工业设计有关的英文论文题目

分给我吧，亲爱的。

工业设计英语教育教学探究论文

摘要 ：本文通过对工业设计专业的英语教学分析和研究，探析了目前专业英语教学的部分现状及可能存在的问题，并提出工业设计专业英语在教学中的一些思路和方法，探讨了如何在应用方面的教学问题，从教学内容、教学方法、师资队伍建设、考核方式等方面探讨了课程改革的措施，获得了一些初浅的结论。

关键词 ：工业设计；专业知识；专业英语

一、引言

随着“一带一路”倡议的兴起，整个国际经济进入了一个崭新的阶段。中国对外进出口的日益增加以及相关科研文献查阅的大量需求，对于开设专业英语教学显得尤为重要。专业国际化和市场国际化不断深入，在本科教学中，专业英语教育越来越受到重视，工业设计专业英语教学有一定难度，涉及到的外文资料有一定深度和广度，这就给专业英语教学带来了一定困难，尤其对专业英语词汇的理解和把握，传统的教学方法目前不可能有效达到专业英语教学的要求和目的，因此，探讨工业设计专业英语教学，提升教学质量，成为当前专业英语教学研究和讨论的热点[1]。

二、工业设计专业英语的教学背景及分析

专业英语是与基础英语（或通用英语）相对提出的概念，它的教学目标、教学内容和实践要求不仅仅是专注语法、语句即课文的分析，而是重在将语言运用和语言交流结合，既关注社会、市场和国际上对于英语人才的要求，也重视学生在将来的实际工作中的需求[2]。工业设计专业英语在本科教育过程中的重要性以及必要性主要体现在以下几个方面。1.随着我国工业设计专业和学科的发展，引进、引用、借鉴国外的资料、技术以及教学方法和教学内容不断增加和日趋明显。开设双语教学成为常态化，在教学中，英文专业书以及国外英文原版教材、专著和资料已经被广泛用作教学或者参考资料。2.工业设计专业的毕业生步入社会之后，在参加项目设计、产品构思、工作管理，以及其他技术工作中，越来越多地接触英文专业文献及资料，在设计和构思中也大量参考和受启发于国外设计概念、设计思路、设计构想以及相关的资料文献。基于以上现实情况，需要工业设计专业的毕业生具备较高的专业知识和英文水平。3.许多本科生毕业后继续攻读硕士或者博士，他们从事的研究工作处于本专业前沿，在向国际刊物投稿、进行国际间交流的过程中，需要具有一定的外文阅读、学习能力，并能够对专业英语的内容进行准确分析和掌握。所以设计专业的学生不仅要掌握基础英语，而且要掌握一定的专业英语。

三、工业设计专业英语的教学现状分析

1.目前我国理工类院校对于专业英语的教学还处在探索和研究阶段。过去高校将英语教学重点放在基础英语上，强调提高大学英语四、六级通过率，并将此作为重要的考核指标，而将专业英语仅仅作为基础英语的简单“延伸扩展”，重点在于对基础英语教学模式的研究探讨和分析，忽视专业英语教学成效。2.目前我国工业设计专业英语的教学过程中，学校、老师和学生对专业英语的重视程度有待加强，对专业英语的认识还有待提高，在专业英语的学习方式、方法和理念方面有待进一步改进。比如，采用大课堂教学的方法；对于课程设计、课程开发、课程实施等需求有待提升。在工业设计专业英语教学设置的合理性方面、教材内容的规范性方面、师资力量的.提高程度等方面，有很多值得探讨的问题。而采用基础英语教学方法进行专业英语教学可能是当前最为突出的教学问题。3.在上专业英语课时，学生已经进入专业课学习，且课程较多，压力也大，这样易导致学生把专业英语当做负担；此外由于工业设计专业英语内容较单一、专业背景较浓厚，文章形式和风格较呆板和枯燥，而且工业设计专业英语词汇较难、句子较难、汉语表达较难，从而使得学生感到有压力，学习较吃力，这种状况对于培养学生的学习兴趣和积极性较为不利。4.教学中以教师为中心。教师带领学生从学习生词到解释语法难点，再进行重点文句翻译。使学生处于被动学习地位，学生参与课堂讨论交流的机会和氛围少，师生之间很少互动和交流，教学中一般侧重于专业词汇的解释和课文阅读及英译中的训练，而忽略了听力和用英语表达专业概念的训练。“听、说、读、写、译”的训练不均衡，学生口语差、发音不规范、听力弱等现象普遍存在。5.目前大多数专业英语的考试形式是翻译专业文献，有些利用查阅资料和字典进行开卷考试，这种考核方式不仅形式和内容单一，内容覆盖面窄，而且也导致了学生容易轻视专业英语的学习。而反观基础英语的考核方式，如四、六级考试包括听、写、阅读等，甚至还有口语考试，专业英语的考核方式值得进一步改革。6.师资情况。工业设计专业英语教师较少来自具有本专业知识且英语水平较好的教师，绝大部分属于教授基础英语的教师。虽然基础英语教学是专业英语教学的基础，但是相比较于专业英语教师，基础英语教师英文功底扎实，对于专业英语教学中的基础部分有有利的一面；但工业设计的专业词句以及在专业领域的含义，需要有较好的专业基础知识的支撑。因此，具有专业知识背景同时又有基础英语教学能力的教师，是工业设计专业英语较为理想的授课教师[3]。

