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有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere) Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West I The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish G Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign L The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan DMain article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern I Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle E Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745) After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from S The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord B The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas H World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and S The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant It remains today the dominant English literary Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D H Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J R R Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and JK R Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T S Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan T Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in E The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of E Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in S The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and B While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3] The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg" Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire H On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients ( pasta) increasingly being offered by the The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and S Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5] With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern I Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern I Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World W Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools) Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education A Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in S Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class) [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier L The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in The match ended Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o' In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural 英国式足球（Wall game）的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in E The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond How to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter) The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the The winner is the last person left A tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit Failure to do so results in them being Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered VariationsThere are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the
选修课 足球赏析 留的作业 老师说了 最好关于足球的多点吗？
半夜一点，在随身小纸片上写下这些文字，只因为我爱足球。爱足球不需要任何理由。尽管我分不清前锋与中位，叫不出每一支球队的名字。 足球就两个字——热血。日韩交锋，总能让人兴奋不已。在这特殊的战场上，我看到了一群视足球比生命还重要的人类。他们激情飞扬。有多少话语都化做呐喊，足球此刻便没有了国界，因为，足球就是生命！看那些队员在场上拼杀，会止不住激动落泪，只有足球，才能给人如此强烈的生命的震撼！ 爱足球，不需要任何理由。尽管我是女生，尽管我分不清南美与欧洲的球风。 阿根廷，智利，巴西……哪一个不是足球王国？上到老人，下到幼童，足球都是他们的伙伴。 我爱巴乔，他是足球的英雄；我爱罗纳尔多，爱他对足球的投入甚至那可爱的龅牙；我爱欧文，爱他的敬业球德；我爱小贝，爱他的英俊潇洒更爱他球场上的叱诧风云。 爱足球，不需要任何理由。尽管中国足球一次次令球迷失望。 我相信，足球迟早会代替乒乓球成为我们的国球。我始终坚信，迟早有一天，足球也会成为全民运动带领我们向前走。 我相信，没有人能拒绝足球的热力激扬，那阳光下草地青葱，当足球有了灵魂，这便是生命，这便是足球！ 足球这最具魅力的运动将绽放在神州！ 我看中国足球： 外行看热闹，我就说说“热闹“话。看球不能没反思，于是我们小组的几个同志得出以下结论： 1．话说“一个国家的男足水平代表一个国家的素质“，恩，中国男足责任重大，加把劲。而中国教育厅责任更加重大，“素质“如何，全民的才是真正的。 2．中国球迷欠组织性与纪律性，且容易“叛国“。球迷们且慢发火，这球赛不说，球迷在赛时没有足够坚定的意志，离终场还有一段时间就开始痛哭……我们应向邻邦韩国学习，不到比赛终结，球迷都是一副坚定的表情喊“必胜“。作为中国人，我们有责任相信我们的球队，不论胜败都应给他们有利的支持！ 由此所反映出的社会意识问题便是——民众原则性不够强，太易妥协。中国加入WTO，WTO也在侵蚀中国，倘若我们原则性不够强，中国在经贸领域的活力与持久力就会大打折扣。比如东北一牙签厂私自将每吨牙签降价100美元这件事所造成的严重后果便是“私利当前，原则靠边“的典型例子。以此为戒，民众原则性有待加强。 3．球员踢球不能很好进入状态。 这确实是个很严重的问题。 球场上没有足够热情与拼命的劲头，技术又如何？气势便差人一截。一日我那小妹问“为什么他们都没别人猛啊？“作为中国队绝对拥护者，我我无言以对。是啊，为什么，我们没有别人拼命的劲头？中国足球太需要生命燃烧的激情！精神上先输，兵家大忌。 而民众的生活状态也与此相似——生活态度不够硬朗，挣扎在颓废与平庸的边缘。人可以平凡但不可以平庸，没有热情的生命会象没有热情的足球一样平淡无味。我们需要热爱，需要激情。 4．普通民众无法充分认识到足球的重要性，国家对足球的重视程度有待提高。 足球可以带动我国出口贸易额的增长，你信吗？中国足球强大了，中国会差到哪里去？足球是我国体育项目中的弱项，尽管有乒乓球，排球，跳水，花样溜冰等为我们争光，但它们的号召力远不及足球。我是说，在世界范围内的号召力。 中国足球在未来几年中可谓商机无限。 看在足球对全世界号召力如此大的份上，国家就给足球更充分的重视吧。怎么说它都会拉动几个经济增长点吧…… 不看僧面看佛面对不？
H键 BOT增加 。。。。
足球运动中足球鞋的发展变化。好写点
如果要专门论述这个问题的话，可以写一篇几万字的论文。当年上大学的时候，写过几篇探讨西欧各国足球风格与文化之间关系的文章，几年过去了，文章业已佚失，况且在这里发表几万字的宏篇大论也不现实，所以就简单谈谈我的看法吧，互相交流。坦率地说，论技术上的赏心悦目，英超比不上西甲；论战术上的丰富多彩，英超则比不上意甲，那为何如今的英超会成为全球最吸引人的足球联赛呢？我觉得主要有以下两个方面：第一，忠实拥趸。众所周知，英国是现代足球的发源地，许多英国球队都具有百多年的历史，在俱乐部漫长而艰辛的发展过程中，随着球队的起落沉浮、升级降级、兴衰荣辱，造就了一大批忠实坚定的球迷。而且，这些球迷大多是世代相传的，祖辈带着父辈看球，父辈又带着子辈看球，一代又一代地把对自己球队的热爱传递下去。很多球队都有铁杆球迷的专属看台，甚至这些看台的某些座位都是代代传承下来的。球迷们对自己球队的爱是至死不渝的，不论球队踢得好坏，即使是降级了，也会始终如一地给予支持，购买价格不菲的门票到现场为球队加油。当年几支老牌球队（如诺丁汉森林、利兹联、考文垂等）降级时，球迷含泪为球员鼓掌、球员含泪对球迷致谢的场面是多么得感人至深！同时，与此相对应的则是英国球队间的“世仇”现象。