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一、本选题的目的和意义： 本选题旨在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法，重点从文化交际的角度对日常用语中隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。 本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”(陈宏薇：1996)，翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要的作用。我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。 二、本选题国内外研究的现状和发展趋向： 对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系，其中以Lakoff &Johnson(1987)的研究最具有代表性，而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。国内对于隐喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理论的影响，其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。在隐喻翻译的研究方面，李国南(1990)，胡文仲(1994)对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较，并探讨了其翻译的途径。在近期出版的刊物中有对隐喻翻译研究方面的文章，其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。但其研究的范围也只局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。 三、主要研究的内容： 本文分五个部分。一、简要介绍隐喻与语言以及语言与文化之间的关系，提出日常用语中隐喻的汉译不可忽视文化背景，并简述本论文的主要内容。 二、重点论述隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性。三、分析隐喻的特点，从人类文化的共性论述其可译性。四、讨论隐喻的汉译标准、难点、过程、基本方法以及根据语境而确定译法的原则。五、详述隐喻汉译的方法和技巧，指出在翻译实践中，对每种方法的使用都不能走极端。结论部分，总结研究隐喻汉译所具有的实用价值。 1．引言 2．英语日常用语中隐喻存在的普遍性 隐喻的定义 关于隐喻研究的常用术语 英语日常用语中的隐喻 3.英语日常用语中隐喻的特点 日常用语中隐喻的分类 习用性隐喻 新生隐喻 英语隐喻与汉语隐喻 英语日常用语中隐喻的可译性 4.英语日常用语中的隐喻的汉译 翻译的标准 日常用语中隐喻汉译的难点 日常用语中隐喻汉译的过程 日常用语中隐喻汉译的基本方法及原则 5.日常用语中隐喻汉译的方法与技巧 直译法 意译法 转译法 直译和意译结合法
A Comparative Study of Animal Words between English and Chinese[Abstract] In the history of developing process of human beings, some animals always keep relation with human and deeply influence human survival and development to some extent. This close relation repose human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals, so there are lots of animal words in different languages. Words can reflect differences of culture and words are influenced by history, customs, values, and religion. Animal words are given special cultural connotations in different languages. There are many words of animals, such as dogs, birds, sheep, dragons, etc, used in metaphors in the human languages. These animal metaphors have explained the origins of different cultures. Research on comparisons of animal metaphors between Chinese and foreign language provides an answer to the explanations of cultural generalities. Cognitive interpretations of cultural differences or coincidence in different animal metaphors have been reflected from different language levels. Therefore, a reasonable explanation can only be found from the point of view of cognitive science. There are a lot of animal words in both English and Chinese. Their modes of thinking and background are different and they result in the implied meanings of animal words are possibly different. As we known, language is a culture carrier. Culture loaded words play an important role in paper focuses on the similarities and differences of animal words in both Chinese and English. Different cultural backgrounds and ways of thinking result in the different connotation of animal words. To be aware of the different cultures and ways of thinking in the two countries will help us understand the usage of the animal words better, thus understand the language itself much better.[Key Words] Animal words; cultural connotation; similarities and differences 英汉动物词的对比研究 【摘 要】在人类历史发展的漫长进程中, 有些动物一直与人类保持着密切联系并对人类的生存、发展有着深刻的影响。这种关系使得人类对动物产生喜爱、同情、厌恶、恐惧等错综复杂的情感, 人们也常常借动物来寄托和表达人的感情, 所以在英汉两种文化中都有许许多多与动物相关的词汇。同时语言中的词汇反映了文化发展的差异, 由于受历史、习俗、价值观念、宗教信仰等诸方面文化因素的影响, 中英两种语言赋予动物词汇以各自特定的文化内涵众所周知, 在不同语言和不同文化背景下, 每个词除了具有字面意义外, 还有丰富的文化内涵, 即该词所隐含的附带的联想义、比喻义、象征义及带有感情色彩的褒义和贬义等。许多同一动物在不同语言中其语词有着不同的文化内涵。从文化语言学和对比语言学的角度来分析对比中英两种语言中动物词的文化内涵之异同会有助于语言学习。动物词在英汉两种语言中的出现频率都很高。英汉民族思维方式和文化背景不同,同一动物所承载的意义也就会出现差异。通过对动物词文化意义的揭示和研究,不仅可以避免交际中的语用失误,而且对于不同文化的比较与导入有一定的理论和实践意义.语言是文化的载体, 不同民族的语言使世界上的文化呈现出千姿百态。文化差异赋予同一动物词语不同的内涵, 词汇反映了特定的社会文化, 不同的社会背景和文化差异造成了词汇在文化内涵上的差异。通过比较, 人们可以更清楚地感受到英汉文化在动物词语上留下的历史文化差异。本文从同一个动物词代表相同的意义；同一个动物词代表不同的意义； 不同的动物词代表相同的意义； 英汉特有的动物词涵义这四个方面来讨论英汉动物词汇涵义的相同点和不同点。【关键词】动物词；文化内涵； 异同 1. IntroductionIn the history of developing process, human beings keep close relation with animals. They live together on the same earth, and they have great impact on each other. This close relation reposes human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals and results in the emergence and enrichment of animal words in different languages. However, different people from different countries have different ways of thinking and social backgrounds. Therefore, the implied meaning of the words that have the same denotations may be totally different. They are given special cultural connotations for the different social backgrounds and national conventions. And as it is well-known, both English and Chinese have a sea of animal words, which are endowed abundant cultural connotations. So, this paper tries to discuss the cultural connotations of animal words both in English and Chinese from the following aspects: the words refer to the same animal with the same connotations; the words refer to the same animal but with different connotations; the words refer to different animals with the same connotation; the words refer to the same animal but only has connotation in English or Chinese. With comparison, the English learners can better understand the usage of the animal words. 2. The worth for the comparison of animal words between English and Chinese“Cultural connotation refers to the general meaning including connotative meaning and cultural meaning carried in different cultural circumstance. It includes the meaning added and the amplified meaning under special social and cultural background, and also includes the emotions and attitudes of some particular cultural colony.”[1] As we have mentioned above, different social backgrounds render diverse cultural connotations to different languages. Therefore, even if animal words of different languages have the same conceptual meanings, their connotative meanings are not totally the same. As we all know, English has become one of the most open languages around the world. Since it was born, it has never stopped its self-development and meanwhile assimilated other’s cultural essence from different countries. As the result, it can be sure that the animal words in English language have rich cultural implications. And Chinese, as one of the oldest languages in the world, has evolved over 5000 years. The animal words in Chinese have their own specific cultural connotations as well. Fore these reasons, it is worthwhile to make a good comparison of animal words between English and Chinese both for the English language learners and Chinese language learners. It can help them get a better comprehension of the intercultural communication as well. 3. The similarities and differences of animal words between English and . Similar words or similar . The words refer to the same animal with the same connotation It is sure that people around the world live in similar surroundings, so they will have similar thinking on some aspects. When they learn some animal words from their basic cognition to the world, these animal words are endowed with the same cultural connotation. For example, regardless of English or Chinese culture, the animal, fox is the symbol of crafty. Phrases: old fox; play the foxSentences: (1) She is as cunning as a fox, you’ve got to watch her. [2] (2) I could not help reflecting on the strange by which the old fox had saved himself. (3) Are you sure you can trust that man------he is such a sly old fox. [3] Fox also means sly crafty and doubtful in Chinese, for example: (1) 狐假虎威: the ass in the lion’s skin;(fig) bully people by flaunting one'spowerful connections.(2) 狐狸尾巴: fox's tail-cloven hoof; something that gives away the evil intention of somebody like a fox tail(3) 狐朋狗友: a pack of rogues; a gang of scoundrels(4) 狐狸精: fox spirit symbolizing a seductive woman(5) 狐疑: doubt; suspicion [4]In Chinese, “old fox” means someone who is very crafty. For example：(1) 他是一只老狐狸，不要轻易相信他说的话。(He is an old fox, whose words cannot be believed.)(
