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动物福利英语论文

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动物福利英语论文

Jill Robinson女士所创立的亚洲动物基金是一家动物福利Animal Welfare的基金会。而全球的动物福利组织(以及更加激进的动物权利组织)与动物园的斗争由来已久。 其原因主要是动物园本身对动物福利的影响的巨大争议。这里并不仅仅是把动物关起来不自然这么简单。 从下面这篇报告的节选中你便可以理解这种争议。 动物园的真相 人们在态度上,对于将动物关在动物园里这件事情的看法已经有了改变。无庸置疑,这种态度上 的转变,已使人们得以重新评估传统展览式的动物园--它们早已过时,却仍可在世界各国经常 见到。 已经有相当多的文章讨论和反对动物的人工圈养,动物福利团体试图改善传统动物园的状况,有 些动物园的经营者亦做如此尝试--至少表面上是如此。为了要替动物园的存在做包装,动物园 经营者企图说服大众,宣称「动物园真的是一个保育中心,它的主要目的是为了拯救濒临绝种动 物」。 英国世界动物保护协会(The World Society for the Protection of Animals;WSPA)和生而自 由基金会(The Born Free Foundation;BFF)决定检验动物园经营者此种说法的可信度究竟有多 高。我们将检视现代动物园的所有议题,他们可以被接受的情况是如何?并且我们要问,难道动 物园宣称自己具有「娱乐、教育、和保育」功能,就足以认定让数目多达500万,被囚养的野生动 物忍受巨大痛苦是应该的吗? 这份报告揭示许多令人不安的现象,说明即使全世界各地的主要动物园,都能够百分之九百的改 善它们在保育濒临绝种野生动物的表现(这当然很不切实际),也只能对我们已知濒临绝种动物 数量的三分之一有所帮助而已。 我们的结论是: 即使「真的」是为了「物种的保护与复育」这个值得做的目的,保育类野生动物的人工圈养,最 多也不过是扮演一个稍微捱上边的角色而已。绝大部份的动物园在教育大众如何帮助保护和复育 野生动物这件事上所做的,可说是微乎其微,但却造成圈养动物生理与心理上极大的痛苦。 我们相信每一个关心动物福利与保育的人,对于动物园议题的相关论辩,都能有所贡献。希望这 份报告能对这样的论辩有所帮助,并且有助于我们为未来寻求一套可行,可持续,以及充满同情 与慈悲的保育策略。 Andrew Dickson(1994) Will Travers(1994) 英国世界动物保护协会(WSPA)总裁 生而自由基金会(BFF)总裁 2.0 BFF与WSPA的建议摘要 2.1 有关动物福利的建议 立法改善动物园,以便: 1.设定实际可行的最低动物福利标准。 2.设立证照制度,包括营业执照,繁殖执照,及具强制性且可受公众信赖的员工训练计 画。 3.设置「动物护照」制度,让动物园内每一个体野生动物的转让、交易、交换或淘汰都 能「有稽可征」。 4.订立「善后基金」条款--每一个动物园都必须缴纳,以便在动物园关闭后的一定期 限内,确保善后工作与动物照护能持续运作,避免动物园的关闭造成园内动物不必要的痛苦。 5.成立全国性的顾问咨询委员会--由野生动物专家、动物福利或人道团体代表、动物 园管理专家、动物行为及心理学家组成--针对紧急状况,拟定动物伦理纲领、管理程序与运作 准则(Code of Conduct)等,以保护被囚养的野生动物。 2.2有关动物保育的建议 1.拟定一套计划,采取预防性措施,以支持及「培力」在地住民,共同投入保育工作和重视当地 野生动物资源,作为全球保育策略的主要动力。 2.世界各国和国际间应将--重视的对象与与资源的投入--转向野生动物栖地的保育工作上, 如果适当的话,应包括「栖地域内(in-situ,以下例此)」的人工繁殖与复育工作。 2.3 有关教育的建议 1.动物园的教育,不应建立在野生动物的囚禁上,而应着重于生态体系的保护。 2.动物园的教育,应发展成为与野生动物保育及保护动物栖地环境有实际的连结。 3.动物园的教育,必须对未来能够「未雨绸缪」,鼓励民众实际参与「问题的解决」, 而不是教他们「袖手旁观」。 3.0 BFF与WSPA的理念与挑战 3.1 理念 最适合野生动物保育之处为动物原来的自然栖地,BFF与WSPA倡导将囚养动物的资源移转至「栖地 域内」的保育工作上。 绝大部份动物园内的动物只是提供人类娱乐而已,BFF与WSPA反对将动物囚禁以提供人类娱乐。 大部份动物园内被囚养的动物几乎没有动物福利可言,BFF与WSPA完全反对此种不必要的动物凌 虐。 以动物园为保育动物的手段,就算倾全力而为,对于动物物种保育的成效也是微乎其微。 现行动物园的教育价值,只是更强化人们对于野生动物加以囚禁、支配与控制、玩弄与戏耍的态 度,以及贬抑野生动物生来具有的价值。BFF与WSPA支持发展「无动物教育」(non-animal education),且应专注于野外保育和对生态系的全面了解。 3.2 对动物园园长的侃σ膳c挑战 将动物关在动物园里,真的有助于保护生态体系,以及栖息其中的动物吗? 1.你用了多少资源在「栖息地内」野生动物的复育和保育工作上? 2.你有什么令人信服的理由,可以支持你将动物囚禁在动物园内? 3.动物没有适当的生理、社交与环境条件,还应该被囚禁吗?你提供给那些被囚禁动物 应有的条件了吗? 4.如果你的动物园圈养了许多并未濒临绝种的动物,或是不属于「人工繁殖以及复育」 计划内的动物。请说明你的动物园内有多少这类动物? 5.展示这些「被活生生囚禁」的动物,对于你的动物园而言,比去保育物种和生态环境 还要重要? 6.对于每一动物个体的生命和福利,你的动物园有加以重视和推吗如果你不能充份、具 体地回答这些问题,那么你的动物园完成了什么样的工作? 4.0 概述 这份由WSPA与BFF所作的报告,是为了检验那些支持囚养野生动物的理由,衡量那些动物被圈养的 环境状况,与囚养动物福利相关的保育与教育议题;并将动物园、狩猎公园、野生动物园、和动 物庇护所自己所宣称的角色功能作一比较。 WSPA与BFF所关切的是: ‧每一个体动物的生命品侃Α? ‧野生动物及其栖地的保育。 ‧灌输尊重所有生命的观念。 WSPA与BFF坚信,动物园是: ‧每一个体动物的生命品侃Γ�驯粻奚�阶屃薯o法接受的程度。 ‧对动物物种的保育成效微乎其微。 ‧就实际来说,只是个提供娱乐的场所。 而动物园: ‧圈养动物的环境连最基本的动物福利或自由都无法提供,例如动物得以寻求隐密性的 机会,或是表现正常行为的能力。 ‧对于保育濒临绝种的动物与保护野外自然环境,没有任何重要的贡献。 ‧以误导社会大众的方式持续展示各种动物,导致人们对于每一个体生命需求的敏感度 降低。 WSPA与BFF反对为了娱乐目的囚养野生动物。 只有在下列因素成立时,才能接受动物被圈养,当: ‧动物的生理与心理健康被当作是最优先,最重要的事。 ‧纯粹是为了保持濒临绝种野生动物的数量; ‧或当动物丧失了在野外求生的能力,圈养在动物庇护所内是人们所能提供的唯一选 择。 5.0 帮助有问题之动物园内的动物 英国世界动物保护协会(WSPA)和生而自由基金会(BFF)已经直接投入了救助动物园内动物与使 其恢复身心健康的工作,对于这些困难重重的工作,我们都有第一手的经验。 1991年,波湾战争(the Gulf War)结束之后,科威特(Kuwait)动物园内的动物又病又饿,由 John Walsh 带领的WSPA小组,提供食物、医疗、和技术上的支持,并发现许多动物被伊拉克 (Iraqi)军队吃掉或当靶练习射击,Azizor是一只唯一幸存的大象,它的肩膀受到枪伤,在兽医 的照料下已完全康复。 1993年,WSPA在地人员揭发扎伊尔共和国(Zaire)Kinshasa动物园已完全荒废的消息,相当多的动 物包括熊、猩猩、和狮子全身布满发炎的伤口,且睡在自己的粪尿上。WSPA设立了一个兽医诊 所,提供动物园医疗需求、动物照护、及清洁所有动物笼舍。 同年,WSPA接获有关乔治亚共和国(Georgia)Tbilisi动物园内老虎命运的报告。当WSPA的救援 小组到达动物园时,这只名为Masiya的老虎身体仅有六英吋宽,就像动物园内其他大多数的动物 一样,她正因为饥饿而慢慢地步向死亡。Masiya和园内其他动物都因及时得到救援食物,而渐渐 恢复健康。WSPA的代表后来与乔治亚总统Eduard Shevardnadze会晤,以确保动物园腐败、贪污的 职员已因挪用公款而被解雇。 1993年严冬,在亚美尼亚共和国(Armenia)的Yerevan动物园内,有不少动物被冻死,而大象的 尸体被拿去喂给其他动物,在亚美尼亚内战与经济萧条之时,WSPA提供燃料给动物园,使园内一 息尚存的动物能保持温暖。 Gaya是罗马尼亚(Romania)的最后一只大象,被链子锁住好多年,孤单的在砖造的房舍内度过长 达数月的严冬。BFF顾问劝服了政府和动物园管理当局,解开锁着它的铁链,改善它的食物,装置 温水冲洗设备,最后打开房舍的门,让它在围栏里自由自在地在房舍内外走动。 1988年BFF出版欧洲最完整的动物园索引,包含了欧洲所有的动物园,同时另有一系列的研究案例 与建议,都被用于拟订欧盟动物园法草案(the Draft EC Zoo Directive)。此一法规若能落实 执行,将会为动物园内动物的福利带来极大的影响。 BFF与WSPA都是在为减少全球动物园内的动物受苦而努力,不过很显然的,许多动物生命品侃Φ母? 善是极有限的,我们相信这对绝大多数动物园内的野生动物而言,也是如此。 WSPA与BFF积极保护动物园内动物的这个事实,并不表示我们支持或包庇动物园,刚好相反,我们 这样做的目的,是为了减轻动物园内动物的苦难。 6.0 透视历史 6.1 动物园的发展 野生动物的展示,最早可以追溯到埃及法老王时代。而动物园(Zoo)的概念则是十九世纪初期才 真正开始出现,当时仅有少数欧洲城市设立动物园。巴黎、维也纳、都柏林、和伦敦,被普遍认 为是最早开始有「现代」动物园的城市。伦敦动物园协会成立于1826年,其「宗旨」(mission statement)将设立动物园的目的简化为:「动物学和动物生理学的进展,以及引介动物王国中新 而令人好奇的课题(Subjects)」。 此后动物园断续设立,但以1950和1960年代的数量最多。当各地市政当局要求「政绩」,或是商 人想要追求利润时,动物园就成了大量金钱投入的对象。 曾经是国家、城市和少数有钱人禁脔的动物园,现在成了全球已开发和许多开发中国家不可或缺 的一部份。 在数量不断增加的那几年间,动物园基本上只是休闲设施--展示动物以满足大众的好奇心;即 使是那些历史悠久、号称以科学为基础所建立的动物园,亦极少关心较为严肃的议题。例如光是 研究如何在人工圈养环境中,更为成功的繁殖或是维持野生动物物种;却几乎没有一个动物园, 能将眼光放到他们的小圈圈之外,而注意到他们对野外自然环境的责任。 在1970-80年代间,有三个因素与人们对抗和挑战动物园的省思态度有关: (a) 拍摄精致的自然史电视纪录片,传达了对自然较为正确的诠释。 (b) 旅游延伸至全球,使得许多人较过去有更多的机会,能够观察、了解与欣赏生活在自然栖地 中的野生动物。 (c) 研究造成动物园内动物刻板行为的资料越多,对圈养动物福利的认知越增加。 这些与动物福利、保育与教育相关的发展,使得越来越多的人侃σ蓜游饭@是否可以被接受(见表 一)。 【表一】 * 1994年英国民意调查(Grossbow Research) Grossbow 研究公司于1993年进行一项独立的民意调查,以下为抽样访查1,009位民众的结果。 88%的人同意:去动物园的主要目的是娱乐。 82%的人同意:现在比十年前有更多的人关心动物被囚养在动物园里。 62%的人同意:动物园内动物在生理与心理上皆承受痛苦。 51%的人同意:如果他们知道动物园对于野生动物保育只有微乎其微的作用,他们将不再去动物 园。 并且: 去国家公园(National Trust properties)的人数为去动物园人数的三倍。 去主题公园(Theme Parks)的人数为去动物园人数的两倍。 在过去十年里,有许多团体以伦理和实际的考虑来批判动物园。