "brief" principle of literary works middleman. The name of the translation and processing according to different circumstances, follow the coexistence and free translation, "" principle and" translate "refer to the significance of names principle.
一、本选题的目的和意义： 本选题旨在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法，重点从文化交际的角度对日常用语中隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。 本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”(陈宏薇：1996)，翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要的作用。我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。 二、本选题国内外研究的现状和发展趋向： 对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系，其中以Lakoff &Johnson(1987)的研究最具有代表性，而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。国内对于隐喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理论的影响，其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。在隐喻翻译的研究方面，李国南(1990)，胡文仲(1994)对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较，并探讨了其翻译的途径。在近期出版的刊物中有对隐喻翻译研究方面的文章，其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。但其研究的范围也只局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。 三、主要研究的内容： 本文分五个部分。一、简要介绍隐喻与语言以及语言与文化之间的关系，提出日常用语中隐喻的汉译不可忽视文化背景，并简述本论文的主要内容。 二、重点论述隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性。三、分析隐喻的特点，从人类文化的共性论述其可译性。四、讨论隐喻的汉译标准、难点、过程、基本方法以及根据语境而确定译法的原则。五、详述隐喻汉译的方法和技巧，指出在翻译实践中，对每种方法的使用都不能走极端。结论部分，总结研究隐喻汉译所具有的实用价值。 1．引言 2．英语日常用语中隐喻存在的普遍性 隐喻的定义 关于隐喻研究的常用术语 英语日常用语中的隐喻 3.英语日常用语中隐喻的特点 日常用语中隐喻的分类 习用性隐喻 新生隐喻 英语隐喻与汉语隐喻 英语日常用语中隐喻的可译性 4.英语日常用语中的隐喻的汉译 翻译的标准 日常用语中隐喻汉译的难点 日常用语中隐喻汉译的过程 日常用语中隐喻汉译的基本方法及原则 5.日常用语中隐喻汉译的方法与技巧 直译法 意译法 转译法 直译和意译结合法
A Comparative Study of Animal Words between English and Chinese[Abstract] In the history of developing process of human beings, some animals always keep relation with human and deeply influence human survival and development to some extent. This close relation repose human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals, so there are lots of animal words in different languages. Words can reflect differences of culture and words are influenced by history, customs, values, and religion. Animal words are given special cultural connotations in different languages. There are many words of animals, such as dogs, birds, sheep, dragons, etc, used in metaphors in the human languages. These animal metaphors have explained the origins of different cultures. Research on comparisons of animal metaphors between Chinese and foreign language provides an answer to the explanations of cultural generalities. Cognitive interpretations of cultural differences or coincidence in different animal metaphors have been reflected from different language levels. Therefore, a reasonable explanation can only be found from the point of view of cognitive science. There are a lot of animal words in both English and Chinese. Their modes of thinking and background are different and they result in the implied meanings of animal words are possibly different. As we known, language is a culture carrier. Culture loaded words play an important role in paper focuses on the similarities and differences of animal words in both Chinese and English. Different cultural backgrounds and ways of thinking result in the different connotation of animal words. To be aware of the different cultures and ways of thinking in the two countries will help us understand the usage of the animal words better, thus understand the language itself much better.[Key Words] Animal words; cultural connotation; similarities and differences 英汉动物词的对比研究 【摘 要】在人类历史发展的漫长进程中, 有些动物一直与人类保持着密切联系并对人类的生存、发展有着深刻的影响。这种关系使得人类对动物产生喜爱、同情、厌恶、恐惧等错综复杂的情感, 人们也常常借动物来寄托和表达人的感情, 所以在英汉两种文化中都有许许多多与动物相关的词汇。同时语言中的词汇反映了文化发展的差异, 由于受历史、习俗、价值观念、宗教信仰等诸方面文化因素的影响, 中英两种语言赋予动物词汇以各自特定的文化内涵众所周知, 在不同语言和不同文化背景下, 每个词除了具有字面意义外, 还有丰富的文化内涵, 即该词所隐含的附带的联想义、比喻义、象征义及带有感情色彩的褒义和贬义等。许多同一动物在不同语言中其语词有着不同的文化内涵。从文化语言学和对比语言学的角度来分析对比中英两种语言中动物词的文化内涵之异同会有助于语言学习。