有关自然拼读法的论文答辩

谈到英语启蒙，免不了要涉及到自然拼读。回想我们自己学生时代英文，背国际音标的整个过程也是感觉醉醉的，现在给孩子英语启蒙接触到自然拼读，顿时感觉眼前一亮，原来学习英语发音还有如此有趣的方式。偶尔读到一篇从心理学角度出发来介绍自然拼读的文章，整理如下，希望有参考和借鉴作用。自然拼读的前世今生 80年代世界英语学习热的时候，曾出现过两种英语教学方法的相互绞杀，此起彼伏。一个是 60-70年代流行的自然拼读（也就是我们现在熟知）。自然拼读法，实际上是源自北美。二战以后，婴儿潮一代的人到1970年底，这段时间北美的老外语言能力很弱，比如很多人把"before"，会拼成"befour"。这就是以前中国人说的白字先生。当时因为战争，老外的教育也很糟糕，会说，不会写，写主要靠记忆。同时，大量移民又涌过去，一下子对所有国民的英语启蒙教育成了政府的重中之重。就在这个时候，自然拼读法就产生了，解决了大家的问题。自然拼读法（phonics），又称字母拼音教学，是通过教授学生字母与字母发音之间的关系进行阅读和拼写教学的一种教学模式。自然拼读教学通过26个字母作为单独的音素或通过组合（例如：sh）所代表的共44个音素（phoneme）的学习，使学生掌握字母或字母组合与其发音之间的关系，从而逐渐形成见词能读、听词能写的能力，最终实现阅读能力的提升。相比传统的音标学习，自然拼读法的特点主要有两点： 1. 启蒙容易，字母音形结合，立足于阅读； 2. 速度快，符合记忆规律，早期学习很有优势。但是，自然拼读也不说万能的，它也有缺点，它被认为规则繁复，特例过多，越往深，越难于掌握。所以在80年代，第二种教学方式——全语言教学，在美国蓬勃发展，被视为是对字母拼读法教学的反思。全语言教学强调语言的完整性。认为语言的学习并非由零（字母、音标、单字）到整（句子、段落、文章）逐步建构而成，而是先学习语言的整体后，再逐步去分辨其细项。所以全语言的教学强调，将所要学习的目标语言直接用于课堂上，透过主题学习活动、教室中语言环境的布置、互助及合作学习、小组讨论与发表等方式同时培养听、说、读、写四种语文能力。（举个例子，我们以前考英语，单词很多不认识，但是如果各方面能力、经验达到，可以猜测出文章的大概意思。就是用这种以沟通和理解为方法的英语学习方式）然而，全语推行约10年后，结果却令全美震惊。1992年全国性测试结果显示，40%的孩子阅读能力未能达到基本标准；而推行全语教学最为积极的加利福尼亚州在1994年各州考试排名倒数第一。全语言教学的问题由此凸显： 1、耽误部分幼儿语言发展。资质较佳的学生即使不完全了解某篇文章的真正意旨，也常能靠猜测其大意而通过一般基本的阅读测验。因此，资质佳但实际上阅读能力差的学生，通常要到小学五、六年级才会被诊断出来。而在发现之时，这类学童的阅读能力已经落后同年级学童两年以上了。 2. 程度落后者、来自中下阶层的学生，以及第二语言学习者，这种教学方法很难学习。因此，早期阅读教学的天平又开始向自然拼读法回归，连一度被认为是全语教学大本营的IRA（International ReadingAssociation）也声明“教授自然拼读是早期阅读教学非常重要的部分”。即使是仍然坚持全语教学理念的教师或学者，也肯定了应用自然拼读融入其中的重要意义。至此，自然拼读的积极意义得到广泛肯定，自然拼读的优点开始为更多的学者、教师、家长和学生所知。