发布时间：
晕，我正好写过一篇.....白送给你吧......不然根本找不到的。Contrastive Studies on English and Chinese Animal OnomatopoeiaAbstract: There are some similarities and differences between English and Chinese onomatopoeia. The former mainly includes rhetorical functions and characteristics of absolute structures, and the latter mainly includes syntactic functions, motivations and changes in usage. As for the animal onomatopoeia, the English animal onomatopoeia has substantial content and can be divided into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia. Different from the Chinese animal onomatopoeia which is rather simple and vague, the English version is more vivid and specific. Making comparative studies between the two will be of great significance to the accuracy of translation from one to the other.Key words: onomatopoeia, animals, similarities, differences Introduction: English and Chinese are of two different kinds of language systems, both of them include copious onomatopoeias, though. English and Chinese onomatopoeias are all of the same in the rhetorical function, they both come from the imitation of the sound given out from some object and movement, or at least has some connection with it. Various sorts of sounds from animals can be heard everywhere, animal onomatopoeias emerge as the times demand. Animal onomatopoeias play an important role in English onomatopoeias, they are much more abundant than Chinese onomatopoeias. In Chinese onomatopoeias, we always use ‘jiao’ to express the sounds given out by animals, while, in English, there are some special onomatopoeias used to express different sounds given out by animals. This is because of the different historical and cultural background, the different expressing habits and different aesthetic judgment of the two different languages, etc.The similarities of English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias The English writer Stephen Spond said: ‘Sometimes when I am writing, the music of the words I am trying to shape takes me far beyond the words.’[1](326) The music he mentioned here is the sound from some object, for example, animals, I think. That is, the words he mentioned are the animal onomatopoeias, probably. In English, animal onomatopoeias have two categories: primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.Primary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound.[2](313) Here the sound is truly an ‘echo to the sense’. For example, on hearing [mu:], we may think of the sounds ‘moumou’ of Chinese form from cows. In English, many words which express the sounds given out by animals fall into this category, in this aspect, English and Chinese onomatopoeias have much in common, especially in pronunciation. Taking the sound given out from cats for example, English onomatopoeia is ‘mew’, ‘miaow’, while in Chinese, ‘miao’ (喵) is used. As for the sounds of pigeons, ‘coo’is used in English while ‘gugu’ (咕咕) is used in Chinese. As for the sounds of the ducks, “quack” is used in English while ‘gugu’(呱呱) is used in Chinese. And as for the sounds given out from geese, ‘cackle’ is used in English while ‘gege’(咯咯) is used in Chinese. The animal onomatopoeias of this kind are only the imitation of sound by sound, just the same in both English and Chinese.Secondary onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.[3](67) In this form, the sounds evoke, not an acoustic experience, but a movement or some physical or moral quality, usually unfavorable. Example, the sounds [sn] may express three types of experiences: ‘breath-noise’ (sniff, snuff, snore, snort); ‘quick separation or movement’ (snip, snap, snatch), and ‘creeping’ (snake ,snail, sneak, snoop). The relationship between the sounds and the meanings happens in the Chinese onomatopoeias, too. For example, in Chinese, the sound of [s] reminds us of the sounds ‘sisi’ (嘶嘶) given out from snakes, and the shape of the letter ‘S’ can also remind us of snakes, too. In this aspect, Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias are invented for the same purpose.The differences of