发布时间：
这部小说[2]以家庭生活为描写对象，以家庭成员的感情纠葛为线索，描写了马奇一家的天伦之爱。马奇家的四姐妹中，无论是为了爱情甘于贫困的梅格，还是通过自己奋斗成为作家的乔，以及坦然面对死亡的贝思和以扶弱为己任的艾美，虽然她们的理想和命运都不尽相同，但是她们都具有自强自立的共同特点。描写了她们对家庭的眷恋；对爱的忠诚以及对亲情的渴望。 小妇人所有时代的少女成长过程中所要面对与经历的，都可以在这本书中找到：初恋的甜蜜和烦恼，感情与理智的差异，理想和现实的距离，贫穷与富有的矛盾。《小妇人》故事情节简单真实，却感人至深，问世一百多年以来，多次被搬上银幕，并被译成各种文字，成为世界文学宝库中的经典名作。书中描写的种种情感体验和生活经历，都曾经、正在并将要发生在每一个少女走向成熟的过程之中；书中提倡善良、忠诚、无私、慷慨、尊严、宽容、坚韧、勇敢、亦是人类永远尊崇和追求的美德和信仰。所有这些，赋予这本书超越时代和国度的生命力，这也正是她成为不朽的经典的魅力和原因所在。
文学太宽泛了，你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小，不然你写什么都不知道。1. 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料，甚至是原文读本序言之类，也有你可以借鉴的句子。2. 去电子阅览室，搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论，找到你觉得有用的拷下来。3. 到网上搜索下相关词条，如wiki百科的英文相关词条4. 最好浏览一遍原文，看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例，首先是开头，小说介绍性文字：Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). （可以写个一两段）然后，就你找到的文献，归类一下，分别说说他们讲了什么论点（顺便记下人名，书名，年份，页数）最后，说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点，The paper will mainly focus on 。。。
换书的话，不是会比较来不及吗？倒不如想一些比较独特的个人观点，另辟蹊径
细细品味一本名著后，你有什么体会呢？不妨坐下来好好写写读后感吧。那么如何写读后感才能更有感染力呢？以下是我整理的小妇人的英语读后感，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Little woman is an autobiography novel properties with the family, the author is American Alcott.This book was written in four different character marches through their own kind of girl, hardworking and found myself happy story.
Novels have dropped the ups and downs of the rock, no fascinating plot of suspense, but the author use simple language describes marge"s family love. Their kindness, love and affection loyalty to deeply touched me. The author describes the details of life is very ordinary, but everywhere to love, reveal the longing for a better life.Marge"s girl although home, but they are poor in anything positive and optimistic attitude. They stressed the novel character and dignity, also show their self constraint, and become more independent of the four girls are common characteristics. They are constantly to find their own shortcomings and to correct.
It is also worth everybody study.I liked Meg, like her willingness to love, not for money poverty seduced by the character, like her fair maiden wind. I like Joe, like her, like her dream to strive for the firm determination.
I like beth, like her quiet, do anything without complaining, like she always for others good moral character. I also like Amy, like her b, the poor as Keats responsibility of poverty. They are not the same fate with the ideal, but they found a better ending.In their opinion, home is their land and sacred shelter. They will listen carefully to the mother"s teachings, will use his hands, intelligent nimble invented the brain to another creative mind and beautification of the game. Four sisters growth course is a rich taste of education. The author used neither luxuriant also not boring language shows us a great affection, human friendship and love.
In my opinion, it seems that the four sisters, forever and their love and love their lives together is the happiest thing.From them, I learned to b, learn to understand content but cannot satisfy, I learned to hope for the future, and never to chasing the dream of optimism, I also learned mustdouble treasures have died, don"t wait until they know lost.
We should be careful that everyone has the advantages of not wear blinders only see the faults of others.Meg, Joe, beth, Amy, they four b, optimistic spirit will be stored in my heart. They smile will remain in my mind, reminding me: be b, have a pure heart.
During the American Civil War, Mr. Madge went to the battlefield as chaplain, four daughters and her mother at home and lived a poor but strong and optimistic life. Although they were poor, they were willing to help Hummel, a neighbor who was more in need of help. Women have vanity, they want to get beautiful clothes, eat delicious food, live like a princess. Although full of fantasy, but in real life, they have been relying on their own efforts to solve all kinds of hardships in life. Meg was the eldest daughter of beauty, full of longing for love; the two daughter of Joe independent, determined to become a writer; three daughter Bess is a traditional girl, gentle and lovely little daughter Amy loves painting. The story follows the years when the four women grew up as young women, describing their uninhibited love experiences and their respective pursuit of different ideals and destination.
This is a book that looks very prosaic at the first glance. But when you go deep into it, you will be surprised to find that this book seems to be full of the shadow of yourself or some familiar people. To face and experience all the girls growing up in the age of the girl, can be found in this book: the first love and worry, differences between emotion and reason, the ideal and the reality, the contradiction between the rich and poor. The little woman has no plot of falling rocks and no suspense, but the author tells the familys love by simple words. Watching and watching, I can not help but cry for them, inspired by their experience, and even pray for their misfortune. Of course I was their humor laugh, they admire the courage to face difficulties...... Unconsciously, I felt like I was one of them, watching and thinking about the plot of my mind.
I like Meg, I like her love for poverty, not for money temptation character, like her lady style. I like Joe, I like her freedom, I love her unswerving determination to dream. I love Beth, love her quiet, do anything without complaining, she always love for others good character. I also like Amys belief that she is strong and regards poverty alleviation as the responsibility of poverty. Their ideals and fates are different, but they all find their best home.
In their view, the home is their growing place, but also a sacred refuge. They listened carefully to their mothers teachings, and used their smart hands and brains to invent another creative and beautiful mind game. The growth process of the four sisters seems to be an interesting educational poem. The author uses neither gorgeous nor boring language to show us the great family, friendship and love of human beings. It seems to me that in the eyes of the four sisters, it is the happiest thing in the world to live forever with the people they love and those who love them.
From them, I learned to be strong, learned to know contentment, but can not meet, I learned to be full of hope for the future, and strive to pursue the dream of optimism. I also learned to double treasure what I have, dont wait for death to lose, only to know their commendable. We should find out the advantages of everyone, not with colored eyes, but see the shortcomings of others.
Before I read this book, I had watched a cartoon movie made by Japan. So I have a strong interest on it. It all begins in the dead of winter; The Christmas Season. The coldest one of all, were the war has made fuel for heating very scarce. While her husband is off at war, Marmee is left alone to raise their four daughters: Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy. On Christmas Eve, Marmee has just arrived home from passing out food to the less fortunate with a letter from her husband, the girls father.
The all gather together around the fire to read the letter. Afterwards, the girls are teary eyed. Marmee kisses them and they are off to bed. Jo is longing to become a writer. So, every night she stays up late writing the script for soap operas. As morning comes she is the last one awake.