四、工业设计英语教学改革、措施和方法

1.在工业设计专业英语教学中，通过词汇记忆、短语练习和英语对话提高课堂的趣味性和实效的同时，需要通过一些新的教学理念、教学方法和英文专业资料，结合多媒体等教学方式，达到有效的教学目的。2.采用微课程教学模式进行教学方法的改进，在教学课堂中，通过微课程计划、设计、开发、执行、实施等微细步骤。以“微课程”为中心，围绕和引导学生在课程的安排和整体方面，灵活地进行专业英语学习，促进工业设计专业英语教学的趣味性、素质性、逻辑性、专业性、现实性[4]。3.研究工业设计专业英语课堂模式以及应用，有针对性地对学生的学习方式进行改善，并促使他们养成自学的好习惯，提升素质教学。结合当前采用大课堂教学的方式，多利用多媒体、微课程、翻转课堂等新型的教学模式，以满足现代信息化教学需求。4.工业设计专业英语教学难度较大，专业知识较为复杂，在英语课堂教学实践中，通过移动互联网促使学生在课程学习中变被动为主动，转变学习的思维方法，提升自身学习的能力和素质。5.在改进教学方式和方法的过程中，结合实际情况，对学生加强实训和交流，加深他们对课程内容更深层次的理解。例如，到外企或者有国际背景的企业，进行实地的考察、参观、实习等，通过这样循序渐进的实训教学，改善和纠正学生不重视专业英语学习的思想，使他们认识到专业英语学习的重要性，激发他们的学习动力。6.采用量化评估，考核学习效果，提高教学和学习质量。针对具体的工程应用问题和有关实践以及专业领域要求，进行教学体系的评估、教学内容的更新、教学方法的改进、教学质量的提高。设置对工业设计专业英语教学模式内容的考核项目及研究。7.提高教师的专业知识和专业技能。有目的、有计划、有选择地进行专业英语教师的选拨、培养和提高，不仅在基础英语方面，而且在专业英语方面提高教师的素质和水平，加强具有专业知识背景的教师在基础英语方面的培养和学习。8.科学的考核体系。课程学习的考核是检查教学效果、督促学生学习的一种重要手段，其目的是提高专业英语的教学水平和教学质量，所以要制定行之有效、合理的课程考核体系。专业英语的考核应该以专业英语综合能力、翻译、单词、英文专业术语等为主要考核内容，采用“四位一体”的考核方法，平时考查与期中测试相结合，闭卷与开卷相结合，平时成绩与期末考试相结合，基础知识与专业应用知识相结合的考核法。

五、结语

在科技不断进步、社会快速发展、“一带一路”倡议深入推进实施、国际交流日益频繁的当今社会，工业设计专业英语的教学要以培养学生的专业语言、交流、沟通和应用能力为目标，培养出能够适应当前以及未来工业设计工程领域工作需求的优秀的科技型创新人才，提高我国在国际上地位和作用。这也是我们今后努力的目标。

参考文献：

[1]廖莉芳,秦傲松.专业英语教学现状调查报告[J].外语界,2000,(3):26-30.

[2]曹万林,李振泉,刘晓慧,李宗泳.大工程教育背景下提高本科教育质量的新措施[J].北京教育,2008,(1):39-40.

[3]廖志豪.基于素质模型的高校创新型科技人才培养研究[D].华东师范大学,2012.

[4]孙伟民.以实践教学为载体培养学生的工程意识和工程设计能力[J].中国高等教育,2006,(9):46-47.

论文的题目是论文不可分割的有机组成部分,而论文的主要内容一般在题目中就可反映出来。下面是我带来的关于工业设计类论文题目的内容，欢迎阅读参考!