动物词在英汉两种语言中的出现频率都很高。英汉民族思维方式和文化背景不同,同一动物所承载的意义也就会出现差异。通过对动物词文化意义的揭示和研究,不仅可以避免交际中的语用失误,而且对于不同文化的比较与导入有一定的理论和实践意义.语言是文化的载体, 不同民族的语言使世界上的文化呈现出千姿百态。文化差异赋予同一动物词语不同的内涵, 词汇反映了特定的社会文化, 不同的社会背景和文化差异造成了词汇在文化内涵上的差异。通过比较, 人们可以更清楚地感受到英汉文化在动物词语上留下的历史文化差异。本文从同一个动物词代表相同的意义；同一个动物词代表不同的意义； 不同的动物词代表相同的意义； 英汉特有的动物词涵义这四个方面来讨论英汉动物词汇涵义的相同点和不同点。【关键词】动物词；文化内涵； 异同 1. IntroductionIn the history of developing process, human beings keep close relation with animals. They live together on the same earth, and they have great impact on each other. This close relation reposes human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals and results in the emergence and enrichment of animal words in different languages. However, different people from different countries have different ways of thinking and social backgrounds. Therefore, the implied meaning of the words that have the same denotations may be totally different. They are given special cultural connotations for the different social backgrounds and national conventions. And as it is well-known, both English and Chinese have a sea of animal words, which are endowed abundant cultural connotations. So, this paper tries to discuss the cultural connotations of animal words both in English and Chinese from the following aspects: the words refer to the same animal with the same connotations; the words refer to the same animal but with different connotations; the words refer to different animals with the same connotation; the words refer to the same animal but only has connotation in English or Chinese. With comparison, the English learners can better understand the usage of the animal words. 2. The worth for the comparison of animal words between English and Chinese“Cultural connotation refers to the general meaning including connotative meaning and cultural meaning carried in different cultural circumstance. It includes the meaning added and the amplified meaning under special social and cultural background, and also includes the emotions and attitudes of some particular cultural colony.”[1] As we have mentioned above, different social backgrounds render diverse cultural connotations to different languages. Therefore, even if animal words of different languages have the same conceptual meanings, their connotative meanings are not totally the same. As we all know, English has become one of the most open languages around the world. Since it was born, it has never stopped its self-development and meanwhile assimilated other’s cultural essence from different countries. As the result, it can be sure that the animal words in English language have rich cultural implications. And Chinese, as one of the oldest languages in the world, has evolved over 5000 years. The animal words in Chinese have their own specific cultural connotations as well. Fore these reasons, it is worthwhile to make a good comparison of animal words between English and Chinese both for the English language learners and Chinese language learners. It can help them get a better comprehension of the intercultural communication as well. 3. The similarities and differences of animal words between English and . Similar words or similar . The words refer to the same animal with the same connotation It is sure that people around the world live in similar surroundings, so they will have similar thinking on some aspects. When they learn some animal words from their basic cognition to the world, these animal words are endowed with the same cultural connotation. For example, regardless of English or Chinese culture, the animal, fox is the symbol of crafty. Phrases: old fox; play the foxSentences: (1) She is as cunning as a fox, you’ve got to watch her. [2] (2) I could not help reflecting on the strange by which the old fox had saved himself. (3) Are you sure you can trust that man------he is such a sly old fox. [3] Fox also means sly crafty and doubtful in Chinese, for example: (1) 狐假虎威: the ass in the lion’s skin;(fig) bully people by flaunting one'spowerful connections.(2) 狐狸尾巴: fox's tail-cloven hoof; something that gives away the evil intention of somebody like a fox tail(3) 狐朋狗友: a pack of rogues; a gang of scoundrels(4) 狐狸精: fox spirit symbolizing a seductive woman(5) 狐疑: doubt; suspicion [4]In Chinese, “old fox” means someone who is very crafty. For example：(1) 他是一只老狐狸，不要轻易相信他说的话。(He is an old fox, whose words cannot be believed.)(