The table is set, and food prepared for their Christmas feast. As dusk falls, the girls are all up in the attic acting out Jos play, which she reads from the local (fake) newspaper. As they are performing, their rich, next-door neighbors grandson watches from the window. The 2 oldest girls: Jo and Meg, get ready to attend the Christmas Ball. While Jo is curling Megs hair, there is a strange smell to the air.
Amy screams, Megs hair is being singed. They continue digging through the old clothes bin for a pair of white gloves. One of the prominent themes in Little Women is the coming of age or maturation of the girls. During the course of the novel we see them grow in many ways -- physically, intellectually, and especially emotionally.
One question which readers must ask themselves is whether the views the characters have on the coming of age process are shared by Alcott. If they arent, what are Alcotts views and how do they differ from those of the women in her story?
It is interesting to examine the last half of Chapter 20, "Confidential." Jo addresses the maturation issue as she speaks with Marmee of the situation between Meg and Mr. Brooke.
The possible love between these two represents one of the very important aspects in coming of age for a teenage girl. Jo treats this natural process as if it were some sort of disease, however. Jo cannot understand why Meg would want to stop behaving "like a sensible creature" (p.202), and refers to love as "such nonsense." This book tell me how to deal with the family affairs. We should know the love between the members.
Little woman" is an autobiography novel properties with the family, the author is American Alcott.
This book was written in four different character marches through their own kind of girl, hardworking and found myself happy story. Novels have dropped the ups and downs of the rock, no fascinating plot of suspense, but the author use si-mp-le language describes marges family love. Their kindness, love and affection loyalty to deeply touched me. The author describes the details of life is very ordinary, but everywhere to love, reveal the longing for a better life.
Marges girl although home, but they are poor in anything positive and optimistic attitude. They stressed the novel character and dignity, also show their self constraint, and become more independent of the four girls are common characteristics. They are constantly to find their own shortcomings and to correct. It is also worth everybody study.
I liked Meg, like her willingneto love, not for money poverty seduced by the character, like her fair maiden wind. I like Joe, like her, like her dream to strive for the firm determination. I like beth, like her quiet, do anything without complaining, like she always for others good moral character. I also like Amy, like her strong, the poor as Keats responsibility of poverty. They are not the same fate with the ideal, but they found a better ending.
In their opinion, home is their land and sacred shelter. They will listen carefully to the mothers teachings, will use his hands, intelligent nimble invented the brain to another creative mind and beautification of the game. Four sisters growth course is a rich taste of education. The author used neither luxuriant also not boring language shows us a great affection, human friendship and love. In my opinion, it seems that the four sisters, forever and their love and love their lives together is the happiest thing.
From them, I learned to strong, learn to understand content but cannot satisfy, I learned to hope for the future, and never to chasing the dream of optimism, I also learned mustdouble treasures have died, dont wait until they know lost. We should be careful that everyone has the advantages of not wear blinders only see the faults of others.
Meg, Joe, beth, Amy, they four strong, optimistic spirit will be stored in my heart. They smile will remain in my mind, reminding me: be strong, have a pure heart.
Little Women is a novel published in 1868 and written by American author Louisa May Alcott. The story concerns the lives and loves of four sisters growing up during the American Civil War. It was based on Alcotts own experiences as a child in Concord, Massachusetts with her three sisters, Anna, May, and Elizabeth. Little Women is the story of The Marches, a family used to hard toil and suffering. Although Father March is away with the union armies, the sisters Meg, Jo, Amy and Beth keep in high spirits with their mother, affectionately named Marmee. Their friendly gift of a Christmas holiday breakfast to a neighbouring family is an act of generosity rewarded with wealthy Mr. Laurences gift of a surprise Christmas feast. However, despite their efforts to be good, the girls show faults: the pretty Meg becomes discontented with the children she teaches; boyish Jo loses her temper regularly; while the golden-haired schoolgirl Amy is inclined towards affectation. However, Beth, who keeps the house is always kind and gentle.
After certain happy times winning over the Laurences, dark times arrive as Marmee finds out about her husbands illness. Worse is to come as Beth contracts scarlet fever in her Samaritan efforts for a sick neighbour and becomes more or lean invalid. The novel tells of their progreinto young womanhood with the additional strains of romance, Beths terminal illness, the pressures of marriage and the outside world. This is the story of their growing maturity and wisdom and the search for the contentedneof family life. It was written in 1867 and is a fictionalised biography of Alcott and her sisters. It has become a much loved classic tale and, while some of its issues seem outdated, many of the trials of the sisters are all too relevant today as evidenced by its continued following.
Before I read this book, I had watched a cartoon movie made by Japan. So I have a strong interest on it.
It all begins in the dead of winter; The Christmas Season. The coldest one of all, were the war has made fuel for heating very scarce. While her husband is off at war, Marmee is left alone to raise their four daughters: Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy.
On Christmas Eve, Marmee has just arrived home from passing out food to the less fortunate with a letter from her husband, the girls father. The all gather together around the fire to read the letter. Afterwards, the girls are teary eyed. Marmee kisses them and they are off to bed.
Jo is longing to become a writer. So, every night she stays up late writing the script for soap operas. As morning comes she is the last one awake. The table is set, and food prepared for their Christmas feast.
As dusk falls, the girls are all up in the attic acting out Jos play, which she reads from the local (fake) newspaper. As they are performing, their rich, next-door neighbors grandson watches from the window.
The 2 oldest girls: Jo and Meg, get ready to attend the Christmas Ball. While Jo is curling Megs hair, there is a strange smell to the air. Amy screams, Megs hair is being singed. They continue digging through the old clothes bin for a pair of white gloves.
One of the prominent themes in Little Women is the coming of age or maturation of the girls. During the course of the novel we see them grow in many ways -- physically, intellectually, and especially emotionally. One question which readers must ask themselves is whether the views the characters have on the coming of age process are shared by Alcott. If they arent, what are Alcotts views and how do they differ from those of the women in her story?
It is interesting to examine the last half of Chapter 20, "Confidential." Jo addresses the maturation issue as she speaks with Marmee of the situation between Meg and Mr. Brooke. The possible love between these two represents one of the very important aspects in coming of age for a teenage girl. Jo treats this natural process as if it were some sort of disease, however. Jo cannot understand why Meg would want to stop behaving "like a sensible creature" (p.202), and refers to love as "such nonsense."
《Little Women》tells the story of a march. Four sisters at home: the pursuit of noble, but who will take care of the eldest sister Meg,full of restlessness is concerned about the families of Joe Erjie, elegant but selfish Pode Amys selfless spirit and the need to have Beths family. Their mother, Marge is the kind of wife, father, Mr. Ma Qi army soldiers. Such a boy and their neighbor Laurie, Laurie,MrLawrences grandfather, aunt Marchi, as well as friends that have occurred around the home such as the diary as a simple story, but a thought-provoking show of affection, friendship, love. The book is a display of pieces of warm sweet picture of family life, sing the praises of eternal love, touched the hearts of countless readers.Ups and downs, warm and sweet life and destiny, pure emotion, deeply attracted me. A strong, content, full of hope for the future of my four from the heroines learned. The United States and Georgia, Joe, Beth, Amy them a strong, optimistic spirit of storage I heart.
