英语研究论文读写教程庞红梅翻译

如果差异是积极的，超过了阈值，改良方法是选定的估计，但切削力的比例不断乘以为约第二以便考虑滑移估计切削力的综合监测的说明图。 2 ，测量信号。估计业绩是令人满意的稳定状态以及在短暂切削力车削加工需要控制这种切削力保持在参考值无论深度切割，切割速度，工件和工具。由于切削力不能轻易衡量，估计切削力信号获得的第3款用于车削力控制。为了尽量减少错误之间的参考和估计切削力的规模，覆盖是饲料的基础上确定的三个控制战略： PI控制，自适应控制，最后，模糊逻辑控制。建议把武力控制系统的构建到框图所示图。 3 。的主要目的，本节是调查的可行性，利用估计切削力的转折点力控制，而不是比较控制性能的三个战略。因此，控制性能估计使用切削力相比，使用武力衡量每个控制的PI控制器需要一个动态模型的车削加工进给速度之间和切削力。转折过程可以模拟成一阶模型[ 15 ]即使模型参数， K型和T ？可以有不同的价值观取决于工件，工具和切割 1和f是切削深度和进给速度分别。 PI控制器的目的是从名义模型及其收益有决心利用齐格勒一尼科尔斯的方法。饲料覆盖的数控车床是在一系列的0-255 ％ 。反挥臂调控添加到PI控制器为了不使恶化的控制性能时，覆盖命令是超越了经营范围。该控制器可取代控制策略块真正的转折过程中，参数的驯服过程愿方程模型（ 10 ）是随时间变化和非线性根据切削条件，工件和切削工具。因此，控制规格，如稳定不能保证与传统的控制方法。许多自适应控制计划[ 5-10 ， 12 ， 15 ， 16 ，等]已经制定，以克服上述的主要目的，本节是调查的可行性，估计使用切削力的转折点力控制，一个可变增益自适应控制器由林和Masory [ 16 ]是通过，但略有修改，使切削力估计可以利用。该自适应控制器组成的一支部队在反馈环路的估计切削力比较的参考价值和控制通过改变进给速度的综合方式。 （ ）是可变控制器增益和参考切削力，分别。为了确定控制器增益，静态增益的切削过程是首先假定估计，估计的切削力是真实的。在静态增益估计，该控制器增益，光，要进行调整，以保持开环增益不变。为了适应环收益选择最优值[ 16 ] ，使控制系统是稳定的和最佳的性能。控制策略区块图。 3可以取代这种自适应模糊逻辑控制由于特点的切削力兑进给速度是非常非线性和时变的模糊逻辑[ 22 ]适用于控制器的设计。

