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Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
下面就商务英语毕业论文的选题方向，给出了一范围，仅供大家参考，希望能有帮助。
文美
1、中西方餐饮文化对比
2、跨文化交际与中西文化冲突
3、中西方餐桌礼仪差异
4、了解中西方不同礼仪在外贸业务中的意义
5、中英文在生活中的差异
6、文化差异与英汉习语的翻译
7、论语境在翻译中的重要性
8、英语听说读写四种技能的关系
9、方言对英语发音的影响
10、英语词汇中的外来语单词
11、美国美语的特色
12、中外文学作品比较
13、报刊英语中标点、省略语的应用
14、背诵在美语中的作用
15. 英语与美语的差异
16、中西饮食文化的比较
17、中西文化中礼仪在外贸业务中的比较
18、中美商务谈判中恭维调及恭维应答的比较分析
19、商务美语信函中词汇特征的分析
其他
1、礼仪在商务英语谈判中的作用
2、商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用
3.商务合同中英语词汇的作用
4、商务英语在中国加入WTO后的新发展和新趋势
从 文化 的角度看世界，世界史其实就是一部民族与文化的交融史和碰撞史。受影响的西方历史文化和受儒佛道影响的东方历史文化，自古以来体现出很多相融和冲突的地方，两种文明带来了两种不同的辉煌灿烂。以下是我整理分享的东西方文化差异的论文的相关 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
东西方历史文化的差异
摘要：从文化的角度看世界，世界史其实就是一部民族与文化的交融史和碰撞史。受影响的西方历史文化和受儒佛道影响的东方历史文化，自古以来体现出很多相融和冲突的地方，两种文明带来了两种不同的辉煌灿烂。本文从文化特质、思想观念、宗教观念等方面谈一谈世界历史进程中东西方文化的差异。
关键词：东方文化 西方文化 宗教观念 伦理 文化差异
作者简介：沈树荣，女，汉族，生于重庆南充。现任重庆市铁路中学教师
【中图分类号】G04 【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1002-
从西方历史发展进程来看，西方历史的源头――古希腊文明，就是一部灿烂的文化史，被作为整个西方文明的深厚根基。从东方社会历史发展的进程来看，古代埃及文化、古代两河流域文化、古代中国古代印度文化三大文化圈也成为中古东方社会的源头。世界史从原始部落、氏族斗争，到奴隶制社会，再到后来帝国主义社会、封建主义社会、资本主义社会和社会主义社会，展现出的就是一部博大的东西方文化交融与碰撞的艰难历史。下面，我将从文化、思想观念、宗教观念等几方面谈谈世界史所体现出来的东西方社会文化的差异。
一、东西文化各自的特质
1、东方文化特质。第一，东方文化呈现出多源性：古代埃及文化、古代两河流域文化、古代中印度文化，形成三大文化圈，成为中古东方的文化源头。第二，东方文化呈现出专制性、封闭性、保守性的特点。古代东方文化为大河文化、内陆文化和农业文化，文明成熟较早。马克思说过：“人类社会中有粗野的 儿童 ，有早熟的儿童，古代民族中有许多居于这一类，希腊人是正常的儿童。”东方民族属于早熟的儿童。早熟的原因。东方社会有较优越的自然条件，东方民族大都居住在大河流域，气候好，河流灌溉农田，农业和畜牧业得到发展，同时，东方民族勤劳勇敢，从而使东方社会最早进入文明社会。东方社会从奴隶制度发展到封建宗教社会制度，时间漫长。东方社会的国王大多是来自氏族贵族领袖，宣扬“君权神授”，他们是神的化身，如埃及法老。封建宗法社会以家族为本位，重家族，重血缘，压抑个性，灭人欲，形成东方社会的专制性(主义)。宗法社会的小农经济性质又造成了东方社会的封闭性、保守性。第三，东方文化具有浓厚的神秘主义色彩和宗教色彩。东方社会是犹太教、、印度教、佛教、等主要宗教的发源地。东方文化渗透了宗教思想，并形成不同的宗教思想价值体系。第四，东方文化崇尚尚自然，具有“天人合一”思想和追求“仁爱”“牺牲”的精神。
