英语毕业论文中西方文化差异

英语毕业论文中西方文化差异

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的 文化 上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对 英语学习 的影响 一、引言 在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面，却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用，致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。 文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注，如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为：“语言是文化的一种表现形式，不了解英美文化，要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视，因此，本文将从中西方的 传统文化 、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。 二、文化差异对语言的影响 要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能，还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体，语言是文化的表现形式和载体，同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。 众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵，如戴炜栋和张红玲认为，文化研究发展至今，一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式，它包括人自出生后所学到的一切，如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰，以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为，不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同，因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰，也导致了他们独特的笃信，崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史 典故 、 传说 轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异 中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响，中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同，因此，我们在 学习英语 时除了要学好语言，更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言，文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。 由于历史和传统的差异，中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾，我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征，人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。 但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征，寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽，因此，它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异 中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中，如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。 如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说：“子不言父名，徒不言师讳。” 因此，在中国，孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌，将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名，以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍，甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别，而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异 价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在，不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响，因此，语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上，尤其典型地体现在诸如，禁忌、隐私等方面。 如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系，因此，将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心，但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌，在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私，因此，避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等，以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系，但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。 三、结语 英语学习中语言与文化密切相关，如高宝虹所言，在语言学习中，文化充当着极其重要的角色，语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此，中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨，但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出，外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学，还应当包括文化教学。因此，我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身，还要熟知语言的文化背景，只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用，准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。 参考文献： [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究，1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋，张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界，2000(2)：2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理，2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语 教育 中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界，2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学，2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界，2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要 方法 ，同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时，又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵，就很难进行顺利的交流。因此，我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来，交际才能顺利地进行。因此，文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异 宗教信仰 历史典故 风俗 所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程，同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说：“跨文化交际之所以成为可能，正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差，是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境，宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。 一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响 生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的，显而易见的，同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异，是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如，在汉民族的文化中，中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的，只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球，海洋性气候，西风则是 报告 春天消息的，看如下例子：How many winter days have I seen him，standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他，鼻子冻得发红发紫，站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind，译成汉语时应该是西风或北风，这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如，在中国人眼里，夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起，“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的，是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节，就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见，英汉两个不同的民族，由于地理环境上的不同，生存环境存在差异，观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此，翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译，否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。 二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响 英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响，我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__，认为上帝(god)可创造一切，因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教，多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中，有各种各样的历史典故，如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里，很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话，还有圣经 故事 。请看下面例句：Being a teacher is being present at the creation，when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__，上帝创造了人，而人又来自尘土。所以，英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后，就可以把其译为：老师是创造的见证人，目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识，就难以理解 句子 的文化内涵，这将对译文的准确性产生影响，从而达不到有效沟通。 三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响 英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异，这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物，有着伟大的力量，所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征，因而有“望子成龙”的说法，但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的，中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征，而英语中却说as wise as an owl，把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中，我们经常会发现，给人很新异的感觉，这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异，译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点，考虑风俗对翻译的影响，能使英汉民族进行有效交流。 四、结语 不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家，都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解，沟通有助于进步，翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁，让我们真正做好翻译的工作，架起英汉沟通的桥梁，为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。 【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.

There are some cultural differences between Chinese and western inorder to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding caused and trouble. First, Chinese concept of privacy isrelatively weak. People count on their in-group to look after each other. Sothe Chinese are often very willing to understand other people's ups and downs, andthe others are willing to share. But to the westerners, violation of personalprivacy does not allow, For example, we tend to ask one's age, marital status,children, occupation, or income when first met each other, which is a polite inChinese, but in the West it will be considered as a violation of their privacy. Second, westerners deeply believe that time ismoney, so they are much cherished time in life, and they often do a carefulplanning at a fixed time, they have a good habit of Keep the appointment on time.But Chinese people are not very focused on time. Westerners have often feltuncomfortable about it. Third, Chinese people are willing to be modestmostly. When communication with others, we often praises others and belittle ourselves,we think that modesty is a virtue. For example, when we were praised, we often say"No, I am not. I just did what I should do.” But in the same case the Westwill always say” Think you” to accept. So we always think that westerners aretoo-confident and pride, and when hear the Chinese people that deny otherstheir own praise, westerns would be very surprised and think that the Chinese peopleare dishonest. Finally, the Chinese nation's fine traditionof hospitality is known. In social situations, Chinese people often toast eachother and offering each other cigarettes, even if filled with delicious food,the owner has always used to say a few words such as” bear with me”. Sometimesthe owner will use chopsticks to take their food the guest's bowl, using a varietyof ways to persuade the guests more than a bite, drink more. But in Westerncountries, people have respect for individual rights and personal privacy. So theywill not use various means to persuade guests to drink, you will not need todrunk so far.您采纳，我很开心。

英语毕业论文中西文化差异

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...

英语毕业论文中西方饮食差异

你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (e.g.four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.

从这几篇 英语 作文 中，可以适当了解到中西饮食 文化 的巨大差异。下面是我给大家带来中西饮食文化差异英语作文，供大家参阅!

The Food Culture Difference Between China and West Studying food cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.

Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives. It has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic.

Differences in Concepts

Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet and pays attention to the "color, flavor, taste " regardless of the nutrition . Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything. Even using the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, is still difficult to crown all.

The major differences of eating culture between the West and China

a.The use of tableware

As we all know, chopsticks is our traditional tableware. We use chopsticks and spoon mostly and cups,plates,bowls and saucers are essential.The western use knife and fork.to eat..Their knifes can be divided into consumption knife, meat knife, friet knife, butter knife, fish knife and so on. The also have many kinds of forks like consumption fork, fish fork, and lobster fork.

b.The way to cook

China has very rich kind of cooking methods, such as braising, quick boiling, scaling, stewing, gradual simmering, slow red cooking, steaming, decoction and so on, up to more than thirty kinds. Besides, the dishes cooked with these methods are numerous. That is why Chinese feel it is very interesting to cook, while the Westerners emphasize too much on scientific diet and the collocation of nutrition. They cook according to scientific disciplines all the time, which is mechanized and monotonous, therefore without any joy.

c.The order of saving dishes

In a Chinese banquet cold dishes are the first served, next the hot dishes and the main course come with the following of soup, then follows the main food or desserts. Fruits often come the last. In a western banquet the serving order is different. The first course of Western dinner is appetizer. Appetizers have specific flavors, mainly salty or sour. They are few in amount but high in qualities. Different from Chinese dinners, the second course of Western dinner is soup. Western soup can be divided into four kinds, clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cool soup which can be divided into more kinds. The third course of a Western dinner is non-stable dish. Usually, aquatic products, eggs, bread is called non-stable dish. The fourth course of Western dinner is the main course, which contains meat and bird species. The fifth course of Western dinner is dishes made of vegetables. Westerners often eat raw vegetables, so vegetables are often made into salad. The six course of Western dinner is dessert, such as pudding, pancakes, ice cream, cheese and fruits. The last course contains beverage, coffee or tea.

The Western diet culture difference

Western diet due to geographical characteristics, influence of

climate factors such as environment, customs, appears in the ingredients, flavors, cooking methods, different degrees of differences in eating habits. It is because of these differences, diet has a strong regional character. Differences between Chinese and Western culture makes a difference of Chinese and Western food culture, and this difference from the West in ways of thinking and policy. Chinese focus on "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented".

