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其实如果你将短语优化放在语法优化里面也是可以的，但是将其特意拿出来说，作为一个单独的润色特点而言，也是可以的。在英文论文里面，增加必要性的幽默化的词语是非常重要的。
英文论文写作的过程,也是一个英文润色的过程,我们很难想象一篇英文学术论文是一气呵成、写作后没有改动的情况
格式、专业术语，把握好这两点就行了
怎样进行学术表达一种情况是:学术论文通过表达上的“陌生化”手段, 使文章语言晦涩难懂, 让人读起越艰难, 就认为学术水平越高。广西师范大学出版社的赵明节先生曾说过:“长期以来, 我有一个明显的感觉, 我们的学术著作大多面孔严肃乃至刻板, 语言瘦硬生涩。大概著作者本来也没怎么弄明白, 一味引用、推演, 越闹越糊涂。我就纳闷了, 这些著作者是不是诚心要让人望而却步、莫测高深?否则, 为什么要把自己精心研究的成果弄得那样云遮雾障甚至面目可憎呢?”毕竟写文章、著书立说不是让人看了头痛才算是高水平的。另一种情况是:学术论文的语言就需要严肃、科学、一板一眼, 不需要具有鲜活的生动性。学术论文讲究的是科学和准确, 一些学术问题的描述确实不需要一些如比喻、夸张等修辞手法, 但就学术问题表达上, 一板一眼、枯燥乏味与清晰流畅的表述还是有很大区别的。优秀的学术论文总是能将学术性和可读性融为一体, 任是再复杂、艰深的学术理论, 都能清楚明白地讲给你听, 表述出来不着痕迹, 读者接受起来也不费劲。如果能够达到这种状态, 就是好的学术语言表达方式了。
gavin7991 - 举人 四级 说的很详细，但更加简洁明了的说法是：硕士论文用thesis， MA thesis (文学硕士论文），博士论文用dissertation, 学期论文或发表的文章可用paper，essay指篇幅较短小的文章，相当于作文类或散文类
“论文”一词的英文表达很多，通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达，下面罗列了几种，请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。*dissertation（博士学位）论文，（专题）论文，学术演讲：长而正式的论文，尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文；学位论*disquisition专题论文；专题演讲，专题讨论：关于一个论题的正式讨论，常为书面形式*thesis命题论文：尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文*discourse （学术）讨论，研讨用的论文*paper 作业形式的，为达到某一目的或效果（如学位）而写的
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning In this paper, we focus on the need for This paper proceeds as The structure of the paper is as In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are Details on xx and xx are discussed in later In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are Review This review is followed by an A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section In the next section, a brief review of the is In the next section, a short review of is given with special regard to Section 2 reviews relevant research related to Section 1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility Body Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language Section 2 explains how flexibility which often can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the … and also discusses how to evaluate system Section 3 describes a new measure of Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance Section 4 gives a specific example of Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further Section 6 illustrates the model with an Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a scheme must In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference This Section In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent Next Section The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section Section 5 summarizes the results of this Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are Section 7 is the conclusion of the Chapter Abstract A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx This paper describes a system for the analysis of the The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx The usefulness of xx is also A brief methodology used in xx is The analysis is useful in xx and xx A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and The use of the method is discussed and an example is Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed This paper analyses problems in This paper outlines the functions carried out by This paper includes an illustration of the This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx Our proposed model is verified through experimental The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter Introduction Time Over the course of the past 30 years, has emerged form intuitive Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world The advent of systems for has had a significant impact on the The development of is explored During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