2、西方文化特质。第一，西方文化源头只有公认的一个：古希腊文明。马克思说，“古希腊人是人类健全的儿童。”古希腊文明成为整个西方文明的奠基。希腊文明富于自由活泼之精神、视宇宙全体为优美之调合，注重现实世界具体之事物。第二，西方文化呈现出重理性、开放性的特点。从古希腊文明开始，西方文化中的个人本位主义和理性主义、英雄主义体现得尤为突出，希腊人重视个人价值的实现、个人功勋的建立，追求个人本位、享乐、情欲。第三，宗教色彩浓厚。宗教是人类社会发展一定阶段的历史现象，马克思恩格斯认为宗教源于人们最初对自然神秘力量和社会神秘力量的盲目崇拜和信仰。费尔巴哈说宗教的本质是人的本质，是人自我异化的结果。西方社会受宗教神权思想影响极为深刻，上帝在他们心中拥有至高无上的地位，使其原罪观念特别泛滥。第四，西方人理性主义思想浓厚。西方人善用理智来思考问题，理性主义在西方泛滥，西方人思想观念里认为人与人之间的关系是建立在法治、实利、利益的基础上，东方人则比较感性，认为人与人之间的关系式建立在血缘、感情、道义的基础上。
二、东西文化的差异
东西文化的差异，表现在以下几个方面：
1东西文化的源头和宗教信仰不同，西方文化的源头是基督。中国文化的源头是孔子。东方人信仰佛儒道，西方人信仰。从宗教观来看，东方宗教是解脱之宗教，宣扬脱俗、解脱，相信宿命，主张清静、寂灭。西方宗教是救赎之宗教，提倡人道主义和创化、救赎，上帝这个救世主形象在他们心中有至高无上的地位，西方宗教主张从生活中寻找生命，教导人们发现新生命，创造新生命的道理，其教义也是劝人奋斗不息，才获解救。比如《圣经》所体现出的救赎思想，被作为西方现实世界永恒的经典和文化的象征，成为整个欧洲文化的源头。“浮士德”的永不满足，不断进取的精神，也成为西方精神的象征。
2东方主静，西方主动。西洋民族以战争、个人、法治、实利为本位，东方民族以安息、感情、家族、虚文为本位。中国人好古，循环往复，西方人力今，强调进化。
西洋民族好战是其天性，宗教之战，政治之战，商业之战构成欧洲文明史。西洋民族要求维护个人自由权利和幸福，思想言论的自由，个性的发展，法律之前人人平等。东洋民族自游牧社会进而为宗法社会，自酋长政治进而为封建政治。宗法社会以家族为本位而无个人权利，宗法社会讲求忠孝之道德。
3东方文化重视整体，而西方更重视个体。东方文化重 经验 、现实、功利的世界;西方神性与人性并重，追求超经验、超现实的真理和个人荣誉。东方文化的特色是重人际关系，重现实生活，不重形而上的问题。西方人则重视自己的权利、个人价值的实现，重形而上的理性生活。
4东西方自由观、发展观、中西民力、民智、民德不同。东方文化崇尚含蓄，而西方推崇直接开放。东方泛道德化，以德束人，而西方则法规化，重视个人权利而不是看重道德。东方人的伦理观以牺牲自我为本，西方则以满足自己为人生之本。因此东方的道德是以灭个性而维持，西方的道德是个性的解放。
5 思维方式 和处世态度不同，东方唯情，西方唯智，东方人讲求经验、感性，西方人重视推理、逻辑。东方人重感情、重道义，比较感性，像我们常说的意气用事及仁爱、宽容、忠孝、中庸的思想。而西方人讲究理性，用理智思考问题，追求理性主义和自我主义，重视个体价值的实现、理性胜于感性的思考问题解决问题。
6东方讲求艺术夸张，如敦煌莫高窟;而西方讲求科学，客观，提倡艺术真实，如蒙娜丽莎。梁漱溟认为西方是艺术科学化，东方是科学艺术化。
下一页分享更优秀的<<<东西方文化差异的论文
由于我国与西方的生活习惯以及民族习俗的不同，中西方 文化 存在许多差异。下面是我为大家整理的中西方文化差异论文，供大家参考。
摘要： 从历史文化的角度来说，中西方文化无论从萌芽、发展到现在的格局无疑是各具特色的。一个偏重群体关系和整体作用，提倡大家庭理论;一个偏重个体能力和英雄主义，提倡自由万岁。在两个文化理念截然相反的作用下，我们必须融合两者意识上的差异，在文化层次本身找到共性，以利于整个人类文化的发展。
关键词： 差异;价值观;文化
0 引言
历史发展至今，中西方文化就像两条时而胶着、时而分离的不规则线，同样源远流长，同样博大精深。自成体系、相互交融。但，无论任何时候，两者从未有过平行的时候，因此，研究世界文化不可能单一的研究中西方某个文化，而应全面、系统的对中西方文化加以研究。
1 关于中西方文化