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms
（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）
（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）
【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）
【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese
（英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）
1. Introduction
(顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)
In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to
focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms
of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression
(Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999).
(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)
…。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a),
(b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）
Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following
examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):
(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.
(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose
it.
….
The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese
idioms
… (i) ….
….
(ii) ….
….
4. Conclusion
….
Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New
York: OUP, 1981.
常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。
（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流；在国际学术刊物上发表，在国际上共享科研成果，英语论文也是达到学术交流的目的；另外英语论文还包括英语相关专业人员必要地用英语撰写学术报告或毕业论文等等。不同的学科或专业领域、不同的刊物对英语论文的内容、格式等有不同的要求，不同领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上既有许多共性，也不乏各自特点。
格式：
York: OUP, 1981.
标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。
就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。
提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
每个关键词使用四号字
正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
参考资料：百度百科-英语论文
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日
Name is translation often occurred in ingredients. It seemingly small component, but it is bad to can cause many misunderstandings and then. Translation even difficult difficult in its profound cultural connotations, and the source language and target language different expression and accept culture way. To appropriate and scientifically translation gaudentia, must comprehend the profound cultural connotation and to follow certain translation principles, make even in both languages can be correctly understood, and do not break the source language characteristic. This paper tries to Chinese name cultural differences, naming conventions comparison, Chinese and western literature works named after people cultural connotation and so on several aspects to explore even translation principles. A Chinese and western even cultural differences Name and name from arranged sequencing see Chinese and western names cultural differences Have surnamed famous common features of the eastern and western people, but in the name of the permutation order is inverted: Chinese (li si) name permutation order is: the name is prior, name behind, While the westerners (George Bush) name permutation order by contrast, name prior, surname last. This surname and name different permutation order is east of traditional culture in different names. Name embodied on the code, and embody family name is individual code of Chinese and western names. In this name and name permutation order is