English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias Basically, English and Chinese are of two different kinds of language systems, as a result, but for the similarities, there are many differences in the animal onomatopoeias. As for the sound of the same kind of animals, it may cause two absolutely different feelings because of the different ways of imitation. Subsequently, I will discuss the differences in three aspects: Firstly, Chinese animal onomatopoeias are more lifelike than English onomatopoeias. Chinese animal onomatopoeias are closer to the imitation of the sounds given out by animals, the way of the expression is more direct and flexible, too. For example, in English, “hum” is used to express the sound of bees while ‘wengweng’(嗡嗡) is used in Chinese . It is obvious that ‘wengweng’ is just the echo to the dogs, it is more lifelike and lively. So it is the same with the “bark” and ‘wangwang’(汪汪) . From these, we can see, Chinese onomatopoeias are more meticulous and copious than English animal onomatopoeias. Secondly, Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias differ a lot in the pronunciation. First of all, different onomatopoeias of English and Chinese may express the same sound. For example, ‘cock-a-doodle-do’ and ‘wowowo’(喔喔喔) both represent the sound given by cocks. The next, the same onomatopoeias may represent different sounds. For example, ‘The girls clattered away at their luncheon.’ means ‘午餐时女孩们叽叽呱呱地谈个不停.’While in the sentence: ‘ The shutters clattered in the wind.’, ‘clatter’ means ‘劈劈啪啪’. Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias differ a lot in the structure of speech sounds，too. I want to take some examples to explain the difference. The first one is that, there are many mono-syllable words in English, however, not so many in Chinese. The second one is that, although the structure of AA and AB exist in both English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias, these words cover the most part in Chinese, while not many in English, and the structure of AA in English is only the simple repetition of ‘A’. Moreover, the structure of AB or AA is dependent and can not be separated. However, in English, the AA or AB structure animal onomatopoeias can be used dependently, etc. The last but not the least, the same animal onomatopoeias may have different usages. In English, animals’ different sounds have specially corresponding verbs and nouns to express. For example, ‘chirp’ is used for magpie, ‘crow’ for cock, ‘grunt’ for wild boar, ‘hiss’ for snake, etc. Also the same kind of animal can have several quite different kinds of expressing way. For example, all of the words like ‘bark，yap，yelp, bay, howl, growl, snarl, whine’ can be used to describe the sound of a dog’s barking, which actually has inevitable connection with notion’s culture.[4](256) Dog’s signified meanings in English and Chinese language do not have substantial difference. But they’re very different in the intensive meaning. In western countries, dogs are people’s pets, they take dogs as companion and friends, keeping dogs for happiness has already become a kind of social fashion; while in china, the treatment that dogs receive is quite different. They are usually kept for watching the house and they are human’s servants. From the idioms ‘gou ji tiao qiang’ (a cornered dog will do something desperate) and ‘gou zhang rellshi’ (1ike a dog threatening people on the strength of its master’s Dower— be a bully with the backing of a powerful person we can get a hint of it. So in Chinese we only have ‘wangwang’ for dogs’ barking. In addition, in English the same word for expressing animals’ sound can be used for different animals. For example, ‘howl’ can be used for lions, tigers,1eopards，jackals and wolves at the same time; while in Chinese animals’ sound is basically one for one. For example, gou fei, lang hao, he li, que zao, ma si, hu xiao, shj hou, niao zhuan, jiti. Certainly it does not mean that there is no situation of one for two, but very few. With the development and change of