德比大战在世界其他的联赛中也屡见不鲜，著名的有AC米兰与国际米兰、罗马与拉齐奥、河床与博卡等等，但是这些球队间的嫌隙与英国球队间的仇恨是不可同日而语的。诸如阿森纳同热刺、利物浦同埃弗顿、格拉斯哥同凯尔特人，百多年以来的积怨简直是罄竹难书。每每两队比赛之时，城市万人空巷、酒吧人声鼎沸、球场座无虚席、球迷面红耳赤、球员目龇欲裂，好似都要把对方生吞活剥了相仿。就算在电视机前的我们也能够身临其境地感受到现场肃杀的气氛。对自己球队的爱和对仇敌球队的恨之所以有如此天渊之别，我认为与英国历史有很大的关系。从大的方面来说，英国分为英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士与北爱尔兰四个行政地区，四个地区间的恩怨甚深、难以化解，尤其是英格兰与苏格兰之间，稍具历史知识的人都知道双方的矛盾有多深；从小的方面来说，不列颠自有国家建立以来长期处于分裂状态，即使统一之后也由于其分封制度，造成了各地领主各自为政、互相攻伐的局面。久而久之，形成了人们领土意识、地域意识、敌对意识较重的思维特征。故此，延伸到足球领域，便自然而然地演化出以上英国足球所特有的爱恨极端化的情结。第二，疯狗精神。看英超球赛，你可能看不到眼花缭乱的传切配合，也不用琢磨是否有高深莫测的战术变化，但是却可以看得很过瘾，那就是因为英国球队所推崇的“疯狗精神”在起作用。几乎每支英超球队都有一批在场上干脏活累活的人，不惜体力地奔跑、拼抢、阻截、铲断，从头至尾，只要裁判的哨声未响就不会停歇。甚至许多外籍球员都会受此感染，无论是来自西班牙也好，葡萄牙也罢，再会玩花活也不能没有这种一往无前的拼搏精神。因为这是立足英超的前提，是英国人评判球员的标杆。看看如今的克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多就能明白，一个只会花拳绣腿的少年是怎样蜕变成一位九十分钟自始至终奋力拚杀、肩挑大梁的战士的。与此同时，疯狗精神也使比赛更富悬念，不到最后一分钟、一秒钟，观众都无法确定比分的结果，最后十分钟里风云突变的例子太多了，看看切尔西、曼联、甚至博尔顿。事实上，每场英超赛事都是扣人心弦的，套用句俗话，“玩的就是心跳”。大概这也是为什么英超球队许多教练心脏不好的原因吧。这与英国文化也有必然的关系，“疯狗精神”，说白了就是“蓝领精神”，就是不怕苦不怕累的工人精神。英国是工业革命的前驱，世界产业工人的发祥地，工人们遭资本家压迫，工作环境恶劣，身心备受煎熬，自从足球比赛出现后，足球就成了他们心灵的绿洲和发泄地，球场上球员的拼搏很容易同工人们产生心理的呼应，工人们也对场上拼抢积极的球员生出认同感。时间长了，就成了一种心理定势以及英国足球风格的组成要素之一。以上是英国足球文化最基本的两个特征，篇幅所限，难以尽言，希望能够抛砖引玉。
论文？可以到江城足球网 看看 里面原创版块里很多原创的文章
有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere) Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West I The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish G Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign L The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan DMain article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern I Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle E Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745) After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from S The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord B The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas H World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and S The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant It remains today the dominant English literary Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D H Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J R R Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and JK R Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T S Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan T Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in E The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of E Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in