Nutrition and delicious(营养与美味)

Due to West philosophy thought of different, Westerners Yu diet heavy science, heavy science is emphasizes nutrition, so Western diet to nutrition for highest guidelines, eating like for a bio of machine added fuel, special emphasizes food of nutrition components, protein, and fat, and carbohydrates, and vitamin and the various inorganic elements of content is match expedient, calories of supply is right, and these nutrition components is can for eating who full absorption, has no other side effects. Knowledge of these problems are cooking, and how color,

fragrance and taste of the dishes, it is first requested. Sanhedrin Premier diet in Western countries--France, its food culture in many ways and we

approximate, but access to nutritional problems, will open the distance between the two sides.

Five flavors mixed with the operation aimed at the pursuit of delicious cooking in China, during the processing of the hot frying and slow fire attack for a long time may cause destruction of the nutritional components of food. France is also the pursuit of delicious cooking, but at the same time not forgetting "nutrition" that premise, consistently delicious is that they do not care nutrition for the taking. Especially modern cooking trends occurred in the 1960 of the 20th century, with special emphasis on health, diet, to the pursuit of light oil, emphasized the use of fresh raw materials, stressed during the cooking process to

maintain original nutrition and taste, so vegetables are eaten raw. So that the Western diet nutrition is universal。

To be fair, when it comes to nutritional problems also hit the biggest weakness of the Chinese food。

While we pay attention to diet, a healing cuisine, food, attention to diet to keeping fit, but we cook in search of delicious as the first

requirement, resulting in many nutrient losses in the process. Chinese chefs to participate in cooking contest in the world in recent years, others set out clearly a vegetable nutritional components on the side, we come up with this material. People ask questions, also flounder at some

moment, greatly eat the suffering which cannot be told to others!

We have always been primary purpose is as a pursuit of delicious eating. Folk saying "to eat for days, fresh taste first." When people praise the food and always says "smell good", but that is because we feel the color, flavor and sensory organs "eyes, nose and mouth" up and down the order. People in the "color, smell and taste", has always been the "" character "King".

Because of the extreme importance to the Chinese people, as well as the carrier of Chinese food just tastes, such as recognized luxury menu your cake and the sauce, shark fin, sea cucumber, hump, similar to its main constituents are cheap pork skin gelatin, itself is delicious, fresh soup to feed it, feed it, then use it to feed the people. Did this is not the flavor carriers to the core﹖

The Chinese emphasis on taste, is reflected in everyday conversation, such as family banquet, as soon as the main dish on the side table, the owner often say with modesty: "the meal well, not necessarily your taste. "He would never say:" does not have much nutritional value of vegetables, not enough calories。”

Cook about nutrition in the West at the expense of taste, at least for

primary purpose is not to taste enjoy. They to cold drink table, iced of cold wine also to then plus ice, and tongue surface throughout of taste neural once iced, will greatly lost taste of sensitivity, gradually to cannot differentiation taste; that with blood of steak and white fish, and white meat, raw of vegetable, white water Cook beans, and cook potatoes, although has "taste" and does not into "road", all are reflect has Western people on taste of ignored. They refuse to use monosodium glutamate, is sufficient to prove that such people are not aware of, and are not "known view" guest of honour!

Based on the importance of nutrition, Westerners more raw

vegetables, not just raw tomatoes, cucumber, lettuce, is the cabbage, onion, broccoli (broccoli) are also eaten raw. So their "salad" is like a plate of rabbit feed, make it difficult for us to accept. Modern Chinese people also talk about nutrition and health, know vegetables upon heating, vitamins, is destroyed, so we all for Mong Kok hot fries. It also bring down the content of vitamins, but not completely lost, but taste was more than delicious rabbit feed. Nutrition and taste of Chinese modern

gastronomy to the pursuit of optimal balance under balance, of course, is also a "happy medium"。

Standard and optional(规范与随意)

Westerners in the diet emphasize science and nutrition, has acted strictly in accordance with the standard of science of the whole process of cooking, steak tastes the same from New York to San Francisco, steak dishes are only a limited number of tomato, potato, lettuce. In addition, standardized amount of cooking requires sauce added accurate to the gram, cooking time is accurate to seconds. In addition in 1995 of the first issue of the digest was published overseas the eating in the Netherlands were also described in the article "Netherlands people's kitchens equipped with scales, liquid measuring cups, timers, scales, Spice rack size line up neatly on a standard bottle dozens of kinds of seasonings, like a chemical laboratory. ”

Chinese cooking and very different, not only the major cuisine has its own flavor and characteristics, is of the same cuisine with a menu, side dishes and a variety of spices used in the match, also according to the chef's personal characteristics are different. Is the same Chef a menu, despite its own generating method, but may vary according to different seasons, different, eat different identity, to be adjusted (such as rich in winter, light in the summer, the wedding to be colorful, funeral banquet taboos red Qiong Han to kill oil-greedy should be concentrated and thick sauce, gormandizer dine together should be fresh and unique). Also Cook your own tele mood changes, some kind of impromptu playing. Therefore, Chinese cooking is not only not emphasizing the second and g

standardization, but also places particular emphasis on randomness.

On the randomness of the food processing, first causing the Chinese recipes to space again and expanding: variety of raw materials, cutting skill variety, variety of spices, cooking methods and diverse and cross combination, a raw material can be made of several dozen types of dozens of kinds of dishes. For example, most commonly used raw

chicken, Cantonese cuisine chef hands, making dozens of road as well as hundreds of dish-LEGO. Other raw materials as well. And in is rich in a species raw materials of local, often can to this a raw materials made into table of Banquet, as Beijing of "full duck I", Yanbian of "full dog I", Guangdong of "full fish I", and "full Ho I", Changsha Li He WINS of "full cattle I", Beijing some halal restaurant of "full sheep I" and Beijing sand pot home of "full pig I", misery are reflected has China cooking of arbitrary derived out feast of dish type.

Machinery and interest(机械性与趣味性 )

Due to the standardization of Western dishes make, Cook became a mechanical work. Old KFC fried chicken recipe ingredients, and oil temperature, time of fried chicken, also must act strictly according to the specifications, and Chef's work becomes an extremely monotonous mechanical work, he is like an automated assembly line worker, or even by a robot that took its time. In addition, Westerners eat first aimed at

nutrition, as long as enough nutrition standards, others to be tolerant, thus today potatoes, steak, steak potatoes tomorrow, chefs in Diners in a very tolerant attitude of non-critical, repeated the day of mechanical work, of course, no fun at all.

In China, the cooking is an art, as female writer San Mao hotel in the desert article says: "I have always been on the family are hated, but the cooked dish is very interested, some onion, a few slices of meat,

scrambled out of a dish, I very much appreciate the art. "Cooking is an art, it is, like the other arts, reflects the rigor and the unity of off the cuff, so cooking has a very strong interest in China, even with certain games, attracted to food for the life of the Chinese people.

Fun cooking is traditional in China, drawing of Han dynasty

unearthed in the kitchen, would like an acrobatic troupe performed scenes. In the beauty of Du Fu's "machete fenlun" poetry, mention of this on the back of a knife a lot of bells, and is said to be the former chef of the Tang dynasty can be used while cutting the tinkle of music is played. Unfortunately, this tool and surgeon's skills have been lost.