society, in modern Chinese especially in spoken language, the above specific words for expressing animals’ sound have been gradually discarded，and just taken place by simple words ‘叫’or ‘鸣’.Conclusion: Onomatopoeia is a kind of language phenomenon which is universal as well as very important. It can audio-visualize the objects which may just be understood superficially, at the same time, make them more figurative and more vivid through the power of the sounds. Therefore, by the comparison of Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias, we may have a better knowledge about the common character and the individuality of them. As a result, it will help us a lot on mastering and using the animal onomatopoeias correctly, in this way, we will make our writings more copious, lively and more persuadable. Hence, I want to contribute my small share to the research of animal onomatopoeias by this paper writing.Reference books:[1] 包惠南. 文化语境与语言翻译[M] .北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001.[2] 陆国强. 现代英语词汇学[M] .上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999.[3]李国南. Secondary Onomatopoeia 与摹绘[J]. 外语与翻译,1999(2) .[4] McLaren, Margaret C. Interpreting Cultural Differences. Norfolk: Pete Francis Publishers , 1998.[5]
Earth humans and many animals are sons and daughters of mother earth. The earth is like riding a spaceship into outer space, humans and many animals live together in the ecological environment. But we human beings Zhanzhao own tall, smart, any destruction of the living environment of animals, so they are unable to survive. " Cherish the earth, protect animals" became a hot topic.The protection of animals, is we all have to do, a lot of people free to hunt animals, although people are said to protect animals, but there are still many stubborn people listen to, continue to hunt animals, humans and animals to watch, soup, made with animal skins coats ... ... But have you ever thought of, if you are an animal, but was hunting, how would you like that, would you, would you like to be hunted? You are not willing to, some people said:" I'm not animal." But have you ever thought of going to think animals do? Now humans killing a large number of animals, the animals will be reconciled? Never, never, never. They don't want to die in the hands of man. They are willing to be your hunting? No, they are not willing to one thousand, ten thousand to one hundred million, do not want to ... ...地球上的人类和许多动物都是地球母亲的儿女。地球好似一驾遨游太空的宇宙飞船，人类与许多动物共处在这个生态环境中。可我们人类占着自己高大、聪明，任意破坏动物们的居住环境，让它们无从生存。于是“珍惜地球，爱护动物”一时成了最热门的话题。 保护动物，是我们人人都要做到的，许多人任意去猎杀动物，虽然现在的人都说要保护动物，但是还有很多顽固的人不听，继续猎杀动物，人类拿动物来观赏、卖钱，用兽皮做大衣……但你们有没有想过，如果你是一只动物，却遭到了人类的猎杀，你会怎么想，你愿意吗，你愿意被猎杀吗？你绝对不愿意，有些人说：“我又不是动物。”但你们有没有想过动物们会怎么想吗？现在人类大量捕杀动物，动物会甘心吗？不，不会，永远不会。它们不愿意死在人类手里。它们愿意被你们猎杀吗？不，它们有一千个不愿意，一万个不愿意，一亿个不愿意……
英语词汇学论文解决时间:2009-1-322:55我们学期末的论文,是有关词汇学的,就像什么近反义词区分啊,或者一个词在不同领域的不同应英语词汇学论文：
初中英语词汇教学存在的问题及对策论文
一、初中英语词汇教学存在的问题
1.教师没有意识到词汇教学的重要性
初中英语教学的主要目的是为了丰富学生的英语词汇量，但一部分英语教师并没有意识到英语词汇的重要性，以及其为学生今后学习所带来的深远影响，只知道一味地要求学生阅读理解英语短文，锻炼学生听、说、读、写的能力。这种不正确的教学方式，容易使学生失去英语学习的信心。其实，英语单词和应用语境不同于汉语，每一个单词均有不同的汉语意义。因此，在英语词汇教学中，教师应为学生详细地讲解单词的各种意义，并要求学生对单词进行延伸理解。对于意义较复杂的单词，教师应结合课本内容，进行等级划分，为不同层次的学生安排学习任务，减轻学生的学习负担。如“put”作动词时，有“放、表达、给予”的含义，延伸含义为“重视、信任”，教师可以讲解其基本含义和延伸含义，并引入“putforward”等相关词组，如“Someoneputitinabagandtookitaway.”的例句，从而拓展学生的知识面，加深学生对“put”一词的理解。
2.单一的教学方式
在刚学习英语词汇时，大多数初中生都缺乏学习兴趣，教师不但没有为学生创建相关的教学环境，反而枯燥地讲解课本上的单词，带领学生进行听力和阅读练习。这让学生很反感这种单一的教学方式，再加上陌生的英语词汇，学生难免会出现厌学情绪。因此，在讲解词汇时，教师应该为学生推荐单词速记法，或与学生分享记忆单词的妙招，对于长单词，可以为学生讲解单词的组成，方便学生记忆。如“pest”一词的基本译意是害虫，英语发音为[pest]，汉语发音可为“拍死他”，可意会为“人们面对有害的东西都想拍死他”。这样诙谐幽默的解释，有助于学生快速记住单词的意思和发音，值得教师学习。
二、初中英语词汇教学的对策
1.借助教学道具
初中生的好奇心强，教师可以利用教具，活跃课堂氛围，激发学生的学习兴趣。只要教师能掌握激发学生学习动力的方法，就能培养学生良好的学习态度，促使学生全身心地投入到英语学习中。
2.寻找相近单词
英语词汇成千上万，难免会有字母组合相似、发音相同的单词。教师可以充分利用学生对相似物的'兴趣，总结归纳英语单词，统一讲解有联系的单词，或者由单词组成的若干词组。如在教学“ally”时，教师可以延伸出更多形近的单词，如“ally、rally、allay、alley、alloy”等，供学生学习；在教学“some，one”这两个单词时，教师可以把它们组合起来，讲授“someone”的意义。
3.结合语境学习词汇
语境不仅指课本阅读文章的环境，更能反映当今社会发展的情况。词汇只有融入不同的语境，才能富有含义，所以教师应把语境理论与词汇学习结合起来，这有利于强化学生对词汇的记忆。此外，教师还要引导学生理解每个词汇蕴含的情感色彩，以便在不同场合灵活运用，使学生更好地掌握英语词汇，并培养学生的交际能力。如在教学“care”一词时，笔者延伸了单词的含义，并以与care有关的短语举例，让学生在不同的语境中理解care的用法。如“Youmusttakecareofyourselftheyneedasmuchcareasbabiesdo.”等句子。