S The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and B While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3] The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg" Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire H On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients ( pasta) increasingly being offered by the The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and S Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5] With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern I Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern I Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World W Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools) Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education A Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in S Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class) [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier L The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in The match ended Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o' In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural 英国式足球（Wall game）的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in E The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond How to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter) The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the The winner is the last person left A tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit Failure to do so results in them being Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered VariationsThere are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the
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速度激情力量的结合 有世界上最“火爆”的球迷 有世界上最强大的球队 历史悠久 影响深远 无论顶级还是低级别联赛都有一大批铁杆
原来写过一篇足球产业的
按照马斯诺的需求理论，当人们的第一层次的需求得到满足时，就会追求高一层次的需求。足球运动的产生过程也是人们向更高需求追求的过程，是从物质需求得到满足后的必然发展结果。18—19世纪中期，欧洲的阶级分化，资产阶级和地主间的矛盾进一步激化。斗争的结果是地主阶级对新兴资产阶级的斗争进入体育项目(包括足球运动)中阻碍了民间足球的发展。英国工业革命后，不断发展的工业化和城市化，并随之而来的中产阶级的出现以及 19世纪英国公学教育改革，推动了英式足球的出现。从这个意义上讲，现代足球首先产生于英国，具有历史发展的必然性。 19世纪中叶后的英国，工业化和城市化进程加快 ，大批的农村人口涌人了城市，早在 19世纪中叶，英国初步实现了城市化 ，这时全国已经有一半以上的人口居住在城镇里。伴随着生产技术的根本变革和经济的发展 ，使人们的联系变得更为快捷，过去封闭的社会变得开放；人们的生活质量发生变化，工作时间减少，余暇时间增多。当人们的物质需求得到满足时，就必然需要更高层次的追求，精神上的、文化层面上的需求就应运而生。于是，他们大多数就选择了体育运动或看体育运动来增添自己的生活乐趣。而足球运动作为新兴的体育运动形式，反映了人们间的强烈竞争、进取和合作精神 ，迅速兴起就成为必然。 3．足球俱乐部的产 生和发展及早期足球产业化发展 3．1足球俱乐部的产生 与发展 最早的足球俱乐部起源于英国，民间足球游戏和公学足球运动的发展，使得一些热爱足球运动的组织在一起 ，并导致足球俱乐部的出现。最早出现的足球俱乐部(1862年的诺丁汉郡俱乐部)，其成员大多来源于原公学(牛津、剑桥大学)的学生。