Mongolian hot pot, and with similar spicy hot pot, Guangdong, Sichuan seafood hot pot is widely loved, in the fresh and hot, eat at ease,

and it moved to the main part of the cooking table, for people to

experience the fun of cooking over dinner. Also Xian with mutton soup, steamed bun of the very hard, to guests yourself broke to pieces, seems to eat than Cook chopped up and enjoy. Beijing-style "barbecue season" barbecue was disappointing, an exclamation he ' ll never be, is that it also changed it yourself "gentleman's not his fists". This modified, modified to have lost all interest in Sth., eating is not hard, it is not know how fun cooking in China, arbitrary orders out of the tragedy of such a pursuit of joy of cooking, Chef is definitely not in the West. Western motto is "work while you work, game game", it appears from the dichotomy of their mechanism, games are in dereliction of duty, game is to lose money on the sale, are "I don't." Advocates for a holistic and Chinese, "working in the game, a game in which", is the world.

Cooking Chinese have always regarded as a lot of fun, and to engage in this work to enrich the lives of positive performance. Youdaoshi "there is paradise, there are kitchen" cooking in China, just as with music, dance, poetry, painting, with improving the life realm of great significance.

So, in the final analysis is the difference between the perceptual and the rational. However, the difference seems to be changed with the development of science of fuzzy. More and more Chinese people to not only pay attention to color, smell and taste of the food, and pay more attention to the health and nutrition. Particularly experienced after SARS.

1、What people like to eat depends on the environment and custom. There are two main kinds of food which are Chinese food and western food. They are different. 人们喜欢吃什么取决于环境和风俗。有两种主要的食品，中餐和西餐的。他们是不一样的。 2、First, cook techniques are different. Chinese people tend to use stir-fry or quick-fry method. Western people like to have their vegetables or meat either steamed or boiled. Second, Chinese food and western food have their own characteristics. Chinese people think taste is more important. Chinese cooks always spend much time on taste. Western people think nutrition is more important. They have a balanced diet. Their food must contain vitamin and protein. Third, there is also a huge difference. Chinese people use chopsticks. They just use chopsticks to pick things and pass it into your mouse. Western people use fork and knife. They use fork to hold the meat and cut it by knife and use fork to help to get that piece of meat into mouse. Finally, the banquet forms are different. Chinese like to eat dinner together at a big table. Western people like to eat buffet. They like to eat freely. 首先，烹调方法不同。中国人倾向于使用旺火炒或者爆的方法。西方国家的人喜欢蒸或者煮蔬菜或肉。第二，中餐和西餐都有他们自己的特点。中国人认为味道更重要。中国厨师总是在味道上花很多时间。西方人觉得营养更重要。他们有着均衡的饮食。他们的食物必须含有维生素和蛋白质。第三，还有一个很大的区别。中国人使用筷子。他们只是用筷子夹东西进嘴巴。西方人使用刀叉。他们用叉把肉定住，用刀把它切小，之后再用叉把肉放到嘴巴里。最后，宴会的形式也是不一样的。中国人喜欢一起在一张大桌子边吃晚餐。西方人喜欢吃自助餐。他们喜欢自由自在地吃。