1. 城市住宅整体厨房的规划设计研究

2. 上下肢主被动康复器的设计及人机工程学研究

3. 基于人机工程学的自动售药机的设计

4. 铁路客车设施设计新探讨

5. S180中老年人手机人性化设计研究

6. 宏茂科技的机床产品造型设计与研究

7. 安徽滁州卷烟厂自动化物流系统规划设计

8. 南京工业大学材料化学工程中心实验楼方案设计

9. 烟草工业企业业主方工程项目管理信息系统的分析与设计

10. 基于可用性工程理论的工业产品设计程序应用研究

11. 中航工业规划建设工程项目设计团队绩效考核改进及应用研究

12. 工业厂区自动消防系统工程的设计

13. 昆明卷烟厂成品库物流调度系统分析与设计

14. 形状混合的理论与应用研究

15. 论“对的设计”与“好的设计”

16. 工业设计中材料的可持续性应用研究

17. 工作室教学模式在高校工业设计专业的应用研究

18. 叉车座椅的工业设计研究

1. 基于工业设计的产品动作美学的研究与实践

2. 工业设计产品虚拟设计平台研究

3. 绿色光源LED产业转型下的工业设计

4. 湖南省工业设计现状及发展战略研究

5. 工业设计草图的多义性及团队设计中的草图重释

6. “健康工业设计”理念及其在办公环境中的应用研究

7. 医用平移推车造型及其侧倾机构的工业设计应用与研究

8. 工业设计理论在数控机床外观造型设计中的应用研究

9. 我国中小型制造企业的工业设计及其管理与协作系统研究

10. 现代工业设计在企业中的推广运用研究

11. 园林机械的设计研究—草坪切割机的改进研究性设计

12. 手柄的人的因素分析与研究

13. 面向家用健身器材的人机工程理论分析与研究

14. 数控机床设计中的人机工程界面研究

15. 敏捷制造环境下虚拟设计中心及其支撑平台的研究

16. 我国出口类农机设计策略研究

17. 多功能车的产品语意研究与应用

18. DALI住宅照明系统的工业设计

19. 数控机床的造型设计研究

20. 基于人机工程学的高铁自助售票机设计研究

21. 电动汽车形态设计的研究

22. 论工业设计在自动化立体仓库中的应用

1. 协调的艺术——现代工业设计的新角色

2. 中国深圳第八届“中国(深圳)国际工业设计周”盛大登场

3. 工业设计大师荣久庵宪司在日本逝世

4. 论设计素描在工业设计教学中的应用

5. 论建筑设计与工业设计之间差异性与互溶性见解

6. 工业设计是企业发展基石

7. 低碳经济背景下湖南工业设计社会伦理研究

8. 中国传统文化与工业设计

9. 工业设计史课程教学探析

10. 高职工业设计专业与模具专业共生建设探究

11. 机床辅机产品工业设计及改善策略

12. 浅析2015届各大高校工业设计展

13. 行为管理学在工业设计中的应用研究

14. 探析现代工业设计的审美体验

15. 为工业设计撑起保护伞

16. 工业设计专业高职和本科教育衔接一体的人才培养研究

17. 地方性本科院校工业设计专业“产学研”教学模式研究

18. 项目教学法在工业设计专业教学中的实践

19. 工业设计理念在农机产品设计中的应用

20. 信息化背景下交互设计在工业设计中的应用

21. 中兴通讯刀片服务器获中国工业设计红星奖

22. 工业设计中的设计管理研究

第17 卷第4 期 皮 革 科 学 与 工 程 Vol117 ,No142007 年8 月L EATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Aug1 2007Artical ID :1004 - 7964 (2007) 04 - 0003 - 06Received Date :20072052213 P. Mokrejs :Corresponding author. Phone N°: + 420 57 603 1230 ;Fax N°: + 420 57 603 1563 ;e2mail :mokrejs @f t . utb. c2Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning LiquorsP. Mok rejs1 3, D. J anacova2 ,M. Mladek1 , K. Kolomaz nik2 , F. L angmaier1 ,V . V asek2(1. Tomas B ata University , Faculty of Technology , Department of Protein and Leather , 275 , 762 72 Zlin, The Czech Republic ;2. Tomas B ata University , Faculty ofA p plied Inf ormatics , Institute of Processing Cont rol and A p plied Computer Science ,N ad S t ranemi 4511 , 760 05 Zlin, The Czech Republic)Abstract :Tannery belongs to typical indust rial branches which during t he technological processp roduce considerable quantities of liquid and solid wastes cont ributing to polluting t he environ2ment . The presented work describes dechromation of waste tanning liquor utilising chrome sludgep roduced t hrough enzymatic hydrolysis of chrome2tanned leat her wastes. The principle of dechro2mation consist s in sorption of chrome f rom waste liquor af ter tanning to chrome sludge. Recy2cling technology is characterised by an almost 99 % efficiency , simplicity and low investment re2quirement words :solid waste ;liquid waste ;chrome sludge ;waste tanning liquor ;chrome recoveryCLC number :X 794 Document code :A鞣制废液的循环技术摘 要:制革属于典型的工业分支,制革工业中会产生大量的污染环境的废液和废固。该论文利用铬鞣革废物的酶法水解用铬污泥除去鞣制废液中的铬。除去铬的原理是鞣后的铬污泥从废液中吸收铬。该循环技术回收率可达99 % ,操作简单、成本低廉。关键词:固体废弃物;液体废弃物;铬污泥;鞣制废液;铬回收1 INTRODUCTIONThe tanning indust ry p rocesses wastes of themeat indust ry , raw hides , and t ransforms t hemt hrough chemical , chemico2p hysical and mechani2cal processes into leather s. During t he technologi2cal process , solid and liquid wastes arise which ,particularly as a consequence of t he cont rover sialchrome t hey contain , burden the environment .Processing one met ric ton of raw hide produces ap2prox. 200 kg finished leat her . About 30 , 000 kgwastewaters arise through processing and moret han 70 % chrome passes into liquid and solidwastes [1 ] .In classic tanning , approx. 40 % chrome (t hestarting charge of 15 - 17 kg Cr / t ) remains inleat her , 26 % - 30 % chrome passes into solidwastes and 30 % - 34 % chrome remains in liquidwastes. In t he tanning of hides using technologicalprocedures ensuring high removal of chrome com2pounds by white hide , 54 % - 57 % chrome remains© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. leat her , 31 % - 38 % chrome passes into solidwastes and 5 % - 15 % remains in liquid wastes [2 ] .For modifying t he tanning process , organic acids ,e. g. are used , which cont ribute to improving theremoval of chrome . 