从这种意义上讲 ，足球俱乐部的起源来源于 l9世纪的公学。工业革命的爆发，工人经济收人增多、中产阶级的出现、大批观众的出现，使得公学业余运动逐渐职业化。英国足球运动的迅速发展得益于学生和上等阶层，特别是学生，他们思想激进、活跃 ，接触面广。他们不仅将足球运动传给外国的留学生，还传播给了工人阶层和军人。随着英国海外殖民扩张，海外英国人连同在英学生、工作的外国人一起将足球带到了世界各地。英国以外的各地足球运动迅速发展，各俱乐部相继成立。足球俱乐部是伴随职业化的推广而发展的。早期的足球俱乐部是带有明显娱乐性质的具有相同爱好者的简单组合。俱乐部自身或者与外界不定期地通过一些足球比赛来调节自我，比赛无日程规定。这种局面的改观直到现代足球诞生后的 1O年，世界上首个有组织的比赛出现。1872年第 1届足总杯吸引了 15支球队参加，采用连续淘汰制，博尔顿流浪者队最终获得冠军。继此 ，联赛出现从以上分析，我们认为早期足球俱乐部不是真正意义上的俱乐部直到 1885年以后 ，英国足协迫于现实压力，首先宣布职业球员的合法化，苏格兰等国相继步其后尘，最终实现了足球运动的职业化。足球运动职业化以后 ，有人付钱看球 ，有人踢球挣钱 ，于是围绕足球运动的产业就产生了，从此以后的足球俱乐部才是以盈利为特征的真正意义上的职业俱乐部。19世纪末以前，英国的足球俱乐部主要是一种业余化健身性和娱乐性组织。19世纪末，足球俱乐部的商业化倾向开始明显到20世纪初，大多数足球俱乐部开始转变为以追求经济利益为主的股份化商业组织。不过，早期的足球产业化发展是简单的，其各方面运作仍处于尝试阶段。首先是各俱乐部在比赛宣传方面作了相应尝试；接着足球装备业等相关产业相继出现。更为重要的是足球成为商业推助剂各种广告相继附着于足球运动的发展 ，形成全新的足球运动概念。值得一提的是，传媒对足球产业化推广的影响是巨大的，没有传媒的介入就没有现代足球的快速发展。早在 1927年英国的 BBC广播公司进入足球比赛中，对比赛进行报道与直播，后来 ，电视中也出现了足球 比赛的内容。20世纪5O年代 ，电视媒体全面介入足球运动，大大推动了足球运动的发展。 3．2足球俱乐部产生与发展的背景 为了满足人们的需求就出现了大量的足球俱乐部，英国现在的 9个职业足球俱乐部，主要集中于英格兰中部和西北部这两个传统工业地区，围绕着伯明翰和曼彻斯特两个中心城市；此外伦敦和纽卡斯尔一南一北两个城市周边，也有不少足球俱乐部，这与当地的经济条件是不可分割的，随着城市机器大工业的发展，大部分的工作就能够让机器来完成了，人们的空余时间增多了和人们的经济条件富有 ，所以球赛的观众就增加了，为了满足市场的需求，英国的足球运动就逐渐走向了产业化与商业化的道路。也就是说 ，在英国机器大工业时代的条件下，人们的空余时间增多，经济收入增加，对一些娱乐运动的追求 日益剧增，许多依靠足球运动来为生活增添色彩的人们集中在一块，也就有了早期的足球俱乐部。而伴随着英国经济的发展，英国人的生活条件进一步提高，可以出钱看球赛的人不断增加 ，这时踢球就可以成为一种谋生的手段 ，而随之而来的职业足球合法化，意味着足球俱乐部真正出现。此外从英国足球俱乐部的区域分布特征来看，早期的足球俱乐部存在着明显的对经济发展的依附性，经济越发达，足球俱乐部越多，足球运动发展越快。 4．足球全球化发展的历程 足球运动从英国向世界各国的发展与英国当时的海外殖民地有着不可分割的关系。足球运动在英国的形成与发展之后，随着产业革命的发生，英国同时也处在社会转型的时期，开始出现了许多剩余劳动力。即由于早在英国的全球的殖民运动过程中，国内的人口增长速度超过了粮食增长的速度 ，造成粮食的严重短缺，此时人口的增长对土地也造成了强大的压力 ，导致物价上涨。人口的增长也造成了失业率的持续上涨。所以就有了大量的剩余劳动力了。还有随着 18世纪全球经济复杂化的进程 ，为了寻求新的原料产地和商品倾销地 ，因而英国的大量的城市居民和大贸易公司随着环境的改变而四处迁移，造成了人口的全球漂移。在此背景下，英国已经把很多国人送到全球各地的殖民地。在殖民地的人民也有了空余时间来进行业余的体育活动，加之这些英殖民地地区的经济、社会文化环境的变化，殖民地的人们也就开始接受了该项运动了，在全球英殖民地上就逐渐形成了足球运动。在 19世纪末，英国在全球的殖民地数量高达 183个，遍布全球各地。可以认为英国的殖民统治，无形间促进了世界第一运动的全球推广。此外，足球运动的全球推广过程中，不得不提到英殖民地的英国军队。军人空闲的足球竞赛运动对足球的全球扩张具有重要意义。
足球的发展是呈阶段性的。最开始，足球没有前锋和后卫的，就和小孩踢球一样，都瞎跑。随着职业足球的发展，出现了208、307等早期“阵型”。直到20、30年代，大部分球队都定格在了3313阵型，即三后卫、三中场，一个前腰或者叫影锋，三个前锋。由于都是对位，那个影锋的威力就无限大，实质上还是对攻的打法。直到有一天，出现了一支叫匈牙利的球队，出现了普斯卡什和库巴拉，他们踢着一种424的足球，打遍天下无敌手，最后被德国人以彼之道还至彼身，用424击败。再来就是现代足球的鼻祖英格兰，发明了一种WM阵型，也就是343中场菱形站位，靠着这个战术，英格兰夺得了世界杯，老英甲球队也连续6次夺得了欧洲冠军杯。打败这种战术的是荷兰人，他们的全攻全守战术，差点让他们夺得世界杯，而拦路虎还是德国人。1982年世界杯，意大利以所谓的“铁桶防守”夺冠，他们的阵型是而其他球队，则开始尝试更先进的433打法，比如阿根廷。如何击败球王马拉多纳率领的阿根廷，德国人创造了一个曾经被人认为完美的阵型自86年这个阵型开始使用，到了2005年，才有人出来挑战他的权威。事情是这样的，一个叫何塞·穆里尼奥的人，在巴萨低谷的时候担任助教，他显然是偷学到了什么，于是，当他入住切尔西的时候，开始使用了一种41221的阵容，而巴萨也开始使用这个阵容。