If the difference is positive and exceeds a threshold value, the modified method is selected to estimate the cutting force but the proportional constant is multiplied for about second in order to consider the slip ratio.如果此差分是正的，并超过某一阈值，那么选择修改的方法来估计切削力，但比例常数被乘以秒，以考虑进滑移率。The estimated cutting force from the synthesized monitor is illustrated in Fig. 2 with the measured signal. 由合成的监控器估计的切削力与实测信号一起图示在图2中。The estimation performance is satisfactory at the steady-state as well as at the transient state. 在稳态以及瞬态下的估计性能是令人满意的。The cutting force in turning process needs to be controlled such that the cutting force is maintained at the reference value regardless of depth of cut, cutting speed, workpiece and tools. 在车削过程中的切削力需加以控制，这样，不管切削深度、切削速度、工件和刀具如何，切削力都将保持在基准值。Because the cutting force cannot be easily measured, the estimated cutting force signal obtained in Section 3 is used for the turning force control.因为切削力不容易测量，所以在第3节中获得的估计的切削力信号被用于车削力的控制。 In order to minimize the error between the reference and the estimated cutting forces, the size of the feed override is determined based on the three control strategies: PI control, adaptive control and finally, fuzzy logic control. 为了尽量减小基准切削力和估计切削力之间的误差，进刀修调的大小要根据三个控制策略来确定：PI（比例积分）控制、自适应控制和模糊逻辑控制。The proposed turning force control system is constructed into the block diagram as shown in Fig. 3. 提出的车削力控制系统被构建成图3所示的框图。The main purpose of this section is to investigate the feasibility of utilizing the estimated cutting force for the turning force control, rather than to compare the control performance of the three strategies.本小节的目的是研究利用估计的切削力来控制车削力的可行性，而不是比较上述三种策略的控制性能。 Thus, the control performance using the estimated cutting force is compared to that using the measured force for each control strategy. 因此，利用估计的切削力进行控制的性能是与利用每种控制策略下的实测力进行控制的性能进行比较。Design of the PI controller requires a dynamic model of the turning process between the feedrate and the cutting force. PI控制器的设计需要车削过程中进刀速度和切削力之间的动态模型。 The turning process can be modeled into a first-order model [15] even if the model parameters, K, and T? 即使模型参数K和T，车削过程也可建模成一阶模型【15】 ？（请注意：这一句和下面一句提问时原文有错）can have different values depending on workpiece, tool, and cutting a and f are the depth of cut and the feedrate, respectively 根据工件、刀具、和切削条件可以有不同的值。式中a和f分别是切削深度和进刀速度. A PI controller is designed from a nominal model and its gains are determined using the Ziegler-Nichols method. PI控制器是由标称模型设计的，它的增益用Ziegler-Nichols 方法确定The feed override of the CNC lathe is in the range of 0-255%. CNC车床的进刀修调是在0－255％的范围。The anti-windup regulation is added to the PI controller in order not to deteriorate the control performance when the override command is beyond the operation range. 为了在修调指令超出工作范围时不劣化控制性能，在PI控制器中加入了抗饱和调节。The PI controller can be substituted for the control strategy block in . 可以用PI控制器来替代图3中的控制策略方框。In real turning process, parameters of the taming process model like Eq (10) are time-varying and nonlinear depending on cutting conditions, workpiece and cutting tools.在实际的车削过程中，像式（10）那样的车削过程的参数根据切削条件、工件和切削刀具是随时间变化的，而且是非线性的。 Thus, the control specifications such as stability cannot be guaranteed with the classical control approaches. 因此控制的技术条件，如稳定性，用传统的控制方法是不能确保的。Many adaptive control schemes [5-10, 12, 15, 16, etc.] have been developed in order to overcome the above limitations.为了克服上述限制，人们开发了很多自适应控制方案【5－10，12，15，16等】。Because the main purpose of this section is to investigate the feasibility of using the estimated cutting force for the turning force control, a variable gain adaptive controller presented by Lin and Masory [16] is adopted but modified slightly so that the estimated cutting force can be utilized.因为本节的主要目的是研究利用估计的切削力来控制车削力的可行性，所以采用了Lin和Masory【16】介绍的可变增益自适应控制器，但是稍加修改，所以可以利用估计的切削力。问题补充：The adaptive controller is composed of a force feedback loop where the estimated cutting force is compared to the reference value and is controlled by changing the feedrate in the integrated manner.自适应控制器由一个力反馈回路组成，在这个回路中估计的切削力与基准值进行比较，并通过以整体方式改变进刀速度来加以控制。()are variable controller gain and reference cutting force, respectively. （ ）分别是可变的控制器增益和基准切削力。In order to determine the controller gain, the static gain of the cutting process is estimated first assuming that the estimated cutting force is true.为了确定控制器增益，先假设估计的切削力是正确的，然后估计切削过程的静态增益。 After the static gain is estimated, the controller gain, K., is adjusted to keep the open-loop gain constant. 在估计了静态增益后，控制器增益K被调节而保持开环增益常数。The adaptation loop gains are selected to optimal values [16] so that the controlled system is stable and has optimal performance. 自适应回路增益选为最佳值【16】，因此，受控的系统是稳定的，并具有最佳的性能。The control strategy block in Fig. 3 can be replaced by this adaptive controller.图3中的控制策略方框可以用此自适应控制器取代。 Fuzzy Logic 模糊逻辑控制 Because the characteristics of the cutting force versus the feedrate are very nonlinear and time-varying, a fuzzy logic [22] is applied to the controller design. 因为切削力相对于进刀速度的特性是非常非线性的，而且是随时间变化的，所以采用模糊逻辑【22】用于控制器设计。

当看到自己论文意见是大修不用担心，根据审稿人意见一条一条回应，该争论的争论，该解释的解释，该修改的修改，礼貌回应审稿人的意见，并指出在原文中哪一页哪一行进行修改，越详细越好。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。 统一查下。