表现卓越的团体包括Zoo Check (动物园检查组织,当时隶属BFF)和WSPA。在众多指责之下,动物园业的策略家和一些动物园, 曾试图重新评价动物园的角色,以及重新界定它们的目标。这些新的评估结果都已收录在1993年9 月出版的《世界动物园保育策略(the World Zoo Conservation Strategy)》中。 6.2 动物保育和全球环境 1992年被当作是保育分水岭--全世界在政治上认同动物保育和需要可持续性的经营自然资源。 1992年6月在里约召开的地球高峰会议(Earth Summit),第一次将此议题放入国际政治的议程 上。此议程的关键在于,有超过150个国家在生物多样性公约(the Convention on Biological Diversity--CBD)上,承诺将率先从事动物保育、保护、和维护世界生物物种歧异度的工作 (见表二)。 【表二】 生物多样性公约 签定:1992年6月 主要目的:阻止全世界动植物物种,和基因资源的丧失 有超过150个国家签署协议 签署义务:拯救和加强各签署国在其辖区内的生物物种歧异度,并拟定全国性的相关计划和程 序,与分享资源,以协助计划的实施 开放签署时间为1992年6月5~14日;签署国有157国 (世界动物保育监测中心World Conservation Monitoring Centre , 1994) 动物园的保育目标 「跟一向被虚构的说法相反的是,大多数在动物园内工作的人,都认为那些野生动物应该生活在 野外,除非将它们囚禁在人工圈养环境的作法,可以合理显现出动物灭亡与存续的不同。在这个 专业圈子里的人已能认知到,在动物自然生态体系外的繁殖计划,最多也只不过是『花钱买时 间』」而已。」(Lindburg , 1993) 世界动物园组织--国际动物园园长联盟(The International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens--IUDZG)和国际自然保育联盟(the International Union for the Conservation of Nature--IUCN)的圈养繁殖专家小组(the Captive Breeding Specialist Group--CBSG),于1993年9月出版《世界动物园保育策略》。这份文件被当作是一个基础,替 未来的动物园设立了一套议程与架构。它尝试从量和侃Φ慕嵌龋瑸楝F行全球动物园的状况下定 义。它所呈现的数据显示动物园为世界的潮流,它强调以动物园现行和潜在的保育角色为中心主 题,以作为未来工作的策略。这份《世界动物园保育策略》可以说是动物园产业的公开宣言。 然而最重要的是,我们必须确定动物园业者们所展现的有意义、很重要、且适当的方式,确实符 合全球生物物种歧异度的保育工作。(见表三、四、五)【表三】 《世界动物园保育策略》的保育目标 (i)积极透过各种协调合作方案,支持濒临绝种动物的保育工作,透过栖息地域外(ex- situ,以下例此)与域内保育方式,保育自然栖地、生态平衡(biotopes)及生态系。 (ii)提供支持和设备,以求增加有助于动物保育的科学知识,并提供相关知识与经验给保 育小区。 (iii)促进政治与社会大众对于保育的需求、自然资源的可持续性,以及创造人与自然间的 平衡有所认知。 【表四】 《世界动物园保育策略》的相关资料 估计全球有10,000个动物园。 估计有1,200个「core」动物园。 估计有3,000种脊椎动物圈养在「core」动物园中。 估计有619,000,000人次去过「core」动物园。 注:「core」动物园被定义为--受到认可的动物园联盟或协会会员,或是有潜力加入联盟的动 物园。 如果我们根据《世界动物园保育策略》的表面价值,就轻易的接受了它和它所宣称的目标,将会 是一个错误。本报告的部份目的就在于评估其所提出的说法和愿望,以了解其可行性和务实性, 并藉以确定它真的能够「呈现」未来动物园的蓝图。以下就是我们评估与分析《世界动物园保育 策略》的立论基础: ‧生物物种因为人类的活动而加速消逝。 ‧有一项全球性的承诺--原则上--维护地球上的生物物种歧异度。 ‧动物园宣称可以拯救数千种生物物种。 ‧以这样的「宣称」为基础,动物园将需要,而且将消耗大量的资源。 社会大众和他们所选出的民意代表,必须决定是否应该继续支持动物园「产业」,或必须发展和 实施其他替代方案。在国际动物园新闻(International Zoo News)的社论中John Aspinall说: 「唯一在伦理上可为今日动物园辩护的理由是,以复育的观点来繁殖濒临绝种动物物种。」 (Aspinall , 1991 , Director/Owner Howletts & Port Lympne 动物园园主兼园长) 6.0 动物园内动物福利的考虑 7.1 动物园适合被囚养的动物吗? 在里兹的橡树路上(Oakwood Road,Leeds)仍旧保留的熊坑(bear-pit),是一个令人伤痛的记 忆,象征过去所有动物园用来囚养动物的极度简陋的设施。当动物园的动物增加时,即依种类分 类囚养,诸如猴园(the monkey house)、鸟园(the bird house)、爬虫类动物房(the reptile house )等,都是我们所熟悉且仍为全世界动物园通用的圈养方式。 民众到了动物园不喜欢透过笼子观看动物,园方就将栅栏改为玻璃幕或是壕沟,而为了满足建筑 师的野心或降低管理成本,动物的需求就被放在其次。这种发展趋势所引发的问题,通常也意味 着动物园对于圈养动物缺乏足够相关知识。 前伦敦动物园总建筑师约翰‧图维(John Toovey,1994)即曾建议: 「动物园的管理品侃Γ�捎善涮峁┙o动物的设施标准来衡量,而这类设施对动物来说,最好也只 不过是个展示台,但最坏则是个炼狱。从历史的角度来看,任何一时期的动物园,对于动物的需 求取决与否,皆以人类的观点作标准,此点由其矫饰的建筑设计便可得知。例如,一度在西方国 家动物园内流行的印地安式,或古埃及式的”神殿”,或者是今日的”非洲”印象,则被用来代 表外来种动物。甚且更为不幸的是,动物园建筑常被市政府或国家当作炫耀的工具,其原来真正 应有的功能却被忽视。」 动物园造成圈养动物刻板且不正常行为的原因逐渐被认知后,在不同的程度上,促使了圈养环境 的丰富化:例如放置可让动物攀爬的物体,可让动物游泳戏耍的水池,或是可供动物把玩嬉戏的 玩具。 环境和行为上的丰富化,意谓动物对于自己的日常生活,能够有较多的掌握。这可不是动物园的 选择之一,而是动物园必备的条件。这既不是一个可以解决所有问题的答案,也不表示动物园因 此就有足够理由可以圈养动物。 经过完善设计的丰富化环境,可以降低动物无聊的感觉,减少动物不正常的行为,但若缺乏妥善 完整的计划,这种效果也只是暂时的。 大自然本身自是丰富多变,但笼子、围篱、和栏舍等设施,无论如何「天然化」,都很快就会出 现生态「停滞」现象(ecologically stagnant)。因此大部份环境的丰富化必须持续进行,也需 要引进具有想象力的技术--蚁丘、树脂枝干、可采蜜的树、叶子、树枝、以及将食物藏起来让 动物自行觅食等等。然而这些措施或方法是否有效,端赖负责执行的工作人员的动机及其投入程 度。有时候,「丰富化」也需要重新考虑、重新安排、重新设计,以免失去作用。行为和环境的 丰富,只能被视为一项减低囚养环境人工化程度的尝试,其或可能改善动物的生活品侃Γ�欢�@ 些技术的功能仍然有限。 Toovey(1994)即曾表示:「在已开发国家中,大部份游客可以在电视上--甚或一些人可以在 野生动物保护区--见识真正的『野外』,而现在则期待和想要一个『自然的』动物园。但是动 物园却是一个全然人工化的地方,就算创造了一些『野外』的效果,也只是表面装饰而已,它完 全不可能顾及那些被圈养动物的需求,更别说提供一个『自然』栖地和生态环境了。」 即使在欧洲动物园里,属于社群性动物却被单独圈养的情况已降低,大多数动物仍与自然隔绝, 被限制于大部分是人工化的环境里,排除了不同物种动物之间的互动。 部分动物园动物圈养空间的改善,有助于减轻动物的痛苦,但是大部份的栏舍依然忽略了基本的 动物福利原则,以致造成动物的不舒服、紧迫和生病。原因是: ‧游客对动物的各种侵犯和骚扰。 ‧栏舍的型式和大小显示不尊重动物也需要有隐密性、不尊重动物的社群性行为,以及 安全防卫距离与空间。 ‧栏舍是了无生趣的设施,导致动物不自然的刻板行为;并且 ‧动物被迫与同类动物、或他种动物、或自然环境隔离;甚至无法接萤π迈r的空气。 空间的品侃��稇魞然骅敉獾膭游镎故径际潜匾獥l件,能够防止日晒雨淋,有足够休息的地方是 最基本的需求。对于树栖和飞行动物而言,则必须有足够的空间,不论是在地面上或离开地面, 它们都要能够充份垂直和平行地移动;对有蹄动物而言,它们则需要较多平坦树少的空地;鸟类 则需要较多的枯树,以满足它们适度的自然行为和生活品侃Α? 任何宣称以「栖地域外(ex-situ)」圈养繁殖方式支持濒临绝种动物保育工作的动物园,都必须 对每一种动物在野外环境的自然生态、栖地、与社群性作全盘考虑。只有如此,动物园才能了解 如何满足被圈养动物的基本需求,游客的需要则在其次,并要求设计师和建筑师依此原则规划或 施工。 这些原则并非新创,但大部份动物园都只是嘴巴说说而已。动物园根本无法满足动物对于足够的 空间和其品侃Φ男枰�? 虽然有足够空间的动物可能足以发展社会行为,或建立属于自己的领地;但是单从「量」的角度 来看圈养动物的生活空间绝对是不够的;圈养空间的「品侃Α挂庵^提供多样的地域型态、组成特 性、有趣且多样性的活动选择等,以鼓励动物与环境的互动,使其能表现出较为自然的社会行 为。 近年来动物园表面上的「绿化」工作,其动机主要是粉饰形象以增加民众的接受度,同时增加 「收入」,而不是因为对动物的关怀。 在动物园内,有太多所谓的「自然」景观,都是为了取悦大众,而不是为了要满足动物所需要的 自然环境。 这可由所谓「自然主义」的圈养设施看出,其囚禁动物的方式和十九世纪马戏团的兽笼没有两 样,典型的栅栏和光秃无趣的水泥砖块,除了用来围堵动物外,没有其他任何意义。至于工作人 员喂食用的走道,则只有沉重的铁链与枷锁相互撞击时的声音回响其间而已。 对于大多数的动物而言,动物园里毫无生趣且疏离的环境不会有何改变,「动物展示」这个字眼 已指明动物在动物园里令人侃σ傻慕巧�? 除非动物园能得到更多的土地,不然他们只能以减少园内动物,或减少游客服务区域的方式来增 加圈养动物的空间。动物园必须决定那些动物可以正当地保留,而以依照动物对福利的需求,来 分配空间资源的先后顺序,作为最重要的工作目标。 7.2 动物福利,不正常行为和人工圈养的影响 「为使被圈养的任何动物获得妥善的照顾,我们必须承认这些生物不仅仅只是血肉和骨头而已- -它们一样有自然欲望与感觉。」(Jordan and Ormrod , 1978) 有些人辩驳道:动物园提供动物营养均衡的饮食、温暖的笼舍、和兽医的照顾,比它们在野外的 生活要好的多。他们也举例指出,长时间生活在动物园内的动物比它们在野外的同类长寿,以支 持上述说法。但是,大自然最强大的「选择」力量,却能减少显现异常行为、具有不正常显性基 因,甚至有缺陷或生病动物繁殖的可能性,以确保自然物种的适应性。 不论是来自人工繁殖或是野外捕捉,从野生动物进入动物园牢笼的那一刻起,行动限制就已加诸 在动物的本能行为上,也许最大的剥削就在于它们丧失了最重要的自由--可以做「有意义的选 择」之自由。而动物园内的动物也常会陷入一种「学习而来的绝望状态」中。 科学提供了充分的证据显示,动物有很强的支配欲望。旧金山州立大学生物学教授Hal Markowitz,曾担任奥勒冈动物学研究中心主任,以及波特兰动物园副主任,他指出: 「当食物完全相同,而且垂手可得时,动物仍然会做出某些不必要的动作,以『努力』获得食物 的这项发现,说明我们对于动物行为的有些诠释多么肤浅。当一名学生进入实验室,因观察一只 老鼠推压一枝杠杆,或是一只鸽子叼起一把钥匙,他可能轻易地就会认为,动物是因为口渴和饥 饿才做这些努力以得到食物和水。但是如果这些动物身边就有一大堆食物,却仍然会去做相同的 动作,那么这个解释就行不通了。」 「相反地,我们必须正视另一种看法,那就是除了我们人类自?/ca>