三、结束语
英语词汇的重要性不容忽视，教师必须谨记自己的教学任务，充分利用专业知识，为学生展示更多的英语词句，创建恰当的教学情境，提高学生学习的动力。笔者相信，教师改变教学方法后，一定能提高初中英语词汇教学的质量，让更多学生爱上英语。
太多啦，最简单的就是英汉词汇对比啊，同一个词或同一类词在英语和汉语中的意思是有区别的，比如数词，颜色词，动物词，等等；也可以写词汇教学，比如中小学如何教授词汇的方法；比较难的是词汇构成，那个比较抽象。
英语词汇学毕业论文写一些创新的题目，我就写的网络词汇。当时也不懂，导师逼得紧，还是学姐介绍的莫文网，效率很高的说英语词汇教学中母语翻译的作用多模态理论在高中英语词汇教学中的应用初中英语词汇教学现状调查研究——以济南市三所初中为例小学英语词汇情境教学模式研究语块理论指导下的高中英语词汇教学实验研究我国英语词汇学的溯源辨流词块法在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究初中英语词汇教学中的文化迁移概念隐喻在高中英语词汇教学中的运用记忆技巧在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究——以郑州一中为例英语词汇教学的认知语境研究词块理论在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究直接拼读法在小学英语词汇教学中的应用研究基于图式理论的高中英语词汇教学的实证研究模因论在高中英语词汇教学中的应用概念隐喻理论与初中英语词汇教学研究——以漳州三中九年级英语词汇教学为例任务型教学模式视域下农村高中男生英语词汇量扩大研究初中英语词汇学习中的母语负迁移现象探究文学名著阅读在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究初中英语词汇概念加工的具身特征与教学启示多模态教学对英语词汇习得效果的实证研究英语词汇教学“石化”消解研究——基于兰盖克语法理论的分析认知语法理论指导下的高中英语词汇教学研究高中英语词汇教学中的问题及对策研究基于频率作用的大学英语词汇教学模式研究
可以吧，词汇学不是语言学的一个分支吗？
英语词汇学论文解决时间:2009-1-322:55我们学期末的论文,是有关词汇学的,就像什么近反义词区分啊,或者一个词在不同领域的不同应英语词汇学论文：
关于导致英语词义变化的因素的论文
摘要：所有的语言都不是静止的，是变化而且经常变化的，英语也不例外。本文仅从词的角度来谈英语词义的变化，并说明其变化的原因及其影响。词语的意义在一定时期内是相对稳定的。但历经千百年后，则会发生一定的甚至是重大的变化。详细分析词义演变的原因及类型，将有助于读者加深理解词语的本质。体会词义演变这一必然趋势。
关键词：英语词义改变原因
正如世间万物无时无刻不在变化之中一样，词义的变化是一种必然的历史发展趋势。在活的语言（alivinglanguage）中，词义的变化是十分常见而又非常必要的。人类社会发展到了一定阶段，就需要对新的概念、新的现象、表达新的事物、新的观点有一个不同于以往的表达形式，而词义变化正是满足人们这种需要的简便方式。因此，我们今天所使用的每一个词语的意义，与一个世纪以前相比，都略有不同，在更长时间以前，可能有一个更为不同的意义。一个词的旧有意义的改变或消失，以及新意义的产生是和人类社会、文化、科技、教育的发展和变化有密切关系的，这是词义变化的外因；与此同时，语言自身的变化，人们的心理活动对词义的变化也有一定的影响，所以探讨引起词义发生变化的因素具有重要意义。
一、研究现状
近期笔者在通过中文科技期刊数据（1987年至2009年）所查阅的相关论文中，抽选了10篇针对导致英语词义变化的因素进行了深入研究。其中，有4篇文章阐述了导致英语词义变化的因素。
词义的演变不是在封闭的状态下发生的，而是受社会、历史影响和制约。词义演变与社会发展、社会环境、社会阶级、民族情绪、种族情绪、性别差异、社会价值观等社会因素密切相关。任丽波，章东红（2008）对英语词义变化的诸多因素和成因做以下简要的探讨：
1、社会的发展是词义变化的历史因素。人类社会的不断发展，必然促进各个事物由简到繁，由初级到高级。伴随事务的发展，表示事物、现象、行为名词的词也必然有所变化，这就是词义变化的历史原因。
2、文明进步是词义变化的社会因素社会因素是指政治体制、阶级关系、文化、科学的那个诸方面的变革对词义的影响。
3、思维扩展是词义变化的内在因素。心理状态必然通过语言材料的运用表现出来，这是影响词语变化的心理原因。禁忌词，委婉语和夸张词语的存在和发展正是人们种种心理状态的语言产物。
4、文化发展是词义变化的直接因素。语言结构的变化不仅改变语言成分之间的关系，而且时常影响和促进词义的变化，属于语言内部原。
5、交流扩大是词义变化外来语因素。到2009年，付左羽认为词义的演变不仅有其社会、历史等原因，而且还跟语言本身的发展有关。语言间的借词现象、词语的简化以及语言中的类比现象也经常使词义发生演变。这些历史文化因素及语言本身的`原因是词义演变的外因，只能说明语言变化的必要性；其根本动因来源于认知主体认知思维的不断发展和变化。
认知主体的隐喻和转喻认知模式原型范畴理论和图形一背景理论揭示了词义演变的内在机制。王伟华（2010）从社会和语言方面研究，认为社会原因中，包括社会发展和词义变化，社会环境与词义变化，社会阶级与词义变化，民族种族情绪与词义变化，性别差异与词义变化。在语言方面，词义的变化跟语言本身的发展有关。词语的简化，也往往造成词义的演变，语言逐渐趋向简化是英语的一条发展规律。例如：English原义只是“英国的”，而“英语”原来是theEnglishlanguage，“英国人”原来是theEnglishpeople，渐渐都简化为English，于是English这个词的词义就扩大了。在这种情况下，往往还发生词性的变化，English这个词除可以用作形容词以外，还可以用作名词。
二、研究方向
近几年，人们逐渐发现引起词义发生变化的因素不仅仅是外因引起。付左羽（2009）词义演变之因固然可以从社会、历史、语言本身的因素进行解释，但这些只能说明变化的必要性，要揭示词义演变的内在机制和可能性，必须从人的认知的角度进行研究。隐喻与转喻认知模式、原型范畴理论和图形一背景理论是揭示词义演变动因的认知途径。王华伟（2010）在英语词汇长期发展过程中，词义演变可以从不同的方面来归类。每场战争都会出现一些风云人物，不少人会因为他们所扮演的不同角色进入词汇。词义的演变往往跟历史因素和社会发展有关。词义不仅在形成过程中与客观世界、社会实践有密切联系，而且与社会生活中的心理因素、价值观念、民族之间的感情都有关系。
综上所述，英语词义的变化是指词的基本形式不变，而引起词义发生了变化。引起词义变化的因素很复杂，难以一一列举，不过总的说来，现实和现象的变化、人们对现实和现象认识的发展、词义之间的相互影响都可以引起词义的发展变化。因为人类表达思想和交流思想的工具是在不断发展和变化的，在语言的诸多要素中，词汇中的词义变化最快、最显著，这不仅表现在新词的产生和原有词汇的消亡、借用外来词和原有词汇增添新义。就词义变化而言，在现代英语中，词义变化的根本原因是人类社会一直在不断发展变化，因而伴随着社会的进步，语言中的词义变化就顺其社会的变化而变化了，这是人类历史和人类文明发展的总趋势。
三、价值和意义
英语词义通常比较丰富，概念意义只是其中一种。很多人往往只重视词汇的概念意义，忽略其他含义。如果一个词只分配给它一个词义，而且这个词义需要涵盖在不同的上下文中的不同意思，那么，这个词所赋予的意义一定得是笼统和抽象的。这样，就会出现某单词的的某一个语境意义与概念意义相去甚远，甚至南辕北辙。比如“green”一词，本意为绿色的，但在短语“green power”（金钱的力量），其含义大不相同。因此，了解英语词义变化的因素，对我们探索生词的研究有深远的意义。并且，对词汇的掌握有所帮助。
当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