1.1 文化的定义 著名人类学学者泰勒(Edward Burnett Tylor)这样给文化定义：“文化或者文明就是由作为社会成员的人所获得的、包括知识、信念、艺术、道德法则、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯的复杂整体。”这个定义已经比较权威。在此，我们将文化定义为人和环境互动而产生的精神 、物质成果的总和。这个总和中可以包括生活方式、价值观、知识、技术成果，以及一切经过人的改造和理解而别具人文特色的物质对象。
1.2 中国文化定义 中国文化一般指中国 传统文化 ，它是中华民族在长期历史发展中形成的，是中国各民族集体智慧的结晶。汉族是中华民族的主干民族，对中国文化的形成和发展起了重要的作用，其他少数民族也对中国文化做出过不可抹杀的贡献。
1.3 西方文化定义 西方文化和东方文化一样，源远流长，气象万千。一般是指发源于古希腊、罗马时期,浸染了中世纪的____传统,兴盛于文艺复兴、宗教改革,经启蒙运动而最终确立,并且近几百年来大盛于西欧北美的文化系统。
2 中西方文化的特点
中西方文化均源远流长、气象万千，两种文明都经历了几千年历史的发展演化才成型。迄今，无数学者为更好的研究两种文明，划分了各种各样的时期或时代，以将历史分割成各个有机统一的整体加以研究。在此，笔者参考各权威观点，结合自己的观点，在权威学说的基础上以阶段性为前提，简单描述一下中西方文化各自的特点，以便更好的对论题加以研究。
2.1 中国文化的特点 中国文化在西周时期创造出了中华文明的母形。这一时期建立了“余一人“的专制王权思想，敬德与重民思想开始萌芽，西周时期我国宗法社会与宗法文化开始成型，并且对后世中国文化脉络和思潮的演化产生了深远影响。战国时期，平民观点开始兴起，以孔子、孟子、墨子、老子、韩非子等为杰出代表。我国出现百家争鸣的文化发展状况。以仁为核心的儒家思想成为中国文化的中心。同时法家、道家思想并立。至此在几千年的发展过程中，中国形成了以“谦、恭、信、敏、慧”为核心的文化思想观、以“学而优则仕”的文化价值观。总的来说，中国文化就是细节服务于整体、突出整体效果的文化模式。
2.2 西方文化的特点 西方文化经过中世纪____文化的长期统治，阿拉伯文化的融入，随着资本主义经济萌芽的出现，出现了影响深远的文艺复兴和宗教改革。经过17世纪的科学革命，18世纪的启蒙运动，现代西方文化到19世纪臻于成熟，并向全世界扩张。西方文化在20世纪面临着来自内外多方面的挑战。现代主义、后现代主义只反映了现代西方文化的一个方面，表现出其躁动不安的情绪，远远不能概括其全貌。在几千年的发展过程中，西方文化形成了以“争”为核心的文化思想观、以自然科学和科研为核心的文化发展观。总的来说，西方文化就是突出细节、突出个体效果的文化模式。
3 中西方文化差异
3.1 西方文化文化的发展态势不同 中国文化中整体上来看，属于一种静态文化、一种家国文化。由于中国所处地理环境较为优越，给予了人一个可以长期居住生产的环境，所以，这种长期居住在同一个地方的条件便使家族发展的很快，安居乐业、居安而不思流动，就容易促使静态的文化模式发展。家族繁衍、代代相传，家族纽带越来越复杂，尊老和祭祖现象就必然在这样的发展模式下产生，家族观念，宗法制度也就逐渐形成并根深蒂固了。所以说，中国为什么叫家国，因为，家就是国、国就是家，家和国仅仅是规模上的差别，于此，这种静态文化和家国文化直接促成了中国仁、孝、礼、信为核心的贵和尚中的中庸思想。
而西方文化则属于一种动态文化、一种斗争文化。西方文化三大起源(古希腊文明、罗马文明和____文明)均源自地中海沿岸，西方的地理环境、气候促成了流动性较强的文化。并直接促使西方人的家庭观念相对薄弱，个人主义、自由主义等价值观念得以发展传承，由此产生的竞争意识、斗争文化更是西方文化发展的原动力。
3.2 中西方文化中的伦理观念不同 中国文化主张家庭伦理本位，而西方文化主张个人本位。上点已经提到，中国以家国主义文化为核心思想文化，以家族为本位，家庭便有长幼之序，夫妻之分，家庭成员各安其分，各尽义务，即“尽伦”!孟子认为：圣人是“人伦之民”，伦的核心是“绝对服从”，幼服长，妻服夫。使家变得如此重要的原因之一就是“孝”，“百善孝为先”，“孝道”是中国的国本，国粹，中国自古就有孝的文化，有以孝治天下之说.家与孝原本有伟大的理性意义，但由于过分强调，终成了一种过分的家族意识，而忽略了个人自由的发展，“存天理，灭人欲”，以个人向群体负责为人生宗旨。