全国高职高专英语教材•新视野英语教程:读写教程2 后面的翻译答案 ,发你邮箱 百度文库里找找!Unit 1Section A. Learning a Foreign Language《读写教程 I》: Ex. III, p. 71. embarrass2. Discipline3. access4. positive5. commitment6. frustrate7. intimidate8. reap《读写教程 I》: Ex. IV, p. 81. into2. into3. from4. with5. to6. about7. with/in8. in《读写教程 I》: Ex. V, p. 81. Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a beautiful . Not wanting to meet John there, he refused to attend the . Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to the . It rained for two weeks, completely ruining our . Staring into space, the small girl felt frustrated at what the teacher asked her.《读写教程 I》: Ex. VI, p. 81. Not only does he easily accept other people’s opinions, but he is also . Not only does she sing beautifully but she also dances . Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our . Not only did we learn the technology through an online course but we also learned to communicate with friends in . Not only did Smith learn the Chinese language but also bridged the gap between his culture and ours.《读写教程 I》: Ex. VII, p. 91. We can reap a lot from the rewarding experience of communicating with native speakers of . With the mayor’s help, we were at last allowed access to those people who suffered from the traffic . Bob and Frank didn’t get along well with each other. It was embarrassing that they were to work in the same . As a boy, I used to intimidate my sister into crying by telling her that a wolf was . It is not easy to do scientific research; it requires time, energy and money as well as discipline and B Keys to Successful Online LearningReading Skills1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A of the Text

汉译英Unit One1.房子着火了，里面的人面临着死亡的危险。（in danger of） The house was on fire and people inside were in danger of losing their .他买不起这么好的房子。（afford to do）He cannot afford to buy such a nice .这个主意听起来也许有些怪，不过还真有点道理。（make sense） Although this idea may sound strange, it does make . 约翰看起来是个好人。即便如此，我还是不信任他。（even so）John seems (to be) a nice person. Even so, I don't trust Two1.如果他一开始谈论过去，你就永远都没法从他那儿脱身。（get away from）If he starts talking about the past, you'll never get away from . 冬天失业率有上升的趋势。（tendency）There is a tendency for job losses to rise in the .在我不断地要求下，父亲终于同意和我一起去澳大利亚了。（frequent）Because of my frequent demands, father finally agreed to go to Australia with .他把老店卖了，开了一家新店，以便赚更多的钱。（make money）He sold his shop and opened a new one to make more Three1.我们应该从失败中吸取教训, 这是很重要的。（learn a lesson from）It is important for us to learn a lesson from the .他相信自己想当证券经纪人的梦想总有一天会实现。（come true）He believes that one day his dream of becoming a stockbroker will come .很多学生最后从事的工作不需要用到所学的知识。（end up）Many students end up doing jobs that do not make use of what they have .我一提到他的名字，母亲就变得很不开心。（as soon as）As soon as I mentioned his name, my mother became very Four1.只要你经常锻炼， 你又会变得健康起来。（as long as）As long as you get regular exercise, you will become healthy .我一直想读一本有关太空的书，但是我好像总没时间去读。（get around to）I have always been thinking of reading a book on space, but I never seem to get around to . 那位作家自从买了电脑后，就再也不用笔写小说了。（no longer）Since the writer had bought the computer, he no longer wrote his stories with a .学校制定了一些新的规章制度，人人必须遵守。（set up）The school has set up some new rules that everybody must Five________________________________________1. 看见大海，孩子们开心得大叫起来。（at the sight of）.The children cried with delight at the sight of the . 你刚刚说的话我没太听懂，你能再说一遍吗？（catch on）I didn't quite catch on to what you said just now. Would you say it again?3. 他知道那项任务很难，但还是接受了。（be conscious of）He was conscious of the difficulty of the task, but he still accepted .直到现在，每当想起那天发生的事情时，我还是觉得莫名其妙。（to this day）To this day, when I recall what happened that day, I still feel Six1.她似乎以贬低别人为快。（speak poorly of）She seems to enjoy speaking poorly of .他过度地喝酒抽烟，结果死了。（as a consequence of）He died as a consequence of heavy drinking and .你永远无法从他那儿得到直接的回答。（get... out of）You can never get a straight answer out of .我们的产品在过去几年中逐渐受到欢迎。（little by little）Our products have become popular little by little over the past few Eight1. 这个计划听起来虽然很难，但他决心将它付诸实施。（put something into practice）Difficult as the plan sounds, he is determined to put it into . 面对这么多的困难，球队怎么能赢得比赛呢？（in the face of）How could the team win the game in the face of so many difficulties?3. 自两年前开业以来, 今年年初他的生意最兴隆。（at one's best）His business was at its best at the beginning of this year since it was started two years . 他虽然没有直说，但我们能从他的手势中得到一些信息。（pick up）Although he didn't say it directly, we could pick up some messages from his gestures.柴普华整理