海拔方位值高于这个基线几乎完全是由于热应力(95%)和集中在特定的车辆的位置。nijdam等人。(2006)报道89.4%死鸟(方位)展出宏观病变。传染性疾病状态的主要原因是病变(64.9%)其次是心脏和循环系统疾病(42.4%)和(25%)创伤。然而,条件运输,尤其是热条件,没有深入讨论。鸟类受到任何这些疾病可能是更容易受到热应力,从而可能屈服时热条件,将不会产生不利影响健康的鸟类。因此,可以假定,水平死亡率或方位差异很大,取决于许多因素,包括季节,地理行程长度,位置,大小的鸟,放养密度,健康状况,车辆设计和屠宰场的设计与实践仅供参考 欢迎采纳 希望帮到你

要准确翻译需要点时间,如果你有英文基础又着急的话建议你可以用在线翻译结合自己的理解就大概能懂了哦。

Elevations in DOA values above this baseline were almost entirely the result of thermal stress (95%) and were concentrated in specific vehicle locations. 高于该底线的死亡率增高几乎全部是由于高温压迫所致(95%)且集中在车辆的特定位置。 Nijdam et al. (2006) reported that 89.4% of dead birds (DOA) exhibited macroscopic pathological lesions. Infectious disease states were the main cause of lesions (64.9%) followed by heart and circulation disorders (42.4%) and trauma (25%). Nijdam et al. 【可能是人名或刊物】2006年报道称,89.4%的死亡鸟类(送达前死亡)显示有明显的病理损伤。传染病是造成损伤的主因(64.9%),其次是心脏和循环系统紊乱(42.4%)及外部创伤(25%)。 However, conditions of transport, especially thermal conditions, were not discussed in detail. Birds affected by any of these pathologies may be more susceptible to thermal stress and thus may succumb when exposed to thermal conditions that would not adversely affect healthy birds. 然而,运输条件,尤其是温度条件,并未详细论述。鸟类受任何这些病理的影响而死亡的情况也许比受温度压迫影响(因接触高温条件)而死亡的情况更容易让人接受,因为高温条件对健康鸟类并无不利影响。Thus, it may be assumed that levels of mortality or DOA vary widely depending upon many factors including season, geographical location, journey length, size of bird, stocking density, health status, vehicle design and slaughterhouse design and practice.因此,可以假定,因多种因素导致的死亡率大不相同,包括季节、地理位置、运输距离、鸟类大小、装载密度、健康状况、车辆设计以及屠宰室设计与操作等。希望对你有所帮助。