中西方音乐差异英语毕业论文

我发的只有封面，不过还是望采纳，谢谢楼主酒醉倚枪笑红尘

是电影和音乐还是电影音乐？

电影折射中西文化差异摘要：随着全球化的进程，当今世界各种文化逐渐融合，但彼此间还是存在着一定的差异性，中西文化作为人类整体文化具有其一致性，但在其发展路径上确实存有诸多差别。本文将透过电影这一文化载体讨论中西文化间的一些差异。由此学习西方发达国家文化的优秀之处，并且保留传统文化的精髓，处理好本土文化与外来文化的关系。 关键词：电影 文化差异 电影是一个很好的文化载体，是反映了文化方方面面的一种媒介。电影很像一个容器，它可把人生中的各种滋味都纳入其中，作为现代人去表现对对过去日子的总结，对现在生活的理解，对未来发展的向往。 1．自由和民主——《勇敢的心》VS《英雄》在课上看的由梅尔.吉布森主演的《勇敢的心》，这部摄于1995年的好莱坞电影，将公元十三世纪的苏格兰人民大起义这一重大历史事件搬上银幕，以宏伟壮阔的气势为影片赢得了史诗巨片的称号。在影片中我们看到苏格兰的山脉、森林和村庄，凄婉的风笛和苏格兰人民在贫困痛苦中发出的反抗的凄厉的呼号，真切地感受到了历史。片中主角华莱士是一个不折不扣的英雄，他的心向着独立和自由，在斗争中献出了自己的生命，虽败犹荣，不禁让人想到我国古代荆轲刺秦的故事，所谓的艺术大师张艺谋根据这一题材拍摄的电影《英雄》，虽然在票房上获得了不小的成绩，但是他所表现的英雄到最后还是屈服于统治阶级。影片的主旨是秦始皇统一中国是顺应生产力发展的，是正确的。在这样一个前提下，所有英雄们的反秦活动都是愚昧的，无名在最后意识到了错误，甘心死于秦兵的乱箭下。与之不同，在《勇敢的心》中，统治者始终是小丑的身份出现，他们用各种见得人或者见不得人方式维持自己的政权和夸大自己的势力范围。人民永远都是他们的羊圈里的羊。所以电影中把权力阶级搞得比较猥琐是顺应人类发展的潮流的，杀死狗官都会让人觉得解恨，节日般庆祝。如同巴赫金所说的，“与官方节日相对立，狂欢节仿佛是庆祝暂时摆脱占统治地位的真理和现有的制度，庆祝暂时取消一切等级关系，特权，规范和禁令。这是真正的时间节日，不断生成，更新和更替的节日。它同一切永恒化，一切完成和终结相敌对。它是面向永远无限的未来的。”在《勇敢的心》中，残暴的英格兰国王杀了华莱士的父亲、哥哥、爱人。华莱士不是战争狂人，没有战争癖，他是被一步步逼成英雄的有。而在《英雄》中，无名、残剑、飘雪等人精心计划的刺秦变得毫无意义，刺秦之前那么多人做的那么多的事都变成了愚昧的人做的愚昧的事。我们的唯物主义历史课本说，人民群众是历史车轮的推动者，而不是由仅仅几个大人物决定的。的确，在《勇敢的心》中有很多士兵征战的场面，还有华莱士独自出征被捕的镜头。但是，在《英雄》中，历史被几个大人物操纵着，其他小人物小百姓连扔块石子的机会都没有。什么是英雄？英雄不仅是指为了某种事业能够英勇死去的人。英雄还要有人格魅力，有魄力。华莱士算是个英雄，死之前还高呼自由，让人激愤万千。而《英雄》中无名也死了，但死之前他承认了错误，承认了自己不懂历史发展规律，但懂了之后又太迟了，按照法律秦始皇要杀他，一个所谓的英雄就这么窝囊的死去。 2．爱情观——《喜宴》透视婚姻与爱情同性之爱也是爱情的一种，但它包含了更多的矛盾与冲突。近年来蜚声国际影坛的华人导演李安，在第78届奥斯卡上凭借这一题材的《断臂山》获得了最佳导演奖。在1993年他就导演了相同题材的一部电影——《喜宴》。在《喜宴》中，李安就借助这个题材向我们展示了东西方文化中的一些明显差异。电影一开始就介绍了旅美华人伟同在美国的纽约曼哈顿区生活，他和他的同性爱人西门过着自由快乐的生活。他们两人在早上亲密吻别，对于邻居的注视他们视而不见。但可以看到注视他们的人惊恐和鄙视的眼神。这就向我们展示了在美国文化背景下同志的生活环境，即便没有太高的地位，但也没有人来制止你的行为。但是反观中国的同志们，绝没有人敢毫无顾及地在光天化日之下“亲密”。这样的文化差异就给予后面影片的矛盾和碰撞展开了铺垫。在电影里，作为伟同的父母，一对传统的中国老夫妇。表现出了东方的婚姻观：男大当婚，女大当嫁。于是伟同的父母不远万里来到了美国，要为他们儿子的终身大事“操心”了。为了应付伟同父母的这次行动，伟同决定和威威假结婚。故事发展到这里，文化的差异又开始了：在美国人的眼里，结婚是浪漫的事情，可是在中国人的眼里结婚是“面子”的事情。在中国领了结婚证还没有完全算是结婚，要摆了喜酒才是大功告成。本来以为按西方方式结婚就算完事的伟同，却因为父母需要“面子”只得按中国人的传统在美国举行一场婚宴。伟同和威威婚后，威威怀孕了。西门知道后，和伟同发生了争执和冲突。在西门看来，作为自己爱人的伟同是不能也不应该和异性发生关系的，这是不道德的，是不可容忍的。而伟同却觉得只要他的心属于爱人就好。这就使电影到达了高潮，表现出东西方人爱情观的巨大差异。这不仅在《喜宴》里有所表达，在《魂断蓝桥》、《红与黑》、《简爱》等许多影视作品和文学作品里都有关于西方国家的爱情观的描述。也许这就是在不同文化熏陶下建立起来的思想，是无法轻易改变。影片的结局是，伟同的父亲知道了事情的真相，而西门、伟同和威威决定共同生活。镜头在他们三人目送伟同父母离开结束，两个老人离去的背影成为他们三人心中的痛。电影留给我们无尽的思考空间。当我们在“己所不欲，勿施于人 ”、“父母在不远行”、“不孝有三，无后为大”、“勿管他人瓦上霜，只扫自家门前雪”许多这样充满了“仁义”与“自私”的矛盾的道德教育里生活了一代又一代，一个世纪又一个世纪之后，我们该如何看待我们的文化？如何看待在这样的文化背景下生活着的我们？如何看待我们热情歌颂的爱？ 3．道德观念——婚外恋之《一声叹息》&《廊桥遗梦》道德一词在我国古代的解释是：“道” ，即道路，引伸为原则、规范、规律、道理的意义。老子说：“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。”“德”，就是实行某种原则，心中有所得。按庄子的理解，“物得以生为之德”，强调天地万物的自然本性。在古代中国，这种建立在内心规则、信念基础之上的道德理解，体现了对道德的形而上思考。但是由于“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，道家的思考失却了主导社会的机会。在儒家，虽然其道德思考具有某种程度的形上性，但其道德从根本上来说是从家庭人伦出发的，再加上其道德实践中注重人伦之“礼”，因此，儒家的道德从本质上说是注重现实社会的伦理道德。与此不同，在西方从古希腊到中世纪，再到文艺复兴和启蒙运动，以希腊文化和基督教文化为标志的西方文化，要么对人进行类的抽象，以理性作为建立道德大厦的基础；要么对个体作“超越的突破”，将上帝作为个体永世追求的道德目标。因此与古代中国以儒家道德为主体的伦理性道德不同，西方的道德是建构在对人性的抽象和超越的基础之上的，它是抽象的，是形而上的。这种缺乏以家庭为背景的人伦之理的道德，形成了与中国伦理性道德的明显分野，也构成了西方道德的实质和核心，是西方社会发展至今的原始动力，也是解释现今西方社会政治、经济、文化发展主流和种种社会矛盾的最本源性的、最权威的典章。传统的伦理精神会不自觉渗透，在中国，由于受传统伦理道德影响，《一声叹息》中表达的是应该保持传统的婚姻家庭，即使爱情并不是婚姻的基础，婚姻当中还是应该由亲情和责任占主导地位。虽然该片没有对当事人作任何评判，只是尽可能客观地讲述，但是以另外一种方式苦口婆心劝戒观众，表现婚外恋的累与苦，结局处更像是在警告：婚外恋这东西只要一沾上，就是没完没了。而西方人崇尚自我，以弗洛依德的精神分析为发端，西方的艺术作品并不回避人的欲望和本能。《廊桥遗梦》描写的也是婚外恋，男女主角四天的恋情被描绘得甜蜜美满、充满激情，两人长久的相思以及心灵上的痛苦构成了艺术上凄凉的美、古典式的悲剧美，使得《廊桥遗梦》带有古典浪漫主义的味道。《廊桥遗梦》受到了许多人的青睐，在一定条件允许的情况下，已婚男女短暂的共同生活也变得可以理解，也就是说，已婚男女爱异性的自由的，是可理解的，是有权力的。虽然两部影片都以主人公回归家庭作为结局，但是观众还是可以看出在中西方道德观念的影响作用下两者对婚外恋的态度是有差异的。 电影就像一个世界文化的大熔炉，仅仅通过对这几部电影的粗浅探讨虽然还远不能深刻地反映中西方文化的差异。但是电影的直观性及其文化效应使得它具有多方面的不可替代的社会文化价值。中西音乐文化比较音乐如同语言一样，具有很强的民族性，随着民族、地域的差异，存在着巨大的差异，就像不同语言之间语法、词汇的诸多差异。中西方音乐是存在着巨大的差异的，这与中西方的文化差异是分不开的。音乐是人类社会发展到一定程度的产物，是人类文明的重要组成部分。