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms
（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）
（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）
【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）
【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese
（英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）
1. Introduction
(顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)
In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to
focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms
of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression
(Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999).
(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)
…。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a),
(b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）
Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following
examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):
(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.
(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose
it.
….
The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese
idioms
… (i) ….
….
(ii) ….
….
4. Conclusion
….
Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New
York: OUP, 1981.
常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。
（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流；在国际学术刊物上发表，在国际上共享科研成果，英语论文也是达到学术交流的目的；另外英语论文还包括英语相关专业人员必要地用英语撰写学术报告或毕业论文等等。不同的学科或专业领域、不同的刊物对英语论文的内容、格式等有不同的要求，不同领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上既有许多共性，也不乏各自特点。
格式：
York: OUP, 1981.
标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。
就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。
提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
每个关键词使用四号字
正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
参考资料：百度百科-英语论文
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日
Name is translation often occurred in ingredients. It seemingly small component, but it is bad to can cause many misunderstandings and then. Translation even difficult difficult in its profound cultural connotations, and the source language and target language different expression and accept culture way. To appropriate and scientifically translation gaudentia, must comprehend the profound cultural connotation and to follow certain translation principles, make even in both languages can be correctly understood, and do not break the source language characteristic. This paper tries to Chinese name cultural differences, naming conventions comparison, Chinese and western literature works named after people cultural connotation and so on several aspects to explore even translation principles. A Chinese and western even cultural differences Name and name from arranged sequencing see Chinese and western names cultural differences Have surnamed famous common features of the eastern and western people, but in the name of the permutation order is inverted: Chinese (li si) name permutation order is: the name is prior, name behind, While the westerners (George Bush) name permutation order by contrast, name prior, surname last. This surname and name different permutation order is east of traditional culture in different names. Name embodied on the code, and embody family name is individual code of Chinese and western names. In this name and name permutation order is orientals in "universality and individuality" relationship held by different idea reflected. In general supreme, "three cardinal guides emphasizes so-called p-five" of Chinese traditional culture, which is inevitable represents the fathers, family's "surname" prior, who represent the individual, human symbols -- "name" last. By contrast, westerners are stress individual character, respect personal independent personality and subject consciousness, therefore represent personality conception of "name" were put in front, and represents the common surname "concept" rear. The Chinese to "surname" hotly-contested three-week dash across, inspect if "sacred", While the westerners to "surname" is watching very light, very casually. Second, the Chinese and western naming conventions comparison named principle Chinese name of total principle is: the form significance is beautiful, choose lucky words: such as "happiness", "wealth", "ting" etc, Or choose refined characters, such as "jia", "" etc. We compare the Anglo-American name: Nancy (Nancy, meaning "elegant", Helen (Helen, meaning "sunshine", Frances (Frances, meaning "freedom", it can be seen in principle differences. Naming names from the west principle can be reflected in this sentence, that is "take a good name is better than riches", But Chinese naming principles might as well as "auspicious life, summarize grave life". naming convention Chinese naming rich and colorful, reflects the nation in different social, different era of ideas, meanwhile reflected people's aspirations, ideal, etc. (1) the birth horoscope name. This is the Chinese a named custom, birth horoscope and gold, wood, water, fire and earth "five elements" to calculate, see lack a printing line is used the word name, like "f", "water", "sawasaki sichuan, etc; RunTu" Westerners natural don't believe this sets. (2) to be born time fame. Such as "chunsheng", "dawn", "song", Western naming, no this method. (3) ranking order name. Such as: "zhang SAN", "li si", "the king", The Anglo-American children ranked according to metal, such as: "ranking arrangement for the Gold (long children Gold) : Gold and Silver (Silver for children times) : ShiEr eph. (4) parents surname name. Such as: father's song, mother's name Korea, daughter named SongHan (harmonics). (5) to parents look forward to name. Such as: LiFuQin, Ruth (rose), meaning "beauty". (6) birthplace name. Such as: WangHuSheng, Scott (Scott), etc. . (7) on animals and plants for life. Such as: dragon, wild goose, tiger, chicken, rumei, Ephraim; etc. British and American names: started (Rose), Lily (lilies), etc. In addition, there are many Chinese to fame, use fixed degress word mean generation degress, make a cycle, from generation to generation. Three, sino-foreign literature works named after people cultural connotation of perspective Works of literature creation, character name selection is very important. Because in the characters, according to the purpose of writing, in order to deeply reveal characters' personalities, indicating that the fate of the characters, and end always carefully and cautiously for character select name. And, as in the names and nico panov society in his book "the more famous said, master, the more for his work carefully choose name hero." this means its connotation more rich, translation should be more ZiZhenGouZhuo, certain translation guiding principle is necessary. To sum up, the Chinese and western names reflect the differences between Chinese and western culture differences. Names is the carrier of culture and the mirror image, names and cultural change together. In symbiosis named after people more reflects different customs. Literary works named after people usually have clew character and the connotation of destiny. In translation names to follow "name from master", "conventional", "brief" principle of literary works middleman. The name of the translation and processing according to different circumstances, follow the coexistence and free translation, "" principle and" translate "refer to the significance of names principle.