而西方的地理环境及种种社会关系导致个人主义的兴起，导致家庭、家族纽带功能相对松弛。“上帝面前人人平等”的____义充分说明了西方文化中追求人格独立的特点，骑士精神、英雄主义的盛行源自于此。个人权利任何人不得侵犯，信奉个人本位、自我中心，这种个人本位思想使即使亲人间的界限也划分得非常明确，AA制、强调子女独立生活，喜欢谈论一己之所得。伯克哈特在《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》一书中，认为只有个人得到充分的发展才能有社会的充分发展。存在主义把这个基本观念推向了极端，鼓吹“人是绝对自由的”，“他人就是我的地狱”。 3.3 中西方文化对人与自然的基本观点不同 杜维民教授认为：“中国文化关注的对象是人”。人与人的关系是中国文化关心的核心与基础问题，战国时期，我国就形成了以“仁”为核心的儒家思想，所以政治伦理学相当发达。而西方文化较多关注的是自然，人与自然的关系是古希腊注重的中心问题，由此衍生出理智和科技。
中国的哲学是一种人生哲学。儒家强调人在社会要有所作为，道家追求长生，佛家强调人的觉悟。同时建立了君臣、父子等一套人与人之间的伦理关系，学而优则仕成为中国社会主流思想。而科学研究可发现自然规律的探究行为并未得到重视。在处理人与自然的关系上，中国文化讲究“天人合一”、“顺天应物”。把自然人格化，追求人与自然和谐发展。
从古希腊泰勒斯的自然哲学开始，探索自然奥秘，开发和利用自然资源为人类服务就成为了欧洲思想的主流。西方科学起源与对自然的探索和研究，很早就出现了毕达哥拉斯、阿基米得这样名垂千古的科学家.在人与自然的关系上,西方文化认为人与自然处于对立的斗争状态,因而产生了与中国文化不同的对自然的态度,即人可以征服,控制自然。西方人也讲人与人之间的关系,但首先关注的不是伦理而是竞争,因而出现了“优胜劣汰”的规律。
4 中西方文化的文化价值观和文化结构不同
中国文化强调“诗言志”、“文以载道”和“天人合一”的文化价值观和整体综合。中国文化讲究有利于社会、有利于教化民众，中国广大文人苦读孔孟、圣人之学，学而优则仕，为的是齐家治国平天下。“托物言志”、“诗以言志”成了中国大部分文学作品的特色。同时也是“中国式特色”。现代西方文化倡导“为艺术而艺术”和多元的文化观。从康德提出“美只是形式”开始，纯粹的美感不应渗进任何愿望、任何需要、任何意志活动的说法在西方现代美学中成为占支配地位的思潮。克罗齐主张直觉即艺术，主张衡量艺术只有一个标准，即艺术标准。西方文化中的多元文化观包括两个方面，其一是文化形成的多元性;二是文化构成的多元性。
在文化结构方面，中国以整体综合见长，强调整体的作用;而西方以细节分析见长，突出个体的作用。例如，在时间、地址的书写顺序上，中国习惯按年、月、日，国家、省、市等由整体到部分开始书写，而西方恰恰相反。在姓氏排列上，中国姓氏先是宗族、辈分然后才是名，突出的是氏族整体;而西方姓氏先是自己名字、然后才是父名、族姓，突出的是个人。
在中西方文化的重要表现形式上，西方文化主张个人荣誉、自我中心、创新精神和个性自由，而中国文化是群体文化，主张谦虚谨慎、关心他人、助人为乐、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作。
值得注意的是，以上所说并不是说中国文化相对与西方文化来说是不变的文化，是封闭的文化。中国文化是强调“和平、稳定”;但这不意味着就是不变与封闭。中国哲学强调“天人和一”;而要达到这种境界，必须具有“海纳百川”胸怀和“户枢不蠹”的发展性眼光看待天地;因此，在中国古代的知识分子中一直强调“兼容”与“动”的观念。久而久之，就形成了中国文化所特有的包容性与变化观点——“仁者乐水，智者乐山”便是这种观点的具体体现。
参考文献：
[1]马文·哈里斯.文化人自然—普通人类学导引[M].浙江人民出版社1992年版.
[2]谢遐龄.中国政治思想史[M].高等 教育 出版社，2003.