大家可能会很好奇，了解这些历史有什么用呢？因为很多家长想要给孩子英语启蒙，但父母们自身基本上没有学习自然拼读法的经验，对自然拼读法的了解基本是从各种渠道知道的，亲身的实践很少。市面上关于如何学、何时学又有很多说法，众说纷云莫衷一是，因此正本清源很重要。自然拼读法（phonics）对孩子的英语启蒙到底有什么好处？这，就不得不从英语与汉语的差别说起了。中国汉字，是方块字，主要是象形。以“水”为例，我们可以看到如下的演化过程。掌握了象形，就掌握了汉字学习的“葵花宝典”。那么问题来了，英语词汇，是字母拼接，主要是象音，也导致了我们无法像汉字一样，用象形来理解。因此，从语音与语素来出发，事实上便是扼住了英文学习的脉搏。抓住语音和语素，我们这一代父母学习英文的老方法其实并没有问题，学音标，记单词，练语法，背诵课文。这种方法，其实是英美人士学习拉丁文的方法。但学了音标，对孩子阅读还是很费力，每遇到一个新单词，还是要查字典，不然就觉得如鲠在喉，很难受。相信读过英文原版书的人一定都有过这种经历，一遍遍查字典就把思路打断，很多书就读不下去了。学了自然拼读法看到单词甭管认识不认识，85%的常规单词就直接能读出来，而不用去查字典、看音标。这样阅读的时候就没有那么难受，一定要查字典，小朋友阅读可以更有效，也更有进步。具备自然拼读能力的孩子通常阅读更多的书籍，因此阅读能力的提高更快，形成了阅读的“马太效应”。（注——马太效应：好的越好，差的越差）【在2006年，Timothy Shanahan和Isabel Beck共找到5个系统自然拼读对于二语学生影响的研究，这项研究均表明自然拼读法对孩子的阅读能力发展收益明显。那么对于外语学习者，尤其是书写体系与英语书写体系迥异的中国孩子而言，自然拼读是否有效呢？Koda指出，正因两者差异如此巨大，具备足够所学语言的解码知识、十分必要；并且特别指出，鉴于此，应该对母语是汉语的孩子实施自然拼读教学。】而且，音标和phonics其实运用到两种不同的方法，分别由【右脑】和【左脑】完成的。根据1981年，诺贝尔奖得主Roger Wolcott Sperry的研究成果，人的左脑主要从事逻辑思维，右脑主要从事形象思维。那么传统的音标学习法，是依靠人的右脑的形象思维记录，而自然拼读法却是靠人的左脑去从左到右的拆解发音，再依靠右脑不断重复加深印象。完美的学习方法是应该充分发挥左脑和右脑的特点。因此，从心理学的角度出发，自然拼读法的学习可以尽早开展，对智力开发还有作用。学习足够长时间，越收益。不少家长到小学才让小朋友学Phonics，这就有点晚；小朋友到了2岁半以上是可以开始学习，是完全有益的。事实上，在适当年龄段里面，尽早学会比较好。另外，有家长可能说，自然拼读法要学很长时间的。没错，自然拼读法的学习是有个相对长的过程。那么，怎么学习自然拼读法，才是正确的打开方式呢？这里简单罗列几点供大家参考，来判断市面上自然拼读书籍或课程是否合适（因为我家全程采用台湾东西出版社的自然拼读教材和配套课程，重点以此分析）： 1. 听说领先，奠定自然拼读基础自然拼读的核心是音形对应规则，所以前提是已“知音”，“未知形”，掌握规则能实现二者的匹配。然而，对于中国孩子这两项全部为未知。因此，应首先学会说，然后进行技能延伸，即学习自然拼读规则辅助阅读。