orientals in "universality and individuality" relationship held by different idea reflected. In general supreme, "three cardinal guides emphasizes so-called p-five" of Chinese traditional culture, which is inevitable represents the fathers, family's "surname" prior, who represent the individual, human symbols -- "name" last. By contrast, westerners are stress individual character, respect personal independent personality and subject consciousness, therefore represent personality conception of "name" were put in front, and represents the common surname "concept" rear. The Chinese to "surname" hotly-contested three-week dash across, inspect if "sacred", While the westerners to "surname" is watching very light, very casually. Second, the Chinese and western naming conventions comparison named principle Chinese name of total principle is: the form significance is beautiful, choose lucky words: such as "happiness", "wealth", "ting" etc, Or choose refined characters, such as "jia", "" etc. We compare the Anglo-American name: Nancy (Nancy, meaning "elegant", Helen (Helen, meaning "sunshine", Frances (Frances, meaning "freedom", it can be seen in principle differences. Naming names from the west principle can be reflected in this sentence, that is "take a good name is better than riches", But Chinese naming principles might as well as "auspicious life, summarize grave life". naming convention Chinese naming rich and colorful, reflects the nation in different social, different era of ideas, meanwhile reflected people's aspirations, ideal, etc. (1) the birth horoscope name. This is the Chinese a named custom, birth horoscope and gold, wood, water, fire and earth "five elements" to calculate, see lack a printing line is used the word name, like "f", "water", "sawasaki sichuan, etc; RunTu" Westerners natural don't believe this sets. (2) to be born time fame. Such as "chunsheng", "dawn", "song", Western naming, no this method. (3) ranking order name. Such as: "zhang SAN", "li si", "the king", The Anglo-American children ranked according to metal, such as: "ranking arrangement for the Gold (long children Gold) : Gold and Silver (Silver for children times) : ShiEr eph. (4) parents surname name. Such as: father's song, mother's name Korea, daughter named SongHan (harmonics). (5) to parents look forward to name. Such as: LiFuQin, Ruth (rose), meaning "beauty". (6) birthplace name. Such as: WangHuSheng, Scott (Scott), etc. . (7) on animals and plants for life. Such as: dragon, wild goose, tiger, chicken, rumei, Ephraim; etc. British and American names: started (Rose), Lily (lilies), etc. In addition, there are many Chinese to fame, use fixed degress word mean generation degress, make a cycle, from generation to generation. Three, sino-foreign literature works named after people cultural connotation of perspective Works of literature creation, character name selection is very important. Because in the characters, according to the purpose of writing, in order to deeply reveal characters' personalities, indicating that the fate of the characters, and end always carefully and cautiously for character select name. And, as in the names and nico panov society in his book "the more famous said, master, the more for his work carefully choose name hero." this means its connotation more rich, translation should be more ZiZhenGouZhuo, certain translation guiding principle is necessary. To sum up, the Chinese and western names reflect the differences between Chinese and western culture differences. Names is the carrier of culture and the mirror image, names and cultural change together. In symbiosis named after people more reflects different customs. Literary works named after people usually have clew character and the connotation of destiny. In translation names to follow "name from master", "conventional", "brief" principle of literary works middleman. The name of the translation and processing according to different circumstances, follow the coexistence and free translation, "" principle and" translate "refer to the significance of names principle.
