Nano flame retardant with high efficiency, versatility, low smoke, low toxicity, environmentally friendly, low filling volume of unique advantages, which greatly promoted the flame-retardant polymer matrix composite materials widely used. This paper describes the recent years with carbon nanotubes, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, antimony trioxide as flame retardant additives in polymer-based composite materials, the latest research, analysis of the flame retardant properties of materials retardant mechanism, and polymer-based flame-retardant composite application prospect.