[3]辜正坤.中西方文化比较.博览群书，2001.2
[4]冯承柏，王中田，俞久洪.西方文化精义[M].华中理工大学出版社，1998
一个国家无论是在政治上，还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，将有利于各国之间的交往。一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯，是对对方的尊重，能够给对方留下一个好印象，以便交往的顺利进行。
随着东西方文化的不断发展，东西方的礼仪正在相互融合，西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素，东方人也逐渐地接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。但在现实生活中，由于东西方文化的差异而对礼仪产生的影响还很多,为此 出国 留学 网我就以下几方面具体探讨东西方文化差异对礼仪所产生的影响：
一、社会交往方式的差异对礼仪的影响
东西方文化都非常重视 人际交往 ，但在交往的观念、交往的方式上都有着明显的差别。如中国人热情好客，在人际交往中饱含热情，问寒问暖，似乎没有什么可保留的，对于了解有关年龄、职业、收入、婚姻状况、子女等问题，觉得都理所当然。而在西方国家中，特别重视对方的隐私权。个人稳私主要包括：个人状况(年龄、工作、收入、婚姻、子女等)、政治观念(支持或反对何种党派)、宗教信仰(信仰什么宗教)、个人行为动向(去何种地方，与谁交往、通信)等。凡是涉及到个人隐私的都不能直接过问。西方人一般不愿意干涉别人的私生活和个人隐私，也不愿意被别人干涉。比如，很多中国人会直接询问别人所买物品的价格。因为在中国人看来，物品的贵贱只是表示该物品的质量。
而在西方人眼里，如果你直接询问别人所购物品的价格，就可能是探问对方的经济条件，因此，这也是西方人的隐私，属于不宜直接询问的问题。如果你想了解该物品的价格，只能委婉地夸耀、赞赏该物品，而这样的情况下西方人一般也只告诉你该物品的贵或贱，一般不会告诉你准确价格。中国人见面打招呼时喜欢问一句“去哪儿啊?”，这是招呼的一种形式。而在美国，你如果问朋友上哪儿去，则可能会使对方尴尬，因为这也属于对方的隐私，是你不该过问的。另外，人际交往的空间距离可以分为亲密距离、个人距离、社交距离、公共距离四种。中国人的空间距离相对较近。我们在大街上经常可以看到两个中国少女挽臂亲昵而行，而在西方则很少见到。西方人觉得中国人过于亲近，而中国人又会觉得西方人过于冷淡、傲慢，过分疏远，是不友好的表现。如果中国人发现交际对方的衣服上有根线头，他会很自然地帮助对方摘掉;而在西方人眼里，这是不礼貌之举。中国人看到朋友穿了件非常漂亮的衣服，会上前摸一摸，询问价钱或质地;而西方人则不会这样做，他们更多的是羡慕，并直接赞美。概而言之，这都是东西方文化观念差异所致。东方人非常重义、重情，西方人则崇尚个人独立。
二、个人人生观的差异对礼仪的影响
(一)个人荣誉感与谦虚谨慎 西方人崇拜个人奋斗，尤其为个人取得的成就而自豪，从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感以及在获得成就后的狂喜。而相反，中国文化却不主张炫耀个人荣誉，则提倡谦虚谨慎。一般来说，中国人大多反对或蔑视王婆卖瓜式的自吹自擂，然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人感到不满。例如，“your English is very good,”“No,no,my English is very poor”;“you've done a nice job,”“No,I don't think so.It's the result of joint efforts.”，这在中国人看来当然是一种谦虚的说法，而在西方人看来，不仅否定了自己，还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力。可见，这种中国式的谦虚在西方资本主义的竞争市场是行不通的。
(二)自我中心与无私奉献 西方人自我中心意识和独立意识很强，主要表现在：1.自己为自己负责。在弱肉强食的社会，每个人生存方式及生存质量都取决于自己的能力，因此，每个人都必须自我奋斗，把个人利益放在第一位;2.不习惯关心他人，帮助他人，不过问他人的事情。正由于以上两点，主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方往往就成为令人难堪的事。因为接受帮助只能证明自己无能，而主动帮助别人会被认为是干涉别人私事。 中国人的行为准则是“我对他人，对社会是否有用”，个人的价值是在奉献中体现出来的。中国文化推崇一种高尚的情操———无私奉献。在中国，主动关心别人，给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德，因此，中国人不论别人的大事小事，家事私事都愿主动关心，而这在西方则会被视为“多管闲事”。