动物福利为主题的论文

储教授说,城市里儿童、学生多,作为城市动物园,其宣教功能远大于野生动物的传承繁殖功能。若动物园迁到远郊,路途遥远和交通成本的增加,将不利于观 赏、教育;同时,公园的门票肯定也会涨,这是不利于普通百姓消费的。在国外,动物园一般定义为福利性公园,不售票或者收费极少。 储教授说,偌大一座动物园,搬迁一下也很不容易。即使搬到郊外,如果不加强建设,不注意和当地生态的和谐发展,效果不一定就理想,顶多是把(关动物的)笼子稍微放大些。 储教授指出,动物在城市园林集中饲养便于观察,展览方式肯定比郊区好,“放到郊区,小孩怎么找得到?”。他补充,根本上说,城市动物园是不应该消失的,注意动物园自身改造和与周围交通、城市建设的协调发展,老百姓肯定会欢迎的。 为什么不提倡参观动物园? 仅供参考,请自借鉴 希望对您有帮助

浅谈动物资源的物权法保护策略一、我国《物权法》对动物资源保护的贡献 1.确立了野生动物资源国家所有权制度。对于是否应当规定野生动物资源的国家所有权,学界有较大的争议。我国《物权法》第49条确立的野生动物资源的国家所有权制度符合野生动物资源管理使用的客观现状和既有法律体系的统一性,具有一定的科学性。 2.实行了动物自然资源有偿使用。《物权法》第119条规定:“国家实行自然资源有偿使用制度,但法律另有规定的除外”,从而明确了对于包括动物资源在内的自然资源的用益方式是以有偿使用为原则,以无偿使用为例外。《物权法》确立了自然资源有偿使用制度,政府可以通过协商、拍卖、招投标等程序公正、公开的形式,根据转让价格、开发利用和养护的能力等综合标准,在一级市场将特定的自然资源物权有偿转让给符合法定条件的市场主体,从而最大化地实现自然资源的经济价值和生态价值。 3.明确了动物养殖、捕捞权。《物权法》第123条“依法取得的探矿权、采矿权、取水权和使用水域、滩涂从事养殖、捕捞的权利受法律保护”的规定,确立了关于动物资源的用益物权,即养殖权和捕捞权。《物权法》的规定明确了养殖权和捕捞权是在国家或者集体所有权基础上所取得的用益物权,那么,权利人的权利受到侵犯时,其就可依法寻求民事救济。 二、《物权法》在保护动物资源方面应有的完善 尽管《物权法》上述规定体现了我国私法领域对动物资源保护的一大进步,但我们认为从保护动物资源的目的及解决现行社会问题的角度考量,《物权法》及现行其他立法在动物资源保护方面还需要以下各方面的完善: (一)赋予动物特殊法律地位 我们认为,在目前的科学技术水平下,动物不能表达自己的意志,不能行使权利、承担义务,规定动物的法律主体地位不符合法理也不具有可操作性。但是,动物作为有生命的活物,其作为物权客体确实具有其特殊性,动物是和人类一样有感知和情感需求的高级生命形式,不应与其他物等同视之,应当在《物权法》中有所体现。不论出于理性、道德、同情、自我反省还是人类自身尊严的维护,多数人认为动物享有一定福利,世界上一百多个国家都开展了不同程度的动物福利立法,我国也不例外。《物权法》是规定人们对物的利用方式的基本法,如果能够借鉴德国《民法典》的修改,在《物权法》中以宣誓性条款确立动物不同于其他无生命物体的特殊地位,将是有利于保护动物资源并且与我国其他动物福利性质的立法相协调的选择。 (二)扩大并明确《物权法》对动物资源调整和保护的范围 我国相关立法中对动物资源保护范围规定狭窄、混乱,历来为环境资源法学者所诟病,《物权法》在对动物资源保护的规定中同样存在缺陷。首先,《物权法》对其所保的动物资源的概念及范畴语焉不详。其次,《物权法》沿袭了我国对于动物资源一贯的等级保护,并无进步可言。事实上,处于我国动物资源保护基本法地位的《野生动物保护法》因其明显侧重保护“濒危物种”,而不能满足全面保护动物资源的需要。第三,《物权法》对于没有其他法律明文规定国家所有权的动物资源缺乏所有权规定,却在其所有权不明的情况下于用益物权中规定了养殖权、捕捞权,不能为用益物权人的权利来源及国家实施行政许可提供充分的依据。根据我国《宪法》、《物权法》及《野生动物保护法》、《渔业法》、《森林法》等相关法律规定和实践中的操作,可以推知动物资源的权属包括以下几类:1.根据《野生动物保护法》,“珍贵、濒危的陆生、水生野生动物”和“三有”(有科研价值,有经济价值、有益)动物明确属国家所有;2.依托森林、林木、林地生存的非保护野生动物属于森林资源,除法律规定属集体所有的外,属国家所有;3.水生非保护动物没有法律明文规定其权属,实践中将水生非保护动物作为其所生活的水域、滩涂的一部分加以使用,除法律规定属集体所有的外,属于国家所有。用益物权人取得承包权或行政许可以后,通过养殖、捕捞等手段取得水生动物的所有权;4.对除上述动物以外的非保护动物,根据《宪法》第9条规定属于国家所有,但在《物权法》中没有类似规定。这种极端抽象的国家所有权与实践中对动物资源的利用有所冲突,不利实现保护动物资源的目标。 由此可见,我国的动物资源权属体系是凌乱而不全面的。笔者认为,《物权法》应扩大对动物资源的保护范围,而不落等级保护制度的窠臼,改变动物资源所有权规定不周全的现状。同时,《物权法》应当注重对非保护动物的权属设置,现有的非保护动物如果保护不力就会成为未来的濒危动物,必须在保护其生态价值的前提下强调合理有限地利用,为动物福利立法奠定基础。我们建议按对非保护动物的利用途径将其分为伴侣动物、经济动物、实验动物、野生动物、工作动物而有针对性地加以保护。 (三)扩充与动物相关的用益物权种类 《物权法》第5条规定:“物权的种类和内容,由法律规定。”根据物权法定性原则要求,当事人无权自己创设新的物权类型,且当事人在法律关系中约定的物权以及物权法律关系的内容,只能是法律规定的内容。而《物权法》中确立的动物资源用益物权方式只有养殖权、捕捞权两种,远远不能满足现实需要。首先,养殖权、捕捞权针对的都是水生动物,对陆生动物的用益物权方式完全没有涉及,是一大立法空白;其次,没有涵盖已有法律中规定的动物资源利用方式。例如《野生动物保护法》第16条规定:“因科学研究、驯养繁殖、展览或者其他特殊情况,需要捕捉、捕捞国家一级保护野生动物的,必须向国务院野生动物行政主管部门申请特许猎捕证;猎捕国家二级保护野生动物的,必须向省、自治区、直辖市政府野生动物行政主管部门申请特许猎捕证。”第17条规定:“国家鼓励驯养繁殖野生动物。驯养繁殖国家重点保护野生动物的,应当持有许可证。许可证的管理办法由国务院野生动物行政主管部门制定。”第27条规定:“经营利用野生动物或者其产品的,应当缴纳野生动物资源保护管理费。”可见,《野生动物保护法》中明确规定的野生动物利用方式就包括狩猎、驯养繁殖、经营利用等形式,如果《物权法》不承认以上权利属于用益物权,那么获得上述活动许可的权利人拥有的是什么性质的权利呢?又如何获得法律的保护?因此,《物权法》应当在用益物权的篇章中根据现实需要,增加对水生、陆生动物的用益物权种类,以保障权利人的利益。 (四)完善野生动物损害赔偿制度 在我国,野猪、熊等野生动物造成居民人身、财产损失的案例屡见不鲜。一直以来,我国通过《野生动物保护法》中确立的国家补偿制度对受害人进行补偿。《野生动物保护法》第7条规定:“因保护国家和地方重点保护野生动物,造成农作物或者其他损失的,由当地政府给予补偿。”《陆生野生动物保护实施条例》第10条进一步规定:“有关单位和个人对国家和地方重点保护野生动物可能造成的危害,应当采取防范措施。因保护国家和地方重点保护野生动物受到损失的,可以向当地人民政府野生动物行政主管部门提出补偿要求。经调查属实并确实需要补偿的,由当地人民政府按照省、自治区、直辖市人民政府的有关规定给予补偿。”但是国家补偿制度的实施效果却不甚理想。据统计,1991-2001年全国各地遭受野生动物伤害的实际损失达6065万元,而得到政府的补偿则不到1/10。究其原因,主要包括以下几个方面:首先,上述法律中只规定了因国家和省重点保护陆生野生动物造成的人身伤害或财产损失,受害人可以取得政府补偿的权利。但是,对于“三有动物”、非保护野生动物造成的损害补偿,目前还没有明确的法律依据。其次,关于国家补偿制度的地方立法屈指可数,仅有《云南省重点保护陆生野生动物造成人身财产损害补偿办法》、《陕西省重点保护陆生野生动物造成人身财产损害补偿办法》、《吉林省重点保护陆生野生动物造成人身财产损害补偿办法》。多数地区对于野生动物致害之后的补偿对象、补偿标准、补偿程序等问题处于立法空白的境地。第三,赔偿主体不明。法条中规定的“当地政府”到底指哪级人民政府以及中央政府和地方政府的补偿责任如何分担都无法可依,往往造成各级政府对索赔的当事人推诿搪塞的现象。《物权法》中规定了野生动物资源的国家所有权,并且第7条规定:“物权的取得和行使,应当遵守法律,尊重社会公德,不得损害公共利益和他人合法权益。”以上述规定为基础,可以建立国家对野生动物致人损害的赔偿制度,弥补《野生动物保护法》中国家补偿制度的不足。第一,确认赔偿主体是国家。因为国家作为野生动物资源的所有人和管理者,应当尽到善良管理人的义务,其管领下的野生动物造成人民的人身、财产损失,理应由代表国家的政府给以足额赔偿,而不是适当补偿。第二,野生动物资源属于国家所有,也就是全民所有,保护野生动物资源最终受益的是全社会和全体公民,所以它所带来的损失就不能只由少数地方、少数人来承担。因此,赔偿应以中央财政支付为主,以地方财政为辅。我国现实情况是,动物资源较为丰富的地区多为经济不发达地区,地区之间存在着较大的经济实力差异,各个地方政府之间的财政实力也存在明显差距。国家应根据不同地方的经济水平具体制定中央政府和地方政府之间的赔偿比例。

