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论文摘要体现了论文的关键核心内容，是论文翻译的重要内容。在翻译科技论文时，我们可以适当地使用被动语态，使整个文章更加客观。被动语态的表达方式可以扩大句子的信息量，突出相关的概念。同时，要注意论文涉及的关键词翻译要准确、经得起推敲。
thesis 论文 (一本， 如硕士，博士论文)。paper 文章(发表在杂志上的一篇 一篇的) ÄÕÂ
毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
我不知道你说的学术论文是哪哪一种学术论文，学术论文，现在包括期刊型的论文，就是发一些省级，国家级核心，还有一些世界级别的期刊，那这些也是从作为学术论文。
第一种分类，是学位论文，也是影响是否能拿到学位的最关键的论文，主要是本科学位论文、硕士学位论文、博士学位论文。主要字数大概在三到五万字左右。第二种分类，是期刊论文，期刊又分为普刊、核心期刊、英文期刊(sci、ssci)，难度依次增加，普刊字数大概在三到五千字，主要以理论描述和观点阐释为主，偶尔也会有实证辅助。核心期刊一般在8000字左右，不同的期刊有不同的论文风格，需要根据实际情况进行具体分析。英文期刊，字数跟中文差不多，如果从理论或实证上来看，难度并不大，其主要的门槛是翻译，如果可以信达雅的翻译出观点和做实证分析，发一篇英语论文不是难度很大的事情，主要看英文期刊的分区情况。第三种就是学期中的小论文，这个主要是为毕业论文练手的，基本上能发期刊论文的话，这种论文也就不在话下了。第四种分类，按照论文的性质，有纯理论阐述观点的论文，有需要实际数据验证的实证论文，有需要实验数据的实验论文，还有纯理论推导证明的论文。
润色是指通过对文字进行修饰，使其文采丰富，以下例子是对句子进行润色，希望对理解有帮助： I realized the importance of English when I entered senior high (强调句强调句强调句强调句) It was when I entered senior high school that I realized the importance of E We can live a happy life only by this (倒装) Only by this means can we live a happy He fell The lights were still (with结构) He fell asleep with the lights When I heard that, I was much (非谓语动词) Hearing that, I was much They carried out a survey among 260 (被动语态) A survey was carried out among 260 They were faced with many They didn’t lose (非谓语动词) Faced with many problems, they didn’t lose heart． It was getting And it began to (插入语) It was getting What was worse, it began to He worked very He made great progress in his (改为复合句) He worked so hard that he made great progress in his He offered me a piece of advice that I should cheer up and start all over (what引导的主语从句) What he offered me was a piece of advice that I should cheer up and start all over I got on a There were already too many people on (定语从句) I got on a bus on which there were already too many 50% of the students surveyed choose super stars as their (强调数字) As many as 50% of the students surveyed choose super stars as their
货架的蘑菇和祥云图案点缀，否则，结构简单与华丽的风格。
embroidery；retouch；polish；larded with
Thewormholeattackisasevereattackagainstadhocroutingprotocolsthatisparticularlychallengingtodefendagainst;Inthewormholeattack,anattackerrecordspackets(orbits)atonelocationinthenetwork,tunnelsthemtoanotherlocation,Mostexistingadhocnetworkroutingprotocolsthatlackamechanismtodefendthemagainstthewormholeattackwouldbeunabletofindrouteslongerthanoneortwohops,虫洞攻击是一个严重的攻击，路由协议，是特别具有挑战性，抵御;它可以削弱一系列网络路由协议。在虫洞攻击，攻击者记录数据包(或位)在同一地点的网络，隧道到另一个位置，并转发到网络。现有的大多数网络路由协议，缺乏一种机制来保护他们免受虫洞攻击将无法fi钕路线长于1或2啤酒花，这严重破坏通信。Ifawormholeattackertunnelsallpacketsthroughthewormholehonestlyandreliably,noharmisdone;theattackeractuallyprovidesausefulserviceinconnectingthenetworkmoreeffiHowever,whenanattackerforwardsonlyroutingcontrolmessages,Forexample,whenusedagainstanon-demandroutingprotocolsuchasDSR4orAODV,apowerfulapplicationofthewormholeattackcanbemountedbytunnelingeachROUTEREQUESTpacketdirectlytothetargetnodeoftheREQUESTT如果一个虫洞攻击隧道数据包通过虫洞诚实可靠，没有造成危害后果的;攻击者实际上提供了一个有用的服务，更有效地fi连接网络。然而，当一个攻击者只转发路由控制消息，这次袭击可能严重破坏路由。例如，当使用一个路由协议如dsr4或路由协议，一个强大的应用虫洞攻击可以安装在隧道每个路由请求数据包直接到目标节点的请求。这种攻击可以防止任何节点发现路线超过2跳。PForexample,OLSRandTBRPFuseHELLOpacketsforneighbordetection,soifanattackertunnelstoBallHELLOpacketstransmittedbyAandtunnelstoAallHELLOpacketstransmittedbyB,thenAandBwillbelievethattheyareneighbors,whichwouldcausetheroutingprotocoltofailtofindrouteswhentheyaren’周期性的协议，也容易受到这类攻击。例如，路由和tbrpf使用包来检测为邻居，所以如果攻击者隧道都喂所传送的数据包和隧道到所有你好所传送的数据包，然后，会相信他们是邻居，这将导致路由协议未能fi钕路线时，他们不实际上的邻居。TOneexampleisanywirelessaccesscontrolsystemthatisproximitybased,suchaswirelesscarkeysorproximity-andtoken-basedaccesscontrolsystemsforPCInsuchsystems,虫洞攻击也是危险的其他无线应用。一个例子是任何无线接入控制系统，是接近，如无线车钥匙或接近和象征性的访问控制系统的电脑。在这样的系统中，攻击者可以获得未经授权的访问认证交流继电器。OWeconsiderspecificallytwotypesofpacketleashes:Themainideaisthatbyauthenticatingeitheranextremelyprecisetimestamporlocationinformationcombinedwithaloosetimestamp,areceivercandetermineifthepackethastraversedanunrealisticdistanceforthespecifiTWecanapproximateapacket’Tobemoreconservative,however,anodecanchoosetoaddthemaximumtimesynchronizationerror,assumingthatthesender’sclockmightbefasterthanthereceiver’我们的解决方案的虫洞攻击数据包限制。我们认为，特别地fi类型分组的牵引:地理和时间。其主要思想是，通过认证的任何一个非常精确的时间戳或位置信息，结合一个松散的时间戳，接收器可以确定数据包已经走过一个不切实际的距离为fi网络技术。时间约束依靠非常精确的时间同步，时间戳每个数据包。我们可以近似的数据包的旅行时间之间的差异的时间和收到的时间戳。更为保守，然而，一个节点可以选择添加最大时间同步误差，假设发送方的时钟可能是速度快于接收器的。可以了吧!大哥