在研究过程中，台湾东西出版社的经验对于大陆而言具有三方面的启示：一，在幼年时实施自然拼读法首先要进行大量听说训练，使孩子在未真正开始规则前头脑中已经储备了一定量的英文词汇和情境对话，使自然拼读学习接近母语习得规律，同时降低规则学习的压力。二，在开展自然拼读教学时，应充分考虑到语言环境和外语学习特点，初级阶段教材尽量做到音、形（拼写）、画（单词图片或句子情景图片）对应。这样，学习和运用规则的同时孩子即可掌握该词的意思或应用情境。三，自然拼读课程需进行大量听说练习而不是单纯的读、写练习，在巩固拼读规则的同时强化听说能力。 2. 系统教学，夯实自然拼读规则系统教学此处具有两层意思：一方面指总体教学安排要科学系统，另一方面指自然拼读教学实施应采用系统法而非分析法。首先，课程的总体安排既要符合认知规律也要符合自然拼读规律，建议两年内完成44个音素的学习。以半年为划分进行如下方面的教学：26个字母的基本音学习、短元音和辅音组合教学、长元音、其他辅音组合。其次，用长达半年时间学习26个字母及其基本发音是因为他们是整个拼读规则的基础。扎实掌握，做到看到即读，听到即写，对于后面组合的学习起到至关重要的作用。大家肯定心中有疑问，啥叫进行系统自然拼读教学（systematic），而非分析式教学（analytic）呢？【系统自然拼读教学法是指有计划、有系统地明确讲授44个音素的发音，然后让学生把各个音素组合进行全词拼读的方法，即从部分到整体的教学方式。而分析式自然拼读教学法指的是，教师在阅读教学过程中遇到的生词让学生根据上下文猜测词的读音，根据整词读音进行音素分解，即整体到部分的教学方法。普遍的观点是系统自然拼读法优于分析式教学法。】根据NRP（National Reading Panel）所发布的2000年报告不仅明确肯定了自然拼读教学的重要作用，而且深入探究是否某一种自然拼读教学方法效果更佳。这个由“阅读方面首席专家”构成的团队的研究结果是“系统的自然拼读对于幼儿园至六年级学生及有拼读障碍的孩子都具有显著效果”。鉴于系统自然拼读教学法的显著成效，在大陆实施自然拼读教学应贯彻系统教学方法。 3. 立体呈现，激发拼读兴趣要激发兴趣，同时还必须实现教学方法的立体化，即将传统讲授"游戏"图画"儿歌"竞赛"书籍制作等有机融合，实现对相同或相似内容的立体化呈现。不仅能保持孩子的学习兴趣，而且有力于规则的内化和应用。而配套的APP绘分享设计的非常用心，帮大家打造例如“跟读”、“点读”、“听其他小朋友说”、“动画视频”等如此多的呈现方式的原因。 4. 丰富阅读，内化自然拼读规则首先，自然拼读的主要目标是阅读能力提高，利用阅读内化规则是必要而重要的。传统的英语教育一直以来以课本为主，学生被要求把课本几乎全部背熟。然而，大部分学生除了课本几乎没有读过其他任何英文书籍。如果实施自然拼读依然是此种状况，自然拼读的规则是不会自然而然转化成为阅读或书写能力的。因此，要充分利用电子时代的优势，将国外的有声儿童读物大量地应用到自然拼读教学中。就阅读材料而言，应难度适当、题材多样、数量庞大。有了内容丰富、题材多样、难度适宜的英文书，最为重要的是英语阅读习惯的培养。最后，自然拼读法是提高学生英语认读能力"拼写能力，尤其是提高语言综合能力的有效教学方法。英语国家多年的教学研究成果值得我们学习"借鉴。但是，鉴于语言环境不同"语言体系的巨大差异及母语习得和外语习得的区别，作为中文是母语的儿童来说，应用自然拼读法应遵循以下建议：即循序渐进、逐步推开、听说领先、系统教学、立体呈现、丰富阅读。