稍等 ,我现在发你。

法理学的论文题目动物福利

法理学论文题目1、全球化与中国法律变革2、论法的国际化与本土化3、论自然法学派(社会法学派、分析法学派、统一法学派……)4、论法学研究方法的革新5、论法律在政治文明建设中的作用6、论法治社会与法律权威7、论公私法的划分8、论社会主义市场经济法律体系的建设与完善9、论法律的局限性10、论文化传统对当代中国立法的影响11、论传统法律资源与法制现代化之关系12、论法律职业共同体在法治社会中的作用13、论司法考试与法学教育之良性互动14、诊所式法律教育探索15、欧盟法的法理学思考16、WTO的法理学思考17、论国际法与国内法之关系18、论民法(刑法、经济法、国际贸易法……)的价值19、现代法的人文困境及其出路20、论法治的文化基础21、论法律信仰22、论中国比较法研究的现状与趋势23、论法学在依法治国中的作用24、法理学视野中的可持续发展25、论司法改革26、论传媒与司法的关系27、论司法公正与新闻自由28、论程序正义29、论法律解释30、文学作品的法理学

1822年,被称为“人道的迪克”的理查德马丁提出“反对虐待以及不恰当地对待牛的行为”的法案在英国国会获得通过。两年后,在伦敦一家咖啡屋里,牧师亚瑟?布鲁姆召集成立了世界上第一个动物福利组织“反虐待动物协会”( PSPCA)。协会里的专职监察员领取很少的薪水,却工作得非常认真,他们不停地向公众宣传动物福利知识,向学校提供教材,对虐待动物的人提起公诉。1840年,英国女王维多利亚给协会冠以“皇家”头衔。英国爱丁堡大学应用动物行为与动物福利高级讲师纳塔丽?沃伦博士介绍:英国最早的动物福利法案,也是把动物仅仅看作是财产,而没考虑动物本身应该享有的“权利”。1776年,一个叫劳伦斯的人从法律角度提出:没有人因为残忍地虐待动物而受过处罚,他唯一的罪行是侵犯了另一个人的财产。1800年,英国第一个确保动物免受虐待的立法《牛饵法案》被通过。英国现行的动物保护法是1911年通过的,目前英国正在修改这部法律。除了1911年通过的动物保护法之外,英国还陆续出台了很多专项法律,比如野生动物保护法、动物园动物保护法、实验动物保护法、狗的繁殖法案、家畜运输法案等。这些法律在保证动物不受虐待方面规定得非常细致,鼓励养动物的人以最好的措施对待动物,对于没有达到法律规定的,别人可以用这些标准起诉你。英国有关动物保护的法律有10多个,如1869年的鸟类保护法、1911年的动物保护法,野生动植物及乡村法、宠物法、斗鸡法、动物麻醉保护法、动物遗弃法案、动物寄宿法案、兽医法……不仅面面俱到,而且不断修订。法律不仅对残忍地虐待动物的人判处刑罚,也不允许主人未尽到责任而造成动物额外的痛苦——构成“允许残忍”,也要被判监禁。甚至对饲养以供食用的动物,法律还规定要由专职人员实行“无痛感的”宰杀。 台湾于1998年颁布了《动物保护法》。这是一部综合性动物保护法律,具有全新的视野和明晰完善的规定,值得借鉴。而中国大陆的相关条例包括:2003年1月1日起正式实施的《北京市公园条例》(在公园中惊吓、殴打、伤害动物要处以50元以上100元以下的罚款,构成犯罪的要依法追究刑事责任)等。近年连续出现的“给活猪注水”、“毒死宠物狗”、“宣扬敌对动物混养导致狒狒被老虎咬死”、“硫酸伤熊”等等动物受虐待的事件,频频引起社会和媒体的关注。人们发现,我们生活的世界竟是这么多动物的苦难场。于是,人们渴望能有一套理念和机制阻止这类事件再次发生。于是,“动物福利”这个词越来越多地出现在媒体上。人类与动物应当是平等的吗?人类应该满足动物们维持基本生命和健康的需求吗?在人类满足自身利益的同时,是否该以法律约束自己,不给动物带来痛苦?对虐待农场动物、实验动物、伴侣动物、工作动物、娱乐动物和野生动物的人,该不该用法律给予处罚?这些问题在180多年前的英国已明确地写进法律,在今天,世界上很多国家也已制定了明确的法律,切实保障动物免受不必要的伤害。现在,“动物福利”成为中国法制化建设中需要引起重视的新问题。我国现行的有关动物保护的法律所保护的范围过于狭隘,而且原则性条款多,可操作性欠缺。 2004年5月,北京市拟为“动物福利”立法,由市政府法制办起草完毕的《北京市动物卫生条例(征求意见稿)》开始广泛征求市民的意见。2006年十届全国人大四次会议上,周屏代表呼吁尽快出台《动物福利法》的建议,在全国引起了强烈反响。一时间,周屏这名成都市公交集团公司热线服务中心的普通服务员,不仅引起了众多媒体的强烈关注,她的名字更是在网络上被广为传播。今年,她希望提交一份议案,呼吁全国人大尽快制定《宠物犬法》,并已经通过草案的拟定。自2008年12月以来,中国社会科学院法学教授一直在与英国防止虐待动物协会及总部设在美国的国际动物福利基金讨论动物福利法的相关事宜。据说,建议草案借鉴了英国有关动物绝育和“芯片植入”的一些想法,但重点是防止虐待动物 。2009年6月,中国的法律专家正在为国家第一部动物福利法起草建议稿,该法旨在制裁残酷捕杀犬只和用其他各种形式虐待宠物的行为。2009年9月,中国人大常委会启动动物福利立法程序。在此之前,中国已有濒危野生动植物保护条例,这次立法涉及的面更广,将保护所有动物,这体现了中国立法当局对动物福利问题的重视,是科学发展观的体现。该建议稿将于09年年底前提交给政府。根据新的提案,重点是动物主人要作登记并给其犬只注射疫苗。 任何严重虐待宠物的行为一经被发现,将会被处以警告或罚款,在最严重的情况下还将被判入狱。中国社会科学院法学教授常纪文(起草小组负责人)说,公众和政府都越来越支持动物权益。当问及建议成为法律的前景时,常教授说:“中国已经开始认识到动物福利的重要性,因为它涉及经济,贸易,宗教和道德 。 前途是光明的,但今后的道路将是曲折的。 ”香港防止虐待动物协会说,起草《动物福利法》是积极的一步,如果它能得到实施,其影响将尤为明显。“虽然我们还没有看到具体细节,但任何动物福利法都将会受到欢迎”,中国外联方案工作组副主任Twiggy Cheung说,“在大陆,你会看到很多动物受到虐待和折磨。我们为动物感到难过,同时也为人感到悲哀,因为没有东西指导人们什么是对的、什么是错的。正因为如此,一项新的法律是必要的。 ”Twiggy Cheung认为,良好的监管可以在不大规模捕杀犬只的情况下防止狂犬病的蔓延。“法律应该涵盖动物数量控制和宠物主人责任等方面的内容,这意味着人们应该为动物接种疫苗以防止狂犬病和其他传染性疾病。 ”2013年6月,中国农业国际合作促进会动物福利国际合作委员会成立。2013年10月28日,全球领先的动物保护组织----世界动物保护协会和中国兽医协会(CVMA)在第四届中国兽医大会上签署了合作备忘录。双方在认可动物的健康、福利与公共卫生紧密相关的基础上,将共同推动中国动物福利教育、研究、标准以及宣传等工作。这是双方继去年签署“中国兽医动物福利教育合作协议”之后再次达成的战略合作,将为中国动物福利事业的发展注入强劲的动力。 在本次兽医大会上,双方还共同发布了《中国兽医动物福利教育现状调研报告》。目前双方正在合力编写动物福利教材,开发培训材料。在中国兽医协会和国际组织的努力推动下,教育部日前已将《动物福利与动物保护》正式纳入普通高校的主干课程,这就意味着动物福利今后将作为高校兽医相关专业的必修课程。此次双方的战略合作将为完善中国动物福利教育体系建设继续发挥重要作用。2014年5月,《农场动物福利要求猪》标准公布。该标准是中国首部农场动物福利标准,由中国农业国际合作促进会动物福利国际合作委员会与方圆标志认证集团有限公司等多家单位共同起草,中国标准化协会批准发布。