二中间段落句 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ___At the same time, they say____ ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……______is necessary and important to our country’s development and First，_，What’s more, __Most important of all,_ 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。There are several measures for us to First, we can______ 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to______ For one thing，______For another, ______ 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。It is high time that something was done about For _____In _____Allthese measures will certainly______ 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______ 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more
论文（Paper） 或：dissertation（论文） 或：thesis（论文） 经常说的： English dissertation(英语论文) Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
Thesis For Graduation毕业论文Thesis For Academic Degree学位论文Thesis表示比较严肃的文章，是带有一定目的的，研究性的文章。学位论文，研究报告。
Graduation thesis或Graduation paper
Graduation Thesis 或 diploma work
定语从句，宾语从句。应该就可以了哈。要注意通篇时态要一致。否则会被扣得很惨。
英语关联词用法 英语关联词 —并列连词 1 并列连词 在句子中不做成分,仅表示前后关系 用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分 1)连接语词:slow but safe/ either this week or next week 2)连接分句:I went and she 可分别表示下列关系 1)转折:but, yet, however, neverthe- less 2) 因果:so, for, therefore 3) 选择r, either…or, neither…nor 英语关联词 —并列连接词 2 4)并列和递进:and,both…and, as well as not only…but (also) 英语关联词 —关联词 关联词 用于引导从句 名词从句: He doesn't know what she 副词从句:If he comes, I'll give it to 形容词从句:He's the best student I've ever 英语关联词 —连接词 1 关联词的类别及所表示的关系 要特别注意关联词在从句中(及某些连接词在短语中)所担当的成分,这是正确使用关连词的关键 连接词:引导名词从句,在从句中不做成分 1) that(无含义): I said that he was 2) whether(if)(表示不确定性或选择关系): I don't know whether it is 英语关联词 —连接词 2 连接代词 1)引导名词从句,在从句中做主语,宾语,表语和 定语 A who/which 作主语(口语who中可做宾语, 但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词): I asked him who came into the / I asked him who(m) he saw whom/which 做宾语: Ask him which he 英语关联词 —关联词 3 C whose 做宾语(=whose thing(s)) /定 语: I wonder whose house that D what 做上面提及的各种成分: I don't know what I should What can be done 2)与不定式连用,在其中多做主语和宾语 We can't decide whom to We must decide what to I couldn't decide which to 英语关联词 —关联词 4 连接副词 引导名词从句或与不定式连用,在从句 中做状语 1) how: That's how I look at 2) where: I don't know where he 3) when: Tell me when to use the 4) why: I'll tell you why you have to do 英语关联词 —关系词 1 关系代词 1) who 表示人,在从句中做主语和表语(口语 who中可做宾语,但其前面不可有与其配合使用 的介词): The man who spoke is my I don't know who he The man who I saw told me 2) whom 表示人,在从句中做宾语和表语: The man whom I saw told me 英语关联词 —关系词 2 3) whose 表示"某人/物的",of which表示 "某物的", 在从句中做定语: That's the man whose son is my The room whose window faces south is her The room of which the window faces south is her 英语关联词 —关系词 3 4) which 表示物,在从句中做主语和表语: I like the picture which was taken in front of the main 5) that 表示人/物,在从句中做主语和宾语; 注 意下列关于that作为关系代词的用法 A现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时: This is the best film that I've ever 英语关联词 —关系词 4 B先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时: the first, the last, the only, the same, the very, all, any, no, This is the last chance that you You are the only friend that I He told me all that he 英语关联词 —关系词 5 C 先行词是下列不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时: much, little, none, everything/body, nothing, There's nothing in the world that can frighten D 以Who/Which开始的句子,其后的定语从句中 的关系代词不使用who/which,而代之以 Who that knows him would trust him