一。The Development of English Vocabulary There are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries. How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language. But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development. The history of English language is divided into three periods: 1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD ) 2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD ) 3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now ) As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it the pre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language. Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it is also been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin. Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases. Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin. Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc. Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary. Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out. Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process. Bibliography: 陆国强，published in 1999， Modern English Lexicology (new edition) Adams, Valerie, published in1982, An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation 戴炜栋，published in 2002， A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English 朱永涛，published in 1997， The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries 林承璋，published in 1987， An Introduction to English Lexicology也可以写广告中的词汇特点：The Lexical Features of Advertisement on NewspaperNewspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is fast.Adverments make an important part on English Newspaper.We live in a world of advertising.Advertising provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and institutions.Newspaper advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of resources.To some extent,the newspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language to express.Advertising language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own features.Naturally,advertisements in English have become an important means of communicating ideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its own.The present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.ⅠChoose the simple wordsAdvertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as possible.In advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of closeness.E.g.① Take time.Any time.Continuous using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.② Once tasted,always loved.The article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.③ My goodness!My Guinness!Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple VerbsSimple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising texts.Verbs are the most important part of language.It is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their goods.So in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling effects.Verbs can be used to “touch”the consumer's heart.In this way,they will have impules to buy the goods.E.g.① Drink Coca-Cola.② I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.③ For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus SLR.In the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive. ④ Get noticed. Get results.⑤ Feel the Hyatt Touch.⑥ Send today for your free sample, and try the new flavor.After reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord.Ⅲ. Adjectives⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify them.E.g.For people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm. The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attractive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product. ⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. E.g.① Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.② Discover the season’s newest splendor.The word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same category.Sometimes people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.Ⅳ.New Words Constantly AppearIn order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. E.g.① Surefit Shoe Ltd.“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.② Give a Timex to all, and to all a good time.The well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, which persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image. Ⅴ.PronousPronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended them.Sometimes,we use infinitive pronouns,such as all,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinary characteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of people.E.g.Our finest time.It is about a well-known red wine.A pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.Ⅵ.Compound wordsA compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in advertisements.E.g.Kodak Single-use-cameras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your camera.It used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and vividly.Now we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.