法理学是以整个法律现象的共同发展规律和共同性问题为研究对象的学科.法理学被界定为法律的智慧,或者对"法律事业"的性质和语境的理解,而法理可以补充法律的不足,所以有些国家把法理作为最后适用的法源.下面学术堂特意整理了一些好写的法理学论文题目,供大家参考:1997-2007:一国两制法治实践的法理学观察规范性司法解释的法源地位研究反思与重构:研究生法理学教学模式之改革试论中国法哲学自觉的必要性对法律要素理论的再认识法律救济权的法理学探析法理学视角下我国公立大学章程制定研究新疆少数民族地区法学教育人才培养目标的特殊性及其法理学思考执行和解的法理学分析司法实践的道路我国民族优惠政策的法理学探析公路规划制度的经济法学研究伦理与技术之间-法理学视角下的代孕问题

动物英语杂志

无论是学生面临中考、高考,还是大学生考英语四六级、考研,还是出国雅思等等,都会面临英语阅读。但如果是仅仅通过做阅读题、做卷子刷题,那效果一定不会太理想。因为,这样做的朋友忽略了训练阅读能力真正的目标:提高自己阅读理解的能力。其实,为提高自己理解能力的练习,非常简单。每位朋友在小学学习母语时,一定使用过,所以大家现在都可以阅读中文,而且阅读速度超快。完成任何练习,都应该用自己感兴趣、简单有趣的资料,这样自己才容易获得乐趣、成就感,更容易坚持每天练习。请根据自己的兴趣,认真准备有趣的练习资料。比如,您喜欢的:电影、美剧剧本。如:疯狂动物城英文剧本,Friends/老友记等。英语书籍、英语小说、英语故事、英语杂志。如:Who moved my cheese?英文节目。例如:English in a miniute/ 60-Second Science/ CNN Student News英文网站。例如:您喜欢动物,就可以专门找找动物方面的英文网站。您喜欢美食,就找找美食方面的英文网站。

新概念英语2~4册。抄写训练。其目的,并不是抄写下一个一个单词、词组。而是:提高对整个句子的理解能力。因为,“大概明白句义”和“完全理解句义”非常不同,这样决定了自己理解能力的水平,理解的速度。大部分学生的英文理解能力,往往都还停留在前者:仅仅是大概知道,能选出ABCD。但大部分学习的中文理解能力,则都达到了后者:完全理解整句的意思。所以,阅读能力比较强,阅读速度很快。

在西方传统哲学中,同情动物的行为是与理性伦理无关的多愁善感,并且在__中也没有同情动物的教令。而在中国和印度的 传统 文化 和宗教中,人对动物则负有很重要的义务和责任。下面是我带来的介绍动物的英语短文阅读,欢迎阅读!介绍动物的英语短文阅读篇一 Snakes蛇 The snake is a long and thin animal that lives in grass or other dark places.A snake has no legs or feet, but it can move very fast on its stomach. Snakes usually have green, yellow or black skins, which make them difficult for their enemies to find them. Some kinds of snakes live in water. They can swim as freely as fish. Snakes are cold-blooded animals. In winter they hibernatein holes which are narrow enough only to hold the snakes' bodies. The snakes can sleep through a whole winter without eating and moving. They can not feel any pain. The hibernation period lasts about five months. When spring comes, the snakes come out and begin their normal life. Snakes can take many things as food, such as mice, sparrows, frogs,birds' eggs, pests and so on. People sometimes can see a snake eat a sparrow. First it moves close to the sparrow, then it puts out its tongue and brings the sparrow into its mouth and swallows it, which makes a lump in the snake's body. After some time the lump disappears. As snakes are dreadful-looking, people are afraid of them. Many people drive them away whenever they see snakes. But in Chinese fairy tales, snakes are by no means bad. They seem to have human feelings. They can change into pretty girls. People like and respect them. The most well-known is the story about the White Snake and the Blue Snake. In fact, snakes are not as dreadful as they look. They can help us to kill mice and pests. They can provide us with delicious meat. Their blood is a good drink. Poisonous snakes are especially useful. We can make valuable drugs with them. 介绍动物的英语短文阅读篇二 Once upon a time. There was a house. Beside the house there was a bird cage. One day a cat went to eat the bird, So the cat jumped and hit the bird cage. The bird cage fell down to the ground knocking the bird cage‘s door open. The bird then flew away. So the cat started to chase the bird and the dog chased the cat. However the bird flew on top of the tree. So the cat started to climb the tree and the dog barked at the cat. Before the cat could reach the bird, the bird flew away. this caused the cat to fall out of the tree. The dog then ran away, The bird quickly flew back into his cage and the man from the house carried him safely home. 介绍动物的英语短文阅读篇三 I like animals very much, such as horses,monkeys, cats, tigers and so on. But I like dogs best. Why? Because they are very cute and nice. I have a white dog. Its name is Bobo. She is a female dog.She comes from Beijing,China.She wears white clothes and she has two big eyes and a small month.She often walks round and round at home.It has nothing to do.She likes eating ice-cream so much.So do I.When I eat ice-cream,she will look at the ice-cream carefully,So I will give her some to eat. I think Bobo is the cutest dog in the world. 介绍动物的英语短文阅读篇四 Elephant is the largest animal on land today. It weights some ninety kilograms and is about one metre high when born. When it is 12 years old, it studs over three meters and does not grow any more. Elephant is usually grey in color, having a long trunk with large ivory tusks protruding from each side of its mouth. Usually moving in groups and caring for each other, Elephant is know to be a very and gentle creamre. For many years people have used the strength of these poweful animals to move trees and heavy logs. Elephant has been and is a vital tool for people to do many things that would normally be imposs-ible. Elephant is and will continue to be one of the greatest creatures man has ever come into contact with. Its size. beauty, and power willforever be useful to man. 看了“介绍动物的英语短文阅读”的人还看了: 1. 介绍动物英语作文60词 2. 介绍小动物英语作文带翻译 3. 关于动物的英语文章 4. 有趣的动物英语故事阅读 5. 关于动物的英语作文

学校图书馆一般有全英的关于生物的读本呀这里有个网站一定够你用了我以前也做过关于动物的英语手抄报

语言的学习都需要经过长期的积累和大量的运用才能掌握。

现在大家都是从小学开始就已经学习了英语,甚至条件好的家庭的孩子从幼儿园就上的国际班,如果从那时候开始好好学习,好好背单词,学语法,到了高中,最晚到大学,读英文杂志是没有很大问题的。

平时要注意单词的积累,背单词一天都不能断,有条件的经常和外教对话。

从小学开始大家就要做很多英语作业了,做作业的时候,遇到不会的单词一定要查出来记住,不要跳过,建议查单词的时候先看它的英文解释,再看中文翻译,这样有利于理解和记忆,这样的学习方法,不仅对于应试有好处,对于看英文书籍,出国旅游留学,都是非常有好处的。

除此之外,可以多看看美剧,有许多人已经列好了适合学英语的美剧名单,就照着那个名单看,先看熟肉,再看生肉。

值得注意的是,如果你想通过美剧学英语,要有强大的意志力,不然就会沉浸在剧情之中,把学英语的事情抛到九霄云外了。

有关动物的英语文章

虐待动物、伤害动物的事件频频发生,对动物的保护问题引起社会的关注。动物福利立法是促进人与自然和谐相处的重要步骤。下面是我带来的有关介绍动物的英语小短文,欢迎阅读!

dolphin is my favourite animal.

it is one of the most precious animals. their bodies are very long, about one zhang(丈). dolphins live in the sea. they live on fish, shrimps and so on.

dolphins are very friendly and peaceful. they never attack people. instead, they have saved many people in danger in the past years. how helpful the dolphins are!

dolphins are very clever. people often train them so that they can give a dolphin show which brings people a lot of happiness and joy.

unluckily, the number of dolphins is getting smaller and smaller. because of water pollution, there is less and less space for dolphins. many people make money by hunting dolphins. if we don’t protect them, maybe we’ll lose our good friends one day. as a student, i hope more and more people should take actions to protect dolphins.