Which of these buses is the one that goes to London 英语关联词 —关系词 6 E人和事物/动物同为先行词时: The man and the horse that fell into the river were 6) 关系代词做介词宾语 A一般介词可放在whom/which的前面或其所 在的从句的句尾,关系代词为that时,只可 放在其所在的从句的句尾 Is this the car for which you paid a high price 英语关联词 —关系词 7 Is this the car which you paid a high price for Is this the car that you paid a high price for Is this the car you paid a high price for B介词during, except以及表示(从整体中) "分割"(出部分)的介词of等介词要放在关 系代词的前面: 英语关联词 —关系词 8 The years during which he was away were long years to He wrote many books, some of which C其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必 须放在其动词之后,不可放在关系代词之前: This is the book which he has been looking 7)关系代词的省略 A关系代词作宾语时: The girl I work with is 英语关联词 —关系词 9 Bhat在定语从句中做表语时: He is not the man that he was when I saw him He is not the man he was when I saw him 关系副词 在定语从句中均做状语 1)where 地点: That's one point where I'd like your 英语关联词 —关系词 10 2) when 时间: At the time when I saw him, he was 3) why 原因: That is the reason why I came so 4) that 方式/时间/原因 I like the way that /in which he did 英语关联词 —关系词 11 That was the first time (that) I saw The reason why/that he was dismissed is not easy to 5)in which/at which = where This is the school in which/at which/ where he 6)for which = why I don't the reason for which he 英语关联词 —关系词 12 7)on which = when The day on which she was born was 22 September,
英语写作中的常用句型汇总-113491-1-html第一部分 常用于引言段的句型的2类表达方式一、议论文常用句型 Itisafactthat… Itiswell-knownthat… Thereisnodoubtthat… Ithinkthat… Contrarytothepopularthought,Iprefer… Somepeoplesay/believe/claimthat… Itisgenerallybelievedthat… Itiswidelyacceptedthat… Itisargued/heldthat… Whileitiscommonlybelievedthat…,Ibelieve… Itcanbeconcludedthat… People’
国内一些较好的杂志，现在附了英文题目和摘要，目的是让国外读者也能了解论文写作的大概内容。摘要要说明本文的研究动机、类型、贡献和实验结果，各用一句话说 明。一般都introduce某个概念，present某个方法，propose某个主意，或者provide某个系统的描述。很少用bring out, discuss, analyze等这样的动词。我发现，我们论文写作摘要喜欢写得模糊一点。你说它错吧，它不错；你说它对吧，又不知所云。写英文不能这样写。尽可能直来直去。一 般来说，只要中文摘要写得好，英文没有语法错，应该问题不大。 写英文的文章对我们母语是汉语的人来说，比较困难。我虽然已经发表了125篇英文文章，但是，实际上我还是写不好。听、说、读、写，写是最困难的。不过， 我觉得我在斯坦福大学的训练对我帮助很大。麦克劳斯基教授的研究组出文章是有严格手续的。先要把想法向他汇报，如果他认为尚可，就下周到讨论班上报告，听 取意见。然后自己写。写好以后，交给他指定的一位博士生修改。然后送给他的Research Associate修改定稿，最后由他过目，才能投出去。不像我们现在有些学生，离截稿日期只有一周，甚至几天，还让我帮他修改，这当然几乎不可能，投出 去的文章就可能英文错误百出，实在不行只好拒绝。记得我在论文中用到circuit on gate level。这位博士生认为不对，应该用at gate level。我不服，他说你到人家论文上去找例子，看有谁用on。我找不到，这事给我很深的印象。on,in,at这些前置词的使用，必须特别小心。我们 英文写不好，就尽量用简单句，不要用很复杂的带许多从句的长句子。你的目的是让人家看懂。你几乎不可能用精彩的文笔取胜，要靠你的技术内容。你觉得很得意 的句子，可能常常是人家看不懂的句子。对于第一次写英文文章的同学，我还是建议先写中文稿，至少写中文提纲，然后再写英文稿。当然，英文稿并不需要是中文 稿的译文。等你写了若干篇，基本上可以用英文思考了，再直接写英文稿。下面提几点我经常看到的毛病，供大家参考。好像在网上专门有文章，列出我们常犯的一 些错误。我这里写得当然不全，但我有研究生论文的例子。 1。不能用and或数字作为句子的开头。 2。如果不用复数，必须用a或an。用the必须有明确的特指的名词。用it必须有所指。 3。逗号后面要空一格，句号后面空两格。少用;，：等标点符号。不要一逗到底。只要是一个句子就要用句号。我们中国人喜欢把if放在句子的前面，这当然也不是不可以。但是按照他们的习惯，先说结论，接着是if如何如何。 4。and前后应该并列。一般不能前面是一个名词，后面却是一个动名词短语，中间用and。5。Chinglish要防止，例如，。。。has very important 6。论文中尽量少用第一人称。论文基本用一般现在时，即使引用人家的文章也用现在时，不用现在完成时或过去时。 7。不要滥用缩写，尤其不要自造。除非非常常用的缩写，第一次出现时要有说明。题目中最好不用缩写。 以上内容来自辑文编译
首先了解如何使用完整的句子来当作引号，顾名思义，完整的句子当作引用是通过引用你需要的完整论点句子来创建的。虽然这些都是完整的句子，但在你的论文中，它们不能把他们作为独立的论点使用用一个附加的完整句子或短语介绍他们就行。了解如何使用大括号，大括号是从一个来源直接引用的多个句子，在你的论文中占了四行以上。因为它们占用了大量的论文空间，所以对于一篇完整的论文，它们的使用应该尽量的少。通过在您自己的内容和引用之间添加一个完整的行空间来合并一个大括号。了解如何使用间接引号，间接引号，或释义，是指你使用一个来源的句子，但将措辞稍微改为你自己的话。这是有用的，当你不能满足的要求，如果你已经引用了太多。注意避免剽窃，至少要修改50%的句子。通过移动部分来改变句子的结构。您可以使用同义词库与同义词交换单词。只有当你确信你明白你正在复制的内容时，才能进行释义。如果你不清楚这句话的意思，你就不能把它充分地写进你自己的话里。注意：第一步：确定你的来源类型每个类型的论文会引用各种的来源。写学术论文或另外个类型的作品，你可以参考好多类型的材料，比如学术期刊文章，书籍，网页等等。因此，整理你的引用前需要确定你的来源类型。第二步：找到适合的结构/插入信息一确定了你引用的来源类型，需要选好对你来源合适的citation格式。第三步：整理参考书目每个文本中的引用需要对应参考书目中的引用，所以把你所用的来源都需要在列入参考文献条目中。