下面是美国全国阅读权利基金会制订的phonics教纲，给你作参考。我把原件发到你信箱。Phonics PrimerYou can use this Phonics Primer developed by The National Right to Read Foundation to begin teaching a child or adult to read today. This primer lists the 44 sounds in the English language and then gives steps for teaching those 44 sounds and their most common spelling patterns. In addition to learning sounds and spellings, each day the student must read lists of phonetically related words and spell these words from dictation. Phonics instruction must be reinforced by having the student read decodable text.The 44 Sounds in the English Language5 Short-Vowel Sounds18 Consonant Sounds7 Digraphsshort /ă/ in appleshort /ĕ/ in elephantshort /ĭ/ in iglooshort /ŏ/ in octopusshort /ǔ/ in umbrella/b/ in bat/k/ in cat and kite/d/ in dog/f/ in fan/g/ in goat/h/ in hat/j/ in jam/l/ in lip/m/ in map/n/ in nest/p/ in pig/r/ in rat/s/ in sun/t/ in top/v/ in van/w/ in wig/y/ in yell/z/ in zip/ch/ in chin/sh/ in shipunvoiced /th/ in thinvoiced /th/ in this/hw/ in whip */ng/ in sing/nk/ in sink* (wh is pronounced /w/ in some areas)6 Long-Vowel Sounds3 r-Controlled Vowel SoundsDiphthongs and Other Special Soundslong /ā/ in cakelong /ē/ in feetlong /ī/ in pielong /ō/ in boatlong /ū/ (yoo) in mulelong /ōō/ in flew/ur/ in fern, bird, and hurt/ar/ in park/or/ in fork/oi/ in oil and boy/ow/ in owl and ouchshort /ŏŏ/ in cook and pull/aw/ in jaw and haul/zh/ in televisionSteps for Teaching PhonicsStep 1. Gather the materials listed below and store them together in a box.Materials for Teaching PhonicsWhat You NeedSuggestionsystematic phonics programConsider Phonics Pathways (available from our online bookstore), Sing, Spell, Read, Write, or another program from Phonics Products for Home or Phonics Products for School.* phonics flashcards with the letter or letter combination (such as ou) on front and clue word (such as out) on backConsider the Individual Set of 70 Phonogram Cards (item #IPC, $10) from Spalding Education International, available at www.spalding.org. It’s helpful to also purchase the Spalding Phonogram Sounds CD (item #CD, $5.00) to learn how to pronounce each sound correctly.Note: if you purchase this set from Spalding, you will not need to purchase a separate set of alphabet flashcards.decodable stories(preferably 100% decodable)If your phonics program does not contain 100% decodable stories, consider Stories Based on Phonics, available from our online bookstore, or Bob Books First, available from supplies: index cards, index card file, black wide-tip permanent marker, beginner’s wide-ruled writing tablet, 2 pencils with erasersPurchase writing supplies at any office supply store.* Note: Make sure your phonics flashcards give the proper sound or sounds for each letter or letter combination – many widely available flashcards are incorrect or incomplete. For example, the common sound of x is /ks/ as in fox, not /z/ as in xylophone or /eks/ as in x-ray. Also, the short-vowel sound of i is /ĭ/ as in igloo, not /ī/ as in ice cream.Step 2. Teach the 5 short-vowel sounds and consonant sounds. Drill until memorized.During the first week, use the flashcards to drill the short-vowel sounds. Add several consonant sounds each day until you are drilling all short-vowel sounds and consonant sounds with your student daily. Do not rush this step. Keep drilling until all sounds are memorized, which usually takes 2-4 weeks.Tip: Work on phonics for at least 15 minutes a day, 5 days a week with your student. Frequency and consistency are more important than the length of time spent on each lesson.Short-Vowel Soundsshort /ă/ in appleshort /ĕ/ in elephantshort /ĭ/ in iglooshort /ŏ/ in octopusshort /ŭ/ in umbrellaConsonant Sounds/b/ in bat/k/ in kite/s/ in sun/k/ in cat/l/ in lip/t/ in top/d/ in dog/m/ in map/v/ in van/f/ in fan/n/ in nest/w/ in wig/g/ in goat/p/ in pig/ks/ in fox/h/ in hat/kw/ in queen/y/ in yell/j/ in jam/r/ in rat/z/ in zipStep 3. Practice two-letter blends. Drill until blending is