A Comparative Study of Animal Words between English and Chinese[Abstract] In the history of developing process of human beings, some animals always keep relation with human and deeply influence human survival and development to some extent. This close relation repose human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals, so there are lots of animal words in different languages. Words can reflect differences of culture and words are influenced by history, customs, values, and religion. Animal words are given special cultural connotations in different languages. There are many words of animals, such as dogs, birds, sheep, dragons, etc, used in metaphors in the human languages. These animal metaphors have explained the origins of different cultures. Research on comparisons of animal metaphors between Chinese and foreign language provides an answer to the explanations of cultural generalities. Cognitive interpretations of cultural differences or coincidence in different animal metaphors have been reflected from different language levels. Therefore, a reasonable explanation can only be found from the point of view of cognitive science. There are a lot of animal words in both English and Chinese. Their modes of thinking and background are different and they result in the implied meanings of animal words are possibly different. As we known, language is a culture carrier. Culture loaded words play an important role in paper focuses on the similarities and differences of animal words in both Chinese and English. Different cultural backgrounds and ways of thinking result in the different connotation of animal words. To be aware of the different cultures and ways of thinking in the two countries will help us understand the usage of the animal words better, thus understand the language itself much better.[Key Words] Animal words; cultural connotation; similarities and differences 英汉动物词的对比研究 【摘 要】在人类历史发展的漫长进程中, 有些动物一直与人类保持着密切联系并对人类的生存、发展有着深刻的影响。这种关系使得人类对动物产生喜爱、同情、厌恶、恐惧等错综复杂的情感, 人们也常常借动物来寄托和表达人的感情, 所以在英汉两种文化中都有许许多多与动物相关的词汇。同时语言中的词汇反映了文化发展的差异, 由于受历史、习俗、价值观念、宗教信仰等诸方面文化因素的影响, 中英两种语言赋予动物词汇以各自特定的文化内涵众所周知, 在不同语言和不同文化背景下, 每个词除了具有字面意义外, 还有丰富的文化内涵, 即该词所隐含的附带的联想义、比喻义、象征义及带有感情色彩的褒义和贬义等。许多同一动物在不同语言中其语词有着不同的文化内涵。从文化语言学和对比语言学的角度来分析对比中英两种语言中动物词的文化内涵之异同会有助于语言学习。动物词在英汉两种语言中的出现频率都很高。英汉民族思维方式和文化背景不同,同一动物所承载的意义也就会出现差异。通过对动物词文化意义的揭示和研究,不仅可以避免交际中的语用失误,而且对于不同文化的比较与导入有一定的理论和实践意义.语言是文化的载体, 不同民族的语言使世界上的文化呈现出千姿百态。文化差异赋予同一动物词语不同的内涵, 词汇反映了特定的社会文化, 不同的社会背景和文化差异造成了词汇在文化内涵上的差异。通过比较, 人们可以更清楚地感受到英汉文化在动物词语上留下的历史文化差异。本文从同一个动物词代表相同的意义；同一个动物词代表不同的意义； 不同的动物词代表相同的意义； 英汉特有的动物词涵义这四个方面来讨论英汉动物词汇涵义的相同点和不同点。【关键词】动物词；文化内涵； 异同 1. IntroductionIn the history of developing process, human beings keep close relation with animals. They live together on the same earth, and they have great impact on each other. This close relation reposes human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals and results in the emergence and enrichment of animal words in different languages. However, different people from different countries have different ways of thinking and social backgrounds. Therefore, the implied meaning of the words that have the same denotations may be totally different. They are given special cultural connotations for the different social backgrounds and national conventions. And as it is well-known, both English and Chinese have a sea of animal words, which are endowed abundant cultural connotations. So, this paper tries to discuss the cultural connotations of animal words both in English and Chinese from the following aspects: the words refer to the same animal with the same connotations; the words refer to the same animal but with different connotations; the words refer to different animals with the same connotation; the words refer to the same animal but only has connotation in English or Chinese. With comparison, the English learners can better understand the usage of the animal words. 