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你看那么多短语是没有用的，还不如买一大本完形填空和阅读理解400篇以上来做，一直做！！如果能够背到就更好了。多背点短文比这些有用多了。1 II 比较级句型： 比较级＋than … …比…较为 A ＋动词＋形容词比较级＋than＋B 两者相比较，A比B更…一些。 I am older than Mary is happier than J His brother is younger than I（me） Beijing is more beautiful than W My sister has longer hair than T Her mother is thinner than her Jack is taller than T as…as A+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B表示A和B两者比较，程度相同，“…和…相同”。 My uncle is as tall as your Tom is as honest as J My dog is as old as that A…＋not＋as＋形容词原级＋as＋B 表示A，B两者程度不同，即A不如B那么… My uncle is not as tall as your Tom is not as honest as J This jacket is not as cheap as that the same as 与…相同。 My friend is the same as We are both A good friend likes to do the same things as 一、动词+介词 1．look at…看…， look like … 看上去像……， look after …照料… 2．listen to…听…… 3．welcome to…欢迎到…… 4．say hello to …向……问好 5．speak to…对……说话 此类短语相当于及物动词，其后必须带宾语，但宾语无论是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。 二、动词+副词 “动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类： A．动词（）+副词 1．put on 穿上 2．take off脱下 3．write down记下 此类短语可以带宾语，宾语若是名词，放在副词前后皆可；宾语若是人称代词，只能放在副词的前面。 B．动词（vi）+副词。 1．come on赶快 2．get up起床 3．go home回家 4．come in进来 5．sit down坐下 6．stand up起立 此类短语属于不及物动词，不可以带宾语。 三、其它类动词词组 lose the door 1ook the same to work/class be ill have a look/seat have supper 1ook young shopping watch TV/games play games [介词短语聚焦] “介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。 1．in+语言/颜色/衣帽等，表示使用某种语言或穿着……。 2．in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等，表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。 3．in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。 4．in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。 5．in the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”；on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。 6．in the wall表示“在墙上（凹陷进去）”；on the wall表示“在墙上（指墙的表面）”。 7．at work（在工作）/at school（上学）/at home（在家）应注意此类短语中无the。 8．at + 时刻表示钟点。 9．like this/that表示方式，意为“像……这/那样”。 10．of短语表示所属关系。 11．behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等，表示方位、处所。 12．from与to多表示方向，前者意为“从……”，后者意为“到……”。 另外，以下这些短语也必须掌握。如：on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on one’s bike等。 [重点句型大回放] 1．I think…意为“我认为……”，是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…， 2．give to / give 意为“把……给……”，动词give之后可接双宾语，可用这两种句型；若指物的宾语是人称代词时，则只能用give it/ them to 3．take / to…意为“把……(送)带到……”，后常接地点，也可接人。 4．One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意为“一个是……；另一个是……”，必须是两者中。 5．Let do 意为“让某人做某事”，人后应用不带to的动词不定式，其否定式为Don’t let sb，do ，或Let not do 另外，Let’s 与Let us的含义不完全相同，前者包括听者在内，后者不包括听者在内， 6．help (to) do /help with 意为“帮助某人做某事”，前者用不定式作宾补，后者用介词短语作宾补，二者可以互换 7．What about…？/How about…？意为“……怎么样？”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词，其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。 8．It’s time to do…/ It’s time for 意为“该做……的时间了”，其中to后须接原形动词，for后可接名词或V-ing形式。 9．like to do /like doing 意为“喜欢做某事”， 前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作；后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作， 10．ask (not) to do 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”，其中ask 后应接动词不定式， 11．show / show to 意为“把某物给某人看”，该句型的用法同前面第2点。 12．introduce to 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”；introduce to 则是“向某人作介绍”。 [重点短语快速复习] kinds of 各种各样的 either…or…或者……或者……，不是……就是…… neither…nor…既不……也不…… Chinese tea without, anything in it 中国清茶 take a seat 就坐 home cooking 家常做法 be famous for 因……而著名 on ones way to在……途中 be sick/ill in hospital生病住院 at the end of在……的尽头，在……的末尾 wait for 等待 in time 及时 make one’s way to…往……（艰难地）走去 just then 正在那时 first of all 首先，第一 go wrong 走错路 be/get lost 迷路 make a noise 吵闹，喧哗 get on 上车 get off 下车 stand in line 站队 waiting room 候诊室，候车室 at the head of……在……的前头 laugh at 嘲笑 throw about 乱丢，抛散 in fact 实际上 at midnight 在半夜 have a good time=enjoy oneself玩得愉快 quarrel with 和某人吵架 take one’s temperature 给某人体温 have/get a pain in…某处疼痛 have a headache 头痛 as soon as… 一……就…… feel like doing 想要干某事 stop…from doing 阻止……干某事 fall asleep 入睡 again and again再三地，反复地 wake up 醒来，叫醒 instead of 代替 look over 检查 take exercise运动 had better(not) do 最好（不要）干某事 at the weekend 在周末 on time 按时 out of从……向外 all by oneself 独立，单独 lots of=a lot of 许多 no longer/more=not…any longer/more 不再 get back 回来，取回 sooner or later迟早 run away 逃跑 eat up 吃光，吃完 run after 追赶 take with 某人随身带着某物 take(good) care of…=look after…(well) （好好）照顾，照料 think of 考虑到，想起 keep a diary 坚持写日记 leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 harder and harder 越来越厉害 turn on打开（电灯、收音机、煤气等） turn off 关 [重温重点句型] 1．So + be／助动词／情牵动词／主语． 前面陈述的肯定情况也适于另一人（物）时，常用到这种倒装结构，表示“另一人（物）也如此。”前面陈述的否定情况也适于另一人（物）时，常用“Neither/ Nor + be／助动词／情态动词+主语．”这种倒装结构。 注意：“So+主语+be／助动词／情态动词．”这一句型常用于表示赞同，进一步肯定对方的看法，表示“的确如此。”“是呀。” 2．Turn right／left at the first／second／… 这一指路的句型意为“在第一／二／……个十字路口向右／左拐。”相当于Take the first ／second／…turning on theright／ 3．It takes sb．some time to do sth． 此句型表示“干某事花了某人一段时间。”其中的it是形式主语，后面的动词不定式（短语）才是真正的主语 4．…think／find + it + + to do 此句型中的it是形式宾语，不可用其它代词替代，形容词作宾语的补足语，后面的动词不定式（短语）才是真正的宾语。 5．What’s wrong with…？ 此句型相当于What’s the matter/ trouble with…？后跟某物作宾语时，意为“某物出什么毛病了？”后跟某人作宾语时，意为“某人怎么了？” 6．too…to… 在so…that…复合句中，that后的句子是否定句时，常与简单句too…to…（太……而不能……）进行句型转换。 在so…that…复合句中，that后的句子是肯定句时，常与简单句…enough to…进行句型转换 7．Sorry to hear 全句应为I’m sorry to hear 意为“听到此事我很难过（遗憾）。”