在人类文化地域性差异形成的时候，音乐的差异性也就随之产生。 前人定义音乐的形式是音乐活动在其无数次重复后所逐渐形成的技巧、结构、程序和模式，是音乐艺术高度发展的一个标志。而文化，则决定着生命是以何种方式，遵循着何种轨迹进行运作并做出物化表现的。因而要想使音乐充分展示出其固有的活力，只有借助文化这一艺术原创力的冲击才有可能。 越是高度发展的音乐，我们就越是有必要将其与最初创造它的文化、生命相接通，本文就仅从中西音乐的调式、织体和节奏等方面的细节特征，来探视一下它们与中西文化差异的深层联系。 一、中西音乐调式的差异 专业术语：“西方音乐体系调式构成的基础是四音音列。包含两个全音音程和一个半音音程，有3种不同样式的四音音列。由这3种不同的四音音列可组成12个调式，这些调式被称为“中古调式”或“教会调式”。后来，欧洲经历了文艺复兴时期，在专业音乐创作和民间音乐中爱奥尼亚调式、利底亚调式和混合利底亚调式逐渐合为一组，演变为自然大调，伊奥利亚调式、弗利及亚调式和多利亚调式也逐渐合为一组，演变为自然小调。并由于自然大、小调相互渗透，又逐渐形成了和声大、小调，旋律大、小调。” “而中国音乐的调式构成的本质和特征是五声性，其构成的核心是三音小组。这三音小组共分两类，第一类由大二度和小三度构成，第二类则由两个大二度构成。第一类三音小组在这个音乐体系中具有典型意义，因为这是它所特有的。此类三音小组又分为两种，第一种的结构是小三度在上方，大二度在下方，第二种恰好相反。由这两种三音小组进行不同方式的组合，可构成宫、商、角、徵、羽五种五声调式。” 这两种调式比较而言，五声体系和七声体系确实存在着一定的差别：前者比较单纯、质朴、简洁，后者比较复杂、丰富、精致；前者适合于表现明朗、刚劲、粗犷的风格，后者适合于表现细腻、婉曲、华丽的色彩。但这个差别仅仅具有风格上的意义，而不具有判别高下、优劣的能力。复杂的、精致的不一定就好，就先进；简单的、质朴的不一定就差，就落后。然而，中国古代并非没有七声音列，自先秦起，中国即有许多乐器（如古琴、古筝等）能够演奏七声音列。甚至连十二音音列也已经早在先秦即已出现，比西方的十二音体系要早1800多年。就是说，在中国音乐活动中很早就已出现七声音列和十二音音列，但中国音乐并没有选择它们，而是选择了五声体系。 而中国文化从一开始就表现出一种相反的倾向：疏旷、单纯、简洁和明快。中国人不喜欢拐弯抹角，不喜欢繁琐论证，无论在学术上还是在艺术上，他们都尽可能的直截了当，追求顿悟见性，洞察本质，总是力求用最少的文字来表达最多的内容，以最少的笔墨来制造最动人的韵味。返朴归真，确实是中国人生活的最高旨趣，也是中国人艺术的最高旨趣。 西方人之所以追求细致、缜密，中国人则追求简朴、单纯，是因为这两种倾向各有其不同的文化本体，因而形成不同的功能张力。简单地说，西方文化是以知识为本体，中国文化是以生命为本体；西方艺术的功能张力是娱人，中国艺术的功能张力是娱已。比如学术研究，西方是重在体系的完备、逻辑的严密、证明的充分，因为他们的成果是有待于外部实践的检验，有待于对方（读者）的被说服，并且只有在其成果被验证、读者被说服中才算实现了自身的价值。而中国学术所重的则是对事物的直觉把握和洞察的深度，所以它往往只是写出思考的结果、问题的结论，而很少去作逻辑的推理或事实的论证这些中间过程。中国哲学始终以语录体形式著述就是最典型的例证。究其原因，正是因为，在中国学者看来，他只要把自己所体认到的东西写出来就够了，他不需要说服读者。中国学者对读者当然也有自己的期望，但这期望不是被说服，而是能引发他们作同样的体验和感悟。而且，尽管有期望，却并不执着，也不勉强，因为他们的学术研究、学术著述本身就是自得、自足的。重视证明，追求说服力，所以西方人的思维趋于细致、缜密；而着眼个人的领悟，内心的会意，则自然趋向于简朴、单纯。中国音乐之所以没有选择七声音列和十二音音列，而独独选中了五声系列，应该正是出于这样的文化底蕴和美学追求。 二、中西音乐织体的差异 专业术语：“所谓织体，是指多声部乐曲的旋律得以组织搭配的方法或规律。织体二字是纺织体型的缩写。纺织体是纵横（经纬）结合的结构，借用这个名词是说明音乐的写作既有纵向的结合，又有横向的结合，还有纵横综合关系的结合。一般地说，强调横向的结合是复调音乐的写法，强调纵向的结合则是主调音乐的写法；前者是以横向伸展为主的线性思维，后者是以纵向配合为主的网状立体思维。” 西方音乐体系在处理多声部关系时，倾向于纵向的立体思维，即特别注重主调旋律与其它声部的和声关系。与之不同，中国音乐体系在织体思维方面则表现为横线性，即注重各声部旋律自身的横向性线型展开。中国音乐中绝大部分均为单声部，其织体与旋律是重合的，其织体就是旋律仅仅作单声部的横向展开。 所以，在西方音乐中，主调音乐体系占有绝对的优势，构成西方音乐体系的主干。在其音乐体系中，音乐的织体思维主要是以纵向和声为主的网状立体性的织体思维。中国则是单纯的横线性织体思维。中国音乐的织体之所以会向横向的线型思维发展，而没有向纵向的和声思维发展，原因可能是多方面的。 中西音乐织体不同的更为深刻的原因，似乎还是在文化精神之中，在各自的文化传统与美学传统之中。大致说来，西方文化是空间型的，而中国文化是时间型的。唯其是空间的，所以是固定的，有边界的，因而可以分解，也可以组合；西方的科学型文化就是在此基础上建立起来的。因其是时间的，所以是整体的，流动的，无边界的，因而是不可分解、也不可组合的；中国的审美型文化则建筑在这一根基之上。西方文化着眼于空间性，故而其艺术必然以实体的块面为基本的造型手段，必然追求艺术的雕塑感、立体感、体积感。西方绘画的重视透视，重视明暗，重视色块就是最好的证明。与之相应，西方音乐也就尤其重视纵横交叉、网状铺叠的立体状织体思维，着力追求绵密厚实、紧凑和谐的富有块面感的音响效果。 中国文化则着眼于时间性，故而其艺术自然以游动的线条为基本的造型手段，必然追求艺术的节律感、深邃感和虚灵感。中国音乐也格外重视单线延伸、蜿蜒游动的横线型织体思维，努力追求单纯婉曲、深邃渺远的富有韵律感的音响效果。同样是时间的、动态的艺术，但总体上，西洋音乐是将乐曲的音响（织体）块面化、立体化，体现了西方文化将时间过程空间化的倾向。因其块面（织体）化、立体化，故西方音乐多有“汹涌”之势，而少“游行”之迹。中国音乐则充分体现了中国文化的时间性特征，使空间的形态时间化。中国音乐的最高旨趣不在音响的浑厚、结实，而是旋律在线型游动时所作的起伏、强弱、虚实、迟速等方面的变化所生的节律感。所以，中国音乐很少作大规模的合奏，故不要求各样乐器之间的紧密配合；即使偶有合奏，也总是小范围的，且合奏时也尽量挪出空来让有特色的乐器独奏或轮奏。 三、中西音乐节奏的差异 专业术语：“节奏是各音在进行时的长短关系和强弱关系，是旋律在进行时的自身律动。由于不同高低的音同时也是不同长短和不同强弱的音，音乐的节奏有两种类型，一是均分律动，二是非均分律动。均分律动的时位感是均匀规则的，就是“有板有眼”的，它可以打出拍子来。非均分律动的时位感则是不规则、不均匀的，用常用术语说就是“无板无眼”，它不能打出拍子来，现代音乐上往往称之为“散板”。在前一类均分律动中，则又可以分为两种，一种是强弱拍有规则地、可称之为“功能性均分律动”；一种是虽也有强弱拍的循环往复，但不受小节线的限制，可称为“非功能性均分律动”。 在西方音乐中的节奏几乎全部是“功能性均分律动”型的。在这个节奏体系中，几乎完全不用散板，强弱拍的交替极有规则而且均匀，强弱的幅度变化也十分明显，而且形成了固定的模式：所以，西方音乐的节奏感特别强，因为它是强弱拍的极有规则的重复更替。 中国音乐也运用“功能性均分律动”，也有均匀、规则的强弱拍安排，但中国音乐常常又加入其它的变化性节奏，使乐曲的节奏更自由，更富变化。中国音乐中的节奏是随着音乐表现的需要由创作者自主决定的，在创作之前没有一个固定的模式一定要往上套。 实际上，中西音乐节奏的弹性与刚性之差异，还和哲学上的重自然与重人为有着直接的联系。刚性节奏是折线型的，其轨迹挺直而且有棱角；弹性节奏则是曲线型的，其轨迹柔和而且袁婉。前者是重视人为，以人力改造自然的结果，后者则是尊重自然，人力顺其自然的结果；前者与追求知识，注重区别相一致，后者则同追求生命，注重联系相一致。西方文化就是一个刚性模式，它倾向于将时间的过程空间化，人为地分出界线，定出规则，划出等量的段落；中国文化则为一弹性模式，倾向于将空间的状态时间化，强调整体，注意联络，追求变化，尤其注重不规则的、“神龙见首不见尾”式的美学原则。 如今，随着中西方经济、文化的不断交流，中西方音乐也会彼此取长补短，以更好地服务人们的生产生活、为人们提供一个更加美妙的视听文化。