2. The worth for the comparison of animal words between English and Chinese“Cultural connotation refers to the general meaning including connotative meaning and cultural meaning carried in different cultural circumstance. It includes the meaning added and the amplified meaning under special social and cultural background, and also includes the emotions and attitudes of some particular cultural colony.”[1] As we have mentioned above, different social backgrounds render diverse cultural connotations to different languages. Therefore, even if animal words of different languages have the same conceptual meanings, their connotative meanings are not totally the same. As we all know, English has become one of the most open languages around the world. Since it was born, it has never stopped its self-development and meanwhile assimilated other’s cultural essence from different countries. As the result, it can be sure that the animal words in English language have rich cultural implications. And Chinese, as one of the oldest languages in the world, has evolved over 5000 years. The animal words in Chinese have their own specific cultural connotations as well. Fore these reasons, it is worthwhile to make a good comparison of animal words between English and Chinese both for the English language learners and Chinese language learners. It can help them get a better comprehension of the intercultural communication as well. 3. The similarities and differences of animal words between English and . Similar words or similar . The words refer to the same animal with the same connotation It is sure that people around the world live in similar surroundings, so they will have similar thinking on some aspects. When they learn some animal words from their basic cognition to the world, these animal words are endowed with the same cultural connotation. For example, regardless of English or Chinese culture, the animal, fox is the symbol of crafty. Phrases: old fox; play the foxSentences: (1) She is as cunning as a fox, you’ve got to watch her. [2] (2) I could not help reflecting on the strange by which the old fox had saved himself. (3) Are you sure you can trust that man------he is such a sly old fox. [3] Fox also means sly crafty and doubtful in Chinese, for example: (1) 狐假虎威: the ass in the lion’s skin;(fig) bully people by flaunting one'spowerful connections.(2) 狐狸尾巴: fox's tail-cloven hoof; something that gives away the evil intention of somebody like a fox tail(3) 狐朋狗友: a pack of rogues; a gang of scoundrels(4) 狐狸精: fox spirit symbolizing a seductive woman(5) 狐疑: doubt; suspicion [4]In Chinese, “old fox” means someone who is very crafty. For example：(1) 他是一只老狐狸，不要轻易相信他说的话。(He is an old fox, whose words cannot be believed.)(
这题目英文翻译的就有问题。。
论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
一篇优秀的英语论文离不开开题报告的撰写。那么，如何写好开题报告成为同学们非常苦恼的问题。下面是学术堂分享的英文论文开题报告的写作技巧：1、开题报告的一般内容课题来源、开题依据和背景情况，课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇，其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上，着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态，同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。拟采用的实验手段，所需科研和实验条件，估计课题工作量和所需经费，研究工作进度计划。主要参考文献，列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。2、写好开题报告的技巧提出问题注意“层次”在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括：与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;自己从事的专业。问题发展迅速，需要综合评价;反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。所选题目不宜过大，越具体越容易收集资料，从某一个侧面入手，容易深入。瞄准主流文献，随时整理文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等，要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3～5年)，后看远期的，广泛阅读资料，有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读，在阅读时，注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。整理资料时，要注意按照问题来组织文献资料，写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来，而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样，才能写出好的文献综述，也才能写出好的开题报告，进而为写出好的论文打下基础。3、研究目标具体而不死板一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标，但笔者认为，研究目标不宜规定得太死板，这是因为，即使条件一定，目标是偏高还是偏低，往往难于准确判断，研究工作本身，涉及求知因素，各个实验室条件不同，具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。