From their body, I learned how strong and learned how to be contented, but I can not satisfy the need to learn to always be full of hope for the future and try to chase the dream of optimism. I also learned to cherish the double-owned, and so on do not know who died lost their commendable. We found that everyone should be careful not to bring the advantages of the colored eye can only see other peoples shortcomings .
Keep in mind that happiness is fundamental, has to be happy, even if the life of the poor than the rich do not happy the stronger and more! Very often, when we have been dreaming of the things themselves, often forget their own original work and the pay is the most valuable and most admired. If we have forgotten, it will often lose themselves and choose to corrupt, if we are able to firmly keep in mind, we will be able to keep their own efforts to show that the rich and well-being. This is a life of wealth, career, emotional, such as the pursuit of truth, and not just in terms of a family. We would like to be able to bear this in mind, a rich and well-being.
《 Little Women 》is full of humanity the United States,, everyone is to the depths of the soul. The book looked at the growth of people, we can try to deal with the right side of the family, friendship, love, feel the emotions of people of the same age, feel the United States and human nature, the book is also the matter have taken place around us. On, in fact, very complicated, friendship, family, the respect of young and old. This book will tell us how the heart with a harvest of experience, feelings and deal with them and tried to march as one, for these, more an independent firm. Life on the road is bumpy, but as long as we have a firm belief that continued efforts will surely be a success!
Family Love Family love --Book review:“Little Women” Would you feel disappointed if you were in a poor family?Would you just complain that what you had was much less than others?Or would you cry over your shabby house? Maybe your answer is yes.But the Marches,the characters in Little Women by American writer Louisa M.Alcott,tell me more and show me the great love of their family. There is no doubt that the Marches are poor.The daughters can’t afford fashionable clothes as the richer girls and they can’t even have a big meal on Christmas.However,on hearing that a woman with her family is in greater poverty,they offer their food without any hesitation.I think it’s because they are always grateful for what they have that they are always willing to give rather than to receive.So selfless and warm-hearted are they that they have von people’s respect and can stay happy in spite of poverty. I am quite concerned when reading the part that Jo and Amy have words with each other.To make matters worse,the quarrel caused an accident in which Amy nearly loses her life.Will they keep enraged for a long time?To my surprise,Jo,who is always proud soon confesses her fault and apologizes to Amy.The sisters kiss and make up happily.I am deeply touched and their movements teach me how important forgiveness is.I am sure never would the family members hurt one another.They are just like birds and devote all their love to warm their common nest. I am impressed how strong the family are when they hear the news that Father is seriously ill in the front.Mrs March calms down and hurries to the hospital at once although her face is as pale as a sheet, and the girls carry their burdens well after Mother leaves although they are just in their teens.The whole family’s courage has entirely inspired me.One thing’s for sure:they will support the home persistently no matter what difficulties they face. When it comes to Beth’s death,I am as good as crying in tears.It comes as a surprise to me that the family make their peace with that.They neither moan nor cry in despair although they actually suffer great sorrow.I know though little Beth passes away in Marmee’s arms,the lovely girl will live in the family’s hearts forever.Only with deep love for Beth can the family bear her death so calmly.I am convinced that their love has surpassed death and will go well throughout eternity. I am lost in thoughts after finishing reading the book.The Marches are enviable.They are lacking in necessities of life but rich in spirit.Besides,they make me realize the saying “East or west,home is best”.There is always a strong sense of home and peace filling their cozy room.Whatever hard things they meet,they will keep a positive outlook and finally overcome them.They have successfully defeated poverty,illnesses and so on with loving hearts.Probably that’s why the book Little Women has moved a number of readers and has become one of the greatest works of American literature. I have learned much from the book.It tells me how to get on well with my family.Similar to the Marches,there are three girls and loving parents in my family.It’s true that none of us is perfect.Sometimes I get angry with my sisters or parents over a little thing,and sometimes Mum and Dad criticize us for doing something terrible.However,I find it so easy to live a happy life with them as long as I learn to be selfless,tolerant and optimistic as the Marches are.Surely I with my family will fight against many difficulties in life.Anyway,we strongly hold the belief that with love,we will never give up hope.Even if we lose everything,we know we still have one another and then we are able to go through life bravely. Cold or hot,dusk or dawn,the most important place at the bottom of our hearts is our family.As the book says,nothing in the world is cozier than sitting by the flickering lights of the fireplace in our home. 家庭的爱 书评：——“小妇人” 你觉得如果你是在disappointed可怜的家庭吗?你只是说你有多complain是小于其他人吗?你或你哭过的破旧的房子吗? 也许你的答案是是的.但市场的特点,在由美国《小妇人作者奥尔科特路易莎·告诉我,告诉我更多和他们的家庭的伟大的爱. 毫无疑问,市场有一个女儿是可怜的.能不能负担得起一个时装的女孩和他们的富裕,甚至有一个大的CAN’T在线圣诞餐,但是在线听力与她的家庭的女人,一个是在更大的贫困,他们没有提供任何食品hesitation他们.我认为这是因为他们永远感激他们,他们所拥有的,而不是总是愿意给接收系统和热心肠的í.他们是,他们有一个CAN（People’s尊重和快乐尽管在贫困中. 我很关心的是当阅读的部分的话,乔和艾米有一个彼此,让问题更糟,在这一事故引起的争吵,她几乎失去了艾米将继续他们的生活.enraged是长时间?我惊喜,乔,谁是她总是很骄傲的忏悔和对故障的apologizes艾米姐妹亲吻和化妆.我是幸福的.在我接触过的知识和他们的运动是一个重要的forgiveness教.我相信不会伤害另一个家庭的成员.他们就像鸟和投入他们的所有的爱他们共暖巢. 我的家庭是如何强impressed当他们听到这一新闻：父亲马奇太太不在前线.hurries calms下来到医院一次,虽然她的脸是苍白的女孩的板,和他们的母亲进行事件的处理叶片后,虽然他们是好的只是在他们的整个家庭的青少年.蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）的启发,我完全的勇气.一件事是确定的：他们将在家persistently支持他们所面对的困难问题. 当它来贝丝的死亡,我哭泣的泪水中好令人惊讶的.它给我吃的,让他们的家庭和他们不这样的.虽然他们的绝望呻吟哭泣,其实也在遭受大的悲伤.我知道,妈妈,但贝丝的传球在小武器的,可爱的女孩Will Live in the Family’s与深爱的心永远是什么.只有她的死亡是可以calmly熊家族乐队.我是说他们的爱情有convinced surpassed死亡与永恒,在永恒之井. 我是迷失在思想的图书阅读后完成.这是enviable游行.他们缺乏生活日用品中最丰富的精神.此外,他们会说“我在东或西,家庭是最好的永远是“有意识的.there和平舒适的家庭和他们的任何硬填充他们的房间.会上,他们将继续他们的前景正和最后胜利,他们已经成功地战败的贫困,疾病和可能与操作系统在线爱的心.这就是为什么《小妇人》有一些移动阅读器和一个最伟大的作品已经成为美国文学. 我有一个从书中得到的多.它告诉我如何上好与我的家族.类似的游行,有三个女孩和父母的爱在我的family.it’s true,我们不是完美的.有时我得到了我的姐妹或者父母的愤怒上的小东西,有时妈妈和爸爸批评美国在做 可怕的东西.然而,我发现它是很容易的生活快乐的生活与他们的学习是龙一的胸怀和乐观í,游行是我和我的家族,一定会打击很多生活中的困难.无论如何,我们的信念,保持强烈的爱,我们永远不会放弃希望即使我们失去一切,我们知道,我们仍然有另一个,然后我们能够bravely去通过生活.冷或热,黄昏或黎明的地方,最重要的是在我们的心上,我们的家族.《书说,没有什么比坐在舒适的世界是由flickering fireplace灯在我们的家庭. 双语对照