A Comparative Study of Animal Words between English and Chinese[Abstract] In the history of developing process of human beings, some animals always keep relation with human and deeply influence human survival and development to some extent. This close relation repose human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals, so there are lots of animal words in different languages. Words can reflect differences of culture and words are influenced by history, customs, values, and religion. Animal words are given special cultural connotations in different languages. There are many words of animals, such as dogs, birds, sheep, dragons, etc, used in metaphors in the human languages. These animal metaphors have explained the origins of different cultures. Research on comparisons of animal metaphors between Chinese and foreign language provides an answer to the explanations of cultural generalities. Cognitive interpretations of cultural differences or coincidence in different animal metaphors have been reflected from different language levels. Therefore, a reasonable explanation can only be found from the point of view of cognitive science. There are a lot of animal words in both English and Chinese. Their modes of thinking and background are different and they result in the implied meanings of animal words are possibly different. As we known, language is a culture carrier. Culture loaded words play an important role in paper focuses on the similarities and differences of animal words in both Chinese and English. Different cultural backgrounds and ways of thinking result in the different connotation of animal words. To be aware of the different cultures and ways of thinking in the two countries will help us understand the usage of the animal words better, thus understand the language itself much better.[Key Words] Animal words; cultural connotation; similarities and differences 英汉动物词的对比研究 【摘 要】在人类历史发展的漫长进程中, 有些动物一直与人类保持着密切联系并对人类的生存、发展有着深刻的影响。这种关系使得人类对动物产生喜爱、同情、厌恶、恐惧等错综复杂的情感, 人们也常常借动物来寄托和表达人的感情, 所以在英汉两种文化中都有许许多多与动物相关的词汇。同时语言中的词汇反映了文化发展的差异, 由于受历史、习俗、价值观念、宗教信仰等诸方面文化因素的影响, 中英两种语言赋予动物词汇以各自特定的文化内涵众所周知, 在不同语言和不同文化背景下, 每个词除了具有字面意义外, 还有丰富的文化内涵, 即该词所隐含的附带的联想义、比喻义、象征义及带有感情色彩的褒义和贬义等。许多同一动物在不同语言中其语词有着不同的文化内涵。从文化语言学和对比语言学的角度来分析对比中英两种语言中动物词的文化内涵之异同会有助于语言学习。动物词在英汉两种语言中的出现频率都很高。英汉民族思维方式和文化背景不同,同一动物所承载的意义也就会出现差异。通过对动物词文化意义的揭示和研究,不仅可以避免交际中的语用失误,而且对于不同文化的比较与导入有一定的理论和实践意义.语言是文化的载体, 不同民族的语言使世界上的文化呈现出千姿百态。文化差异赋予同一动物词语不同的内涵, 词汇反映了特定的社会文化, 不同的社会背景和文化差异造成了词汇在文化内涵上的差异。通过比较, 人们可以更清楚地感受到英汉文化在动物词语上留下的历史文化差异。本文从同一个动物词代表相同的意义；同一个动物词代表不同的意义； 不同的动物词代表相同的意义； 英汉特有的动物词涵义这四个方面来讨论英汉动物词汇涵义的相同点和不同点。【关键词】动物词；文化内涵； 异同 1. IntroductionIn the history of developing process, human beings keep close relation with animals. They live together on the same earth, and they have great impact on each other. This close relation reposes human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals and results in the emergence and enrichment of animal words in different languages. However, different people from different countries have different ways of thinking and social backgrounds. Therefore, the implied meaning of the words that have the same denotations may be totally different. They are given special cultural connotations for the different social backgrounds and national conventions. And as it is well-known, both English and Chinese have a sea of animal words, which are endowed abundant cultural connotations. So, this paper tries to discuss the cultural connotations of animal words both in English and Chinese from the following aspects: the words refer to the same animal with the same connotations; the words refer to the same animal but with different connotations; the words refer to different animals with the same connotation; the words refer to the same animal but only has connotation in English or Chinese. With comparison, the English learners can better understand the usage of the animal words. 