小学英语词汇教学法浅探【摘要】文章从现时教学中存在的问题出发，阐述了对小学英语词汇教学的探讨及其应采用的几种教学法，从而培养学生主动参与的意识，探究发现以及语言交际能力。【关键词】小学英语；英语单词；词汇教学法词汇是语音的基本建筑材料，英语词汇教学是英语课堂教学的重要一环。小学英语词汇教学虽不如会话教学那么重要，要求四会的单词非常少，但也是必须掌握的知识。而且词汇教学是比较乏味的。如何有效地教授小学英语词汇，继而激发和保持学生学习英语的兴趣，是每位英语教师必须研究的重要课题。随着时代的发展、教学的深入，词汇教学当然也要因地因时、因人而异，其教法需要不断地改进或发展。一、 小学英语词汇教学中的存在问题（一）教师孤立教词，讲得过多孤立地教词、孤立地讲解，是以往词汇教学中普遍存在的一大弊病。这种教法让教师的讲解占用了过多时间,使学生记忆一堆互不联系的词义和用法例句。而实际上词汇是有规律、成体系的词汇，一方面与语音、句型、课文结合，另一方面在听、说、读、写之中体现，因此在词汇教学中应充分运用整体教学法，大幅度减少教师讲知识的时间，把时间还给学生，让学生自己去观察、思考，依据词汇内部的形、音、义、构造、用法的纵横联系掌握词汇。（二）学生与词汇接触少、吸收少不少词在初学时虽被记住，但以后则被渐渐地忘却。由于有计划、有目的地结合词汇教学进行听、说、读、写不够，而导致词汇重复少、吸收少；反过来，词汇量小又导致听、说、读、写难以大量进行。这种恶性循环导致中学英语教学步履艰难，不少学生英语难过关。由于害怕记单词而讨厌学英语。（三）不同词汇的教学主次不分，平均用力，负担过重在实际中不少教师经常不分主次而一律要求学生将所有词汇的音、形、义、用法全掌握，听、说、读、写都会用。结果是该达到的要求没达到，教师和学生双方都未在词汇的教和学上抓住主要矛盾，因而效果不佳。由此可见，小学英语词汇教学并没有我们以往想象的那么简单，实际教学中的诸多困难和问题还有待解决。作为英语教师，应该认真地研究和学习科学的教学理论并结合实际去付诸实施，最大限度地提高教学效率。二、词汇教学内容（一）读音和拼写的教学词的读音和拼写形式是词的存在基础，是各个方面相互区别的第一要素。音和形的教学历来受到重视，无论中学英语教学采取何种方法和路子，对此都不能忽视。在词汇的音和形的教学中，要注意音和形的统一与结合，通过一定的教学方法，使学生既能见形而知音，又能因音而记形。（二）意义和用法的教学教单词除了读音和拼写之外，还要让学生掌握词的意义和用法。在一些意义具体的单词教学中，要尽量使学生主动、积极地把多方面的感知活动加入词汇学习之中去。对于词的用法教学，则要注意与句型、会话教学紧密结合，在句型中练习词的用法，并强化词与词之间的纵向（一词多用）和横向（一义多词）联系，使学生更准确更迅速地掌握词汇。三、小学英语词汇教学中常用的几种教学法《英语课程标准》所提倡的“任务型”的教学途径以学生兴趣为出发点，以交际为目的，以任务为基础，充分体现了学生的主体性和语言的交际本质，强化了语言交际运用的过程。以任务为中心的教学思路把培养学生主动参与的意识和探究发现以及语言交际能力作为一个重要目标。学生在教师设计的教学活动中，通过参与、体验、思考、讨论、交流合作等方式完成学习任务。因此，要提高教学效果，必须将科学理论与实际需要相结合。在词汇教学中，我们应该根据教材中词汇反映的不同内容，根据学生的年龄特点精心组织教学，使学生学得快、记得牢。在训练中做到词不离句、句不离义。一般而言，词汇教学可采用以下几种方式进行。（一） 直观教学法直观教学法主要是通过实物、图片、手势、动作、表情等使学生建立形象思维，可大大提高记忆效果，这也是最常用的一种教学手段。1. 利用实物进行教学。主要用于实物名称教学，如钟表、杯子、苹果、桔子等，这些都是日常生活中常见的东西，极容易准备且面积不大，便于携带。上课时，教师可一边呈现物品一边将单词读出、板书，将单词的音、形、义一次性完成，既生动又形象。接着按照词不离句、句不离文的方法套入一些句型“What's this? It's a/an …”或 “I like …very much”引导学生进行操练，强化学生对单词音、形、义的统一意识。2. 利用挂图、简笔画、课件等多媒体手段进行词汇教学。对于那些不便于通过实物来进行教学的词汇，如家庭成员、日期、天气、动物等，可利用挂图、简笔画或电教媒体，如何运用视学校实际条件而行。在条件较差的学校，可利用简笔画或挂图来进行；在条件较好的学校，则可运用多媒体。通过这些教具，教师能轻易地将词汇的意、形、义呈现给学生。3. 借助手势、动作或表情进行教学。英语中有许多动词，我们可通过手势、动作、表情，使学生易于领会。如：sing 、run、jump、swim等，教师可以边做动作边说出英语单词，也可以请一些英语较好、领悟能力较强的学生按教师所示做动作，教师可先叙述，接着要求学生跟着单词及句型：run-He is running;jump-He is jumping等等，教师并将动词及相关句型板书，带领学生操练熟悉词汇。（二）创造情景法教师教词汇应尽量避免单调地直接板书单词到黑板上教学生认读，要努力地创造情景，用创造情景法进行词汇教学，把学生置于情景中学习掌握单词。如教授地点名词（如：hospital、station、cinema）时，教师可预先把地点名次分别简单地画在卡片或纸上，同时写上单词，上课时特定几个学生上台拿着。教师说：I want to go to Beijing. Where must I go？等等，并引导学生说出生词station等，同时请拿着相应单词的画的学生向前跨步展现该词的词形、词义。或者是教师设计一个情景，把两组间的过道当作街道，那些拿着画的学生为车站、医院等地点，教师引导学生在这一特定情景里把单词套入特定的句型中反复联系，直至能灵活运用为止。（三）对比教学法词汇教学的对比教学法可分为三种：一种是近（同）义词对比，一种是反义（相对）词对比，还有同音（异形）词对比。同义词对比：英语中大量的词汇都有与其意义相同或相近的词。利用同（近）义词代换或对比的方法讲授词汇是教学中常用的一种方法，如：glad-happy; enjoy-like等等，可帮助学生“温故而知新”。反义（相对）词对比：对比反义词或相对词有助于学生在学习过程中有联系地记忆。如：Now the shop is open. It isn’t closed.或It is not very cold. It is warm.这样的对比不仅便于熟记，还能使单词在句中一目了然，帮助学生准确地运用。同音异形词对比：教师在教生词时，可让学生把以前学过的同音词板书出来。如：no-know，week-weak等等，区别这些词书写和意义上的不同，并分别用这些词造句，促使学生深刻记忆，牢固掌握生词的读音、词性、意义、拼写。（四）词汇组织法随着学生词汇量的增加，教师可根据单词按照一定的范畴进行组织、归类，帮助学生发现记忆规律,利用词汇组织法帮助学生记忆单词。归类组织法：即根据同类关系来将单词归类，教师先提出一个概括词，让学生将学过的属于这一类的词归集起来。如，fruit：apple、banana、pear etc。这样的归类使分散的单词集中起来，便于联想和回忆。接近组织法：即根据接近联想的原理，将两个以上在空间和时间上很接近的印象联系在一起，这样只要想出一个，便会联想和回忆出与之接近的一种印象来。如想到天体，就会想到star、sun、earth、moon，进而想到plane，spaceship，再联想到astronaut、airman等等。（五）英汉释义法这种方法包含英语释义和汉语解释。首先是用英语来解释词汇，锻炼学生用英语想英语的思维能力。如：bank-a place for keeping money等。其次是用汉语解释词义。英语教学中应尽量避免母语的使用。但遇到一些表示抽象概念的词汇时，如air、traffic等，用英语解释可能中学生较难接受，此时教师可以直接用汉语解释，这样不仅可以节省课堂时间，而且意思清晰明了。（六）游戏、竞赛法青少年活泼、好强、好表现，教师应充分利用学生这一特点，努力在英语课堂上为学生创造说和做的机会，使他们处于学习的主人地位。把竞争机制引入课堂，把游戏搬进课堂，不仅拉近了师生间的距离，而且能使学生整个身心处于积极主动的学习状态。词汇教学中常用的游戏方法有“找朋友”，“猜测游戏”、“单词接龙”等；竞赛的形式也有多种，如“看谁举例多”、“看谁最快完成”等等。游戏、竞赛可用于词汇教学的各个环节，前面所介绍的几种教法中也可将游戏或竞赛渗透其中，但教师要注意合理控制时间，且要避免只追求趣味而忽略效果。