A tiger is a kind of catamount animal. It looks like a cat, but much bigger than a cat. A tiger is very ferocious and it eats mainly meat. It has yellow and black streaks all over its body and it looks very beautiful. Its tail is long and strong and it can hit its quarry dying.

Tigers live in the thick forests and small animals in the forests are tigers' food.

During the past years, many forests have been cut down and the living conditions of the tigers are becoming worse and worse. There are fewer tigers left in the world now. Tigers are the animals of the world, and they should have their own living spaces. We must do our best to protect the tigers and their living environment.

老虎

老虎是猫科动物的一种,它看起来像猫却比猫大很多.老虎非常凶猛,是肉食性动物.它全身是黑黄相间的斑纹,看起来非常漂亮.它的尾巴又长又有力,能够打死它的猎物.

老虎生活在密林里,以森林中妁小动物为食.

在过去妁几年中,许多森林被砍伐,这使者虎的生存环境越来越糟.现在世界上老虎的数量非常少.老虎是世界性妁动物,它们应该有自己的生存空间.我们必须尽全力保护老虎和它们的生存环境。

Recently, three owls appeared suddenly on our campus. They made me think of my pet from childhood. When I was little, we had an owl at home. It was small, gray, and had two big eyes. We liked it very much. Every time I went home, it greeted me by making “goo-goo” sounds. We always played with it and talked to it. It would blink its eyes just like it understood what we were saying. It was like my best friend. But when the weather became colder, we forgot to keep it warm, and it died. It made us sad for a long time, and it also taught me how important it is to take care of animals.

my favourite animal

my favourite animal is tortoise. tortoise walk not fast. but i like the tortoise. why? because, tortoise is a cute animal. it have a short tail and a four short foot. it have a little head and a hard shell. they are forty-five little and cute tortoise in my home. they like to play in the water. when they afraid some thing. they wall run fast. they like to eat the fish. i often buy some small fish to them to eat. they can catch the fish fast. first, they fake(假) sleep. when the fish swim near they mouth. they catch the fish fast and bit the fish head. so, the fish die. they can eat the fish. in winter. they like to sleep in the sand. when they sleep, they don’t eat any food.because they wall hibernation. but, when they are thirsty. they come out of the sand. so, we must give water to them to drink.

i love the tortoise. i hate the eagle. because, the eagle often eat the tortoise with it sharp mouth.my favourite animal is tortoise.

Dogs belong to the canine.

When a dog follows its nose, it's actually being led by thee key senses. Sight:a glimpse of the enemy saves them barking up the wrong tree. Sound: a bark can be a fierce threat, but it's also how canines make their long distance calls. Smell: this tells a dog more than all the other senses put together.

Inside its nose are around two hundred million smell sensitive cells, forty times more than in humans. Through them the dog's brain can pick up signals from one molecule of scent in a million. It gives the dog: a completely different picture of the world, based on what it smells, rather than what it sees.

Flowers are irrelevant to a dog. So their scent is meaningless. But food is a serious matter. What to us is an empty plate, is covered with the smell of chicken to a hungry dog.

狗属于犬科劝物.

当狗用鼻子嗅着前行时,实际上有三种感觉在起作用:视觉,瞥一眼就知道敌人在哪儿;听觉,犬吠有一种凶猛的威慑力,这也是犬科动物闽相互嗅寻的方式;嗅觉,能给狗提供的信息比其他感觉总和还多.

狗的鼻孔大约有2亿左右的嗅觉细胞——比人多40倍.通过这些细胞,它的大脑能从100万个气体分子中筛选出1个.根据所闻而不是所见的东西,展现给狗的是一个完全不同的画面.

花对狗来讲无足轻重,所以花香对狗无关紧要.可食物是件大事,对我们来说是一个空盘子,可对一只饥肠辘辘的狗来说却散发着鸡肉的香味.

在学习、工作乃至生活中,大家都不可避免地要接触到作文吧,借助作文可以提高我们的语言组织能力。那么,怎么去写作文呢?下面是我为大家整理的介绍动物的英语作文,仅供参考,希望能够帮助到大家。

Tiger is to, on world, be close to the one of animal that becomes extinct , as our China , now, northeast of China has had no Northeast Tiger(in China) on genuine meaning , now, the tiger that we see runs from Russia. So, do not also let our northeast have no tiger well.

Now, a lot of countries also more and more pay attention for animal have protected. I believe , error can not how long, in the northeast of China, we can again see Northeast Tiger(in China) again

Zebras are members of the horse family.They are grass-eating animals in parts of Africa,most famous for their distinctive striped coats.They have muscular bodies ,immense speed and strength.They can use powerful jaws and heavy hooves to attack their enemies when threatened.They also have unusually large ears which give these animals a very good sense of hearing .

The wolf is similar to wolfdog in the appearance, but its muzzle is slightly long and pointed, its mouth slightly wide, its ears erected. Its tail goes straight drooping and its fur is in brown gray. The wolf has a strong adaptability and inhabits a wide range of environments, like mountains, forests, grasslands, deserts, semi-deserts and even tundra. The wolf is a nocturnal animal which is both heat-resistant and cold-resistant. With a keen sense of smell and hearing, the wolf is cruel and alert. It is also a very good runner, which often preys by incessant running. As a omnivorous animal, the wolf mainly feeds on deer, antelope, rabbits, and sometimes insects, berries, or the forage of pigs and sheep, etc. It can stand both hunger and overeating. The species are widely distributed in density in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Do you like the little white rabbit? To tell you, I can be like the small white rabbit! You see, the small white rabbit systemic snow-white hair, no noise. It a squat down, like a spirit of pompoms, how cute! It has a pair of red eyes, just like two stars embedded in a snowball of ruby, especially beautiful. , unlike other animals, the small white rabbit ears grow longer, as long as hear the sound of the slightly, it will brush to ears to turn around, warily watching what's going on around. The most interesting is the small white rabbit mouth. Other animals only up and down, two lips, can it? O lips into two, with one disc below the lips, just as "three petal mouths, it developed into the" three petal mouths "is to look pretty? No! Because of the small white rabbit favorite big turnip, small mouth zhang is not large, how can you eat turnips? Now with this "three petal mouths", it can not open mouth shoveled to eat? The small white rabbit front legs short, long hind legs, to walk always bouncing, it's behind the ass with a short tail, followed a pursed a lip, strange and interesting. I think I have such a introduction, you must also like the small white rabbit!

I have got two baby cats. they are very beautiful.

One is yellow. the other is white. they are very lovely. the yellow cat is very naughty. He likes to play with people. He often runs here and there. His favourite game is playing with balls, ropes and stones.

But the white cat is very gentle. She likes to wash her face.

And she doesn′t like to play with people. She often jumps onto my knees. I like to give her a bath.

Oh, my baby cats bring me much happiness. We are very good friends. I love them.

Last Sunday, we go to taiping zoo visit. The zoo is big. There were many animals.

We ride the father "gran torino" go to the zoo, we talking and laughing all the way. About ten minutes, we arrived at destination, I saw there was a sea of people. We very not easy to get tickets, in the zoo.

Entered the zoo, you can see cute little monkey in the swing. In addition to the monkey, we can also see orangutans. Turned a look, we can see the nose like straws elephant. It is water, then spray the water to the tourists. The elephant is proudly shook his head.

All of a sudden, we heard cries "shout". It is the tiger roar. The tiger stood up and head high head, open mouth yawned and then open, I saw two tigers doused in the water, there is a tiger lying lazily in the sunshine on the stone. The composition

Wow, white swan head wearing a small hat, swan head has a protuberant, swan feathers like Snow White. Among a group of white swan and a black swan in swimming.

"Come see snakes!" Younger brother cry, we quickly to the cage garden, saw the snake brother rough rolled up his body, like a big stone.

Time passed quickly, then suddenly arrived at noon, we go home reluctantly. I like the animals here, hope to have the opportunity to revisit locally.

I have a puppy, and I love it very much. Its black eyes are like two black gems, and its fur is like a blanket, and its four legs are like four furry little pillars, and its tail is shaking and it seems to be waving to you.

Because I called the jingle, so my mother wanted to give it a small buzz, but I do not agree, I give it a little name, because I think it is good every day.

It is very naughty, when we go out to eat, it is always guilty of trouble, trouble, it jumped on the sofa mess, but also the newspaper, napkin tear all over the floor are. When I came back, I saw the ground mess, I was angry, and ignore it. It is also aware of their mistakes, and rushed to my knees, as if to shed tears, said: "Master, forgive me!" I see it so poor, forgive it.

My dog is really cute and naughty ah!

The cheetah is the fastest animal in the world. In a short time, cheetahs can reach speeds of 130 kilometers per hour, far outpacing the running antelope and horses.

Cheetah body there are many black spots, the spots can let the cheetahs in the grass is not easy to be other animals found that as long as close to the prey, then pounce, steps can catch prey, nice big meal.

I love cheetahs because it's the "king of speed" in the animal world. I wish I could run as fast as it can one day!