2. The worth for the comparison of animal words between English and Chinese“Cultural connotation refers to the general meaning including connotative meaning and cultural meaning carried in different cultural circumstance. It includes the meaning added and the amplified meaning under special social and cultural background, and also includes the emotions and attitudes of some particular cultural colony.”[1] As we have mentioned above, different social backgrounds render diverse cultural connotations to different languages. Therefore, even if animal words of different languages have the same conceptual meanings, their connotative meanings are not totally the same. As we all know, English has become one of the most open languages around the world. Since it was born, it has never stopped its self-development and meanwhile assimilated other’s cultural essence from different countries. As the result, it can be sure that the animal words in English language have rich cultural implications. And Chinese, as one of the oldest languages in the world, has evolved over 5000 years. The animal words in Chinese have their own specific cultural connotations as well. Fore these reasons, it is worthwhile to make a good comparison of animal words between English and Chinese both for the English language learners and Chinese language learners. It can help them get a better comprehension of the intercultural communication as well. 3. The similarities and differences of animal words between English and . Similar words or similar . The words refer to the same animal with the same connotation It is sure that people around the world live in similar surroundings, so they will have similar thinking on some aspects. When they learn some animal words from their basic cognition to the world, these animal words are endowed with the same cultural connotation. For example, regardless of English or Chinese culture, the animal, fox is the symbol of crafty. Phrases: old fox; play the foxSentences: (1) She is as cunning as a fox, you’ve got to watch her. [2] (2) I could not help reflecting on the strange by which the old fox had saved himself. (3) Are you sure you can trust that man------he is such a sly old fox. [3] Fox also means sly crafty and doubtful in Chinese, for example: (1) 狐假虎威: the ass in the lion’s skin;(fig) bully people by flaunting one'spowerful connections.(2) 狐狸尾巴: fox's tail-cloven hoof; something that gives away the evil intention of somebody like a fox tail(3) 狐朋狗友: a pack of rogues; a gang of scoundrels(4) 狐狸精: fox spirit symbolizing a seductive woman(5) 狐疑: doubt; suspicion [4]In Chinese, “old fox” means someone who is very crafty. For example：(1) 他是一只老狐狸，不要轻易相信他说的话。(He is an old fox, whose words cannot be believed.)(
这题目英文翻译的就有问题。。
童话特点的选题目的和意义发格式来哦内容有
学前教育毕业论文开题报告范文
导语：“教育爱”是人类复杂情感中最为高尚的情感，它不是狭隘的情感，也不是个人知觉情绪的反映，它超越了亲情、友情、甚至是爱情。下面是我分享的学前教育毕业论文开题报告的范文，欢迎阅读！
一、研究的意义和目的：
一、"教育爱"的含义：
教育爱是发生在幼儿园日常生活中教师与幼儿之间一种自然的普遍的关注幼儿身心发展的需要的爱，这种爱的发生是无条件的。由于幼儿目前幼儿教师绝大多数为女性教师，所以教育爱又含有母爱的成分，学前幼儿的身心特点决定了这一阶段的幼儿具有很大的依赖性和依恋成人的心理需要，所以就需要幼儿教师以母亲的博大的母爱去包容、理解、教育幼儿。教育爱要源于母爱，但又区别于母爱。它需要教师理智地去爱，而非溺爱。教育爱更是一种无功利性地、恒常地爱。
二、研究的意义：
1、教育爱对教育，尤其是对学前教育的重要性。
教育是根植于爱的，“教育爱”是教师职业情感的灵魂。“教育爱”是人类复杂情感中最为高尚的情感，它不是狭隘的情感，也不是个人知觉情绪的反映，它超越了亲情、友情、甚至是爱情。它是一种自觉的、真诚的、无私的、而且是普遍持久的。它是理智的，具有指向未来的性质。“教育爱”正是这些品质的综合体。它体现了教育者对教育事业、对学生的一种崇高精神。儿童是未来的希望，尤其是现代教育，对幼儿教育越来越重视的背景下，“教育爱”显得更加重要。如果一名教师没有教育爱，那么她就不会去热爱教育事业，也就不会去爱儿童，教师和儿童也就不能融合，教育儿童的目的也就不能实现。所以说“教育爱”是一切教育活动成功的基础。学前教育学生，将来要面对的是天真活泼的儿童，如果学前教育专业的学生缺乏教育爱，那么幼儿教师队伍的专业成长就会失去灵魂，队伍建设就会失去活力，也就无从谈论教育改革了。这关乎儿童的未来，甚至是国家的将来。所以说教育爱对教育，尤其是对学前教育是非常重要的。