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

西方文化差异论文结语

正文部分主要包括以下几个方面1. 阐述商务谈判重要性的背景/必要性2. 列出商务谈判中的主要差异3. 分析这些差异形成的原因4. 提出如何利用这些差异中的有利因素促进现代商务谈判的顺利进行。 [摘要]随着世界经济的发展，尤其是全球经济一体化的趋势，世界各国之间的政治经济交往变得更加的频繁。尤其是自我国成功加入世界贸易组织以来…..本文主要分为两个部分，第一部分主要从语意/价值观/思维方式三个方面阐述了中西方在商务谈判中的差异，分析了产生这些差异的原因。第二部分主要是提出了如何利用这些差异中的有利因素促进现代商务谈判的顺利进行。第一部分了解差异的必要性国民经济的发展不仅需要自力更生，更需要走出去，引进来。这是这个时代的需要，也是改革开放/民族振兴的需要…（主要写文化差异，并在其中参杂写商务谈判的案例）存在的主要差异1.日常交际中的差异2.价值观念差异主要体现在集体主义价值观和个人主义价值观方面，中国人集体观念和家庭观念比表强。而西方则崇尚个性解放，追求求个人自由。3.思维方式差异反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别.分析差异产生的原因第二部分 （提出建议）通过以上分析，我们知道了在商务谈判中的主要文化差异，在商务交往中一 了解差异，加强文化修养二/遵守的商务礼仪1. 尊重习俗和禁忌2. 女士优先原则3. 尊时守信原则4. 举止端庄原则5. 其他细节。如切勿随地吐痰，乱扔瓜皮果壳等，在商务活动前不食葱/蒜等味大的东西二 提高法律意识，学会用法律维护自己的权益

由于我国与西方的生活习惯以及民族习俗的不同，中西方 文化 存在许多差异。下面是我为大家整理的中西方文化差异论文，供大家参考。

摘要： 从历史文化的角度来说，中西方文化无论从萌芽、发展到现在的格局无疑是各具特色的。一个偏重群体关系和整体作用，提倡大家庭理论;一个偏重个体能力和英雄主义，提倡自由万岁。在两个文化理念截然相反的作用下，我们必须融合两者意识上的差异，在文化层次本身找到共性，以利于整个人类文化的发展。

关键词： 差异;价值观;文化

0 引言

历史发展至今，中西方文化就像两条时而胶着、时而分离的不规则线，同样源远流长，同样博大精深。自成体系、相互交融。但，无论任何时候，两者从未有过平行的时候，因此，研究世界文化不可能单一的研究中西方某个文化，而应全面、系统的对中西方文化加以研究。

1 关于中西方文化

1.1 文化的定义 著名人类学学者泰勒(Edward Burnett Tylor)这样给文化定义：“文化或者文明就是由作为社会成员的人所获得的、包括知识、信念、艺术、道德法则、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯的复杂整体。”这个定义已经比较权威。在此，我们将文化定义为人和环境互动而产生的精神 、物质成果的总和。这个总和中可以包括生活方式、价值观、知识、技术成果，以及一切经过人的改造和理解而别具人文特色的物质对象。

1.2 中国文化定义 中国文化一般指中国 传统文化 ，它是中华民族在长期历史发展中形成的，是中国各民族集体智慧的结晶。汉族是中华民族的主干民族，对中国文化的形成和发展起了重要的作用，其他少数民族也对中国文化做出过不可抹杀的贡献。

1.3 西方文化定义 西方文化和东方文化一样，源远流长，气象万千。一般是指发源于古希腊、罗马时期,浸染了中世纪的____传统,兴盛于文艺复兴、宗教改革,经启蒙运动而最终确立,并且近几百年来大盛于西欧北美的文化系统。

2 中西方文化的特点

中西方文化均源远流长、气象万千，两种文明都经历了几千年历史的发展演化才成型。迄今，无数学者为更好的研究两种文明，划分了各种各样的时期或时代，以将历史分割成各个有机统一的整体加以研究。在此，笔者参考各权威观点，结合自己的观点，在权威学说的基础上以阶段性为前提，简单描述一下中西方文化各自的特点，以便更好的对论题加以研究。

2.1 中国文化的特点 中国文化在西周时期创造出了中华文明的母形。这一时期建立了“余一人“的专制王权思想，敬德与重民思想开始萌芽，西周时期我国宗法社会与宗法文化开始成型，并且对后世中国文化脉络和思潮的演化产生了深远影响。战国时期，平民观点开始兴起，以孔子、孟子、墨子、老子、韩非子等为杰出代表。我国出现百家争鸣的文化发展状况。以仁为核心的儒家思想成为中国文化的中心。同时法家、道家思想并立。至此在几千年的发展过程中，中国形成了以“谦、恭、信、敏、慧”为核心的文化思想观、以“学而优则仕”的文化价值观。总的来说，中国文化就是细节服务于整体、突出整体效果的文化模式。

2.2 西方文化的特点 西方文化经过中世纪____文化的长期统治，阿拉伯文化的融入，随着资本主义经济萌芽的出现，出现了影响深远的文艺复兴和宗教改革。经过17世纪的科学革命，18世纪的启蒙运动，现代西方文化到19世纪臻于成熟，并向全世界扩张。西方文化在20世纪面临着来自内外多方面的挑战。现代主义、后现代主义只反映了现代西方文化的一个方面，表现出其躁动不安的情绪，远远不能概括其全貌。在几千年的发展过程中，西方文化形成了以“争”为核心的文化思想观、以自然科学和科研为核心的文化发展观。总的来说，西方文化就是突出细节、突出个体效果的文化模式。

3 中西方文化差异

3.1 西方文化文化的发展态势不同 中国文化中整体上来看，属于一种静态文化、一种家国文化。由于中国所处地理环境较为优越，给予了人一个可以长期居住生产的环境，所以，这种长期居住在同一个地方的条件便使家族发展的很快，安居乐业、居安而不思流动，就容易促使静态的文化模式发展。家族繁衍、代代相传，家族纽带越来越复杂，尊老和祭祖现象就必然在这样的发展模式下产生，家族观念，宗法制度也就逐渐形成并根深蒂固了。所以说，中国为什么叫家国，因为，家就是国、国就是家，家和国仅仅是规模上的差别，于此，这种静态文化和家国文化直接促成了中国仁、孝、礼、信为核心的贵和尚中的中庸思想。

而西方文化则属于一种动态文化、一种斗争文化。西方文化三大起源(古希腊文明、罗马文明和____文明)均源自地中海沿岸，西方的地理环境、气候促成了流动性较强的文化。并直接促使西方人的家庭观念相对薄弱，个人主义、自由主义等价值观念得以发展传承，由此产生的竞争意识、斗争文化更是西方文化发展的原动力。