常用于对别人的不幸表示同情、遗憾之意。 [重点句型、词组大盘点] She used to be a Chinese 她过去是一位汉语老师。 [用法] used to + 动词原形，表示过去经常性的动作或存在的状态，含有现在不再如此之意。 [搭配] used to do的否定式可以是usedn’t to do或didn’t use to [比较] used to do 过去常做某事；be/ get used to doing 习惯于做某事；be used to do 被用来做某事。 …return it sooner or ……迟早要将它归还。 [用法] l)sooner or later意为“迟早”、“早晚”。 2)return此处用作及物动词，意为“归还”，相当于give [拓展]return还可用作不及物动词，意为“返回”，相当于go back或come back。 No matter what the weather is like…无论天气…… [用法]no matter what 相当于whatever，其意为“无论什么”，引导状语从句。 [拓展]类似no matter what的表达方式还有： no matter when无论什么时候 nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;no matter where无论什么地方 no matter who无论谁 no matter how 无论怎么样 A young man practised speaking English with M G 一位年经人与格林先生练习讲英语。 [用法]practise doing 表示“实践、练习（做）某事”。 [拓展]practice名词，“实践”、“实施”、“练习”；put a plan into practice实行某计划。 He encouraged everyone to take part in protecting our lakes, rivers, seas and 他鼓励大家参加保护我们的湖泊、河流和海洋的活动。 [用法]1)encourage用作动词，意思是“鼓励”、“支持”。 2)take part in“参加”，常表示参加活动。 3)protect 是动词，表示“防御”、“保护”。 [搭配]1)encourage in 在某事上鼓励或支持某人 nbsp;encourage to do 鼓励某人干某事 2)protect from 使某人不受某事侵袭或伤害 …to warn people about sharks in the ……警告人们当心水里的鲨鱼。 [用法] warn用作动词，意思是“警告”、“警戒”。 [搭配]1)warn + that从句 2)warn of 警告某人某事 3)warn to do 告诫某人做某事 4)warn against(doing) 告诫某人当心某事/不要做某事 你还不如买本参考书算了。专门搞短语的那种，整个初中都有的……~还有- -你看那么多短语是没有用的，还不如买一大本完形填空和阅读理解400篇以上来做，一直做！！如果能够背到就更好了。多背点短文比这些有用多了。
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gavin7991 - 举人 四级 说的很详细，但更加简洁明了的说法是：硕士论文用thesis， MA thesis (文学硕士论文），博士论文用dissertation, 学期论文或发表的文章可用paper，essay指篇幅较短小的文章，相当于作文类或散文类
“论文”一词的英文表达很多，通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达，下面罗列了几种，请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。*dissertation（博士学位）论文，（专题）论文，学术演讲：长而正式的论文，尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文；学位论*disquisition专题论文；专题演讲，专题讨论：关于一个论题的正式讨论，常为书面形式*thesis命题论文：尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文*discourse （学术）讨论，研讨用的论文*paper 作业形式的，为达到某一目的或效果（如学位）而写的
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning In this paper, we focus on the need for This paper proceeds as The structure of the paper is as In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are Details on xx and xx are discussed in later In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are Review This review is followed by an A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section In the next section, a brief review of the is In the next section, a short review of is given with special regard to Section 2 reviews relevant research related to Section 1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility Body Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language Section 2 explains how flexibility which often can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the … and also discusses how to evaluate system Section 3 describes a new measure of Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance Section 4 gives a specific example of Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further Section 6 illustrates the model with an Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a scheme must In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference This Section In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent Next Section The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section Section 5 summarizes the results of this Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are Section 7 is the conclusion of the Chapter Abstract A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx This paper describes a system for the analysis of the The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx The usefulness of xx is also A brief methodology used in xx is The analysis is useful in xx and xx A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and The use of the method is discussed and an example is Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed This paper analyses problems in This paper outlines the functions carried out by This paper includes an illustration of the This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx Our proposed model is verified through experimental The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter Introduction Time Over the course of the past 30 years, has emerged form intuitive Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world The advent of systems for has had a significant impact on the The development of is explored During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
二中间段落句 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ___At the same time, they say____ ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……______is necessary and important to our country’s development and First，_，What’s more, __Most important of all,_ 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。There are several measures for us to First, we can______ 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to______ For one thing，______For another, ______ 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。It is high time that something was done about For _____In _____Allthese measures will certainly______ 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______ 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more