automatic.After your student knows the short-vowel sounds and consonant sounds, next teach him how to orally blend two letters (b-a, ba) and read two-letter blends such as: ba, be, bi, bo, bu.Two-Letter Blendsb + a = bas + a = saj + a = jab + e = bes + e = sej + e = jeb + i = bis + i = sij + i = jib + o = bos + o = soj + o = job + u = bus + u = suj + u = juStep 4. Practice three-letter blends. Drill until blending is automatic.After your student can read two-letter blends, progress to three-letter blends, that is, words. Each day, have your student read a set of short-vowel words, then dictate these same words to him. (Show him how to form each letter and correct him gently, if necessary). This not only helps him remember the phonics lesson just learned, but it greatly improves spelling.Golden Rule of Phonics: Never allow your student to skip, guess, or substitute words. Accuracy is more important than speed.Three-Letter Blendsfa + t = fatki + t = kitro + d = rodde + n = denma + d = madse + t = setbo + x = boxye + s = yestu + g = tughi + d = hidno + t = notwi + n = winju + g = jugpu + n = punla + p = lapStep 5. Teach the twin-consonant endings, plurals, and two-consonant blends. Drill until blending is automatic.Twin-Consonant EndingsTwo-Consonant BlendsTwo-Consonant Blendspuffblabstun, fistsellbragswamkissclubtrotfuzzcroptwinlockdragfactfledraftPlurals:frogbulbcats (sounds like /s/)glumheldbeds (sounds like /z/)gripelfplugsulkprimfilmscathelpskip, masksiltsledjumpsmughandsnipmintspot, gaspkeptStep 6. Teach the digraphs (ch, sh, th, wh, ng, nk). A digraph consists of two consonants that form a new sound when combined. Also teach three-consonant blends.DigraphsThree-Consonant Blendschin, such, patch (silent t)scruffship, wishsplitthin, with (unvoiced /th/)strapthis (voiced /th/)thrillwhipsang, sing, song, sungsank, sink, honk, sunkStep 7. Introduce a few high-frequency words necessary to read most sentences.After your student can read three-letter and four-letter words easily, it’s time to add a few high-frequency words that are necessary to read most sentences. Some high-frequency words are phonetically regular (such as “or”), but are introduced out of sequence because of their importance. Other words are truly irregular, because they contain one or more letters that don’t follow the rules of phonics (such as “once” and “who”).The Basic High-Frequency Words table lists the most important words. Write each word on an index card. Introduce three or four new words a week. Drill your student on these words everyday, encouraging him to sound out as much of the word as possible (usually the vowel sound is the only irregular part). As your student masters each word, file the card in the card file under “Words I Know.” When your student comes across a new “wacky” word (such as “sugar” in which the “s” is pronounced /sh/), make up a new index card and file it under “Words To Learn.”Tip: What distinguishes this high-frequency word list from the typical “sight word” list? Many words in the list below cannot be completely sounded out, either because they contain one or more letters that don’t “follow the rules” or the rule is learned later. In contrast, the typical “sight word” list contains mostly phonetically regular words (such as “and” and “when”) that the student is forced to memorize simply because he has never been taught to sound them out.Basic High-Frequency WordsIntroduce after student canread short-vowel words, /th/, and /sh/Introduce after student canread long-vowel wordsA vowel by itself says its name:a, I“e” at the end of a short word says its name:be, he, me, we, she, the*“o” at the end of these words says its name:no, go, so“or” says /or/: or, fordo, to, into, of, off, put* also pronounced /thŭ/was, were, aredoing, doessaid, says, have, giveyou, your, yoursthey, their, therewhere, what, why, whoonce, one, come, somedone, nonetwo, tooStep 8. Teach the long-vowel sounds and their spellings. Note that there are five common spellings