2、当前幼儿教师中还存在很多问题。和毕业班学生有一定的关联。
当前幼儿园中还存在一些幼儿教师“体罚”幼儿，“精神责罚”，忽视儿童需要等现象。曾报道过一些案例，浮现出教育中存在的一些问题。如：《幼儿不听话，老师剪断指》一6岁幼儿由于不听老师的话被老师剪下左手食指。《老师体罚出新招，竟逼学生吞苍蝇》。如此体罚学生，正表明她(他)们缺乏“教育爱”观念，或者有的幼儿教师歪曲了对“教育爱”的理解。而有的教师错误的认为，他们打学生或者罚学生是出于“爱”，正所谓的“爱之深才恨之切”，为自己错误的行为找到一个冠冕堂皇的借口，真是自欺欺人啊。只有看到了问题的存在和严重性，才能去寻找解决的方法和途径。学前教育专业的毕业生马上就面临毕业，接下来就要从事和幼儿教育有关的工作，能否做一个称职的幼教工作者，就要首先看他(她)具不具备当一名教师的基本素养：爱!所以对学前教育专业毕业生的教育爱观念的研究是具有积极意义的。
3、了解学前教育专业毕业班学生教育爱观念现状，对改进学前教育对学生的职业情感培养提供借鉴。
“教育爱”是教师职业情感的一个不可或缺的重要组成部分。这个问题在教师职业专业化的今天是不容忽视和冷落的。教师的全部工作就是为人师表，学前教育专业的学生将来肩负的是教育幼儿的重任，对他(她)们进行角色塑造，确立教师职业情感的培养，树立正确的教师观，能够使他们理解自己的专业目标和对未来自己要从事的职业的定位。如果教师缺乏教育爱，那么她就不能真正理解教育，也就不能真正热爱儿童。大学教师用自己的“教育爱”思想来感化和传输给学前教育专业的学生，或者在学前教育专业的教学计划中开设教师职业道德建设和教师素养有关的课程，有助于学前教育专业学生的职业情感的培养。
4、目前国内对学前教育教师教育爱已经有了一定的研究，但是相比国外，我们做的还有很多。
对学前教育专业毕业班学生教育爱观念的研究可以在一定程度上弥补这方面的不足。 我国历史上对“教育爱”虽然有过提及，解放后虽然斯霞有过这方面的探讨，但仅仅停留在经验的总结之上，并未深入系统的研究。目前有许多学者都开始关注“教育爱”问题，也作过一些研究，但大多都还是停留在经验和理论上，未能在实践和理论上作系统的研究。对学前教育专业毕业班学生的“教育爱”观念的研究，采用多种方式：访谈、问卷调查、文献查阅等手段来做研究。可以在一定程度上弥补这方面的不足。
5、为教育者特别是即将面临毕业要从事幼儿教育的学前教育毕业班学生提供了一个认识儿童的新视角。
在研究的过程中，会通过和毕业班的学生，包括学前教育本科生、五年一贯制毕业生、高职毕业的谈话，和发问卷请她们填写，这也是一种让她们认识“教育爱”的重要性的途径，也会使她们从新的角度和用新的眼光看待教师的职业情感，以新的眼光去认识儿童。
二、文献综述：
一、国外研究：
昆体良已明确认识到并强调教育爱的重要性。他指出：“最要紧的是要建立(学生)和教师之间的亲密友谊，使他的教学工作不是出于完成任务，而是出于对学生的热爱。”
① 裴斯泰洛齐不仅强调教育爱的重要性，而且在教育实践中以身作则，充分体现了教育爱的精神。阿图尔布律迈尔指出：“在裴斯泰洛齐身上散发着一种难以形容的爱。”
②正是这种“使所有人感动的炽热的爱”促使他在逆境中奋起，百折不挠，克服重重困难，以实践其教育理念。 昆体良、裴斯泰洛齐只是初步阐述了教育爱的一些思想，却没有对教育爱进行系统的研究。对教育爱较为全面和深入的研究要到后来学者了。 凯兴斯坦纳较为系统地研究了教育爱的一些基本问题。首先，他认为爱并不与教育相矛盾，而是教育所必需的。其次，他认为爱是教师最基本的素质。他指出：“凡不能为爱他人而活着的人，就根本不可能成为真正的教育者。”
③再次，他将教育爱视为一些特质。这对于我们准确把握教育爱的内涵有巨大的启发与借鉴意义。最后，他已触及到了教育爱的本质问题。他在将教育爱视为一种情感的同时，也意识到了这种观念所蕴涵的一种潜在的危险，即有可能会出现“好心办坏事”或称“毒害性教育”的现象。他在强调教育者必须具备“对塑造具有个性的人的纯真的爱”的同时，也强调教育者必须“成功地实践这种爱的能力”。 凯兴斯坦纳关于教育爱的研究，特别是对于教育爱本质问题的触及影响了与其同时代及后来的学者的研究。这些学者经过深入研究，最终揭示了教育爱的本质。 斯普朗格明确认识到并揭示了教育爱的本质。斯普朗格是最提倡教育爱的人，并对教育爱进行了较为全面、深入地研究。首先，他强调教育爱的重要性，将其视为教育的“根”， 他认为，“人类最伟大的力量是爱”。
④ 其次，他认为教育爱的本质是教师帮助学生价值可能性的实现，即帮助其成为他自己。最后，他讨论了教育爱的特征。他认为教育爱有两个方面的特征，即消极方面与积极方面：“①消极方面：不籍爱以图发生作用。②积极方面：并不意图促进别人的个别价值倾向，而是针对别人心灵的整个价值能力，使他所有的价值倾向发展。”
⑤ 斯普朗格对于教育爱思想研究的进一步深化与发展作出了巨大的贡献。关于教育爱本质问题的探讨极大地加深了人们关于教育爱的认识并促进了教育爱思想研究的进一步深化与发展。 Goldstein从实践层面较为系统地探讨了教育爱的一些基本问题。首先，她分析了关于教育爱的研究如此贫乏的原因。
1、人们认为，教育爱太明显了，以至于无需研究。
2、人们认为，教育爱太复杂了，以至于无法研究。
3、这有其历史渊源。早在20世纪初期，儿童教师渴望被人视为专家。虽然照顾与爱(caring and love)非常好，但它们并不象科学知识那样令人印象深刻(impressive)。 因此，“爱”的研究被忽视了。其次，她非常强调教育爱的重要性。她以“爱的三角理论”(the triangular theory of love)
⑥为基础分析了教育爱的基本组成要素，即亲密、承诺与热情。当这三个要素全都具备了时，此时的爱便是一种“完美之爱”(consummate love)(Sternberg)。 Goldstein通过具体的实验及结合自身的教育实践具体分析了爱在教育中的作用、教育爱的基本要素等问题。弥补了实践层面研究之不足，她的研究也为我们提供了非常有价值的研究资料与观点。
二、国内研究：
我国向来提倡尊师爱幼。但历史上对教育爱的研究可以说是匮乏的。虽然早在春秋战国时期，孔子就已经认识到爱在教育中的重要性，也提出教育要“因材施教”，但都未能引起教育者对教育爱的重视。 解放后，斯霞总结自身教育经验和体会对教育爱进行了一些初步的探索。她指出：“热爱教育工作，必须热爱学生，这是我们做好教育工作的前提，也是我们当教师的神圣职责。我们只有热爱学生，才能从内心迸发出一股强大的力量……”
⑦她同时认为教育爱体现在教师的日常生活之中。 斯霞对教育爱的探索主要还是停留在对经验的概括和总结。未能在理论上对教育爱进行深入地探讨，也未从实践上去加以研究。这与她所处的时代背景有关，她提出的“母爱教育”是非常有价值的，但在当时却受到了批判。 目前，教育爱正开始越来越受到广大学者和教育者的重视。说明人们已经开始注意到教育爱在教育中的重要性。一些人也在这方面做了探讨，但是，迄今为止，国内还没有关于教育爱较为全面系统的研究。 台湾学者邓石岩较为系统地研究了教育爱的一些基本问题。首先，他强调教育爱的重要性。他提出：“爱是人类精神成长的沃土……在家庭和学校里，爱几乎是教育的全部教材。有了爱，环境再困苦，孩子还是会健全的成长;失去爱，即使是富裕的境遇，幼小的心灵仍不免枯萎。所以我说爱就是教育的力量……”
⑧其次，他认为教育爱的本质是帮助儿童真正成为他自己。他提出：“帮助学生依其根性发展成他自己，是教师最重要的职责...... 教师的爱表现在慧眼识英雄上，看出每一个孩子的特质，予以启发、教导和训练......”
⑨ 再次，他认为教育爱是无条件的。他说：“爱是一种帮助学生成长的能力。它的特质是给予，所以爱是没有条件的。”“当教师的心被条件化时，就很难施展有能力或有启发性的爱。”
⑩ 邓石岩主要是从活动的角度探讨了教育爱的内涵。他的研究是非常有价值的，有助于我们全面、深入地把握教育爱的内涵。
(三)总结： 通过对国内外有关教育爱思想主要研究的文献查阅，我们不难发现：首先，人们对教育爱的认识和研究是逐步深入和发展的。其次，人们对教育爱的研究经历了从理论到实践的过程。再次，人们对教育爱的认识和研究具有局限性，即受限于他们对爱的认识程度。最后，在教育爱的研究方面，我们与国外还存在很大的差距。我国缺乏系统的研究，而国外已领先我们很大一截。
三、研究方法：
1、 访谈法：通过对学前教育毕业班学生面对面的谈话，来了解 她(他)们教育爱观念现状。
2、 问卷调查法：自己设计问卷，对学前教育毕业班学生进行问卷调查，从而得出他(她)们的教育爱观念。
3、 文献法：查阅国内外有关文献。
四、进度安排：
1、2005年6月27——2005年9月：毕业论文选题;
2、2005年9月——2005年12月20：完成毕业论文的开题报告;
3、2005年12月底——2006年3月底前：完成毕业论文的撰写。
五、论文框架：
第一章：教育爱的涵义和对学前儿童教育的重要性 第二章：当前幼儿教育中存在的幼儿教师对“教育爱”的缺失 第三章：学前教育专业毕业班学生教育爱观念现状分析 第四章：如何培养学前教育学生的师德(尤其是“教育爱”)