（七）单词拼读规则法这种方法要建立在良好的语音基础上。英语作为拼音文字，字母和读音之间有一定的规律可循，这就是我们常说的读音规则。教师在教学词汇中应让学生熟练掌握读音规则，并通过大量的例句进行更直观、形象的讲解。如a在开音节中读[ei]：name、cake、late等，引导学生利用读音规则发音和记忆单词。这种方法可以培养学生的自学单词的能力。（八）探索法直接出示单词教学生发音是大多数教师过去常用的方法，它只注重传授知识本身，也就是我们常说的“认读法”。在词汇教学中也可以将它变为“探索法”，让学生自己去发现知识的规律。下面是一个词汇“bread”的教学实例。T(teacher): Do you know how to read it in English? ( Showing a picture of bread.)S(students): No.T: Please find out the words (that we have learned) with “ea”.S: (All the students begin to think and find out the following words: tea, teacher, head, please, meat, …)T: Now please read them and tell me how to pronounce“ea” in each word.S: tea[ti:], please[pli:z], meat[mi:t],head[hed],…T: Oh, wonderful! Now, you know, sometimes we may pronounce “ea”[i:], but sometimes we may pronounce “ea”[e]. Here“ea” in bread should be pronounced [e], the same as “head”.S: Ok, we can read it (bread) [bred].采用“探索法”，可以充分发挥学生学习的自主性和创造性。学生在教师的指导下学会了该单词的读音，掌握了读音规则，还学会了思考以及寻求知识的方法。这种学习不是被动地接受知识，而是通过自主地参与获得探究能力。它是一种“探究式” 的学习：它既重视结果又强调知识获得的过程，既关注意义建构又注重应用。因此， 它特别有利于素质教育、创新教育的有效实施。四、展望英语词汇的教学方式方法多种多样，以上所述只是最常用和常见的几种。常言道：教学有法，教无定法。英语词汇教学必须立足于时代和科学的发展，以一定的科学教学理论为依据，在实际中结合教学对象和教材的特点，设计出符合学生心理特点、遵循语言学习规律的教学方法，满足时代发展及学生的学习需要。从而激发学生学习的兴趣，提高教学效率，并不断关注和学习新的教育动态，收集和吸取成功的范例，结合实际，创造出新颖实用的教学方法。【参考文献】[1]张莺，付丽萍.小学英语教学法[M].长春：东北师范大学出版社，2000.[2]王笃勤.小学英语教学法——导学[M].北京：中央广播电视大学出版社，2003．[3]王电建，赖红玲.小学英语教学法[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2002．[4]车建琴.“直接拼读法”在上海浦东新区小学低年级的实践与研究[J].中小学英语教学与研究，2006．仅供参考，请自借鉴希望对您有帮助
迅雷搜索下载啊！然后整理一下不就得了，不就400字么
sample 1: 题目: English Vocabulary Learning Strategies (英语词汇学习策略) The mathematicians that study language and have lots of computing power are forming English language databases. These databases can be used for machine language translation, formulas to rank collocation, most used priority word lists, word grouping tendencies and other linguistics research. These frequency-based wordlists contain the words that are most used in English. Frequency-based wordlists can help you target specific English vocabulary by indicating which words you should try to learn first. Vocabulary analysis and summaries from the "Brown Corpus 1990". Table 1 Words - Percent of words in average text 86,741 - 99.99% 43,831 - 99.0% 15,851 - 97.8% 6,000 - 89.9% 5,000 - 88.6% 4,000 - 86.7% 3,000 - 84.0% 2,000 - 79.7% 1,000 - 72.0% 10 - 23.7% Table 1 shows us that in most written English just a few word types account for most of the English words in any text. Ten words account for 23.7 % of the words on any page and just 1000 word families account for more than 70% of the words used. The ESL in Canada English Immersion camps experimented with the 1000 word lists and used them for the core vocabulary for spelling, poetry writing and public speaking contests. The constant reinforcement and repetition with variable context was quickly absorbed by the beginner students and greatly increased their confidence when speaking or writing. Altavista's Babelfish or Google by Systran machine translation performs with an error rate of 20 to 30 percent. The large error rate is due to how a word's meaning varies with context. One example: "The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak" translated from English to Russian and back again only to yield "The vodka is good but the meat is rotten." So far Babelfish has 19 language pairs available and it has taken decades to develop language-pair rules for each of the 9,900 language word pairs. Some observations for language students and language teachers is the translation pool for just average translations is 9900 words. The big variable is context, which means that a word can be used in various formats: "formal, industry specific jargon, slang, idioms, act a different part of speech performing a different function within that particular meaning. If every word has an average of five context variables then the student really has to learn 50,000 items. As final conclusions: second language learning takes time and effort and there should be plenty of translation jobs for the next 20 years if you are willing to invest the seven