for each long-vowel sound. Also teach the “Silent-e Rule”: When a one-syllable word ends in “e” and has the pattern vce (vowel-consonant-e), the first vowel says its name and the “e” is silent.Long-Vowel SoundsCommon SpellingsLess Common Spellingslong /ā/cake, rain, pay, eight, babysteak, they, veinlong /ē/Pete, me, feet, sea, bunnykey, field, cookie, receive, pizzalong /ī/bike, hi, fly, pie, nightrye, typelong /ō/hope, go, boat, toe, snowsoul, thoughlong /ū/ & /ōō/mule, blue, boot, tuna, flewfruit, soup, through, feudStep 9. Teach the r-controlled vowel sounds and their spellings.r-Controlled Vowel SoundsCommon SpellingsLess Common Spellings/ur/fern, bird, hurtpure, dollar, worm, earth/ar/farmorange, forest/or/forkdoor, pour, roar, more, warStep 10. Teach the diphthongs /oi/ and /ow/ and their spellings. A diphthong consists of two vowels that form a new sound when combined. Also teach other special sounds.SoundCommon Spellings/oi/oil, boy/ow/owl, ouchshort /ŏŏ/cook, pull/sh/vacation, session, facial/zh/visionStep 11. Teach /aw/, /awl/, /awk/ and their spellings.SoundCommon Spellings/aw/jaw, haul, wash, squash/awl/bald, wall/awk/talkStep 12. Teach these sounds and spelling patterns.SoundCommon Spellings/s/ spelled cRule: c followed by e, i, or y sounds like /s/.cent, face, cinder, cycle/j/ spelled g, ge, dgeRule: g followed by e, i, or y usually sounds like /j/.frigid, age, fudge, gym/f/ spelled phRule: ph sounds like /f/ in words of Greek origin.phone, phonics/k/ spelled chRule: ch sounds like /k/ in words of Greek origin.chorus, Christmas/sh/ spelled chRule: ch sounds like /sh/ in words of French origin.chef, champagneNote: This Phonics Primer does not contain all English spelling patterns. Consult a good phonics program such as one from Phonics Products from Home or Phonics Products for School for additional spelling patterns and rules. Most products contain detailed instructions and practice reading selections.Step 13. After 3 to 4 months of daily phonics instruction, begin introducing decodable stories.Important: All sounds and spellings in Steps 2 - 12 should be introduced within the first 4 months of phonics instruction.After 3 to 4 months of reading lists of words and sentences, your student should be ready to read decodable stories such as Stories Based on Phonics or Bob Books First. The student should read all stories aloud, carefully and accurately. Help him sound out difficult words, as needed. Explain the meaning of all new words. Encourage him to read each story several times to gain fluency, but don’t let him memorize the story (reciting a story from memory is not reading). Model fluent reading by reading a sentence aloud with expression, then asking him to repeat what you read with the same tone of voice. Explain and demonstrate the meaning of basic punctuation (period = stop, comma = pause, exclamation point = speak with excitement, question mark = raise the pitch of your voice on the last word to ask a question.)Step 14. Begin introducing “easy-to-read” books.After the student masters decodable stories, let him move on to easy books such as those by Dr. Seuss (Hop on Pop; One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish; Ten Apples Up on Top; Green Eggs and Ham; and so on), P. D. Eastman (Are You My Mother?; Go Dog, Go!; A Fish Out of Water), and Cynthia Rylant (Henry and Mudge series; Poppleton series; Mr. Putter and Tabby series). As your student reads each book, add new wacky words to the Words To Learn file and review daily, if necessary.Continue teaching the lessons in the phonics program – don’t stop just because your student can read. Most children need 1 to 2 years of reinforcement before their phonics knowledge becomes permanent.Step 15. Continue to give phonetically based spelling lists.Even after your student has finished the phonics program, make sure to reinforce his phonics knowledge by giving phonetically based spelling lists each week at least through third grade.Revised: 6/05