Family Love Family love --Book review:“Little Women” Would you feel disappointed if you were in a poor family?Would you just complain that what you had was much less than others?Or would you cry over your shabby house? Maybe your answer is yes.But the Marches,the characters in Little Women by American writer Louisa M.Alcott,tell me more and show me the great love of their family. There is no doubt that the Marches are poor.The daughters can’t afford fashionable clothes as the richer girls and they can’t even have a big meal on Christmas.However,on hearing that a woman with her family is in greater poverty,they offer their food without any hesitation.I think it’s because they are always grateful for what they have that they are always willing to give rather than to receive.So selfless and warm-hearted are they that they have von people’s respect and can stay happy in spite of poverty. I am quite concerned when reading the part that Jo and Amy have words with each other.To make matters worse,the quarrel caused an accident in which Amy nearly loses her life.Will they keep enraged for a long time?To my surprise,Jo,who is always proud soon confesses her fault and apologizes to Amy.The sisters kiss and make up happily.I am deeply touched and their movements teach me how important forgiveness is.I am sure never would the family members hurt one another.They are just like birds and devote all their love to warm their common nest. I am impressed how strong the family are when they hear the news that Father is seriously ill in the front.Mrs March calms down and hurries to the hospital at once although her face is as pale as a sheet, and the girls carry their burdens well after Mother leaves although they are just in their teens.The whole family’s courage has entirely inspired me.One thing’s for sure:they will support the home persistently no matter what difficulties they face. When it comes to Beth’s death,I am as good as crying in tears.It comes as a surprise to me that the family make their peace with that.They neither moan nor cry in despair although they actually suffer great sorrow.I know though little Beth passes away in Marmee’s arms,the lovely girl will live in the family’s hearts forever.Only with deep love for Beth can the family bear her death so calmly.I am convinced that their love has surpassed death and will go well throughout eternity. I am lost in thoughts after finishing reading the book.The Marches are enviable.They are lacking in necessities of life but rich in spirit.Besides,they make me realize the saying “East or west,home is best”.There is always a strong sense of home and peace filling their cozy room.Whatever hard things they meet,they will keep a positive outlook and finally overcome them.They have successfully defeated poverty,illnesses and so on with loving hearts.Probably that’s why the book Little Women has moved a number of readers and has become one of the greatest works of American literature. I have learned much from the book.It tells me how to get on well with my family.Similar to the Marches,there are three girls and loving parents in my family.It’s true that none of us is perfect.Sometimes I get angry with my sisters or parents over a little thing,and sometimes Mum and Dad criticize us for doing something terrible.However,I find it so easy to live a happy life with them as long as I learn to be selfless,tolerant and optimistic as the Marches are.Surely I with my family will fight against many difficulties in life.Anyway,we strongly hold the belief that with love,we will never give up hope.Even if we lose everything,we know we still have one another and then we are able to go through life bravely. Cold or hot,dusk or dawn,the most important place at the bottom of our hearts is our family.As the book says,nothing in the world is cozier than sitting by the flickering lights of the fireplace in our home. 家庭的爱 书评：——“小妇人” 你觉得如果你是在disappointed可怜的家庭吗?你只是说你有多complain是小于其他人吗?你或你哭过的破旧的房子吗? 也许你的答案是是的.但市场的特点,在由美国《小妇人作者奥尔科特路易莎·告诉我,告诉我更多和他们的家庭的伟大的爱. 毫无疑问,市场有一个女儿是可怜的.能不能负担得起一个时装的女孩和他们的富裕,甚至有一个大的CAN’T在线圣诞餐,但是在线听力与她的家庭的女人,一个是在更大的贫困,他们没有提供任何食品hesitation他们.我认为这是因为他们永远感激他们,他们所拥有的,而不是总是愿意给接收系统和热心肠的í.他们是,他们有一个CAN（People’s尊重和快乐尽管在贫困中. 我很关心的是当阅读的部分的话,乔和艾米有一个彼此,让问题更糟,在这一事故引起的争吵,她几乎失去了艾米将继续他们的生活.enraged是长时间?我惊喜,乔,谁是她总是很骄傲的忏悔和对故障的apologizes艾米姐妹亲吻和化妆.我是幸福的.在我接触过的知识和他们的运动是一个重要的forgiveness教.我相信不会伤害另一个家庭的成员.他们就像鸟和投入他们的所有的爱他们共暖巢. 我的家庭是如何强impressed当他们听到这一新闻：父亲马奇太太不在前线.hurries calms下来到医院一次,虽然她的脸是苍白的女孩的板,和他们的母亲进行事件的处理叶片后,虽然他们是好的只是在他们的整个家庭的青少年.蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）的启发,我完全的勇气.一件事是确定的：他们将在家persistently支持他们所面对的困难问题. 当它来贝丝的死亡,我哭泣的泪水中好令人惊讶的.它给我吃的,让他们的家庭和他们不这样的.虽然他们的绝望呻吟哭泣,其实也在遭受大的悲伤.我知道,妈妈,但贝丝的传球在小武器的,可爱的女孩Will Live in the Family’s与深爱的心永远是什么.只有她的死亡是可以calmly熊家族乐队.我是说他们的爱情有convinced surpassed死亡与永恒,在永恒之井. 我是迷失在思想的图书阅读后完成.这是enviable游行.他们缺乏生活日用品中最丰富的精神.此外,他们会说“我在东或西,家庭是最好的永远是“有意识的.there和平舒适的家庭和他们的任何硬填充他们的房间.会上,他们将继续他们的前景正和最后胜利,他们已经成功地战败的贫困,疾病和可能与操作系统在线爱的心.这就是为什么《小妇人》有一些移动阅读器和一个最伟大的作品已经成为美国文学. 我有一个从书中得到的多.它告诉我如何上好与我的家族.类似的游行,有三个女孩和父母的爱在我的family.it’s true,我们不是完美的.有时我得到了我的姐妹或者父母的愤怒上的小东西,有时妈妈和爸爸批评美国在做 可怕的东西.然而,我发现它是很容易的生活快乐的生活与他们的学习是龙一的胸怀和乐观í,游行是我和我的家族,一定会打击很多生活中的困难.无论如何,我们的信念,保持强烈的爱,我们永远不会放弃希望即使我们失去一切,我们知道,我们仍然有另一个,然后我们能够bravely去通过生活.冷或热,黄昏或黎明的地方,最重要的是在我们的心上,我们的家族.《书说,没有什么比坐在舒适的世界是由flickering fireplace灯在我们的家庭. 双语对照
《小妇人》出版后成为公认的美国名著，100多年以来，一直受到热烈的欢迎。我为大家带来几篇《小妇人》读后感供大家阅读。下面是我为你们整理的内容，希望你们喜欢。 小妇人读后感英文版篇1
Under the formidable war background, concerns national and collective destiny and the honor time, individual all are such not worthy of mentioning. Perhaps gradually will retreat its trace to a national war along with the years, but to an ordinary ordinary person, a bullet sufficiently will change his only life.