这题目英文翻译的就有问题。。
请教你们英语老师
一、本选题的目的和意义： 本选题旨在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法，重点从文化交际的角度对日常用语中隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。 本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”(陈宏薇：1996)，翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要的作用。我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。 二、本选题国内外研究的现状和发展趋向： 对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系，其中以Lakoff &Johnson(1987)的研究最具有代表性，而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。国内对于隐喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理论的影响，其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。在隐喻翻译的研究方面，李国南(1990)，胡文仲(1994)对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较，并探讨了其翻译的途径。在近期出版的刊物中有对隐喻翻译研究方面的文章，其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。但其研究的范围也只局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。 三、主要研究的内容： 本文分五个部分。一、简要介绍隐喻与语言以及语言与文化之间的关系，提出日常用语中隐喻的汉译不可忽视文化背景，并简述本论文的主要内容。 二、重点论述隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性。三、分析隐喻的特点，从人类文化的共性论述其可译性。四、讨论隐喻的汉译标准、难点、过程、基本方法以及根据语境而确定译法的原则。五、详述隐喻汉译的方法和技巧，指出在翻译实践中，对每种方法的使用都不能走极端。结论部分，总结研究隐喻汉译所具有的实用价值。 1．引言 2．英语日常用语中隐喻存在的普遍性 隐喻的定义 关于隐喻研究的常用术语 英语日常用语中的隐喻 3.英语日常用语中隐喻的特点 日常用语中隐喻的分类 习用性隐喻 新生隐喻 英语隐喻与汉语隐喻 英语日常用语中隐喻的可译性 4.英语日常用语中的隐喻的汉译 翻译的标准 日常用语中隐喻汉译的难点 日常用语中隐喻汉译的过程 日常用语中隐喻汉译的基本方法及原则 5.日常用语中隐喻汉译的方法与技巧 直译法 意译法 转译法 直译和意译结合法
你好啊，你的开题报告选题定了没？开题报告选题老师同意了吗？准备往哪个方向写？你的开题报告格式要求下载下来了没有？学校开题报告要求看了没有？因为每个学校开题报告格式要求都是不一样的？最后祝你选题顺利通过选题意义和目的一般作为开题报告里面的第一块内容,是阐述你所研究的这个选题有没有研究价值或者说讨论价值的, 写开题报告的目的，其实就是要请导师来评判我们这个选题有没有研究价值、这个研究方法有没有可能奏效、这个论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷.写意义的时候根据你的选题来决定形式可以分现实意义和理论意义也可以不细分,把目的和意义和在一起写,总之突出你观点的新颖和重要性即可建议可以从这两点来叙述,不过要根据自己的选题,不要生搬硬套:1. (你的选题)是前人没有研究过的,也就是说研究领域中一个新颖有意义的课题,被前人所忽略的2. 前人有研究过,或者说阐述过但是没有阐述论证的足够全面,你加以丰满,或者驳斥前人的观点,总之,意义和目的一定要叙述的清晰并且是有一定新意的其次注意自己所使用的理论,你是用什么理论证明你的观点也要叙述清楚,否则难以有说服力在做文献综述和国内外研究水平的评价等等也要有翔实的根据这样才能衬托出你的选题的意义所在
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
Name is translation often occurred in ingredients. It seemingly small component, but it is bad to can cause many misunderstandings and then. Translation even difficult difficult in its profound cultural connotations, and the source language and target language different expression and accept culture way. To appropriate and scientifically translation gaudentia, must comprehend the profound cultural connotation and to follow certain translation principles, make even in both languages can be correctly understood, and do not break the source language characteristic. This paper tries to Chinese name cultural differences, naming conventions comparison, Chinese and western literature works named after people cultural connotation and so on several aspects to explore even translation principles. A Chinese and western even cultural differences Name and name from arranged sequencing see Chinese and western names cultural differences Have surnamed famous common features of the eastern and western people, but in the name of the permutation order is inverted: Chinese (li si) name permutation order is: the name is prior, name behind, While the westerners (George Bush) name permutation order by contrast, name prior, surname last. This surname and name different permutation order is east of traditional culture in different names. Name embodied