不同的是，切尔西更重视整体，而巴萨基本只依靠三剑客埃托奥、小罗以及久利的个人能力。这种阵容似乎天生是442的克星，切尔西在英超称雄，而巴萨也夺得了06年的欧冠冠军。足球是进攻的运动，所以这种比较功利的踢法毕竟不能长久。09年，贝尼特斯在利物浦屡屡找不到第二个好前锋的情况下，决定杰拉德前提，开始尝试4231的打法。与今天的4231更重视边锋不同，当时的利物浦基本上是靠史蒂芬·杰拉德和费尔南多·托雷斯两个中路球员得分。就是这个新的打法，差点让利物浦拿到了联赛冠军，他们双杀曼联、切尔西，打得皇马毫无还手之力。之后，这种打法成了欧洲乃至世界的主流打法。之后，又出现了巴萨所谓的“传控打法”，其实这种打法弱点很明显，首先在当今金钱至上的足球圈，你保证一个完整的团队难度很大，球员没有这种默契，传控打法就没有效果。另外，足球不仅仅是靠技术的，我可以通过凶狠的逼抢，来遏制你的传球。只不过西甲无强队，欧冠有干爹而已。至于个体球员，每个位置要求是不一样的。现代足球，更讲究技术和力量的结合。比如C罗和没戏，身体对抗能力都很强，这才能保证他们技术动作的运用。在比如恒大的罗比尼奥，那当年在桑托斯，小技术绝对不比小罗差，就是缺乏身体对抗和团队意识，所以每况愈下。再如罗本，他没能达到C罗和没戏的高度，也和身体对抗能力有很大关系。在防守方面，一般都是以区域防守为主，当然肯定少不了1对1的个人防守。由于4231比之442，边锋对边路防守的作用很减小很多，所以对边后卫的能力要求就大幅提高，既要有防守能力，还有适时的助攻。而对于边锋和内锋来讲，如果你不能完全压制对方的后卫，那也要回来协防。所以，总体而言，4231这种战术，比起442的均衡站位，每个位置的要求都会更高一些，随着足球的发展，球员已经具备了这种能力，这也是4231能盛行的原因。
足球运动是一项古老的体育活动，源远流长。最早起源于我国古代的一种球类游戏“蹴鞠”，后来经过阿拉伯人传到欧洲，发展成现代足球。所以说，足球的故乡是中国。据说，希腊人和罗马人在中世纪以前就已经从事一种足球游戏了。他们在一个长方形场地上，将球放在中间的白线上，用脚把球踢滚到对方场地上，当时称这种游戏为“哈巴斯托姆”而现代足球起源地是在英国，是来源于12世纪前后他们和丹麦发生了一场战争，战争结束后英国人看到地上有丹麦士兵的人头，由于英国对丹麦士兵非常痛恨，便踢起了那人头。到19世纪初叶，足球运动在当时欧洲及拉美一些国家特别是在资本主义的英国已经相当盛行。直到1848年，足球运动的第一个文字形式的规则《剑桥规则》诞生了。 所谓的《剑桥规则》，即是在19世纪早期的英国伦敦，牛津和剑桥之间进行比赛时制定的一些规则。当时每队有11个人进行比赛。因为当时在学校里每套宿舍住有十个学生和一位教师，因此他们就每方11人进行宿舍与宿舍之间的比赛，现在的11人足球比赛就是从那时开始的。1863年10月26日，英国足球协会在英伦召开了现代足球史上十分重要的会议。比赛归程草拟出来，但有些条文却离今天的规则相距甚远。比如当时有这样一条：当球从球门柱之间进入或在上面的空间越过，不论高度如何，只要不是被手扔、击、运进去的，都算赢一球。那时球员的位置与阵形也不同于今天：每队一名守门员、一名后卫、一名前卫和八名前锋。制定规则不久，阵形有所改变：一名守门员、两名后卫、三名前卫和五名前锋。所以上场比赛的队员就是十一人了。 然而众多的资料表明，中国古代足球的出现比欧洲更早，历史更为悠久。我国古代足球称为“蹴鞠”或“蹋鞠”， “蹴”和“蹋”都是踢的意思，“鞠”是球名。“蹴鞠”一词最早记载在《史记匪涨亓写》里，汉代刘向《别录》和唐人颜师曾为《汉书·枚乘传》均有记载。到了唐宋时期，“蹴鞠”活动已十分盛行 ，成为宫廷之中的高雅活动。1958年7月，国际足联前任主席阿维兰热博士来中国时曾表示：足球起源于中国。当然，由于封建社会的局限，中国古代的蹴鞠活动最终没有发展成为以“公平竞争”为原则的现代足球运动。这个质的飞跃是在资本主义的英国完成的。
我不知道哎
中国足球产业现状与发展对策摘 要：足球产业作为一种富有朝气的产业，在欧美等国的经济申占据重要的位置。中国是发展中的大国，其经济上升势头强劲，但是在利益巨大的足球产业的开发上尚处于起步阶段。面对机遇与挑战，我们必须用战略眼光来认识与对待，尽快开拓中国足球产业的新局面关键词：足球产业 经营开发 职业联赛 俱乐部当今世界经济止稳步向前发展，体育产业作为新兴的经济增长点已成为世界经济的一个重要部分。在世界头号经济强国—— 美国，体育产业在上世纪90年代在国民经济中已排第17位，在欧洲先进国家体育产业为其国民经济增值达5％，这足以说明体育产业已成为推动经济发展的新动力。足球被称为“世界第一运动”。足球产业作为全球体育产业的排头兵，每年创造高达2000多亿美元的产值，利润超过300亿美元。它所创造的利润低于信息产业，但高于汽 制造业，是一种长线投资项目。中国的职业足球己走过10年历程，在足球产业经营中，取得了一定成就，摸索出许多有益的经验，同时也付出了很人的代价。为了将中国足球产业经营得更好，开创出新的局面。本文试图通过分析中国足球产业经营现状，就如何制定我国足球产业经营开发的对策，提出一些看法利建议，供探讨。一、足球产业化(一)足球产业的概念足球产业是指有一个庞大而发达的足球市场，并以它为中心而派生出更多的相关行业的综合体。它是市场经济发展的必然产物，是人们对足球运动的需要发展到一定的规模和层次以后所产生的结果。足球产业是同绕足球运动所进行的经济活动，其主要经营内容见表(一)：足球产业的形成不仅能从根本上提高一个国家的足球水平，而且能实现足球市场的经济效益和社会效益 举，成为国家经济的一个新型增K点。(二)国际足球产业发展的特征1．足球俱乐部向集团化方向发展。当前国际足球产业ll=早现出足球俱乐部向集团化方向发展的特征，主要体现在足球俱乐部在经营方面结成团体，与对手展开竞争和较量。