I think perhaps the man most sorrowful is inside this actor's final feeling, originally is most own two people simultaneously leaves himself.
" A FAREWELL TO ARMS " this novel quite successful, makes one feel clear credible, this is and the author has attended the First World War personally, and has been seriously injured, has stayed in the hospital, has the personal life to experience and directly felts the experience not to be able to separate. In performance method, what the author uses is the Chinese reader very familiar novel skill, namely lets character own words and deeds move the reader, but does not make any discussion, he is also good at causing the scenery and the plot, the character organically fuses in together, achieves serves the plot, character's positive effect. The novel is popular in the language aspect writing, uses some basic vocabularies, the sentence type to be simple mostly, mostly uses Jian Danju. Anglicizing, is very good, therefore is good for both young and old, appeals to both cultured and popular tastes, this is the artistic achievement which this novel obtains.
" A FAREWELL TO ARMS "opposed that war’s distinct subject and the mature artistic skill have had the emormous influence,the greatest degree had reflected after First World War,a youth generation the mood which visits the fear and is at a loss,is all the rage the world very quickly.
小妇人读后感英文版篇2
Today, i have read the book "Little Women" .The deepest feeling is it is simple to be happy! Happiness is kinship, friendship, health, labor and peace of mind. Having it, people just feel no
在众姐妹中，我最喜欢乔的性格。乔性格活泼，大大咧咧，一副天不怕地不怕的样子，很善于与人交往。她最大的愿望就是当个男孩，因为那样她就可以脱下长礼服，跟随爸爸一起去参加战斗，平时也可以和男孩子们无拘无束地谈论溜冰技术。听听艾美与乔的对话：(乔正吹着口哨)“别这样，乔，只有男孩子才这样做。”“所以我才吹。”“我憎恨粗鲁，没有淑女风度的女孩!”“我讨厌虚假、矫揉造作的毛头妹!”从这些话语中，可以看出乔是一个敢做敢为的女孩，她不受礼节的束缚，讨厌处处装假正经。 当然，乔还有自己的另外一面，就是勇于追求自己的理想。在照顾马奇婶婶的同时，乔在她家的藏书室里读书，然后不断地投稿。后来乔又飞去纽约当柯克太太的孩子们的家庭教师，她觉得变换一下环境对写作更有好处，她乐于接受新的事物，不时会产生新的想法。乔的勤奋努力，终于使她成为一名作家。我欣赏乔的个性，她是一个自尊自立的人，具有现代女性独立的风范。
《小妇人》是 美国 女作家路易莎· 梅· 奥尔科特的代表作品 当初第一次看《小妇人》时，就喜欢上了这本书，喜欢上了乔这个鲜活的人物，乔的性格是我非常喜欢的，她善良、坚韧、正直、爱家、纯真，同时她也有很多性格缺点，叛逆，言谈不羁，脾气急躁。乔是一个假小子，她很不喜欢自己的女儿身，因为这样她就不能上战场，也不能得到自己想要的工作来帮助家里。所以她总是很难过自己不是男孩子，这不仅体现了乔的“爱家情深”，也表现了了乔其实是一个很可爱的女孩子，她也是一个普通的女孩子，有自己的烦恼，虽然在我们看来，这是一个很可笑的小烦恼，乔是一个善良的人，书中很多地方都表现了这点，四姐妹平时玩的游戏和对人生的态度是出自于班杨的《天路历程》，她们 的母亲试图通过一些简单的游戏教导她们对生活充满信心，并且自律，这体现了当时的美国家庭的“坚忍”的生活观念。而乔也把“善良、坚韧”作为自己的行为准则，以此来约束自己的不羁性格，丛书中看来，乔做的很好。比如在圣诞节时，虽然马齐家并不富裕，可她们仍然愿意分出自己的事物给穷人。在马齐先生参军在外时，乔能承担起家庭的生活重担，主动去陪伴马齐姑妈，减轻家里负担，并用自己微薄的薪水为妈妈买礼物，在妈妈需要钱去看望爸爸时卖了自己的头发换钱，这些都是乔坚忍的表现。
学术堂整理了十五个英美文学方面的毕业论文题目供大家进行参考：1、 透过《傲慢与偏见》看现代社会爱情观2、生与死的抗争--《厄舍古厦的倒塌》主题解读3、浅谈“欧·亨利式结尾”及其文学影响4、从宗教角度解读简爱的多重性格5、从女权主义角度剖析《小妇人》中的乔6、 “英雄”的陨落--悲剧美学角度分析《老人与海》7、 从《菊花》中看女主人公Elisa实现自我价值的障碍8、奉献与宽容---浅析《双城记》中的仁爱精神9、 《格列佛游记》中对理性的反思与批判10、浅析《警察和赞美诗》的戏剧化特色11、一场失败革命的反思---论《动物庄园》中所表现的象征意义12、论詹姆斯·乔伊斯《阿拉比》的精神顿悟13、从后印象主义角度解读《到灯塔去》中的双性同体观14、 从中西方道德观差异谈《伊利亚特》与《封神演义》人物品德15、 韦伯《猫》中的女性主义
哎哟 这个可有一点难度呢亲，需要的话 也可以给你呢。
英语专业本科毕业论文模板
姓 名： 吕 仁 爱
系 别： 外语学院
专 业： 英 语
学 号： 00000000
指导教师： 赵 草 稿
20xx年5月
Thesis Writing Standard for English Major Undergraduates:With a Thesis Pattern
by
Lü Ren’ai
Shangqiu Normal University
May 20xx
摘 要
{摘要是论文的浓缩，应包括结论等内容，是完整的短文，具有独立性，可以单独使用。即使不看论文全文的内容，看摘要仍然可以理解论文的主要内容。切忌把导论(introduction)的内容作为摘要内容。在下段键入中文摘要内容，并用论文的关键词替换“关键词”后的词(删除多余的词)。如果需要输入顿号(、)、间隔号(·)、书名号(《》)、破折号(——)等标点符号，不会键入请从这里复制。中文摘要要求在200～300字。}
关键词：词1;词2;词3;词4;词5
Abstract
{英文摘要及关键词内容与中文内容完全一致。注意看懂附录部分标点符号部分的内容，不要用不规范的形式输入标点符号，更不要输入错误符号。在下段键入英文摘要内容并用论文的关键词替换“Key words”后的词(删除多余的词)。}
Key words: word 1; word 2; word 3; word 4; word 5
Contents
摘 要 I
Abstract II
Contents III
1 简介 1
2 电子版与纸质版 1
3 模板的使用 1
3.1 键入文本 2
3.2 应用格式 2
4 论文结构与写作要求 2
4.1 封面与题目 3
4.1.1 封面 3
4.1.2 题目 3
4.2 从摘要到目录 3
4.3 正文 3
4.3.1 总体要求 3
4.3.2 标题和层次 3
4.3.3 例句及其他列表项 4
4.3.4 脚注 4
4.3.5 引用标识与参考文献 4
4.3.6 附录(可选) 6
4.3.7 页眉 6
5 其他要求及注意事项 6
References 7
附录 标点符号的计算机输入 7
简介
{本科毕业论文是本科生毕业前的最后一个重要学习环节，是学习深化的重要过程。它既是学生学习、研究与实践成果的全面总结，又是对学生素质与能力的一次全面检验，也是申请学士学位的依据。论文写作是在前人研究的基础上提出自己的观点，严禁抄袭、剽窃。外语学院参照商丘师范学院本科毕业论文撰写规范，结合英语专业的实际情况，特制定本撰写规范兼论文模板，作为英语专业毕业论文写作的标准。本规范未尽事宜，在导师指导下自行处理。务必在仔细、完整地阅读本规范之后再开始写作论文。
考虑到软件可能存在问题，本规范的DOC版在显示时可能走样，附件1是本规范的PDF版本，其样式是标准样式。}
电子版与纸质版
{论文须提交初稿、二稿及终稿的电子版和纸质版。用Microsoft Word软件打开本规范的DOC版，以新文件名另存到自己存放毕业论文资料的文件夹，要求文件格式为DOC格式(Microsoft Word 1997~2003/XP版本的默认保存格式);2007及以后的版本的默认保存格式是DOCX，建议尽量使用较老版本的Microsoft Word，若使用新版，请确保保存格式为DOC。另存后，直接按照本规范的要求操作直到初稿完成;每一稿都先作另存的操作再开始修改。注意在整个论文写作期间都做好U盘与网络双备份工作。
纸质文件采用A4复印纸单面打印，左侧装订。提交的纸质论文必须与提交的电子版内容完全一样。如果在写论文时安装、使用了非系统自带字体(如国际音标字体)，请随电子版提交该字体文件。}
模板的使用
{本规范的DOC格式电子文件是毕业论文的写作模板，提供论文写作所需样式，便于写作和修改，并对格式进行统一要求。下面对模板的使用作一简要说明。}
键入文本
{用花括号扩起来的内容是模板说明性内容，在初稿写作完毕后删除。把插字符打到正文任何一个段落(包括标题)末尾，按回车，即可键入论文内容。请仔细阅读附录，以便正确输入标点符号。}
应用格式
{本模板规定的格式有：[ 注意例子中的换行符(向下的直箭头)。想使编号段落的上下两行左对齐，需要换行而不分段，单击“插入”“分隔符”，选“换行符”，然后单击“确定”。]
a. 1标题1：用于一级标题;b. 1.1标题2：用于二级标题：c. 1.1.1标题3：用于三级标题：d. 正文不缩：用于一般正文段落;e. 正文左缩：用于独立成段的引文;f. 正文编号：用于按规定必须编号的段落;g. (1) 编号：用于按规定必须编号的段落;h. 参考文献：用于参考文献条目。
其中除了 (1f) 和 (1g) 要求必须用格式刷复制、粘贴格式(详见第4.3.3部分的说明)，其他格式都必须从格式窗格中选。默认格式是“正文不缩”(本段使用的就是这种格式)。根据不同部分内容要求的要求按照下述方法应用格式，不能擅自更改或更换(可根据实际情况作字体倾斜等操作)：把插字符打到某段，单击菜单栏里的“格式”，选“样式和格式”，在右边出现的格式窗格中单击所需格式即可。出现在格式窗格中但 (1) 中没列的格式不能随便应用。}
论文结构与写作要求
{论文必须包括外封面(中文封面)、内封面(英文封面)、中文摘要(附中文关键词)、英文摘要(附英文关键词)、目录、正文、参考文献。在参考文献之后可有附录。}
封面与题目
封面
{封面包括两个：外封面(中文封面)和内封面(英文封面)，封面样式严格依照模版。}
题目
{用论文题目替换模板题目，不能改变格式。论文题目应该简短、明确、有概括性。中文字数不超过25个字，外文题目不超过15个实词，题目末不使用标点符号，中外文题名应一致。标题中尽量不用英文缩写词，必须采用时，应使用本行业通用缩写词。中英文标题均占一至两行。中文标题如有副标题，主副标题各占一行，副标题前加中文破折号;英文副标题不单独成行，与主标题之间用冒号(后加空格)隔开。英文题目用标题式大小写格式，由于标题式大小写没有统一的标准，本规范要求除了不位于主、副标题开头和结尾的冠词、介词(不论长短)、并列连词、动词不定式标志to等词，所有的词(包括复合词的连字符后的部分，但不包括像twenty-one这样的复合数词的连字符后面的部分)都大写。}
从摘要到目录
{具体要求见第I至III页。不要改动用罗马数字编号的页码部分的标题。}
正文
总体要求
{论文正文应包括引论、主体(主体至少分两大部分)及结论等部分，一共最少四部分，最多六部分。正文用英文写，拼写形式全文统一为英式或美式(直接引用时例外)，不能英美式混杂。用阿拉伯数字编写页码的部分字数不少于3000字(英文单词)。}
标题和层次
{标题要求除了有编号、字号不同和不能有副标题这几点外，其他要求同论文英文题目。层次根据实际需要用两层或三层(即标题最多有两到三级)，主体部分至少有一部分包含两层。可以直接替换本规范的标题(选定后不删除而直接键入)，根据需要添加、删除标题。三层标题的格式分别采用“1标题1”、“1.1标题2”和“1.1.1标题3”。编号用的是Word的多级编号，在增删标题时编号会自动调整，无需手工调整。}
例句及其他列表项
