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外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章，和你的设计题目相似的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，这就是外文翻译，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下，不要很具体，因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍，文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。
不算，但是前提是要备注出自论语，孔子。（也就是所谓的sitation）名言名句原本可能出自于各个国家和各种语言，但是基本的意思都是相通的。只要翻译没有太大差异，并且读者可以理解就是没有问题的，要表明出处是因为外国人可能是不知道这句话是老子说的，表上表明这个引用更有说服力。
英语论文写作中有两种摘抄方式，一种是直接摘抄文本，另一种是用自己的说法重复，不论如何，两种方式都需要在论文最后写明文章来源与原作者名（注名方式有点复杂就不多说了）。即便是翻译，最后至少也会落入“用自己的说法重复”的范畴，所以如果没有列明文章来源的话就会形成抄袭。如果整篇文章都是从原文翻译得来的，那么还涉及一个翻译权的问题（对，翻译权），而且会是非常明显的抄袭行为。当然以上这些都是英美标准，在国内可能不适用，这方面你还是应该遵从导师/上级的意见。
一般是这样，根据句子的相似程度判定是否抄袭，而且相似度要到一定程度上才会说是一样的，如果你翻译的论文本身没有英文版的，就不会判定抄袭了。如果有英文翻译，你把主动句换成被动句，或者别的就行，这种类似的改动很管用。这样别人就不会发现了。
这是目前国内论文很常见的现象，不算抄袭，但是你最好把自己的参考文献写清楚
多少字我写的
这个不可以 你可以适当引用 但是不能原文翻译《科技传播》杂志
在他的作品中体现的哈代的宗教意识是这样的翻译吗？
documentary summary
Literature Review
The Review on 文献综述 一般用 Review
gist
Skopos theoryIn twentieth Century 70, functionalist translation theory originated in Itsdevelopment has gone through several The first stage: Katherina Les for the first time the functional category into translation criticism, will be the language function, linked text types and translation strategies, to the development of the relationship between the source text and the target functionbased model of translation criticism, thus put forward the rudiment of functionalist Les thinks that the ideal translation should be comprehensive communicative translation, namely in the conceptual content, language forms and communicative functions are equivalent to the original, but the priority should be in practice is thefunctional characteristics of The second stage: Hans Vermeer (Vermeer) presented the skopos theory, thetranslation from the original center out of bound of theory The theory is that the original translation is based on a purpose and results of behavior, this behavior must be done through consultations; translation must follow a series of law, including objective law in the first That is to say, the purpose of translation depends on In addition, the translation must follow the "coherence rule" and the"coherence rule" The former refers to the translation to the internal coherence in thetarget text receiver, it is understandable, the latter refers to the coherence between the translation and the original After the introduction of these three principles,evaluation criteria of translation is no longer "equivalence", but full of translation to achieve the desired Vermeer also proposed the appointment of the concept of translation, namely, the translator should be to decide whether, when, how to accomplish the task of That is to say, the translator should according to different purposes of translation by the corresponding translation strategies, but also have the right to decide what the purpose of translation can keep the original text,what need to adjust or Fimmel thinks, the highest law in translation should be "objective law" That is to say,the purpose of translation, the translation strategies, methods are also In other words, the purpose of translation determines the translation strategies and For Chinese and western translation history, the domestication andforeignization, peer discussion and nearly twenty or thirty years translation anddynamic equivalence, "Skopos Theory" have made a very good Translation is domestication or foreignization, depends on the purpose of Due to the functional translation theory is to "objective principle" as the highest criterion, and any translation activity is purposeful, ultimate goal and main function of translation is to help people understand the main content of the movie, and stimulate the audience's We therefore need to functional translation theory, especially the "Skopos Theory" school to do simple to The third stage: Justa Hotz Manta in reference communication and behavior theory,put forward the translation behavior theory, the further development of thefunctionalist translation theory, this theory will translate as by purpose drive, the interaction between people with translation results The theory and purpose of a lot in common, Vermeer was also the two The fourth stage: Christina Nord comprehensive summary and improvement of the theory of Internal and external factors of Christina Nord for the first time in English systematically expounds the text analysis in translation, and how to set upthe purpose of translation function on the basis of the original translation Christina Nord sent the doctrine of the functions carried out, and puts forward the principles guiding the translator should follow the principle of "function plus loyalty",so as to improve the
The Review on 文献综述 一般用 Review
可以用review来表示，比如：Chapter Literature Review第二章文献综述