3.2 中西方文化中的伦理观念不同 中国文化主张家庭伦理本位，而西方文化主张个人本位。上点已经提到，中国以家国主义文化为核心思想文化，以家族为本位，家庭便有长幼之序，夫妻之分，家庭成员各安其分，各尽义务，即“尽伦”!孟子认为：圣人是“人伦之民”，伦的核心是“绝对服从”，幼服长，妻服夫。使家变得如此重要的原因之一就是“孝”，“百善孝为先”，“孝道”是中国的国本，国粹，中国自古就有孝的文化，有以孝治天下之说.家与孝原本有伟大的理性意义，但由于过分强调，终成了一种过分的家族意识，而忽略了个人自由的发展，“存天理，灭人欲”，以个人向群体负责为人生宗旨。

而西方的地理环境及种种社会关系导致个人主义的兴起，导致家庭、家族纽带功能相对松弛。“上帝面前人人平等”的____义充分说明了西方文化中追求人格独立的特点，骑士精神、英雄主义的盛行源自于此。个人权利任何人不得侵犯，信奉个人本位、自我中心，这种个人本位思想使即使亲人间的界限也划分得非常明确，AA制、强调子女独立生活，喜欢谈论一己之所得。伯克哈特在《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》一书中，认为只有个人得到充分的发展才能有社会的充分发展。存在主义把这个基本观念推向了极端，鼓吹“人是绝对自由的”，“他人就是我的地狱”。 3.3 中西方文化对人与自然的基本观点不同 杜维民教授认为：“中国文化关注的对象是人”。人与人的关系是中国文化关心的核心与基础问题，战国时期，我国就形成了以“仁”为核心的儒家思想，所以政治伦理学相当发达。而西方文化较多关注的是自然，人与自然的关系是古希腊注重的中心问题，由此衍生出理智和科技。

中国的哲学是一种人生哲学。儒家强调人在社会要有所作为，道家追求长生，佛家强调人的觉悟。同时建立了君臣、父子等一套人与人之间的伦理关系，学而优则仕成为中国社会主流思想。而科学研究可发现自然规律的探究行为并未得到重视。在处理人与自然的关系上，中国文化讲究“天人合一”、“顺天应物”。把自然人格化，追求人与自然和谐发展。

从古希腊泰勒斯的自然哲学开始，探索自然奥秘，开发和利用自然资源为人类服务就成为了欧洲思想的主流。西方科学起源与对自然的探索和研究，很早就出现了毕达哥拉斯、阿基米得这样名垂千古的科学家.在人与自然的关系上,西方文化认为人与自然处于对立的斗争状态,因而产生了与中国文化不同的对自然的态度,即人可以征服,控制自然。西方人也讲人与人之间的关系,但首先关注的不是伦理而是竞争,因而出现了“优胜劣汰”的规律。

4 中西方文化的文化价值观和文化结构不同

中国文化强调“诗言志”、“文以载道”和“天人合一”的文化价值观和整体综合。中国文化讲究有利于社会、有利于教化民众，中国广大文人苦读孔孟、圣人之学，学而优则仕，为的是齐家治国平天下。“托物言志”、“诗以言志”成了中国大部分文学作品的特色。同时也是“中国式特色”。现代西方文化倡导“为艺术而艺术”和多元的文化观。从康德提出“美只是形式”开始，纯粹的美感不应渗进任何愿望、任何需要、任何意志活动的说法在西方现代美学中成为占支配地位的思潮。克罗齐主张直觉即艺术，主张衡量艺术只有一个标准，即艺术标准。西方文化中的多元文化观包括两个方面，其一是文化形成的多元性;二是文化构成的多元性。

在文化结构方面，中国以整体综合见长，强调整体的作用;而西方以细节分析见长，突出个体的作用。例如，在时间、地址的书写顺序上，中国习惯按年、月、日，国家、省、市等由整体到部分开始书写，而西方恰恰相反。在姓氏排列上，中国姓氏先是宗族、辈分然后才是名，突出的是氏族整体;而西方姓氏先是自己名字、然后才是父名、族姓，突出的是个人。

在中西方文化的重要表现形式上，西方文化主张个人荣誉、自我中心、创新精神和个性自由，而中国文化是群体文化，主张谦虚谨慎、关心他人、助人为乐、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作。

值得注意的是，以上所说并不是说中国文化相对与西方文化来说是不变的文化，是封闭的文化。中国文化是强调“和平、稳定”;但这不意味着就是不变与封闭。中国哲学强调“天人和一”;而要达到这种境界，必须具有“海纳百川”胸怀和“户枢不蠹”的发展性眼光看待天地;因此，在中国古代的知识分子中一直强调“兼容”与“动”的观念。久而久之，就形成了中国文化所特有的包容性与变化观点——“仁者乐水，智者乐山”便是这种观点的具体体现。

参考文献：

[1]马文·哈里斯.文化人自然—普通人类学导引[M].浙江人民出版社1992年版.

[2]谢遐龄.中国政治思想史[M].高等 教育 出版社，2003.

[3]辜正坤.中西方文化比较.博览群书，2001.2

[4]冯承柏，王中田，俞久洪.西方文化精义[M].华中理工大学出版社，1998

一个国家无论是在政治上，还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，将有利于各国之间的交往。一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯，是对对方的尊重，能够给对方留下一个好印象，以便交往的顺利进行。

随着东西方文化的不断发展，东西方的礼仪正在相互融合，西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素，东方人也逐渐地接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。但在现实生活中，由于东西方文化的差异而对礼仪产生的影响还很多,为此 出国 留学 网我就以下几方面具体探讨东西方文化差异对礼仪所产生的影响：

一、社会交往方式的差异对礼仪的影响

东西方文化都非常重视 人际交往 ，但在交往的观念、交往的方式上都有着明显的差别。如中国人热情好客，在人际交往中饱含热情，问寒问暖，似乎没有什么可保留的，对于了解有关年龄、职业、收入、婚姻状况、子女等问题，觉得都理所当然。而在西方国家中，特别重视对方的隐私权。个人稳私主要包括：个人状况(年龄、工作、收入、婚姻、子女等)、政治观念(支持或反对何种党派)、宗教信仰(信仰什么宗教)、个人行为动向(去何种地方，与谁交往、通信)等。凡是涉及到个人隐私的都不能直接过问。西方人一般不愿意干涉别人的私生活和个人隐私，也不愿意被别人干涉。比如，很多中国人会直接询问别人所买物品的价格。因为在中国人看来，物品的贵贱只是表示该物品的质量。

而在西方人眼里，如果你直接询问别人所购物品的价格，就可能是探问对方的经济条件，因此，这也是西方人的隐私，属于不宜直接询问的问题。如果你想了解该物品的价格，只能委婉地夸耀、赞赏该物品，而这样的情况下西方人一般也只告诉你该物品的贵或贱，一般不会告诉你准确价格。中国人见面打招呼时喜欢问一句“去哪儿啊?”，这是招呼的一种形式。而在美国，你如果问朋友上哪儿去，则可能会使对方尴尬，因为这也属于对方的隐私，是你不该过问的。另外，人际交往的空间距离可以分为亲密距离、个人距离、社交距离、公共距离四种。中国人的空间距离相对较近。我们在大街上经常可以看到两个中国少女挽臂亲昵而行，而在西方则很少见到。西方人觉得中国人过于亲近，而中国人又会觉得西方人过于冷淡、傲慢，过分疏远，是不友好的表现。如果中国人发现交际对方的衣服上有根线头，他会很自然地帮助对方摘掉;而在西方人眼里，这是不礼貌之举。中国人看到朋友穿了件非常漂亮的衣服，会上前摸一摸，询问价钱或质地;而西方人则不会这样做，他们更多的是羡慕，并直接赞美。概而言之，这都是东西方文化观念差异所致。东方人非常重义、重情，西方人则崇尚个人独立。