{根据需要，例句、规则等尽量单独成段，统一编号，编号用 (1)，(2)，(3) ……的形式(顶格)，全文从 (1) 开始统一连续编号(自动编号，增删编号段落后编号会自动调整)，样式参照本规范的编号段落。该类段落的规定格式是“正文编号”;要求用格式刷从本规范的任何一个这类编号段落复制、粘贴格式，不要从格式窗格中选这类段落的样式。复制格式的方法是：把插字符打到任何一个此类已编号的段落中，单击“格式刷”按钮，然后再单击需要编号的段落。脚注中的例句编号用小写罗马数字i、ii、iii的形式，段落和文字格式不作特别要求。现再举例如下 (由于连续编号，故号码继续前面的 (1)，是 (2) 和 (3))，作为翻译和对话类例句的参照格式：
John likes Mary.约翰喜欢玛丽。
A: Do you like apples?B: Yes.}
脚注
{对文中内容的注释采用脚注形式[ 注释分脚注和尾注两种主要形式，前者的内容位于每页下面，后者的内容位于文章末尾。本规范规定论文写作使用脚注，不使用尾注。把插字符打到正文中需要注释的地方，单击“插入”“引用”，在展开的子菜单中单击“脚注和尾注”，再单击“确定”，键入注释内容。本注释就是脚注的形式。]，全文连续编号(自动调整编号)。}
引用标识与参考文献
{引文是论证的辅助手段，应忠于原意，准确切题。除非特别必要，不要引用非学术文献，如通俗读物等，尤其不要引用非专业人士(如名人或领袖)的话或观点作为自己观点的支撑(尽量避免诸如“Einstein says”、“Confucius claims”这样的话，如果确实有必要引用一定要详细注明出处)。根据情况用直接引语或间接引语的语法形式;直接引用文字超过四至六行字时，或诗歌超过两行时，应独立成段，应用“正文左缩”格式，下面是该格式的样式：
text texttext text text. (Zhang 2005, 88)
在论文中引用文献时，应加以标识，详细说明见附件2。引用的文献如果是用中文书写的，不能直接引用中文文本，必须将其意思用英文表达，一般用间接引语的.形式安排，在必要时可用直接引语的形式，在后面以加方括号，方括号内注明translation mine)。
参考文献直接反映论文的质量。要求在论文正文后的References下面列出在论文中引用或参考过的论文、专著及其他资料(采用“参考文献”格式)，所有条目按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列，不要编号。不能罗列文中没有引用的文献。文献条目应以与论文工作直接相关的近年的学术文献为主，包括期刊论文、博士学位论文、论文集里的文章、专著等;至少十条，且以期刊论文为主，近五年的文献占五条以上，发表在《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录的期刊上的论文占三条以上。
毕业论文的引用及参考文献体例以Chicago体例(Chicago Style)的作者—年代制(author-year system)为标准。附件2包含了该标准的主要内容，请尽量按该标准写作。请注意大小写、正斜体、空格、姓与名的相对顺序、缩写形式、标点符号等。特别注意连数符不是连字符(-)，而是en dash(–)，可从这里复制。下面把该标准的大小写和正斜体原则略述如下：
大小写：仅同名连续出版物(如期刊journal)的名称用标题式大写，其他的主副标题名称(包括书名)用句子式大写;
正斜体：广义的书名(包括期刊名等)用斜体，文章名(包括书的章节标题、学位论文标题)用正体。
中文文献，按照附件2第9、12页的红字的范例的样式，把汉字形式的文字转写成拉丁字母形式(注意ü不能用v代替)，并把标题翻译成英文(置于方括号内)。其姓名与普通英文姓名一样处理，第一作者姓前名后，姓、名之间用逗号 + 空格隔开，非第一作者用名前姓后(不加逗号)的形式。}
附录(可选)
{不宜放在正文中但有重要参考价值的内容(如问卷、测试题等)可编入论文的附录中，位于参考文献之后。附录采用Appendix(只有一个)或Appendix A、Appendix B(两个以上)的形式，后面加两个空格再键入附录的标题，使用格式“1标题1”，删除标题前面的自动编号。}
页眉
{见第I页右上角的说明。}
其他要求及注意事项
{在写作时请注意以下几点：
除在直接引语中，尽量避免用缩略词(如isn’t, don’t, etc.等)，尽量使用is not, do not, and others等形式。
罗马数字用西文字符，如i和ii，II和IV等(在英文输入状态下分别键入i、v、I、V等字母来组合)，不要用中文字符ⅰ、ⅱ、ⅳ、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ等。
区别元语言与对象语言。用英文写作，元语言是英文，对象语言是谈到的语言成份，可能是英文，也可能是其他语言，如英文字母、语素、词、短语、句子等。如果对象语言的文字是拉丁字母形式(如英文、法文、德文等)，一律用不加引号的斜体字(编号例句除外)，保留字母上面的两点等附加符号。在写非翻译研究类论文时，非拉丁字母文字(如日文、中文)一般应转写成拉丁字母形式，用不加引号的斜体字;在非用汉字不可的情况下(区别歧义、说明字型等)在拉丁字母形式的字词(斜体)后跟相应汉字(楷书、正体)或日文假名等字符;汉语无特殊情况其拉丁化标准一律采用汉语拼音(本规范要求词内无空格，词间有空格，略去调号)，注意ü不能用v代替。翻译研究类文章可不转写成拉丁字母形式而直接使用汉字例句(用不加引号的正体字)。用单引号而不是双引号表各种意思，尤其是词(句)的语义解释(双引号作一般引用或强调时使用，双引号内再用引号时用单引号)。下面几个例子可以说明对象语言的处理方式和单引号的用法：the Chinese word heiban ‘blackboard’ is a compound; similarly, the English word blackboard is also a compound;hongcha means ‘black tea’;the letter a;the suffix -ful;the sentence John hates Mary;the articles the, a, an。注意在最后一个例子中，第一个定冠词属于元语言，不用斜体，第二个定冠词和两个不定冠词是对象语言，用斜体，属于对象语言的三个词之间的逗号属于元语言，用正体。}
References
{此标题不要改动。条目格式见第4.3.5部分的要求，下面提供参考文献条目的样式：
附录 标点符号的计算机输入
{在Word中，中文标点符号在设计时留好了空位，在打字时不要人工键入空格，但英文标点符号往往需要人工键入空格。英文词右标点符号(逗号、句号、冒号、分号、问号、惊叹号、右括号、右引号等)左不空格，右边与相邻的单词间空一格;词左标点符号(左括号、左引号等)左边与相邻的单词间空一格，右边不加空格;相邻的同侧标点符号之间不加空格，相邻的异侧标点符号之间都加空格。在一个词内部的所有标点符号(包括连字符、撇号等)，都不与空格连用(空格是用来把词与词分开的)。注意英文没有顿号和书名号，用逗号体现中文顿号的功能，用斜体体现书名号的功能。
由于某些英文标点符号的使用存在不同标准，本规范作如下要求。破折号用Times New Roman的em dash(—)，左右都不加空格，数字间的连数符用Times New Roman的en dash(–)，左右都不加空格。如果不会键入可从此处复制。省略号用三个句点，相邻两点间加一个空格(. . .)，省略号左右与相邻的单词或标点间都加一个空格)。撇号用弯撇号(’)，其形状与右引号相同;不能用直的(')，引号用弯引号(‘ ’、“ ”)，注意不要弯错方向;不能用直的(' '、" ")。Word的默认设置是在键入时自动用弯的替换直的。本规范要求单、双引号分别表不同的意思，其使用规定和例子见 (8)。
更多论文范文,尽在
在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业英语论文范文大全篇1 浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感 [摘要]：《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题，诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来，宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微，水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物，他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物，也就除掉了对这个世界的感情，最后水手内心发生转变，以新的态度对待自然，为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]：老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父，被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学，熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学，与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命，但又都害怕革命暴力，于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区，致力于写诗，并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，于是远离城市，隐居于昆布兰湖区，寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇，以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年，两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ，被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区，与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾，故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加，1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物，令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真，并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设，不仅影响过他的同时代人，也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈，而且，对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者，仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位，是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。 二、《苦舟子咏》简介 《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事：一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开，赶快去赴宴，却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住，不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风，暴风过后，这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此，厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中，那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动，老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去，仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船，水手们一个个都死在甲板上，每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人，只有他没有死。后来，他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦，使死尸们站了起来，仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风，船却渐渐地移动。于是，这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸，出来迎接。但在他到这船之前，它却突然地沉下了，留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来，他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦，便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着，一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来，方才觉得舒服。 