(三)创新精神与中庸之道 西方文化鼓励人民开拓创新，做一番前人未做过的、杰出超凡的事业。而传统的中国文化则要求人们不偏不倚，走中庸之道，中国人善于预见未来的危险性，更愿意维护现状，保持和谐。当然，近年来我国也大力提倡创新改革，但务实求稳之心态仍处处体现。冒险精神仍是不能与西方人相比的。 (四)个性自由与团结协作 西方人十分珍视个人自由，喜欢随心所欲，独往独行，不愿受限制。中国文化则更多地强调集体主义，主张个人利益服从集体利益，主张同甘共苦，团结合作，步调一致。
三、法制观念的不同对礼仪的影响
东方文化以儒家思想为代表，而儒家思想重义轻利。为了兄弟朋友的情义，可以网开一面，甚至不惜一切代价，其结果往往是行为过头，丧失了更多的应得利益。比如中国人重人情，人情味浓厚。有句老话：“血浓于水”“亲不亲，故乡人，美不美，家乡水。”这些话所包含的意思是人情影响判断，人情重于道义。“水”，即使不美，但只要是家乡水，那也就美了，这就是情重于理的表现。甚至有时会情重于法，这主要是因为中国历来有情影响法的制度空间，也就是说，我们中国人先讲合情，再讲合理，然后讲合法。
若合法而不合情合理，这法就难以执行，若合情合理，有法也可以不依。 而西方人则是倒过来的。西人重法，不重人情。法在理前，理在情前。我们时常看到西方父子之间、夫妻之间、朋友之间上法庭打官司。有些事明明不合情不合理，但合法，吃亏者也只有自认倒霉，旁观者也只能容忍。但若有的事不合法，即使合情合理，西人也会争论不休，直到闹上法庭。 在情理法的中国，人情味浓厚，什么事都可以想想办法，托托人情，走走关系。这是一种自然 保险 系统，人们容易在艰苦的环境下渡过难关。因此在中国，人事关系极为重要，生活之中充满天伦之乐。但也容易产生不公正;在法理情的西方国家，人情似纸，相互之间可说是“鸡犬之声相闻，老死不相往来”。有什么矛盾，先讲理，后上法庭，简单明了。西方人虽淡薄人情，却十分讲公正、平等，即使是一介草民，只要是真正合理合法，就是同总理打官司，他也照样可以打赢。在西方国家生活，有点像广寒宫里，富裕、 清明 、漂亮，却有一般寒冷之感。尤其是老人，孤孤单单，踽踽独行，在我们中国人看来甚是可怜。
四、社会习俗的不同对礼仪的影响
在东方文化中，男士往往倍受尊重，这主要受封建礼制男尊女卑观念的影响。在现代社会，东方文化也主张男女平等，但在许多时候，男士的地位仍然较女士有优越性，女士仍有受歧视的现象。在欧美等西方国家，尊重妇女是其传统风俗，女士优先是西方国家交际中的原则之一。无论在何种公共场合，男士都要照顾女士，比如，握手时，女士先伸手，然后男士才能随之;赴宴时，男士要先让女士坐下，女士先点菜，进门时，女士先行;上下电梯，女士在前等等。现在，随着东西方文化交流的加深，西方的女士优先原则在东方国家也备受青睐。东西方文化的交融，也使东西方礼仪日趋融合、统一，更具国际化。
再如，在处理长幼关系时，以中国为代表的东方国家对待长者特别尊敬、孝敬。比如，在许多中国人看来，如果老人有子女，年老时子女把老人送到养老院或敬老院去生活，这就是不孝，过年过节儿女一般要和老人一起过。在中国农村一些地方，过年时，晚辈都要给长辈行跪拜礼。而在西方国家，由于崇尚自立，儿女成年后和父母间的来往则越来越少，致使许多老人时常感到孤独，晚年生活有一种凄凉感。
五、等级观念的差异对礼仪的影响
东方文化等级观念强烈。无论是在组织里，还是在家庭里，忽略等级、地位就是非礼。尽管传统礼制中的等级制度已被消除，但等级观念至今仍对东方文化产生影响。在中国，传统的君臣、父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍根深蒂固。父亲在儿子的眼中、教师在学生的眼中有着绝对的权威，家庭背景在人的成长中仍起着相当重要的作用。另外，中国式的家庭结构比较复杂，传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。在这样的家庭中，老人帮助照看小孩，儿孙们长大后帮助扶养老人，家庭成员之间互相依赖，互相帮助，密切了亲情关系。 在西方国家，除了英国等少数国家有着世袭贵族和森严的等级制度外，大多数西方国家都倡导平等观念。
特别在美国，崇尚人人平等，很少人以自己显赫的家庭背景为荣，也很少人以自己贫寒出身为耻，因他们都知道，只要自己努力，是一定能取得成功的。正如美国一句流行的 谚语 所言：“只要努力，牛仔也能当总统。”(If working hard, even acowboy can be president.)在家庭中，美国人不讲等级，只要彼此尊重，父母与子女可直呼其名。他们的家庭观念往往比较淡薄，不愿为家庭做出太多牺牲。 当然，中西方文化的不同导致的礼仪上的差异还有很多，比如服饰礼仪、进餐礼仪等等，由于篇幅等多方面的制约，在此不能一一深入探讨。总之，中西方之间有各自的文化习惯，由此也产生了不少不同的交往习惯。因此，随着我国经济的发展和对外交流、贸易的不断增加，我们不但有必要在与外国人交往或者前往别的国家去之前，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，而且必须加强专业礼仪人才的培养，提高全民礼仪意识，这不仅是对对方的尊重，也给我们自己带来了便利，不但能避免了不必要的麻烦与误会，还能在现代社会的多方竞争中争取主动，取得良好的结果或效益。