to nine years to be proficient. In the following example the word "weather" can be used in about eight different contexts and be used to mean, define or explain about thirty different situations or conditions. To properly study vocabulary students require background information and context. "Weather" As a Noun Definition 1. the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as characterized by sunshine, moisture, temperature, precipitation, and other variables. Similar Words: elements, climate Definition 2. unpleasant, turbulent, or violent atmospheric conditions. Example: We needed shelter from the weather. Similar Words: gale, elements, blow, windstorm , storm As a Transitive Verb Inflected Forms: weathered, weathering, weathers Definition 1. to dry, season, or modify by exposing to weather. Similar Words: season , dry Definition 2. to discolor, deteriorate, or harm by exposing to weather. Similar Words wash , rot , erode, deteriorate Definition 3. to endure past the end of; survive. Example Their marriage weathered the hard times. Synonyms: withstand , survive, stand, outlast , endure , ride out Similar Words: overcome, surmount, outlive, sustain, brave As an Intransitive Verb Definition 1. to resist deterioration when exposed to weather. Example: The colour has been able to weather the intense sun shine. Definition 2. to display the effects of exposure (deterioration or change in color) Similar Words: rot, corrode, fade, deteriorate As part of Idiomatic Expressions Phrase used as an idiom: "under the weather" = sick or not well sample 2: 题目: Using the keyword method to learn vocabulary(重点记忆学习法) The keyword mnemonic is undoubtedly an effective means of learning the words of a foreign language How well you remember depends on how well you learned them, not on whether you have learned the words using a keyword mnemonic or rote repetition or some other method Even using a keyword mnemonic, you still need to rehearse the information to be learned The keyword mnemonic is not always the best method of learning particular words Skilled learners may be best to use the keyword mnemonic selectively, for particularly difficult words The keyword mnemonic requires individual instruction and practice, to use effectively Using a verbal (sentence) link is at least as effective as an image, and is easier for many people Whether using a sentence or an image, the critical factor is that the keyword interact with the definition or own-language word. sample 3: 题目: experience of learning vocabulary and grammar (英语词汇及语法的学习经验) I could say what I’ve been instructed is a focus on deductive ways. In junior high school, my teacher listed out the key rules of each lesson and would did the fill-in the blank exercise in the class. Since I was not a quick thinker, what I could do was merely imitate the examples given by the teacher. This meant that I didn’t know “why” I was supposed to make a sentence in this way. When days went to high school, the mode of instruction didn’t change much. The teacher would point out the crucial rules as well, but he didn’t do much practice in class. In the scope of vocabulary teaching, he just read through the words and sample sentences. You must be curious about how I could last my interest in learning English under this way of instruction? I think what prompt me to keep on learning is owing to my highly motivated attitude. Because I like the language and its culture, I’ll do my best to learn it well through self-study. Though the inspiration from teachers is essential in some ways, the attitude of learners will be the momentum to maintain a lifelong learning. I don’t like the ways I’ve been taught because I learn the rules by rote-learning. Actually, I didn’t object the use of rote-learning. But, it should be under the condition of meaningful practice so that I know “why” the rules are supposed to be used in this way. As for the ways how I will teach in the future, I’m still struggling to explore my answers. No matter what, I will put much emphasis on learner-centered aspects and inductive teaching.