新视野大学英语2读写教程答案翻译题

新视野大学英语2读写教程答案翻译题，很多同学在做翻译总有一些单词不认识，导致翻译错误，还有一些是翻译的不够准确，下面我整理了新视野大学英语2读写教程答案翻译题，欢迎做好来对答案。

1.她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。

She wouldn’t take a drink, much less would

she stay for dinner.

2.他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。

He thought I

was lying to him, whereas I was telling the truth.

3. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？

How do you account for the fact that you have been

late every day this week?

4.他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。

The increase in

their profits is due partly to their new market strategy.

5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。

Such measures are likely to result in the improvement

of work efficiency.

6. 我们已经在这个项目上投诉了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续努力。

We have already poured a lot of time and energy into

the project, so we have to carry on.

1. 尽管她在家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。

Despite the fact that she is the only child in her

family, she is never babied by her parents.

2. 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。

Mike didn’t come to the party last night,

nor did he call me to give an explanation.

3.坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但绝不是什么大作家。

The person

sitting next to him did publish some novels, but he is by no means a great

writer.

4. 他对足球不感兴趣，也不关心谁输谁赢。He has no interest

in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses.

5. 经理需要一个可信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。The

manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his

absence.

6.这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。 This is the first

time that he has made a speech in the presence of so large an audience.

1. 你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。

You are never too experienced to learn new techniques.

2. 还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。

There remains one problem, namely, who should be sent

to head the research there.

3. 由于文化的`不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。

Their relationship did meet with some difficulty at

the beginning because of cultural differences.

4. 虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。

Though he has had ups and downs, I believed all along

that he would succeed someday.

5. 我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。

I have some reservations about the truth of your

claim.

6. 她长得不特别高，但是身材瘦，给人一种个子高的错觉。

She isnt particularly tall, but her slim figure gives

an illusion of height.

1.有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。

It is a great

pleasure to meet friends from afar.

2. 不管黑猫白猫，能抓住老鼠就是好猫。

It doesnt matter whether the cat is black or white as

long as it catches mice.

3. 你必须明天上午十点前把那笔钱还给我。

You must let me have the money back without fail by

ten oclock tomorrow morning.

4. 请允许我参加这个项目，我对这个项目非常感兴趣。

Allow me to take part in this project: I am more than

a little interested in it.

5. 人人都知道他比较特殊:他来去随意。

lang=EN-US>Everyone knows that he is special: He is free to come and go as he

pleases.

6.看她脸上不悦的神色，我觉得她似乎有什么话想给我说。

Watching the

unhappy look on her face, I felt as though she wished to say something to me.

1. 他说话很自信，给我留下很深的印象。

He spoke confidently, which impressed me most.

2. 我父亲太爱忘事，总是在找钥匙。

My father is so forgetful that he is always looking

for his keys.

3.我十分感激你给我的帮助。

Im very

grateful to you for all the help you have given me.

4. 光线不足，加上地面潮湿，使得驾驶十分困难。

The bad light, coupled with the wet ground, made

driving very difficult.

5. 由于缺乏资金，他们不得不取消了创业计划。

Being starved of funds, they had to cancel their plan

to start a business.

6. 每当有了麻烦，他们总是依靠我们。

They always lean on us whenever they are in trouble.

1. 就像机器需要经常运转一样，身体也需要经常锻炼。

(Just) as a machine needs regular running, so does the

body need regular exercise.

2. 在美国学习时，他学会了弹钢琴和。

He learned to play the piano while studying in the

United States.