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杨振宁教授在比较中美教育时指出：“美国的教育比较重视启发式，中国的教育比较重视灌输式。”那么我们该如何写有关中美教育的论文呢?下面是我给大家推荐的，希望大家喜欢! 篇一 《中美教育差异比较》 摘 要 杨振宁教授在比较美中教育时指出：“美国的教育比较重视启发式，中国的教育比较重视灌输式。”那么，在教学方面中美之间到底有哪些具体差别?这些差异又有那些利弊?本文会从中美基础教育和高等教育两个方面入手进行分析和阐释。 关键词 基础教育;高等教育;中美差异 一、基础教育 中美两国的教育有着极为不同的传统，中国的教育注重对知识的积累和灌输，注重培养学生对知识和权威的尊重，注重对知识的掌握和继承以及知识体系的构建。相比较，美国则更注重培养学生运用知识的实际能力，注重培养学生对知识和权威的质疑、批判精神，注重对知识的拓展和创造。 美国中小学生的课时非常少，课外作业是有时间限制的， 周末一般也不布置作业，如果某一门功课作业布置过多，该教师可能被学生或学生家长依法控告。美国中小学生所学课业知识在这个阶段要少于中国中小学生，中国初中二年级数理化课本的知识程度与美国一般同类学校的初中三年级持平，美国的高校和中学都推行学分制、选课制和主辅修制，课程实行综合化， 理论联络实际，抓好第二课堂，使学生们有了丰富多彩的课外活动。 比如在语言教育方面，美国学校着重培养孩子的自我认识及语言能力，老师经常会出一些讨论性的题目，要求学生结合实际写作业，比如：你长大后想做什么?要求根据该行业的特点，询问从事过该行业的成人，写出一篇真实可行的报告，然后在课堂上讲述。所以大多数美国孩子比中国孩子在演讲及与人交往上更胜一筹。我认为最理想的教育是将中美两种教育模式的优势相融合，使我们的孩子既有很好的基础又有很高的创造力。在中美教育差异中，最明显的还是教育观、知识观的差异。譬如，到底什么是基础教育阶段的基础?我国教育的“基础”是指，大脑在独立于计算机的前提下，尽可能多地储备知识，尽可能快地提取知识，因而中国学生的大脑在这两方面是得到了充分的训练。美国教育的“基础”是指，大脑在充分利用计算机的前提下，放弃发展那些属于计算机的工作领域所需的能力，只发展那些属于计算机无法工作的领域所需的能力。在利用和开发大脑的内在功能上，中国的教育是卓有成效的，但在利用和综合外界的各种资讯以及扩充套件大脑的功能方面，美国的教育则更胜一筹。因此，在闭卷笔试的考试形式下，美国学生比不过中国学生，但是，在可以随意使用各种资讯工具的现实研究中，中国学生就远远比不上美国学生了。 二、高等教育 美国的高等教育重视综合素质培养，主要表现在对学校课程的设定上。美国的许多大学都曾开设“九十年代大学生活”课程，其作用类似于国内高校的“生活导论”课和“思想品德修养”课，内容则有异有同，包括大学教育的作用、校园生活方式及生存技能等。 美国各大学开设了各种课程，每门课程规定相应的学分和任课教师的具体要求。每学期选修哪些课程，完全由学生自己来决定。美国对大学本科生和研究生的学习只规定必须达到的学分总量，没有入学考试、修业年限、年龄等方面严格规定，只规定在校学习的最长年限，至于学分在哪个学年完成则由学生自己决定。 中国的高校招生主要以高考成绩作为录取依据。我国的高等教育，本科大多数是四年制，有少部分是五年或六年制。目前，我国高等教育管理还或多或少地受到传统计划经济的影响，尚有许多管理原则和制度不适应市场经济和社会发展的需求。 与我国的高等教育相似，美国的本科也是四年制。不同的是，其课程设定在前两年是基础课程的教育，后两年才偏向于专业方面的教育。美国高校在学期的设定上与国内不尽相同，有的是一年两个学期，与国内类似;而有的则为一年四个学期，一个学期只有十周左右。在学分制下，学生的学习周期和老师的授课周期都大大缩短，使得课程的安排显得更为紧凑，专业性更强，并且每个学期内学生负担的课程数相应减少。这样的安排有利于减少课程与课程之间在时间上的冲突，便于学生尽可能选择自己感兴趣的课程;在一段时间内把精力集中到少数课程上也有利于提高学习质量。 美国大学的辅助教学活动丰富多彩，成龙配套。学校组织的各种型别的讨论课很能调动学生参与的积极性，启发学生们独立思考，深入钻研，又可以相互学习交流。各种学生俱乐部活动内容生动活泼， *** 了个人志趣爱好的发展。