on the code, and embody family name is individual code of Chinese and western names. In this name and name permutation order is orientals in "universality and individuality" relationship held by different idea reflected. In general supreme, "three cardinal guides emphasizes so-called p-five" of Chinese traditional culture, which is inevitable represents the fathers, family's "surname" prior, who represent the individual, human symbols -- "name" last. By contrast, westerners are stress individual character, respect personal independent personality and subject consciousness, therefore represent personality conception of "name" were put in front, and represents the common surname "concept" rear. The Chinese to "surname" hotly-contested three-week dash across, inspect if "sacred", While the westerners to "surname" is watching very light, very casually. Second, the Chinese and western naming conventions comparison named principle Chinese name of total principle is: the form significance is beautiful, choose lucky words: such as "happiness", "wealth", "ting" etc, Or choose refined characters, such as "jia", "" etc. We compare the Anglo-American name: Nancy (Nancy, meaning "elegant", Helen (Helen, meaning "sunshine", Frances (Frances, meaning "freedom", it can be seen in principle differences. Naming names from the west principle can be reflected in this sentence, that is "take a good name is better than riches", But Chinese naming principles might as well as "auspicious life, summarize grave life". naming convention Chinese naming rich and colorful, reflects the nation in different social, different era of ideas, meanwhile reflected people's aspirations, ideal, etc. (1) the birth horoscope name. This is the Chinese a named custom, birth horoscope and gold, wood, water, fire and earth "five elements" to calculate, see lack a printing line is used the word name, like "f", "water", "sawasaki sichuan, etc; RunTu" Westerners natural don't believe this sets. (2) to be born time fame. Such as "chunsheng", "dawn", "song", Western naming, no this method. (3) ranking order name. Such as: "zhang SAN", "li si", "the king", The Anglo-American children ranked according to metal, such as: "ranking arrangement for the Gold (long children Gold) : Gold and Silver (Silver for children times) : ShiEr eph. (4) parents surname name. Such as: father's song, mother's name Korea, daughter named SongHan (harmonics). (5) to parents look forward to name. Such as: LiFuQin, Ruth (rose), meaning "beauty". (6) birthplace name. Such as: WangHuSheng, Scott (Scott), etc. . (7) on animals and plants for life. Such as: dragon, wild goose, tiger, chicken, rumei, Ephraim; etc. British and American names: started (Rose), Lily (lilies), etc. In addition, there are many Chinese to fame, use fixed degress word mean generation degress, make a cycle, from generation to generation. Three, sino-foreign literature works named after people cultural connotation of perspective Works of literature creation, character name selection is very important. Because in the characters, according to the purpose of writing, in order to deeply reveal characters' personalities, indicating that the fate of the characters, and end always carefully and cautiously for character select name. And, as in the names and nico panov society in his book "the more famous said, master, the more for his work carefully choose name hero." this means its connotation more rich, translation should be more ZiZhenGouZhuo, certain translation guiding principle is necessary. To sum up, the Chinese and western names reflect the differences between Chinese and western culture differences. Names is the carrier of culture and the mirror image, names and cultural change together. In symbiosis named after people more reflects different customs. Literary works named after people usually have clew character and the connotation of destiny. In translation names to follow "name from master", "conventional", "brief" principle of literary works middleman. The name of the translation and processing according to different circumstances, follow the coexistence and free translation, "" principle and" translate "refer to the significance of names principle.
