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Gilberto Montibellera,Valerie Beltonb and Marcus Vinicius ALimac Supporting factoring transactions in Brazil using reasoning maps: a language-based DSS for evaluating Accounts Receivable Available online 13 January Ben J Sopranzetti 《The Economics of Factoring Accounts Receivable》 Available online 18 August 2004
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Appendix ESTABLISH CREDIT SYSTEM IN ENTERPRISES TO STRENGTHEN THE MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE1 Hong Mei Abstract: The main point about account receivable management is enterprises is that makes a reasonable credit policy is a enterprise according to real running state of the enterprise and reputation state of a customer。It is an important component as well as guiding principle and policy which should be made reasonably in the enterprise to achieve the goal about management of accounts At present, an overall amount of accounts receivable increased progressively each year and never cut down on overdue accounts in our This has become one of chronic and stubborn problems in business activities ,In the Problems and causes about accounts receivable in a enterprise is analyzed in our country suggest that the firm want to change this kind of current state, it may start with the two aspects from establishment of accounts receivable ,mechanism on guard and handle of overdue As fallowing of exact measures: Establish a perfect credit management system, Enhance internal monitor and control against accounts receivable, Strengthen daily management on accounts receivable and integrate accounts Key words: account receivable, credit policy, debt reorganization, internal control TARGET FOR ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE MANAGEMENT The target is that a firm should make a sensible and scientific credit policy about accounts receivable and weigh marketing gains and due costs from the credit policy, The firm can not put into effect and pursue this kind of credit policy until the marketing arnings go beyond the costs added ,meanwhile the management has included the prediction and judgment on market and investigation on security of accounts receivable, If it seems that the market promises better ,higher security of accounts receivable, the firm can introduce more flexible collection policies and expand the credit business to make more Conversely ,the firm should adopt strict policies or adjust the credit line to different customers so as to achieve better economic results ANALYSIS ON THE STATUS QUO AND CAUSE OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE IN OUR COUNTRY 1 The status quo of accounts receivable in our country At present, many products are the buyers Supply exceed demand has already become the normality in all trades and professions Many firms introduce the way of credit business to develop markets and create more favorable competition The current survey showed that about 80% firms have used the method of credit business in our country, the figure is about the same as developed countries, but results are widely divergent The section concerned survey should that accounts receivable constitute over 50 per cent of flow cashes in our country’s firms, the proportion is higher above 20 percent than the developed Firms especially, the state-owned firms, have fallen into arrears with their payment for goods mutually This is a very very serious According to analysis of a professional institute statistics, in general ,overdue accounts in a firm should be cower 10 percent of told accounts receivable in developed market economy, but the proportion has been higher up to over to The success of recovery will be affected directly with aging of accounts receivable and the amount of the overdue days be good credit Accounts receivable cannot be controlled effectively, bad market environment and customers credit seem on the surface to lead the current state Therefore ,it is the direct and foundational reason that an internal management has the greatest flaw ,the credit problems are very real problems having solved and prominent contradiction in the economic life so ,the firms development has been limited seriously with lack of credit management, we must strengthen credit management to face the challenges and opportunities after entrance of WTO 2 The cause of accounts receivable in our country The market economy necessarily produce accounts receivable ,this is normal phenomenon, its nature is credit The way and relationship of credit is principal form in social economic It is difficult to recover accounts receivable, why? here is how: Lack of risk In cut-throat competition, at the beginning of entry market ,sone firms want to get into the market, under the circumstances (without a thoroughgoing investigation of a payers credit, without right evaluation risk of accounts receivable),they conclude a short-term ,given credit-sale line contract (or agreement)with customers to attract more customers and expand their market After that, the firm have to pay such enormous amounts of VAT(because the credit receipt is business receipt)that there is danger of exhausted Without vigorous internal A majority of firms put to use the link total payroll with economic performance in order to bring into play the initiation of the staff at present ,yet