其组织形式主要有本国足球俱乐部之问的合作、两国间的多向合作，以及跨国足球俱乐部之间的合作。这种集团合作的领域土要是在球员的转让、接受同一个赞助商、电视转播、形象使用权、海外市场开发、规划足球市场和共同办公等方面。特别是在足球产业开发上的共同合作、彼此联营，能提高各自在足球市场中的竞争力、实现共赢的目的。以欧洲冠军杯联赛为例，它是欧洲五人联赛中实力较强的俱乐部通过联合组织成立的一项跨国足球俱乐部比赛．(简称G14)， 目的是使集团中的成员获得更高的利益，提高与欧足联的抗衡能力。2003——2004赛季，德国斯 加特队参加了这一联赛，在小组中打了八场比赛，进入16强义打了两场比赛。虽然最后无缘进入8强，但它在赛会中分得了2000万欧元的高额奖金。有价的是获得丰厚的奖金，无价的是受到千万球迷热烈拥护的荣誉。2．寻求股票上市。20世纪90年代，国外许多足球俱乐部进行了股份制改造，其最终目的是寻求股票上市。俱乐部股票上市后，一改过去负债经营的被动局面，进而做到收支平衡，有的甚至获得丰厚的利润，从而人人吸引了投资者，国际足坛一度出现“足球俱乐部股票上市热”。目前股票市场中的“足球板块”吸引了越来越多的投资者。面对这种局面，意大利、德国、西班牙等国政府通过修改法律，允许本国足球俱乐部成为盈利公司，为足球俱乐部股票上市筹集资金开了绿灯。足球俱乐部股票上市是有一定的经济和社会背景的：(1)足球俱乐部对产业经营开发越米越重视，通过经营开发使足球产业步入了良性循环；(2)足球俱乐部股票上市所取得的成功，为其他足球俱乐部树立了榜样；(3)拉近了俱乐部与球迷间的距离；(4)“博斯曼裁决”的冲击，球员自由转会使各俱乐部必须重新对自己的资产作出评价，为了寻找资金米源，俱乐部股票上市无疑是最佳的捷径。虽然足球俱乐部股票上市前景十分诱人，但在为足球俱乐部集资创利的同时，也承担着向投资者同报的义务，如何用盈利同报投资者，同时义不影响盈利 丁再生产，这对 盾如果处理不好，不仅影响球队的成绩，而且直接影响投资者的热情。3．高额电视转播、广告收入。20世纪80年代以后电视转播体育比赛与足球紧密结合起米。电视转播费的急剧上涨，使球队有了强人的经济保障；球星的涌入人人提高了比赛水平，球迷踊跃看球，足球俱乐部的其它收入巨额增长。电视转播与足球的结合，也促进了彼此的产业化经营步伐，不仅使足球产业本身获得发展所需的经费，电视行业通过转播足球比赛也收益 浅。欧美国家足球俱乐部的电视转播收入儿乎I!J‘其全部收入的l0％～20％，有的高达38％，成为产业经营的主要项目。各国在电视转播经营上引入竞争机制，打破垄断经营， 开拓有线、无线和收费电视网络，确定电视转播的权属问题， 而不是将电视转播的经营开发理解为职业足球管理者拉剑钱再分给各足球俱乐部那么简单，在统一经营开发的前提下，鼓励竞争，分层分块经营开发。通过儿年的规范性经营开发，电视台也尝到了转播足球比赛所带米的盈利。正因为电视的注入，通过足球比赛进行广告宣传的效黼增人，从而使球队得到的赞助越来越多，球场广告、球队服装广告的经营开发和收益越来越可观，通过对球队的广告赞助，在人人增强足球俱乐部实力的同时， 赞助商的宣传效应也极人地提高了。二、中国足球产业的现状(一)中国足球产业发展的历程改革开放后，中国经济迅猛发展，但往足球产业的开发上尚处于起步阶段，许多经营项目还是空白，因此商机巨人，开发前景十分美好。在市场经济的启发下，我国足球走上了改革之路。1992年，根据当时国家体委有关决定，以足球作为体育体制改革的突破口，进行足球产业化改革，实行足球俱乐部体制，推出甲A职业联赛。1993年中国足协与国际管理集团(IMG)经过艰苦谈判，签订了为期五年的合同，从1994年开始甲A联赛冠名为“万宝路甲A足球联赛”，同时将冠名权所得资金分给相应协会与俱乐部。当年12支甲A球队除沈阳队与解放军队无企业冠名外，其余l0支分别与有关企业商谈获得俱乐部冠名及球队冠名，解决各队相当一部分的训练和竞赛资金。1999年，中国足协义同国际管理集团签订另一个为期五年的“百事可乐全国甲A联赛”协议，总标额达数亿元人民币。目前在俱乐部的冠名权转让、电视转播权、赛事赞助及商品经营中的标志产品、纪念品等足球产业的经营上正稳步向前发展。经过l0年职业联赛历程，如今中国足球市场每年创产值达数亿元人 币。不难看出，足球作为一项产业在我国经济改革中已初步体现出其应有地位和价值。(二)职业联赛推动了中国足球事业的发展1．职业联赛开发了中国巨大的足球市场。职业联赛的诞生，使中国足球市场得到启动和开发。首先是实行运动员转会制，开放人才市场，促进人才的流动。转会过程体现了市场对运动员的需求和运动员的价值，使运动员产生可能被市场淘汰的危机感，促成了运动员之间的竞争，变“要我练”为“我要练”，使训练品质利比赛水平都得到提高。其次是竞赛市场的全面开放。俱乐部的建立把足球竞赛全面推向了市场，国内的联赛和各种商业比赛都引进商业运作机制，加上联赛采用主客场制，商业比赛人力宣传，出现足球比赛观众火爆的场面。火爆的球市吸引了越米越多的国内外企业进入中国足球市场，这不仅搞活了足球市场，而且增强了足球运动的社会影响力，使足球市场的发展充满了勃勃生机。在足球竞技表演市场开发上，首开成功之例的是1994年中国足协与企业联手邀请意人利桑普多利亚足球俱乐部来华进行商业比赛，主办单位获得良好的经济效益。而在2001年上海中花俱乐部与英格兰曼联队及2003年中国国家队表演赛，更是得意之作，每场比赛一次性盈利均超过1000万元人民币。世界顶级球队纷纷米华献技，有力地推动了中国足球市场的发展，同时促进了现代足球理念的传播，丰富了人们的业余文化生活。2．职业联赛促进了中国足球产业的发展。足球俱乐部的建立并按照止规的企业方式运作，标志着足球产业的形成，从此我国逐渐形成了一个独立的足球产业系统。短时间内，我国的足球产业部门如雨后春笋般涌现，除职业俱乐部外，还包括业余俱乐部、足球学校及其他与足球相关的产业部门。