各种学术讲座繁多，大都是美国学术界知名人物的报告，拓宽了学生们的视野。美国大学是入学容易毕业难，一是课外作业特别多，老师讲课很精，大量的是让学生课外自己去阅读、思考、写文章，完成各类作业。而且平时学习与作业情况，老师要作为评价学生每学期总成绩的重要内容，学生们是一点也不敢怠慢的。二是考试特别多。各学科几乎每周都有考试，稍不留意，考试就会出麻烦，将影响到综合成绩的高低。 美国的大学是分等级的。名牌大学不仅学费较高，而且学生质量也比较好。名牌大学学生的特点就是特别有志而勤奋。美国的一般普及类大学的情况则有所不同。人们靠竞争生存，靠自己的能力生存。所以美国的孩子从小就培养起了什么事都靠自己的习惯，读大学也是靠自己打工、贷款，很自立，他们从不依赖父母活一辈子。美国大学对教师水平或业绩的评估，非常重视学生的反馈意见。如果大多数学生对教师不满意，就会直接导致教师下岗。所以，在美国大学任教很有危机感，如何既要讲好课，又要严格要求学生并使学生满意，这的确是门学问。 美国教育较注重自学。教师讲的内容与教材上的差异很大。到博士这个层次，上课时大部分时间用来讨论，教授的作用是引导，讨论主要是让你对读过的内容提出看法，作出批评。在研究生硕士这个层次上，他们很重视写，一般说来，每周看完阅读材料后要写5-10页的小论文。如果是比较大的讨论课程，每学期至少要写两篇25页左右的论文，主要是对所读文献进行评论，提出自己的见解。 三、对于中国教育的启示 美国的教育注重广而博，中国的教育注重窄而深;美国的教育注意培养学生的自信、自主、自立精神，中国的教育注意培养学生严格、严密、严谨精神。从发展创新能力的角度来看，中国的学生容易偏于自我约束、自我控制，以及因害怕出错而习惯于固守规范。我们应该看到，美国是在创新有余而基础不足的前提下才以抓基础来补不足。我国的情况却是与美国恰恰相反，我们是基础有余而创新不足，因而我国教育的完善必须以抓创新来补不足。 美国的大学教育很注意个人能力的培养，善于调动个人学习研究的潜能，利于人才的发展和脱颖而出。教育是一种文化现象，不同的教育反映的是不同的社会文化内涵，适宜美国今日社会的教育方法或教育体制并不一定适应于中国现在的社会。因此，不同国家的教育比较必须基于社会文化背景的比较。正是由于社会环境与文化传统的差异，构成了不同国家、不同社会的教育差异。美国的教育传统是与美国的文化传统相一致的，同样，中国的教育传统也必然根植于中国的文化传统。如何探索出既能适应中国社会又能汲取世界教育精华的教育模式，是教育研究的重要内容，也是研究的难点。通过交流我们可以了解了彼此的长处和不足。把中国人的含蓄和美国人的开放，中国人的刻苦钻研和美国人的创造精神，中国人的脚踏实地和美国人的浪漫、富有想象力结合起来。将不失为现代化教育的良好方法。相信随着教育改革的不断深入，在不久的将来，中国教育一定会取得更加重大的成功和突破。 参考文献： [1]杨振宁.杨振宁教授对中美教育的比较反思[J].复旦教育，20002 [2]刘黎，赵德龙.中美高等教育之比较[J].四川师范大学学报，20043 [3]郝云龙.中美高等教育之比较及其启示[J].北京教育高教版，20046 [4]孙莱祥，周洪林.赢在起点，输在终点―对我国传统教育教学太重基础的反思[J].中国大学教学，20022 作者简介：何 娟1989-，女，湖北宜昌人，硕士，研究方向：汉语国际教育。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
我也写这个题目，我的导师建议我从三方面写。1 中国各个菜系的饮食文化特点2 美国的饮食文化特点3 差异{饮食观念，饮食结构，制作方法，食用方式，餐桌礼仪，，，，]感觉还是好写，如果你学校图书资源丰富，有万方数据库，中国知网等，那就有很多参考的了
As we all know, the eating habit of China and the eating habit of America are very different. Americans like to eat burgers, steak, and some high calories food. But Chinese like to eat rice and noodles and something like that. I think that why the gap between these two eating habits is so large is that America and China are two different area of the world. And maybe some religious problem. Anyways, there are so many differences that makes the eating habit of China and America different.