二、个人人生观的差异对礼仪的影响

(一)个人荣誉感与谦虚谨慎 西方人崇拜个人奋斗，尤其为个人取得的成就而自豪，从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感以及在获得成就后的狂喜。而相反，中国文化却不主张炫耀个人荣誉，则提倡谦虚谨慎。一般来说，中国人大多反对或蔑视王婆卖瓜式的自吹自擂，然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人感到不满。例如，“your English is very good,”“No,no,my English is very poor”;“you've done a nice job,”“No,I don't think so.It's the result of joint efforts.”，这在中国人看来当然是一种谦虚的说法，而在西方人看来，不仅否定了自己，还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力。可见，这种中国式的谦虚在西方资本主义的竞争市场是行不通的。

(二)自我中心与无私奉献 西方人自我中心意识和独立意识很强，主要表现在：1.自己为自己负责。在弱肉强食的社会，每个人生存方式及生存质量都取决于自己的能力，因此，每个人都必须自我奋斗，把个人利益放在第一位;2.不习惯关心他人，帮助他人，不过问他人的事情。正由于以上两点，主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方往往就成为令人难堪的事。因为接受帮助只能证明自己无能，而主动帮助别人会被认为是干涉别人私事。 中国人的行为准则是“我对他人，对社会是否有用”，个人的价值是在奉献中体现出来的。中国文化推崇一种高尚的情操———无私奉献。在中国，主动关心别人，给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德，因此，中国人不论别人的大事小事，家事私事都愿主动关心，而这在西方则会被视为“多管闲事”。

(三)创新精神与中庸之道 西方文化鼓励人民开拓创新，做一番前人未做过的、杰出超凡的事业。而传统的中国文化则要求人们不偏不倚，走中庸之道，中国人善于预见未来的危险性，更愿意维护现状，保持和谐。当然，近年来我国也大力提倡创新改革，但务实求稳之心态仍处处体现。冒险精神仍是不能与西方人相比的。 (四)个性自由与团结协作 西方人十分珍视个人自由，喜欢随心所欲，独往独行，不愿受限制。中国文化则更多地强调集体主义，主张个人利益服从集体利益，主张同甘共苦，团结合作，步调一致。

三、法制观念的不同对礼仪的影响

东方文化以儒家思想为代表，而儒家思想重义轻利。为了兄弟朋友的情义，可以网开一面，甚至不惜一切代价，其结果往往是行为过头，丧失了更多的应得利益。比如中国人重人情，人情味浓厚。有句老话：“血浓于水”“亲不亲，故乡人，美不美，家乡水。”这些话所包含的意思是人情影响判断，人情重于道义。“水”，即使不美，但只要是家乡水，那也就美了，这就是情重于理的表现。甚至有时会情重于法，这主要是因为中国历来有情影响法的制度空间，也就是说，我们中国人先讲合情，再讲合理，然后讲合法。

若合法而不合情合理，这法就难以执行，若合情合理，有法也可以不依。 而西方人则是倒过来的。西人重法，不重人情。法在理前，理在情前。我们时常看到西方父子之间、夫妻之间、朋友之间上法庭打官司。有些事明明不合情不合理，但合法，吃亏者也只有自认倒霉，旁观者也只能容忍。但若有的事不合法，即使合情合理，西人也会争论不休，直到闹上法庭。 在情理法的中国，人情味浓厚，什么事都可以想想办法，托托人情，走走关系。这是一种自然 保险 系统，人们容易在艰苦的环境下渡过难关。因此在中国，人事关系极为重要，生活之中充满天伦之乐。但也容易产生不公正;在法理情的西方国家，人情似纸，相互之间可说是“鸡犬之声相闻，老死不相往来”。有什么矛盾，先讲理，后上法庭，简单明了。西方人虽淡薄人情，却十分讲公正、平等，即使是一介草民，只要是真正合理合法，就是同总理打官司，他也照样可以打赢。在西方国家生活，有点像广寒宫里，富裕、 清明 、漂亮，却有一般寒冷之感。尤其是老人，孤孤单单，踽踽独行，在我们中国人看来甚是可怜。

四、社会习俗的不同对礼仪的影响

在东方文化中，男士往往倍受尊重，这主要受封建礼制男尊女卑观念的影响。在现代社会，东方文化也主张男女平等，但在许多时候，男士的地位仍然较女士有优越性，女士仍有受歧视的现象。在欧美等西方国家，尊重妇女是其传统风俗，女士优先是西方国家交际中的原则之一。无论在何种公共场合，男士都要照顾女士，比如，握手时，女士先伸手，然后男士才能随之;赴宴时，男士要先让女士坐下，女士先点菜，进门时，女士先行;上下电梯，女士在前等等。现在，随着东西方文化交流的加深，西方的女士优先原则在东方国家也备受青睐。东西方文化的交融，也使东西方礼仪日趋融合、统一，更具国际化。

再如，在处理长幼关系时，以中国为代表的东方国家对待长者特别尊敬、孝敬。比如，在许多中国人看来，如果老人有子女，年老时子女把老人送到养老院或敬老院去生活，这就是不孝，过年过节儿女一般要和老人一起过。在中国农村一些地方，过年时，晚辈都要给长辈行跪拜礼。而在西方国家，由于崇尚自立，儿女成年后和父母间的来往则越来越少，致使许多老人时常感到孤独，晚年生活有一种凄凉感。

五、等级观念的差异对礼仪的影响

东方文化等级观念强烈。无论是在组织里，还是在家庭里，忽略等级、地位就是非礼。尽管传统礼制中的等级制度已被消除，但等级观念至今仍对东方文化产生影响。在中国，传统的君臣、父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍根深蒂固。父亲在儿子的眼中、教师在学生的眼中有着绝对的权威，家庭背景在人的成长中仍起着相当重要的作用。另外，中国式的家庭结构比较复杂，传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。在这样的家庭中，老人帮助照看小孩，儿孙们长大后帮助扶养老人，家庭成员之间互相依赖，互相帮助，密切了亲情关系。 在西方国家，除了英国等少数国家有着世袭贵族和森严的等级制度外，大多数西方国家都倡导平等观念。

特别在美国，崇尚人人平等，很少人以自己显赫的家庭背景为荣，也很少人以自己贫寒出身为耻，因他们都知道，只要自己努力，是一定能取得成功的。正如美国一句流行的 谚语 所言：“只要努力，牛仔也能当总统。”(If working hard, even acowboy can be president.)在家庭中，美国人不讲等级，只要彼此尊重，父母与子女可直呼其名。他们的家庭观念往往比较淡薄，不愿为家庭做出太多牺牲。 当然，中西方文化的不同导致的礼仪上的差异还有很多，比如服饰礼仪、进餐礼仪等等，由于篇幅等多方面的制约，在此不能一一深入探讨。总之，中西方之间有各自的文化习惯，由此也产生了不少不同的交往习惯。因此，随着我国经济的发展和对外交流、贸易的不断增加，我们不但有必要在与外国人交往或者前往别的国家去之前，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，而且必须加强专业礼仪人才的培养，提高全民礼仪意识，这不仅是对对方的尊重，也给我们自己带来了便利，不但能避免了不必要的麻烦与误会，还能在现代社会的多方竞争中争取主动，取得良好的结果或效益。