这些产业部门的形成并在市场经济环境下不断发展和壮大，说明其存在的合理性和市场需要，同时各类足球产业部门按企业方式经营运作，使原有人员和物质资源的配置更趋合理。在足球运动人才培养方面，足球俱乐部和足球学校在良好的市场运作环境和运动员身价倍增的有利条件下，实行技术培训的有偿收费制度，不仅在经济上收到良好的效益，而且所培养人才的品质和数量都有明显提高，壮大了运动队的后备队伍。冈此，职业联赛的实施，对丁我国足球产业的发展有一个良性的综合效应。3．职业联赛促进了中国足球的对外交流，加快了与国际接轨的步伐。国际足球发展的经验已经证明，足球落后国家与足球发达国家的交流是前者获取足球理论与经验的重要途径。在启动职业联赛的同时，中国足协制定了有关引进国外教练和运动员的规定。职业联赛10年来，我国各类足球队引进外籍教练超过卣人次，引进运动员千余人次，同时也有大量的国内运动员或教练出国学习、考察和踢球，这有力地促进了我国足球的国际交流。另外，俱乐部的市场化运作及与国外的交流促进了足球行业管理的法制建设和规范化运作，也培养了一批新型的足球管理人才、经纪人，大人促进了我国足球与国际的接轨。
历史之最！梅西六度当选世界足球先生
里瓦尔多·维多·博巴·费雷拉简称：里瓦尔多（Rivaldo Vitor Borba Ferreira） 国籍：巴西 场上位置：前卫/前锋出生时间：1972年4月19日 身高：186cm 体重：73kg 现效力俱乐部：沙特阿拉伯的团结俱乐部 前效力俱乐部：奥林匹亚科斯、克鲁塞罗、巴塞罗那、AC米兰、拉科鲁尼亚、帕尔梅拉斯、莫日米林、科林西安、圣克鲁斯
1991年 马特乌斯（德国），帕潘（法国），莱因克尔（英格兰） 1992年 范·巴斯滕（荷兰），斯托伊奇科夫（保加利亚），哈斯勒（德国） 1993年 罗伯特·巴乔（意大利），罗马里奥（巴西），博格坎普（荷兰） 1994年 罗马里奥（巴西），斯托伊奇科夫（保加利亚），罗伯特·巴乔（意大利） 1995年 乔治·维阿（利比里亚），马尔蒂尼（意大利），克林斯曼（德国） 1996年 罗纳尔多（巴西），乔治·维阿（利比里亚），阿兰·希勒（英格兰） 1997年 罗纳尔多（巴西）， 罗伯特·卡洛斯（巴西）， 博格坎普（荷兰）、齐达内（法国）（并列第三） 1998年 齐达内（法国），罗纳尔多（巴西），达沃·苏克（克罗地亚） 1999年 里瓦尔多（巴西），贝克汉姆（英格兰），巴蒂斯图塔（阿根廷） 2000年 齐达内（法国），菲戈（葡萄牙），里瓦尔多（巴西） 2001年 菲戈（葡萄牙），贝克汉姆（英格兰），劳尔（西班牙） 2002年 罗纳尔多（巴西），卡恩（德国），齐达内（法国） 2003年 齐达内（法国），亨利（法国），罗纳尔多（巴西） 2004年 罗纳尔迪尼奥（巴西），亨利（法国），舍甫琴科(乌克兰) 2005年 罗纳尔迪尼奥（巴西），兰帕德（英格兰），埃托奥(喀麦隆) 2006年 卡纳瓦罗（意大利），齐达内（法国），罗纳尔迪尼奥（巴西） 2007年 卡卡（巴西），梅西（阿根廷），克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多（葡萄牙） 2008年 克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多（葡萄牙) ，梅西（阿根廷），托雷斯（西班牙） 2009年 梅西（阿根廷），克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多（葡萄牙) ，哈维（西班牙） 迄今为止罗纳尔多是唯一一位三次获得《世界足球》世界足球先生称号的球员，他在96年、97年和02年分别当选。普拉蒂尼、古力特、罗纳尔迪尼奥则各有两次当选经历。值得一提的是，马尔蒂尼在1994年成为了《世界足球》评出的世界足球先生，这是AC米兰旗手职业生涯以来唯一的顶级个人荣誉，他也成为了第一位当选世界足球先生的后卫球员。
历届足球先生前三名 1991年 马特乌斯（德国），帕潘（法国），莱因克尔（英格兰） 1992年 范·巴斯滕（荷兰），斯托伊奇科夫（保加利亚），哈斯勒（德国） 1993年 罗伯特·巴乔（意大利），罗马里奥（巴西），博格坎普（荷兰） 1994年 罗马里奥（巴西），斯托伊奇科夫（保加利亚），罗伯特·巴乔（意大利） 1995年 乔治·维阿（利比里亚），马尔蒂尼（意大利），克林斯曼（德国） 1996年 罗纳尔多（巴西），乔治·维阿（利比里亚），阿兰·希勒（英格兰） 1997年 罗纳尔多（巴西）， 罗伯特·卡洛斯（巴西）， 博格坎普（荷兰）、齐达内（法国）（并列第三） 1998年 齐达内（法国），罗纳尔多（巴西），达沃·苏克（克罗地亚） 1999年 里瓦尔多（巴西），贝克汉姆（英格兰），巴蒂斯图塔（阿根廷） 2000年 齐达内（法国），菲戈（葡萄牙），里瓦尔多（巴西） 2001年 菲戈（葡萄牙），贝克汉姆（英格兰），劳尔（西班牙） 2002年 罗纳尔多（巴西），卡恩（德国），齐达内（法国） 2003年 齐达内（法国），亨利（法国），罗纳尔多（巴西） 2004年 罗纳尔迪尼奥（巴西），亨利（法国），舍甫琴科(乌克兰) 2005年 罗纳尔迪尼奥（巴西），兰帕德（英格兰），埃托奥(喀麦隆) 2006年 卡纳瓦罗（意大利），齐达内（法国），罗纳尔迪尼奥（巴西） 2007年 卡卡（巴西），梅西（阿根廷），克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多（葡萄牙） 2008年 克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多（葡萄牙) ，梅西（阿根廷），托雷斯（西班牙） 2009年 梅西（阿根廷），克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多（葡萄牙) ，哈维（西班牙）