3.令我们失望的是，他拒绝了我们的邀请。

To our

disappointment, he turned down our invitation.

4. 真实情况是，不管是好是坏，随着新科技的进步，世界发生了变化。

The reality is that, for better or worse, the world

has changed with advance of new technologies.

5. 我班里的大多数女生在被要求回答问题时都似乎感到不自在。

Most of the female students in my class appear to be

ill at ease when (they are) required to answer questions.

6. 当地政府负责运动会的安全。

The local government took charge of the security for

the sports meeting.

1. 在会上，除了其他事情，他们还讨论了目前的经济形势。

At the meeting they discussed, among other things, the

present economic situation.

2. 我对大自然了解的越多，就越痴迷于大自然的奥秘。

The more I learned about the nature, the more absorbed

I became in its mystery.

3. 医生建议说，有压力的人要学会做一些新鲜有趣，富有挑战性的事情，好让自己的负面情绪有发泄的渠道。

lang=EN-US>

The doctor recommends that those stressed people

should try something new, interesting and challenging in order to give their

negative feelings an outlet.

4. 那个学生的成绩差，但老师给他布置了更多的作业，而不是减少作业量。

The teacher gives more homework to the student who has

bad grades instead of cutting it down.

5. 相比之下，美国的父母更趋向于把孩子的成功归因于天赋。

By contrast, American parents are more likely to

attribute their childrens success to natural talent.

6. 教师首先要考虑的事情之一是唤起学生的性趣，激发他们的创造性。

One of a teachers priorities is to stimulate

students interests and their creativity.

1. 她一点儿也不知道这幅画有一天居然会价值100多万美金。

lang=EN-US>

Little did she know that this picture would one day be

worth more than a million dollars.

2. 虽然我理解你说的话，但是我不同意你在这个问题上的看法。

While I understand what you say, I don

style=mso-hansi-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体>’t

agree with you on the issue.

3. 我认为警察的职责就是保护人民。

I think the police are meant to protect people.

4. 昨天我去看他，却发现他已于几天前出国了。I went to see him

yesterday, only to find that he had gone abroad several days before.

5.在每周的例会上，每个人的发言都不能偏离会议议题。

At the weekly

meeting, everyone must confine their remarks to the subject.

6. 要是我没有说那些愚蠢的话该多好啊！那时我太年轻，不能明辨是非。If

only I hadn’t said those silly words! I was too young

then to distinguish right from wrong.

.His research is concerned,among other things with the battle against AIDS in the developing countries.

除了其他内容，他的研究还涉及到发展中国家反对艾滋病的斗争。

people are made aware that the better the service is ,the more they will earn.

这些人明白了服务越好，他们就挣没有得越多。

her father seemed anxious and worried ,Susan did not perceive any change in his looks or ways.

尽管父亲似乎忧虑不安，但苏珊并没有看出他在表情和行为上有任何变化。

amount of financial aid offered has become more central to students’ decisions about which school to attend.

能获得多少经济资助已成为决定学生上哪所学校更重要的因素。

’s already cut down on going out and buying clothes，but she doesn’t have enough money to star paying off the debt. 虽然她已经减少了外出和买衣服的花费，但她还是没钱开始还债。

控制压力的方法之一要认识到生活中有很多事情是我们所无法掌控的。

Unit8

did I think five years ago that I would be sitting here today studying English with so many students coming from all over the world . 今天我会与这么多来自世界各地的学生坐在一起学习英语，这种事情五年前我几乎不会想到。

this position offers you honor and power ,it imposes on you a great responsibility.

虽然这个职位给你带来了荣誉和权力，但同时它也赋予了你巨大的责任。

the long run the race between food production and population growth remains too hard to slove easily.

从长远看，粮食生产和人口增长之间的竞争难以轻易解决。

we find ourselves climbing the ladder of success, only to find that the ladder is leaning against the wrong wall. 有时我们发现自己在攀登成功的阶梯，结果却发现阶梯靠在错误的墙上。

new program is meant to put young people on a fast track to management careers.

新计划是为了让年轻人快速走上管理岗位。

ambitious young man wanted very much to achieve something to make his parents proud of him.

这个年轻人志向高远，他非常希望能有所成就以让父母感到骄傲

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