Cats are interesting animal.Sometimes, it's just like a wave upon the sand -- you cannot catch it forever ! Like moonheam--no one can hold it in his hand . Always lively , never fell tired .

But actually , if you want to find a word which can describe them , the best answer is 'as cute as a little girl , kind but naughty .

Their eyes will become green at night . They like fish very much . Fish are just thier life ! Cats also need people to take care of them .

They ' re so lovable that there are so many people 'd like to feed them , and play with them .

They are very careful in life. When they are in danger , cats' eyes will be much bigger , their tails will be like a stick and ' shout ' very loud . After the danger , cats will relax and then promptly go to sleep again!

When I was a child, I raised a pet, named Lucky. Actually he is a cat. His fur is soft with yellow and white color. Lucky is a good boy. He always behaves well.

I remember when my uncle took him back to my home at first, I was afraid of him. But soon I found him is very interesting.

I started to play with him. As time goes, we like each other very much. And then my uncle gave him to me. I was so happy.

Now he always lies beside me quietly, when I’m doing my homework. As winter comes, he will sleep with me. sometimes he will dance for me, which is very funny and sometimes his hands are wet would leave many “plum flower” on the ground. He is so lovely.

What kind of animals do you like in our mon homeland - earth, how many animals do you like? Anyway, my favorite animal is our most loyal friend - dog.

My favorite dog is my neighbor's home that is a Beijing dog and rounds and Coli sheep shepherd handsome. They play together every day, is a pair of good friends, I also like them, they saw me and wagged my tail came to me.

Handsome body Biao big, the body about sixty centimeters long. Two legs standing, fully able to my shoulder, his eyes, nose, mouth, ears are more than round, and most like to see him running when the figure - curly flying, like a horse. I often and round, handsome with the running, each time is handsome first, round second, my third It is no exaggeration to say that the speed of handsome hands run no less than the speed of purebred horses. The general dog ran up, will be issued a "blah" sound, handsome handsome hands up very small, not careful is not heard. Handsome handsome look is also handsome: curly flying, the body was arcuate. If you want to use a word to describe handsome, that is: handsome. If you use a word, that is: impeccable.

Relative to the handsome hands, round the size of a lot of small, only about thirty centimeters long, less than half the handsome handsome. The meaning of his name es from his pair of eyes, it is too round. Like a shiny black gem. And his legs are round, round the name is so e. And his legs are very short, so even if he sprinkled his feet running, but also run fast, but I still like his kind of simple cute.

This is my favorite animal, you like it?

I have a little white rabbit. It is snow and white, really like a mass of white cotton. Eyes are very beautiful, like two rubies inlaid in the white face. Ears are very long, put up is particularly clever. It signed the front legs short and small, hind legs are fat and strong, so can only jump, can not run. Tail is also very small, almost can not see. It stands like a man.

I remember one time I pulled a radish from the yard, it did not even jump with me in front of me, while I do not pay attention to the mud with the mud to Diao away. I always do not want to let it eat unclean things, this time and as usual, we have done a fierce "struggle", of course I will win, when I put the clean radish in front of it, it thought me Throw in the towel, they triumphantly eat radish.

My little rabbit is so cute!

The giraffe is the tallest moden land anmail.it can be over 5.5 metres tall.

Its neek alone may be 1.9 metres long. yet the giraffe has only seven bone in is neck than in a tall giraffe.

Each bone in a giraffe's neck is very long, wehille the bones in human neck are small. the makes the difference.

A female iraffe gives birth to one baby at a time.the baby, called a calf,is about 1.9 metres tall at birth by the age of eight it is full grown.

The giraffe eats mostly leaves.because is has a long neck, it can reach the leves high up on the trees.

Last year, my father bought a lovely pet for me. She has four white paws and a white and yellow tail. She has two small ears, two green eyes and eight whiskers on her face. Her name is Sally and she is one year old.

Do you know what it is? A cat? Yes, it is a cat. She has very short fur and she is quite small. She weighs about 2 kilograms. She is usually very friendly and quiet. We never frighten her or pull her tail or ears. She likes walking around me and playing with me.

If she is hungry, she will miaow. Usually, she eats food from a tin, but her favorite food is fish. She likes juice if it is not too cold. She likes to chase and catch mice and sometimes she plays with butterflies. Sally often plays with balls and pieces of string. She does not like dogs and she hates the rain. She likes sitting on the sofa and watching TV.

She sleeps anywhere! She sleeps on any table, on any chair, or in any basket. She sleeps on top of the piano, on top of the fridge or TV. She sleeps on the window ledge, in the open drawer, in the empty shoe, on the grass, between the flowers, under the tree, on anybody’s lap, in a cardboard box, in the cupboard, or on my dress. Sally doesn’t care! She sleeps anywhere. She likes sleeping on my lap best.

I feed Sally every day and give her clean water. Sometimes I brush her fur and she enjoys it very much.

Sally is a very good friend, but she is quite lazy! She never worries because we take good care of her. She is always a happy cat.

This is my favorite animal---Sally!

Dolphin is my favourite animal.

It is one of the most precious animals. Their bodies are very long, about one zhang(丈). Dolphins live in the sea. They live on fish, shrimps and so on.

Dolphins are very friendly and peaceful. They never attack people. Instead, they have saved many people in danger in the past years. How helpful the dolphins are!

Dolphins are very clever. People often train them so that they can give a dolphin show which brings people a lot of happiness and joy.

Unluckily, the number of dolphins is getting smaller and smaller. Because of water pollution, there is less and less space for dolphins. Many people make money by hunting dolphins. If we don't protect them, maybe we'll lose our good friends one day. As a student, I hope more and more people should take actions to protect dolphins.

My favourite animal is tortoise. Tortoise walk not fast. But I like the tortoise. Why? Because, tortoise is a cute animal. It have a short tail and a four short foot. It have a little head and a hard shell. They are forty-five little and cute tortoise in My home. They like to play in the water. When they afraid some thing. They wall run fast. They like to eat the fish. I often buy some small fish to them to eat. They can catch the fish fast. First, they fake(假) sleep. When the fish swim near they mouth. They catch the fish fast and bit the fish head. So, the fish die. They can eat the fish. In winter. They like to sleep in the sand. When they sleep, they don't eat any food.Because they wall hibernation. But, when they are thirsty. They come out of the sand. So, we must give water to them to drink.

I love the tortoise. I hate the eagle. Because, the eagle often eat the tortoise with it sharp mouth.My favourite animal is tortoise.

Everybody likes a small animal! Such as dogs, cats, turtles and so on. My home have a pet dog. He is a little yellow, his whole body is yellow. He has a pair of watery big eyes. Yellow is a little male dog. When he grow up, can help us tube of the house.

One day, the little yellow swept away.com by the bad guys to catch, I was so sad. I want to, I later can't play with you, a little yellow. A few days later, huang came back again, I don't mention how happy heart.

Huang, you are my good friend, bring me a lot of fun. I really like you.

I love many animals. I love dog, cat, hamster, pig and elephant.

My favorite animal is a little rabbit. It is my pet, its name is Lily. Lily has a pair of long ears, its body is white, and its eyes are red.

It likes to eat carrot. It is very lovely, I like to play with it.

Nowadays, many families have a dog or a cat as a pet. Some people think that pets are good and helpful companies. Some of them even go so far as saying that animals are as good as humans, and their rights should be respected .Senior citizens are especially fond of keeping pet because they are always feeling lonely at home and they see the cats or dogs as their partner.

But some other people do not like pets. They say that animals are noisy, dirty and dangerous. They think laws should be made to forbid people from keeping pets in cities and towns.

In my opinion, pets are loyal friends that will never betray us. Staying with pets, we shall enjoy happiness and feel relaxed. Most important of all, keeping pets helps people to reduce loneliness and forget their unpleasant things for the time being.

Zebras are members of the horse family.They are grass-eating animals in parts of Africa,most famous for their distinctive striped coats.They have muscular bodies ,immense speed and strength.They can use powerful jaws and heavy hooves to attack their enemies when threatened.They also have unusually large ears which give these animals a very good sense of hearing .

Ask me what is like small animals, that I will not hesitate to answer - my little black dog!

The little black dog temperament is very docile, very human nature.

I get along with it for a long time, in love, it seems very understand me. Whenever I am angry, it squatted beside me quietly motionless and seems to want to accompany me through the sad time. I am happy, it will run up to and around me, "an auf" cried, very agreeable.

The little black dog she is cute!

In black, shiny hairs, eyes with two white spots, like two white beads. On the head and on his thigh's hair is very long, like a horse head to the ground. Straight ear, as if time in listening to what passed around. Thick and long broom tail swing, from time to time as a cleaner for free! More funny is that it always speaks with a wet nose toward me, like a sick child, seems to be very poor, in fact, I know it really want to play with me. In the invitation to me!

The puppy experience dangerous also have several times.

Is the first time fell into the river, fortunately, was found to pull up, feed it to take medicine, good soon. And on several occasions by poison poison dog several times, but also by early treatment, will have to escape. From then on, it can sniff out those toxic food, what food non-toxic. Later, our dog never in poison. It very sharp!

The little black dog is my favorite animals, because it brings me a lot of laughter! Do you like my what?

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