威海市南山小学潘丽珺英语学习中，记忆单词成为学生和教师最头疼的问题，相当一部分学生靠死记硬背记单词，其效果可想而知。长此下去，不但学生学习英语的兴趣会下降，学习英语的自信心也将受到不小的打击。所以，我认为从小学开始利用自然拼读法(Phonics)进行语音和单词教学，是将学生从死记硬背的沉重负担中解脱出来的好办法。学生学会了此法，就可以自己进行阅读；知道了发音与拼写之间的对应关系，学习和记忆单词就会事半功倍。针对自然拼读法是教导学生字母与发音的对应关系，我主要按如下步骤帮助学生培养这一学习习惯。1、字母及字母组合读音教学运用自然拼读法教学的第一步就是让学生掌握代表英语44个基本音的字母和字母组合。这些字母音可分为两大类：辅音和元音。辅音又包括单辅音（p,d,k…），辅音字母组合（ch, sh, th…）；元音包括短元音（a, e, i…），长元音（ai, ee, ie…）和其它元音（er, or, oi…）等等。在教学前应拟定一个计划，决定这些字母的教学次序。一般按照先辅音后元音的顺序进行，因为学生有了汉语拼音的基础，学习辅音是较为容易的。此外，Lloyd, （1992）则建议将字母音分为七组：① s , a , t , i , p , n② c/k , e , h , r, m , d③ g, o, u, l, f, b④ ai, j, oa, ie, ee, or⑤ z, w, ng, v, little oo, long oo⑥ y, x, ch, sh, voiced th, unvoiced th /θ/⑦ qu, ou, oi, ue, er, ar这种分组方式的优点是：在学完第一组字母之后，就可进行单词拼读与拼写的练习，如at , is , pin , sat；也有利于区分一些发音容易混淆的字母，因为b 和 d、m 和n 等都不在同一组中。2、拼读教学当学生掌握了一组字母音后（学生看到一个字母，就能自然而然地说出它的读音后），就可以进行拼读教学了。拼读教学是培养学生见词读音能力的基础，如果学生能够流利地拼读单词，对其日后的阅读和口语能力的培养是有很大帮助的。拼读应由两个音的拼读开始，如is, an…或ti, sa..等，然后再进行三个音的拼读操练，如sat, tap, sit, tip, sin, pin…等，再慢慢过渡到多音节词的拼读。为了给学生提供更多的练习拼读的机会，教师可用已学的字母组成单词，制成海报，贴在课室的墙壁上，也可将单词印发给学生，让他们自己拼读。经过大量的拼读练习，学生的 “见词读音”的能力才会逐渐提高。3、书写教学字母的书写教学也是十分重要的，要在一开始就培养学生规范、整洁的书写习惯。书写教学的方法与平时的字母书写教学相同，这里不再赘述。4、拼写教学Step 1: 听音教师以先快后慢的语速说出一个单词几次。目的是让学生听清单词中所含的音素。Step 2: 辨音Step 3: 写音当学生能正确说出单词中含有的音素后，教师则开始指导学生把听到的“音”转变成 “形”，写下来。5、阅读教学由于小学生模仿能力较强，记忆力较好，以及有汉语拼音的正迁移作用，他们能够很快地掌握字母的发音，但是如果不引导他们将字母与发音的对应规律在有意义的情景中运用的话，就容易产生遗忘。此外，小学生长时间面对一些毫无意义的字母符号，学习的兴趣会慢慢地消退。因此，适时开展阅读教学就很有必要了。对于低年级的小学生来说，阅读应从辨认单词开始，然后到句子阅读，再过渡到一些简易故事的阅读。例如，学习了a /æ/ 后，就让学生整体认读单词apple；学习完第一组字母（s, a, i, t, n, p）后，就可以指导学生根据读音来朗读 It is an apple. It is an ant等句子，再利用图片或实物来导入句子的意义。此外，还可以编写一些押韵的句子，如A dog is on a log. A big pig is in a bin. 等让学生来朗读与阅读。这样，学生不仅能内化英语拼写与读音的对应规则，还能将单词的形、音、义结合在一起，更能激发学生继续学习的兴趣和信心。下面我再将运用自然拼读法时应注意的问题总结如下：1、要设计各种有趣的活动小学生的有意注意的时间不会太长，而且拼读、拼写训练又需要进行大量的机械操练。因此，为了不影响他们的学习兴趣和效果，有必要设计各种有趣的活动，来激发兴趣，降低焦虑。如，可利用小学生喜爱听故事的特点，通过故事导入字母读音；利用小学生具有learn by doing（做中学）的天性，将每个音素配上动作，帮助记忆。还可以设计一些游戏，唱歌，吟韵律诗，念绕口令等活动，让学生在玩中练，唱中练，吟中练和念中练。2、要不断地复习巩固与应用一般说来，小学生学得快，忘得也快。因此，要帮助学生克服遗忘，应经常性、持续性地进行拼读和拼写教学，提高学生接触字母读音的频率，并将之与学生所学的内容相联系。通过长期接触与归纳，让学生得以有足够机会去了解，进而熟悉这些规则，以期将来能够灵活运用。3、要借鉴而不能照搬国外的教学经验自然拼读法在美国、加拿大等英语国家有上百年的历史，在港台地区也很流行。网络上相关资源十分丰富，只要利用网上的搜索引擎，键入 “phonics教学”、 “How to teach phonics”或“自然拼读法”、“字母拼读法”等关键字，就可以查到无数与之相关的内容。但是国外的经验多是建立在母语教学的基础上，有些做法未必适合我们的教学，如在阅读教学中，国外学生只要会读文章中词，一般就知道其意思，而对我们的学生而言，因为自然拼读法并不能为学生提供生词的意思，对文章中的生词即使是通过音形规律会读，也不能明其义。因此在运用自然拼读法的过程中，不能全盘照搬国外的经验，应结合学生的实际在教学方法与活动设计上有所创新。小学生在学习英语的一开始就建立英语字母代表发音的观念，而且有适当的练习，使学生遇到生词的时候，就可以张口念、出声读，这对学生将来的学习是很有帮助的。因此，通过自然拼读法来培养学生的拼读、拼写以及阅读能力是可行而且必要的。参考文献：汪国萍. 2003. “小学英语起始阶段培养学生拼读能力的可行性和必要性”《中小学外语教学》，2003年第11期

英语论文答辩自述关于自然拼读

毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）

转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.

I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.

So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.

The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.

In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.

Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !

today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.

the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.

not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.

good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.

The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.

With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.

Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.

Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.

Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.

Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.

Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.

Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文

时间过得真快，大学生活即将结束，毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验大学学习成果的`形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xx and my supervisor is xx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.