你好！网上找的。和服起源于汉服，有许多相似或一样的地方，但经过历史的演变已经有许多不一样的地方，以下是和服与汉服的区别。1、腰带：汉服有博带用来束腰，而和服就没有且用布料堆砌稍微起束腰效果。2、袖口：汉服的袖口是开口的广袖，里面可以缝口袋，而和服的袖口下半部被缝合。汉服的袖子长度是过手的，而和服的袖子长度仅长至手腕。汉服的广袖剪裁线条曲线柔和，而和服的袖口是直挺挺的有点像刀片。3、衣裾：汉服有比较飘逸洒脱的衣裾，而和服的衣裾在这方面显得比较拘谨。4、衣缘：在这方面，汉服呈现最丰富的内涵，汉服的衣领、衣袖、衣裾都有衣缘，一般衣缘与主料异色，如用同色，需用锦带镶在衣缘与主料的接缝处，以区分开衣缘和主料。而和服只有领口有衣缘，且衣缘用料与主料相同。5、领口：穿和服的良家妇女领口把脖子包得很紧，艺妓领口则露出一大片脖子，汉服领口衣缘紧贴脑垂体后感觉很规范。6、弧度：和服追求直线，汉服追求曲线，汉服深衣女式衣裾通常为曲裾，曲裾深衣有4片裁也有6片裁亦有12片裁，皆为梯形。和服下裳分四片裁，且皆为正方型。7、穿法：汉服深衣上下分裁，而后缝合，汉服儒裙，由上儒与下儒组成。和服上衣下裳分开穿着。汉服洒脱, 而和服必须穿成上下直桶状才符合他们的审美标准。8、面料：和服喜欢或者说一般都用鲜艳的颜色，如果汉服一般用清雅、朴实的颜色，请看下图小模特郭柏鹭身穿的鲜艳红色就会让人感觉像和服，但图案又很中国的吉祥如意的那种感觉，其实正是和服。网络上称之为“面料印象效应”。
1. 汉服和和服的区别 汉服和和服的区别 汉服与和服的区别？ 汉服与和服的区别主要体现在整体风格与裁剪制作工艺方面。 一、整体风格不同： 汉服飘逸洒脱，美在灵动。 和服拘谨宁静，美在端庄。 二、裁剪制作工艺的不同： 1、前片不同： 汉服前左片为整幅布、右片多为半幅布；和服前身左、右片都为半幅布。 2、领口不同： 汉服交领是裁剪出来的；和服交领是按对襟裁剪，穿着时相交呈交领。3、袖子不同： 汉服广袖线条柔和，袖口是开放的；和服振袖直线直角，下部缝合，后部敞开。 4、腰带不同： 汉服博带束腰，一般在前面打结，多余部分自然下垂；和服以布料围腰，腰带又厚又宽，在背后打结，结很大。 5、衣裾不同： 汉服衣裾较大，和服衣裾较窄。 6、缘边不同： 汉服衣领、袖口、衣裾都有缘边；和服只有衣领有缘边。 扩展资料： 汉服是从黄帝即位（约西元前2698年）至明末 （公元17世纪中叶）这四千多年中，以华夏礼仪文化为中心，通过历代 *** 王朝推崇周礼、象天法地而形成千年不变的礼仪衣冠体系。 自黄帝、尧、舜垂衣裳而天下治，汉服已具基本形式，历经周朝礼法的继承，到了汉朝形成完善的衣冠体系并普及至民众，还通过儒教和中华法系影响了整个汉文化圈。 *** 、汉服、汉语、汉俗由此得名。日本、朝鲜、越南均曾颁布法律效仿汉衣冠。 和服是日本人的传统民族服装，也是日本人最值得向世界夸耀的文化资产之一。和服实际上源自中国汉唐服饰，后经日本历代修改，逐渐形成日本现代的和服式样，但基本上与汉唐服饰并无太大区别。 和服的穿着技巧，乃是随着时代的风俗背景，经过琢磨考验，蕴育而生。衣服上高雅而优美的图案，源自日本民族对山水的欣赏及对风土的眷恋，乃至于对人本精神与情境的细腻感受。 参考资料：百度百科-汉服 日本和服文化。 和服和汉服的区别和相似点 眼观：汉服是广袖 和服是振袖 汉服是宽袍大袖 和服穿了得走小碎步···（袍子宽不宽你自己想） 汉服是上下分裁上衣下裳（就算是直裰，里面也有暗摆） 和服是通裁，几块布一拼，也不管下摆的宽度（所以其实走不了大步子） 所以 汉服可以迈豪步 和服只能走小碎步 汉服的腰带几乎都是软的 而且不能超过九厘米 和服的腰带基本上没有九厘米以下的 汉服的深衣上下摆也有裾 和服没有 汉服的腰带打结打在前面 和服在后面 具体区别：一，从花纹上来区别，固然是可行的。 一些十分具有日本本土风格的图样我们可以认定为和服花纹，但是也要注意，日本有相当多的图案风格都是传自中国的，这些图案既然是中国的，当然也可以作为汉服花纹没有什么不对。列举一下传自中国的图样：一般都是比较古老的图案，比如法隆寺图案（跟随佛教被传播的图案有很多，像法隆寺图案这种是活化石，我们可以从中看到几百年前的唐朝图案），金鱼图案，松鹤，云鹤，千鸟（来自中国的百鸟图，其实百、千都是虚指，指多而已）、青海波（波浪形的图案，请大家注意中国官服下摆的青海波与日本的青海波诸多相似），凤凰，孔雀，龙，狮子，虎，牡丹，花鼓（日本鼓传自唐朝花鼓），唐草（蔓草式样图案，因传自中国所以叫唐草）等等 列举日本本土式图样：一般比上面的新，像樱花（比较古老了……）、日式风铃、和扇（和扇和中国扇的区别请大家注意）、桔梗花、朝颜（牵牛花）、市松（一种约定俗成的松叶文样）等等——这些是汉服不会出现的 有的时候从花纹上面非常难分辨，我曾见过日本的一种鸟文样，简直与楚国凤鸟文长的是双胞胎，所以最好还是从款式分。 二，从款式上来区别，这才是重点。专业地判断是哪一种服装，还是要从款式。 1，和服的衿和汉服不一样。和服的衿，既非中国的交领，也与中国的直领不同，最典型的特征是衿头出在衣服外面。 汉服的衿和衣服是平齐的。还有，和服的衿内贴一层布做共衿，共衿不封口，用于 *** 领芯（让领子形状变的很硬的东西）。 汉服从来没有领芯。2，和服的袖子大部分是方形袖，汉服的袖子大部分是圆形袖。 为什么说和服大部分是方形袖，因为也有少量圆形的款式，比如说圆禄袖，现代的和服则一般都为方形袖。至于汉服，大部分是圆形袖，但要注意也有少量方形的，唐朝的部分舞衣袖即为方形，比如说那尊著名的 *** 陶俑所穿。 3，和服袖后不封口，反而袖前端底下要封，和我国宋明时代的代表性服装是刚好相反的。早在秦汉时代，我国的袖前端底下也封一部分，只留比较小的口来伸手，称为悬壶袖——可见于曲裾图样，这种袖形进化到唐朝还有，后来逐渐被大袖替代了，但是我们的袖后从来没有不封过。 袖后不封口、一直开到腋下是和服的特征。4，汉服是靠系带绑住穿的。 和服没有系带。和服上面没有一根带子，完全靠腰带固定，如果腰带散了衣服就彻底开了，所以女式和服腰带才会绑的很夸张。 5，和服腰带的长度、复杂打法和打出来的花样是汉服没有的。汉服腰带就是合腰身长，绑上再下坠一点就够了。 女式和服腰带却需要长4米多，利用它在背后打出各种花样。6，汉服上的环佩、香囊、桃符、彩缕、绶带、披帛等装饰，都是和服没有的。 当然和服也有自己的装饰品，不多说了。汉服还有小佩剑等装饰，相对的和服是用怀刀的。 下面列举一些错误的说法：1，“腰带比较宽的就是和服。” 错。 和服腰带确实有很宽的，但是也有窄的，事实上从3、4厘米到30多厘米都有。相较之下，汉服的腰封也有各种不同宽度，比如部分武将用的腰挡，那总宽度也是有30多厘米的。 仅靠腰封宽度这么模糊的概念来分辨汉服和服显然不可靠。2，“花样比较花的就是和服。” 对于这种论点，我没有什么好说的……唯有沉默。其实唐朝的织染技术是世界一流，不知道比日本华丽到哪里去了。 3，“袖子是方的就是和服。” 错，唐朝大有方形袖子的舞衣，可以推测为它们是和服的祖先。 4，“下身比较窄小就是和服。” 错了。 其实和服本身并不窄小，相反，它是做成从小个子女人到男人（演员）统统都可以穿的进去的宽大程度，我们看到它下身窄小，是因为它是根据穿的人的身材，用多种配件几经缠绕，最后完全裹在身上的。这是穿着方式和我国不同，并不是它本身有多窄，放开来看还是很宽的。 仅凭衣服的宽度来判断汉服和服也不妥当。5，“下面拖地长的就是汉服，下面短的不到脚的就是和服。” 还是错了，比如女式和服的标准长度有190多厘米，穿着约可拖地30-60多厘米，我们之所以看到它穿着短的不到脚，是因为穿的时候腰上要回折一部分，结果就变短了，这是良家妇女的穿法。戏剧和风尘业从业者的穿法则是不回折的，因此同一件衣服穿起来也会有不同。 如果仅凭衣服本身的长度，恐怕无法判断是汉服还是和服。6，“头上插梳子，脸涂白，小樱桃嘴化妆等是日本的东西，穿汉服不应该这样打扮。” 