have ignored the probability of the bad debts Since accounts receivable have not been thought into the check system a business department just pays attention to business task ,but does not mind recovering on accounts receivable, results in accounts eceivable increasing constantly, Some of the firms have not asked for the department concerned and the staff to press for payment of accounts receivable vigorously with effective countermeasures, caused the shortage of the flow cash ,in fact, there is the phenomenon of ‘false surplus and real loss’ Sedimentation of enormous amounts of accounts receivable make the firm bear serious financial Weak of law As we know, at present default costs are relative lower Many of the firms have this kind of mental attitude you owed mine, I owed Few people couldn’t safeguard their own lawful rights and interests with law, and then vicious circle COUNTERMEASURES ON MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE IN OUR COUNTRY 1 Establish a perfect system of credit management Credit policy is a vital component of credit management system, in duding credit standards, credit conditions, collection Credit standard refers to when a firm agrees to credit-granting for customers, customers must have the lowest ability to pay, in general, it expresses with anticipatory percentage of damage on bad debts, when a firm will decide on credit standards, you have to consider mainly three factors a ,to realize your customers, knowing that your opponent and yourself ,The firm can introduce generous or strict credit standards according to different situation so as so take advantage, b, to consider the firm’s ability to bear default risk, c, to know about the customer’s credit status, on the basis of this to give him credit preference or Credit condition is an exact condition that a firm asks for a customer’s payment, mainly including credit period, discount period and cash Collection policy refers to a firm adopt the collection tactics when the credit condition was run counter to If the firm adopted positive collection policy, you might reduce the cost of accounts recitative and the damage of bad debts ,that add to the collection costs ,sensible credit policy is decided ,the firm must consider credit standard, credit condition and collection policy to improve percentage of accounts 2 Establishment of guarding system of accounts receivable It is necessary to establish guarding system ,in the purpose of providing against possible ①you’d better set up a professional credit management institute to manage credit sale; ②set up a dymatic management system of a customer’s resource; ③set up control system of accounts 3 Integrate accounts receivable In order to recover overdue accounts effectively ,a firm should adopt sensible and practical ①set up special collecting group; ②regroup the debts; ③creditor’s rights on 4 strengthen everyday management of accounts receivable strengthen everyday management of accounts receivable ①take basic notes well; ②check customer’s credit line; ③realize customers’debts beyond credit period; ④analyse turnover rate of accounts receivable and average collection period; ⑤inspect the status to refuse payment; ⑥make the aging 2 Strengthen post management of accounts ①use sensible collection program; ②make advantage of a reasonable debt-recovery 3 Accounts receivable assessment method and management system ①enhance the departments of managing and monitoring; ②improve methods of internal assessment; ③internal audit; ④set up system of internal control The firm should establish a set of controlling system on accounts
论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱，将内容放进去，写好了就。参考文献去中国知网搜索，校园网免费下载。不懂可追问合适请采纳给你一份供参考希望能解决您的问题。
论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱，将内容放进去，写好了就。参考文献去中国知网搜索，校园网免费下载。不懂可追问合适请采纳给你一份供参考希望能解决您的问题。
2、制订合理的赊销方针。企业可借鉴西方对商业信用的理解，制订适合自己的可防范风险的赊销方针。如：（1）有担保的赊销。企业可在合同中规定，客户要在赊欠期中提供担保，如果赊欠过期则承担相应的法律责任。（2）条件销售。赊欠期较长的应收账款发生坏账的风险一般比赊欠期较短的坏账风险要大，因此企业可与客户签定附带条件的销售合同，在赊欠期间货物所有权仍属销售方所有，客户只有在货款全部结清后才能取得所有权。若不能偿还欠款，企业则有权收回商品，弥补部分损失。 3、建立赊销审批制度。在企业内部应分别规定业务部、业务科长等各级人员可批准的赊销限额，限额以上须报经上级或经理审批。这种分级管理制度使赊销业务必须经过相关人员的授权批准，有利于将其控制在合理的限度内。 4、强化应收账款的单个客户管理和总额管理。企业对与自己有经常性业务往来的客户应进行单独管理，通过付款记录、账龄分析表及平均收款期判断个别账户是否存在账款拖欠问题。如果赊销业务繁忙，不可能对所有客户都单独管理，则可侧重于总额控制。信用管理人员应定期计算应收账款周转率、平均收款期、收款占销售额的比例以及坏账损失率，编制账龄分析表，按账龄分类估计潜在的风险损失，以便正确估量应收账款价值，并相应地调整信用政策。 5、建立销售回款一条龙责任制。为防止销售人员为了片面追求完成销售任务而强销盲销，企业应在内部明确追讨应收账款不是财务人员而是销售人员的责任。同时，制订严格的资金回款考核制度，以实际收到货款数作为销售部门的考核指标，每个销售人员必须对每一项销售业务从签订合同到回收资金铨过程负责。这样就可使销售人员明确风险意识，加强货款的回收。 三、应收账款风险的防范 企业为防范债务人无限期地拖欠货款，可采用以下措施： 1、将应收账款改为应收票据。由于应收票据具有更强的追索权，且到期前可以背书转让或贴现，在一定程度上能够降低坏账损失的风险，所以当客户到期不能偿还货款时企业可要求客户开出承兑汇票以抵销应收账款。 2、应收账款抵押与让售。企业可通过抵押或让售业务将应收账款变现。应收账款抵押是企业以应收账款为担保品，众金融机构预先取得货款，收到客户支付欠款时再如数转交给金融机构作为部分借款的归还。但一旦客户拒绝付款，金融机构有权向企业追索，企业必须清偿全部借款。应收账款让售是企业将应收账款出售给从事此项业务的代理机构以取得资金，售出的应收账款无追索权。客户还款时直接支付给代理机构，一旦发生坏账企业不须承担任何责任。这项业务可以使企业将全部风险转移。这在西方比较盛行。我国某些金融机构可以对资信好的企业逐步建立这样的金融业务，有利市场分工和健康发展。 3、进行信用保险。虽然信用保险仅限于非正常损失，保险公司通常把保险金融限制在一定的范围内，要求被保企业承担一部分坏账损失，但是这种方式仍然可以把企业所不能预料的重大损失的风险转移给保险公司，使应收账款的损失率降至最低。 四、加强收账管理与提高我国市场的信用机制 企业向逾期尚未付款的顾客应采用适当的收款政策收取应收账款。若收款政策较严，虽然可以减少坏账损失及应收账款拖欠资金被占用的机会成本，但同时也会增加收账费用；反之，可发生较少的收账费用，但却又会增加应收账款的机会成本及坏账损失。因此，企业应制订最佳的收款政策，在增加收账费用与减少坏账损失及机会成本之间权衡，使收账成本最低，企业效益最大。同时，要注意讲究收账技巧，对于无力偿付与故意拖欠，以及欠款期不同的企业要采取不同的收账策略进行收账，如：寄函，打电话，派人催收，双方协商解决，借助于有权威的第三者调解，由仲裁机关仲裁解决，上诉司法机关，加强司法机关执行的力度等。总之，应逐步建立和提高我国市场的信用机制。