六、参考文献：
[1]、[台]王文俊：《人文主义与教育》，(台)五南图书出版公司民国72年版，第335页。
[2]、阿布律迈尔主编，尹德新组译，杜文棠审校：《裴斯泰洛齐选集》(第一卷)，(北京)教育科学出版社1994年版，第2页;第67页。
[3]、[德]乔治凯兴斯坦纳著，郑惠卿译：《凯兴斯坦纳教育论著选》，(北京)人民教育出版社1993年版，第135页。
[4]、Eduard Spranger著，查岱山，余文堂译，孙志文主编：《人的条件》，(台)联经出版事业公司民国72年版，第11页。
1.选题依据及研究综述
(一)选题依据
幼儿教学不仅对教学内容的知识性有一定的要求，同时对教学过程的娱乐性与趣味性有一定的要求。在教学的实践过程中我们发现儿歌由于其结构简单、语言愉悦等特点更能够为儿童所接受。从前人的研究经验来看，儿歌教学主要可以分为儿歌学习与儿歌创作等两种形式。其中儿歌的学习能够锻炼幼儿的语言能力;而儿歌的创作则是对幼儿的语言理解、语言组织等能力进行综合训练。此外，此种形式更能够增加幼儿的学习兴趣与学习成就感，对其后续的学习提供必要保障。本文主要从幼儿儿歌创作的意义以及其具体的教学过程来对儿歌创作教学法在幼儿教学中的应用进行研究。希望通过本文的研究能够为后续的学习与工作提供理论基础与实践指导。
(二)研究综述
幼儿有着自身的学习心理特征与学习特点，因此幼儿教学与传统教学有很大的区别。近年来针对幼儿教学的文献相对较多，主要集中在幼儿教学方式研究、儿歌创作与教学模式等。
2.课题的基本内容
本文所研究的内容主要包括三个方面：
第一，对儿歌创作小学应用进行理论分析。从理论的角度研究幼儿的学习与心理特征，并对儿歌创作教学的优势进行分析。
第二，对目前儿歌创作教学的实践现状以及实践过程中存在的问题进行分析。
第三，基于存在的问题对后续的儿歌创作教学法在幼儿教学中的应用进行对策性研究，并提出在具体实行过程中的注意事项。
3.课题的重点、难点及创新点
本文研究重点为对儿歌创作教学法的系统梳理以及此种方法在幼儿教学中的实际应用。
本文的难点在于相关的研究较少，此种教学模式还处于探索阶段，并没有完善的教学体系可以遵循。
本文的创新点在于提出儿歌创新教学法，并系统研究其在幼儿教学过程中的应用。同时对其教学设置以及注意事项进行研究，能够直接指导相关的教学工作的开展。
4.论文提纲
本文研究提纲如下：
摘要：
关键词：
一、引言
研究背景与目的
研究内容与意义
文献综述
二、幼儿教学特征分析
幼儿心理特征分析
幼儿教学特征分析
三、儿歌创作在幼儿教学中的作用
儿歌创作对培养幼儿识字能力的作用
儿歌创作对培养幼儿语言能力的作用
儿歌创作对培养幼儿创造力的作用
儿歌创作对培养幼儿成就感与学习兴趣的作用
四、儿歌创作教学法构建及其注意事项
老师-学生互动模式
学生-学生互动模式
家长-学生互动模式
老师-家长互动模式
注意事项
五、总结
题目：
3-6 岁幼儿绘本阅读的偏好研究
研究的缘起
1.绘本作为儿童读物的流行趋势
绘本，是现今社会非常流行的一种幼儿读物，是以图画为主，文字为辅的幼儿图书。绘本中的图画很精美，故事的'情节也很生动，绘本中的那些直观形象的画面对幼儿的视觉上造成了一定的刺激，激发幼儿的阅读兴趣。绘本中的天真、简洁的文字风格使得幼儿理解起来更加的容易，绘本以上的这些特点都很符合幼儿的身心发展的规律。因此，幼儿能提起更高的兴趣去阅读，并在阅读的过程中了解绘本中的乐趣，绘本阅读对幼儿的语言能力和想象力的发展有很大的帮助。同时生动丰富的图画也使得幼儿在阅读的过程中拥有更大的愉悦感，使他们感受到绘本当中艺术美的熏陶。
2.绘本对幼儿身心发展的重要作用
绘本对于幼儿的成长有着很重要的作用，3 岁-4 岁是幼儿语音发展的飞跃阶段，在此阶段幼儿基本上可以掌握本民族的全部语言，因此从这个时期开始的语音的锻炼是很关键的。幼儿阅读绘本对其语音的发展有很大的帮助。不仅在语言方面，绘本对于 3-6岁幼儿的观察力、想象力以及审美、情绪、情感的培养都有着重要的意义。
3.幼儿绘本阅读过程中对绘本的更为细致的选择问题亟待解决
绘本是一个拥有很多学科交叉的阅读材料，并且也越来越成为国内的学者研究的焦点，近年来关于绘本的研究论文越来越多，我们关注的有关绘本的内容也越来越广。绘本阅读是其中很重要的一个方面。但是幼儿在绘本阅读中不同的年龄段是有不同的选择的，他们也有自己对绘本阅读的偏好，研究幼儿在不同年龄段的对绘本阅读的偏好的不同可以更好的使我们对幼儿的绘本阅读进行指导，以及选择适合他们自身发展的绘本。但通过查阅各类文献资料关于这方面的研究基本上是没有的，经过资料的查阅发现到目前为止没有研究者的对 3-6岁儿童的对于绘本的阅读偏好进行系统深入的研究的相关文献。大部分的专家学者只是停留于表面，有的只是针对一类绘本对幼儿的选择偏好进行了研究，有的只是在绘本的形式的选择上进行了一些调查，有的只是浅显的谈及了自己的观察幼儿阅读所得出的一些经验总结。在这些研究中并没有综合的从幼儿的年龄、性别上做出更细致、更深入的研究与分析。所以在这我希望经过系统的观察与分析来进行关于 3-6 岁幼儿阅读偏好的研究，做出更为清晰、深层次的成果。为幼儿的早期阅读提供更加具体有效的指导。
研究意义
1.理论意义
本研究的对象是 3-6 岁的幼儿，3-6 岁幼儿是语言发展的关键时期，研究幼儿在绘本阅读中的偏好研究对幼儿的早期阅读有较为重要的意义。我们通过研究会发现幼儿在阅读中的对不同类型的绘本的不同选择以及不同年龄段、不同性别的幼儿对各个类别的绘本的不同选择。通过研究在我们可以再理论上更加了解幼儿在绘本阅读中的阅读规律与偏好，获得关于幼儿绘本阅读偏好的一个相关的理论知识。通过本研究可以丰富我国的关于幼儿绘本阅读偏好的相关研究。通过探索不同年龄段、不同性别的幼儿的阅读偏好研究使得关于幼儿绘本阅读偏好的研究更系统、更具体，丰富幼儿早期阅读的研究。
2.实践意义
通过本研究可以使我们了解 3-6 岁幼儿在绘本阅读中的偏好。我们可以得出不同年龄段、不同性别的幼儿对于不同类型绘本的选择，在幼儿园实践的基础上进行本研究，并在幼儿真实的绘本阅读的环境中进行观察与分析，也会在各个年龄班进行绘本的讲解活动观察幼儿在绘本阅读过程中的关注点。并且会分析相关的案例了解更多、更真实的关于幼儿绘本阅读的偏好。很多幼儿园的绘本阅读都有着一定的问题，幼儿园对于绘本的投放以及不同年龄班适合阅读的绘本没有一个系统的了解，并不能做出最正确的及判断给幼儿提供最好、最适合的绘本。本文的这些研究对幼儿早期阅读指导有很大的帮助，也为幼儿园的教师和幼儿家长提供了关于幼儿绘本阅读方面的指导。此研究帮助他们选择适合幼儿的绘本，也能了解各年龄段、不同性别幼儿对绘本阅读的喜好，尊重他们身心发展的规律，并给与适当的指导。而且在此研究的基础上也能优化幼儿园的绘本的资源，使得幼儿园的绘本得到更好的利用。在这些研究的基础上可以使幼儿获得更好的、更长远的发展。
文献综述
1.绘本阅读对幼儿发展的影响研究
幼儿阅读绘本幼儿的成长是有非常重要的作用的，3-6 岁的幼儿处在语言发展的关键期，而且绘本阅读也会发展幼儿的情感、想象力、观察力和认知能力等，这一时期的幼儿有着非常强烈的好奇心，绘本中描绘的图画世界打开了幼儿观察和想象这个世界的窗户，满足了他们的好奇心，让他们感觉到兴奋和开心。因此通过各类绘本的阅读带给幼儿的是很大的帮助，会让家长和幼儿教师发现幼儿在阅读绘本过程中所获得的进步和成长。
对幼儿绘本阅读的价值研究中，不同的专家学者所描述的关于绘本的价值是不同的，但也有一些相同的地方，有的专家着重指出了绘本阅读对幼儿情绪情感的表达与心灵成长的作用如湖南肖涓老师；有的专家着重指出了绘本阅读对幼儿想象力、创造力和观察力方面的促进作用，如甘肃的洪海鹰；有的则表述了绘本阅读对幼儿的语言发展和良好的品德养成等方面的意义，如耿明磊老师的观点。
湖南师范大学的肖涓老师指出，绘本的图画语言为儿童呈现了一个美妙奇幻的世界。从儿童心理发展的角度来看，绘本是作为儿童文化的一种呈现形式，是儿童自身世界的很重要组成部分，儿童可以通过绘本进入到自己丰富的内心世界，成人也借助绘本获得了与儿童进行心理交流的机会。儿童本身有着自己独特的儿童文化。绘本是幼儿的好伙伴，伴随着幼儿的健康成长，是幼儿了解自己和外部世界的一个“ 窗口”,而且是幼儿寄托自己的情感和思绪的港湾。绘本的模式是图画与文字的结合，这种特点符合儿童思维的图景性特质，这就使得幼儿在读绘本的时候会更容易进入到绘本的故事情境当中去。
甘肃的洪海鹰指出，绘本能最大限度的培养幼儿的想象力和创造力，很大程度的提高幼儿的听、说能力，而且很多情感类的绘本还会潜移默化的培养幼儿的情操。他还提出，绘本故事跨越了国界，越过不同的文化背景，通过不同种类不同表达方式的绘本使幼儿的想象力不断的丰富。绘本画面中的一些具有特色的小细节也会让幼儿产生很丰富的联想，这为幼儿提供了丰富的体验不同故事情节的机会。再者，优秀的绘本创作者会
给幼儿留出极大的想象空间，为幼儿想象力和观察力的发展搭建了一个宽阔的平台，使幼儿在在每一次的绘本阅读中都会有新的不一样的发现和体验。
开题，选题的意义，。分析童话中的动物形象顶多做 2000字