City Planning in foreign literature translation in English how to say
Hu J Tension, Tang Guangwu, et Present situation of seismic design of pile foundation in liquefiable field [J] world bridge, 2008 (1): 14- (in Chinese): 11 Wang Qing Qiao, Xiao Wei, Wang J The bridge pile damage characteristics and failure mechanism of [J] earthquake disaster prevention technology, 2009, 4 167- Li Y Transverse dynamic response of pile foundation in liquefiable soil [D] Research Institute of engineering mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Qi C During liquefaction of saturated sands soil pile interaction on p-y curve [D] Tianjin University, Ling Xianchang, Tang L The lateral response of piles in liquefiable ground in progress model of p-y curve analysis in mechanical [J] 2010, 40 250- Xianchang Ling, Wang Chen, Wang Zhiqiang, et Free ground Large scale shaking table model test of earthquake engineering and engineering vibration, 2003, 23 138 - 14363 Zhang Jianmin, Wang G Analysis of the foundation of large post liquefaction deformation of pile - soil interaction is Journal of Tsinghua University (NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION), 2004, 44 429 - 432 Yuan Xiaoming, Li Yurun, sun R The response mechanism of pile foundation in liquefiable soil under seismic cyclic ground Journal of civil engineering, 2008, 103 - 11076 Xianchang Ling, Tang Liang, Gao X Bridge Piles in liquefiable ground acceleration vibration test and numerical Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2008,40 1546 - 1551 Tang Liang, Ling Xianchang, Xu Peng Ju, et Liquefiable ground high cap pile soil bridge structure interaction vibration test China [J] Journal of highway and transport, 2010, 23 (4): 51- Qian Deling, Zhang Zehan, Dai Qiquan, et Liquefied high-rise building pile foundation dynamic response [J] Journal of rock mechanics and engineering test on 2015, 34 (12): 2572- Su Lei Ling, Xianchang, Tang Liang, et Liquefiable ground bridge of pile foundation dynamic testing of vibration response of disaster prevention and mitigation engineering [J] 2015, V35 (2): 186- Zhang Xinlei, Wang Zhihua, Xu Zhenwei, et Dynamic model test of dynamicresponse of pile groups under large displacement conditions [J] engineering mechanics, 2016, 33 (5): 150- (in Chinese) Yang Runlin, Qiao Chunming, ZHANG, Xiao-yu, et Shaking table test study on seismic response of pile foundation in liquefiable ground [J] Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2014 (1): 131- (in Chinese) Kong Desen, Li Chunjie, Ling Xianchang, et Journal of liquefied soil pile group - soil - structure interaction seismic shaking table test on [J] of geotechnical engineering, 2011, 33 (S2): 143- 48：Wang Kai, Qian D Study on shaking table model test of pile soil superstructure in liquefiable field [J] Journal of HeFei University of Technology: Natural Science Edition, 2011, 34 (11): 1687- 49 ：for Xu Peng, Hu Qingli, Ling X Journal of soil liquefaction single seismic pile soil bridge structure interaction of large scale shaking table test study of [J] in civil engineering, 2010 (S2): 327-
The foreign literature translation of city
在期刊上发表了论文Published a paper in the Journal—————————————————您好，用心、细心为您答疑解惑；如果本题还有什么不明白可以追问，如果满意请记得采纳；如果有其他问题请采纳本题后，请指向我的图像点击向我求助！答题不易，请谅解，谢谢。——————————————————————————————————祝您生活愉快！
毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
【大学生】 毕业讠仑 文 应该是本科毕业讠仑 文 Undergraduate Thesis； 研究生毕业讠仑 文分为 硕士研究生毕业讠仑 文 和博士研究生讠仑 文 分别为 Master's Thesis和PD Thesis。有总称为Graduate Thesis。啊哈（这个“啊哈”乃证据助词，）希望一品 优刊 帮到伱了(づ￣ 3￣)づ
Business enterprise operating funds management researchIn business enterprise, operating funds for most of the enterprises, and its turnover and average balance directly influence enterprise benefit occupied, working capital management, financial management is This paper analyzes the present existing business enterprise of the inventory and accounts receivable nbre unreasonable, budget control such as inefficient management, financial management, formulate measures of effective management of credit policies,