三、分析老水手的心理历程 “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张，又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用，而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步，因为它否定了人身依附关系，肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权，肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话，肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以，它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展，对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在，万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为：上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下，作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁，表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物，他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物，也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意，违反自然规律，射死了无辜的信天翁，必然要受到惩罚。于是，灾难来了：风停了，船无法前进，阳光酷热，水手们口干舌燥。这时候，有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆，将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时，老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是，他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为，在道德情感系统中，羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后，就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为，道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说：“凡出自不公正的情感所作的，就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好，并且情感的内容有益于社会，而且还是以有益于社会方式施行，或有所感动，这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现，表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制，常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中，痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的，是低级形式的羞耻感，可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么，羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚，只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物，它激活潜在的思维和力量，专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为，促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏，那他将对道德不屑一顾，达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时，羞耻感要以自尊为前提，一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的，更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近，没有自尊的防卫，就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻，惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误，于是惶惶终日，不断自责自己。 事态进一步发展，在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了，但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去，只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重，导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中，一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析，是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情，感情是对需要的体验，是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素，推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素，推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后，良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为，它便于进行自我谴责，使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责，往往能形成一种力量，促使人们改正自己的行为。 后来，老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法，他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤，孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔，从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸，并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析，是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下，从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思，要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案，明白来者可追，逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中，要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思，主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。 故事的最后，老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕：他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人，让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众，承认自己的错误，说出自己的故事，解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔，但还是有种负罪感难以释怀，于是他渴望被人理解，宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样，当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候，不要封闭自己，找一个忠实的听众，把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。 总之，柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称，其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶，生与死等哲学问题，宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上，而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面：时而风平浪静，沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起，一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时，柯尔律治并不熟悉大海，但他能凭借想象，使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织，把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体，充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上，长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉，炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体，而长诗的音韵与节奏之美，也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。 [参考文献]： 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版 《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版 《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2 浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译 一、前言 "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段，为适应社会生产活动的需要，在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智，19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里，它的功能是计算，秩序严谨，职司分明，是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中，它的功能是表义，许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦，1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响，数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ，但也存在着共性，有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数"，而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦，1998) 东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文， 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆，1998)，英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文，并开展过学术探 讨。如，王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页， 语文出版社，1991，1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上，英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人，尤其是中国人，自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三"，也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。 