错，这些都是唐朝的= = 穿唐朝的衣服完全可以这样打扮嘛。 和服与汉服的区别 和服，是日本大和民族的传统服装，结合古代中国吴地服饰、唐朝服饰的混血产物，德川家康时期正式称为和服。和服是在借鉴、学习汉服形制的情况下产生的。 和服在日本称为“着物”或者“吴服”，意为从中国的吴地（今江浙一带）传来的服装。在日本的奈良时代，也即中国的盛唐时期，日本派出大量遣唐使到中国学习中国的文化艺术、律令制度，这其中也包括衣冠制度。当时他们还模仿唐制颁布了《衣服令》、《养老令》模仿唐朝朝服制度用于即位礼、冠礼、婚礼等周礼仪式。元正天皇下令全日本改用右衽 。 中国曾享有“衣冠上国”之誉，服饰文化也对东亚文化圈产生了极其重要而深远的影响——汉服，全称是“汉民族传统服饰”，又称汉衣冠、汉装、华服，是从黄帝即位到公元17世纪中叶（明末清初），在汉族的主要居住区，以“华夏-汉”文化为背景和主导思想，以华夏礼仪文化为中心，通过自然演化而形成的具有独特汉民族风貌性格的、明显区别于其他民族的传统服装和配饰体系，是中国“衣冠上国”、“礼仪之邦”、“锦绣中华”的体现，承载了汉族的染织绣等杰出工艺和美学，传承了30多项中国非物质文化遗产以及受保护的中国工艺美术。 汉服文化自古就传播于日本、朝鲜、越南，以致东服西渐，很多的和服、朝鲜服装很像汉服，也正是由于它们是借鉴、学习汉服体制而形成的产物。 汉服与和服的区别 一、 整体风格不同：汉服飘逸洒脱，美在灵动。 和服拘谨宁静，美在端庄。 二、 裁剪制作不同： 1、 前片：汉服前左片为整幅布、右片多为半幅布。和服前身左、右片都为半幅布。 2、 领口：汉服交领是裁剪出来的。和服交领是按对襟裁剪，穿着时相交呈交领。 3、 袖子：汉服广袖线条柔和，袖口是开放的。和服振袖直线直角，下部缝合，后部敞开。 4、 腰带：汉服以博带束腰。和服以布料围腰。 5、 衣裾：汉服衣裾较大，和服衣裾较窄， 6、缘边：汉服衣领、袖口、衣裾都有缘边；和服只有衣领有缘边。 汉服与和服的区别在哪里？ 【汉服与和服】在日本的奈良时代，也即中国的盛唐时期，日本派出大量遣唐使到中国学习中国的文化艺术、律令制度，这其中也包括衣冠制度。 当时他们还模仿唐制颁布了“衣服令”。至今日本仍把和服称为“吴服”，意为从中国的吴地（今江浙一带）传来的衣服。 日本还有一种盛装礼服叫做“唐衣”。和服虽由汉服发展而来，但经过漫长的历史时期，已经发展岀自己的民族特色。 比如女式和服背后的大腰带就是和服的特色之一，也是区别和服与汉服的主要标志。和服衣料上的纹饰等往往也具有鲜明的日本民族特色。 虽然日本和服的基本式样来自汉服，但是两者的差别还是一眼就能够看出来的。现以汉服的典型代表“曲裾深衣”为例，与和服比较如下：1、腰带：汉服的腰带——博带是束腰的，而和服是一堆布料叠加，腰很粗。 2、袖子：汉服的广袖裁剪线条柔和，而和服的振袖线条是直的，袖子有点像刀片；另外汉服的广袖是开口的，里面可以缝口袋，而和服的袖口下半部分是缝合的（大约因为冷的缘故）。 汉服的袖子长度过手，礼服回肘，和服袖子长至手腕。 3、衣裾：汉服的衣裾比较飘逸洒脱，和服的衣裾比较拘谨，4、衣缘：汉服领、袖、裾都有衣缘，且衣缘与主料异色，如用同色，需用锦带镶在衣缘与主料的接缝处，以表示衣缘。和服只有领口有衣缘，且衣缘用料与主料相同。 5、领口：和服领口良家妇女把脖子包得很紧，艺妓领口往后遇出一大段脖子，汉服领口衣缘紧贴脑垂体后。6、弧度：和服追求直线，汉服追求曲线，汉服深衣女式衣裾通常为曲裾，和服下裳分四片裁，都是正方型。 汉服直裾深衣下裳分裁为十二片，梯形；曲裾深衣有4片裁也有6片裁亦有12片裁，皆为梯形。7、穿法：汉服深衣上下分裁，而后缝合，汉服儒裙，由上儒与下儒组成。 和服上衣下裳分开穿着。汉服洒脱， 而和服必须穿成上下直桶状才符合他们的审美标准 【汉服与韩服（朝鲜服）】和服主要模仿的是汉服中的深衣，而韩服（朝鲜服）主要模仿的是汉服中的襦裙。 韩服（朝鲜服）和汉服的主要不同之处：汉服一般是交领右衽，也有对襟的（V字领），韩服（朝鲜服）服装一般都是V字领。韩服（朝鲜服）服装的裙子束的特别高，而且下摆十分宽大、蓬松。 hanfu/Article/advanced/2007/8/24/152935491汉服高腰襦裙与韩服女装的异同 汉服与和服、韩服（朝鲜服）剪裁做法的异同 汉服前身左片为整幅布（前后身同宽）、右片（前、中期多为整幅；中、后期多为半幅。服装史上，有些明朝交领衣略显向右斜倾交领（有称斜领衣，京剧明服多为此类），是右片半幅之故，且因某些右领口垂直向下裁剪所致）。 成衣后，直接呈现交领；下摆比腰宽，呈现梯形。现代正规影视剧汉服显示，因现代布幅宽，袖多从上臂近肘处接余袖，前后身多为一整片，右衣片从“y”字型被剪开处接余片；出土汉服显示，因古代布幅窄，多从肩处接余袖，前后身多由左右两片向接。 和服前身左、右片为半幅布，左右领向下合于腰臀处而收尾；直身裁剪；腋下袖根纵向多出的袖宽常留开口不缝合，及与此开口横向同宽的衣片也留开口不缝合。成衣后，呈现如同直领衣中的半长领式的合领衣（即：不直接呈现交领形制）。 穿时，左搭右相掩，呈现正交领形制。因直身裁剪，故下摆自然收拢显窄（其做法，保持了先秦古汉服的源本理念：交领本为前身直领，穿时左搭右相掩，呈现正交领；当然也有前身左、右片在半幅布基础上各加10多厘米宽的衣片而直接呈现交领者。） 韩服（朝鲜服）前身左、右片约为3/5幅布（多为半幅加缝10多厘米宽的衣片），成衣后直接呈现交领，领尾布带与右胸处布带相系。腰部界限多提升至胸部以下。 汉服与和服的差别在哪 你好！网上找的。 和服起源于汉服，有许多相似或一样的地方，但经过历史的演变已经有许多不一样的地方，以下是和服与汉服的区别。 1、腰带：汉服有博带用来束腰，而和服就没有且用布料堆砌稍微起束腰效果。 2、袖口：汉服的袖口是开口的广袖，里面可以缝口袋，而和服的袖口下半部被缝合。汉服的袖子长度是过手的，而和服的袖子长度仅长至手腕。汉服的广袖剪裁线条曲线柔和，而和服的袖口是直挺挺的有点像刀片。 3、衣裾：汉服有比较飘逸洒脱的衣裾，而和服的衣裾在这方面显得比较拘谨。 4、衣缘：在这方面，汉服呈现最丰富的内涵，汉服的衣领、衣袖、衣裾都有衣缘，一般衣缘与主料异色，如用同色，需用锦带镶在衣缘与主料的接缝处，以区分开衣缘和主料。而和服只有领口有衣缘，且衣缘用料与主料相同。 5、领口：穿和服的良家妇女领口把脖子包得很紧，艺妓领口则露出一大片脖子，汉服领口衣缘紧贴脑垂体后感觉很规范。 6、弧度：和服追求直线，汉服追求曲线，汉服深衣女式衣裾通常为曲裾，曲裾深衣有4片裁也有6片裁亦有12片裁，皆为梯形。和服下裳分四片裁，且皆为正方型。 7、穿法：汉服深衣上下分裁，而后缝合，汉服儒裙，由上儒与下儒组成。和服上衣下裳分开穿着。 汉服洒脱， 而和服必须穿成上下直桶状才符合他们的审美标准。 8、面料：和服喜欢或者说一般都用鲜艳的颜色，如果汉服一般用清雅、朴实的颜色，请看下图小模特郭柏鹭身穿的鲜艳红色就会让人感觉像和服，但图案又很中国的吉祥如意的那种感觉，其实正是和服。网络上称之为“面料印象效应”。 和服和汉服的区别在什么地方 在日本的奈良时代，也即中国的盛唐时期，日本派出大量遣唐使到中国学习中国的文化艺术、律令制度，这其中也包括衣冠制度。 当时他们还模仿唐制颁布了“衣服令”。至今日本仍把和服称为“吴服”，意为从中国的吴地（今江浙一带）传来的衣服。 日本还有一种盛装礼服叫做“唐衣”。和服虽由汉服发展而来，但经过漫长的历史时期，已经发展岀自己的民族特色。 比如女式和服背后的大腰带就是和服的特色之一，也是区别和服与汉服的主要标志。和服衣料上的纹饰等往往也具有鲜明的日本民族特色。 虽然日本和服的基本式样来自汉服，但是两者的差别还是一眼就能够看出来的。现以汉服的典型代表“曲裾深衣”为例，与和服比较如下：1、腰带：汉服的腰带——博带是束腰的，而和服是一堆布料叠加，腰很粗。 2、袖子：汉服的广袖裁剪线条柔和，而和服的振袖线条是直的，袖子有点像刀片；另外汉服的广袖是开口的，里面可以缝口袋，而和服的袖口下半部分是缝合的（大约因为冷的缘故）。 汉服的袖子长度过手，礼服回肘，和服袖子长至手腕。 3、衣裾：汉服的衣裾比较飘逸洒脱，和服的衣裾比较拘谨，4、衣缘：汉服领、袖、裾都有衣缘，且衣缘与主料异色，如用同色，需用锦带镶在衣缘与主料的接缝处，以表示衣缘。和服只有领口有衣缘，且衣缘用料与主料相同。 5、领口：和服领口良家妇女把脖子包得很紧，艺妓领口往后遇出一大段脖子，汉服领口衣缘紧贴脑垂体后。6、弧度：和服追求直线，汉服追求曲线，汉服深衣女式衣裾通常为曲裾，和服下裳分四片裁，都是正方型。 汉服直裾深衣下裳分裁为十二片，梯形；曲裾深衣有4片裁也有6片裁亦有12片裁，皆为梯形。7、穿法：汉服深衣上下分裁，而后缝合，汉服儒裙，由上儒与下儒组成。 和服上衣下裳分开穿着。汉服洒脱， 而和服必须穿成上下直桶状才符合他们的审美标准。
一个中国的，一个是……的
产地不同，材质不同