二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析 在我国，人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字， 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning)，在我国可 以说历时最久，涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字，在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字，它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字，继而演化出"神 圣" 之意，于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋，便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层，极言其高，天证/诞日为正月初 九，天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如，北京 城有九门，天安门城楼面阔九问，门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓，如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。 根据阴阳五行与数的关系，万物之根均为数，宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10，五行也是数，按传统的五行 理论来划分，则1、2为木：1为阳木，2为阴 木。以3、4为火：3为阳火，4为阴火。以5、6为土：5为阳土，6为 阴土。 以7、8为金：7为阳金，8为阴金。以9、10为水：9 为阳水，10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化，用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来，"九"是最大的阳数，象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层，九层天是天的最高处，汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空， "九霄云外" ，"九天揽月"，"九天九地"等。另外，天坛，这个明清两代 祭天的场所，其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。 中国人以"九"为大数，刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道："凡数 指其极者，皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说："天地之数，始于一，终于 九。"因此，汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限，故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎"，避讳有“九”之 岁。例如：“ 老太太因明年八十一岁，是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征，因 为"九"与"苦"同音，因此忌讳 "九"。然而，《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ，采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计，结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占0.35%)，而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来，日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。 此外，《词源》中说："九：虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时，是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中，"九"的意思有三个：(1)数目，八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九"，从一"九" 数起，二"九"、三 "九"，一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九，夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次： 九泉，三 弯九转等。因此， 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如："九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。 在我国，数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如，"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划，后用作"中国"的代 称。因此，有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns)，古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子，各有所好"。因此，《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种，种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多，龙蛇混杂，好坏不一，各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外，在文娱、体育等词汇中，数字"九"也比比皆是。如， 许多歌名都以"九"开头："九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中，"九柱戏"(nine pins)，兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的，如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外，中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时，人们宁愿多出 钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如，湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方，数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说， "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多，分别有： 1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members,esp.a baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。 其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有： a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation) ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often) be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion) ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty. in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times. 从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律：数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如， 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞：跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来，数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。 总之，在东西方文化中，数字"九"含有以下主要共性： 1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字， 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。 2)在东西方文化中，数字"九"均可虚指多数。 3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。 数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于：对中国人来说，其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。 三、数字"九"的翻译问题 罗马西塞罗说过："翻译不是字当句对，而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数"，"实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论，结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性，可采用如下的翻译方法，并遵循以下的翻译原则。 可采取的翻译方法主要有： (一)保留原数字 e.g. We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives. 我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了，它并没死，只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来，人们很容易接受，因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语， 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。 (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字 e.g.nine out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现"， 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。 (三)增舍数字 比如，"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ，"九九归一，还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字，转译其 形象意义。 应遵循的原则主要有： (一)民族性原则 比如，汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力"，《汉英词典》(外研社，1996)的译 文有三个："strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”，成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。 (二)习语性原则 比如："匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子，月下嫦娥，那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》)， 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则"， 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。 (三)形象性原则 数字用于模糊意义时，一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时， 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。 比如："飞流直下三千尽，疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 "，因此，可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [i.e. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"猜你喜欢： 1. 毕业英语论文范文 2. 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文 3. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 4. 大学英语毕业论文范文 5. 英语专业论文范文 6. 本科英语专业论文范文