1 Liquid wasteManufacture of chrome2tanned leat hers pro2duces 115 - 2 times quantities of wastewater s t hanmanufact ure of vegetable2tanned leat her s [3 ] . Los2ses of chrome compounds in waste tanning liquor smay be prevented in several ways. The simplestapproach is the direct recycling method consistingin re2using exhausted liquor in t he tanning main shortcoming of t his method is a negativeeffect of salt s and other contaminating substanceson quality of finished leather . Af ter being recycledseveral times , wastewater has to be discharged intosewage [4 ] . Anot her potential met hod is indirectrecycling , in which chrome is obtained f rom ex2hausted sludge t hrough precipitation using a suit2able alkaline agent , e. g. sodium hydroxide , sodi2um carbonate , sodium hydrogen carbonate , mag2nesium oxide , calcium sulp hate , calcium hydroxide[5 ] . A f urt her met hod consist s in employing elabo2rate techniques , e. g. elect ro2dialysis , membraneseparation , ion exchangers , wit h which chromemay be separated f rom ot her salt s contained in ex2hausted sludge. Chrome thus obtained is character2ised by much higher p urity than that obtainedt hrough indirect recycling. Disadvantages are ahigh cost and limited po ssibilities of applying t hesedemanding technologies in tanning factories [ 4 ] .Unutilised chrome in liquid wastes , apartf rom significant economic losses for tanneries , al soposes great hazard for t he environment and forman. The most stable and most important oxida2tion state is Cr ( III) . Compounds of Cr (VI) occurin t he form of chromates and dichromates and ex2hibit quite st rong oxidative properties [6 ] .Chrome is found in liquid tanning wastes in it st rivalent form , there exist s , however , potentialdanger of it s oxidising to hexavalent compounds ,particularly when t reating groundwater s to drink2ing waters. Hexavalent compounds , when com2bined wit h calcium or magnesium ions , are st rong2ly carcinogenic[7 , 8 ] .An extensive research exploring negativeeffect s of tanning wastewaters f rom local tannerieson t he adjacent ecosystem was conducted in Indi2a[9 ] . Highest level s of chrome contained in soilwere found in t he vicinity of tanneries , at g/ kg. Highest chrome accumulation was ob2served in cauliflower stalks (72 mg/ kg) in locali2ties near tanneries. In st udies investigating Cr ac2cumulation in fish organs it was found t hat mostchrome accumulates in t he liver (approx. 22 mg/kg) and least in muscles (approx. 1 mg/ kg) . Thepo ssible t ransfer of hazardous Cr doses into t hefood chain and consequently to human beings ist hus quite Sol id wasteTannery processing al so produces a considera2ble quantity of solid chrome2tanned wastes whichpresent a significant problem due to t heir chromecontent . The problem of solid wastes has beensolved so far by land filling which , of course , be2side ever increasing land filling co st s al so bringst he danger of chrome escaping into t he to t heir containing a sizeable proportion ofprotein material , solid tanned wastes started to beprocessed. Enzymatic hydrolysis has being em2ployed to considerable extent in latest year s , wit hit s particular advantages being mild reaction condi2tions and economic cost2effectiveness [10 , 11 ] . Themain product of enzymatic hydrolysis is collagenhydrolysate , whose application possibilities arebroad , e. g. as feed additive , nit rogenous fertili2ser , raw material for preparing adhesives , corro2sion inhibitor s , etc. The remaining waste productaf ter enzymatic hydrolysis (chrome sludge) has notyet found lucrative application. It s employment ,due to chrome content , has not been much adoptedfor preparing combined tanning bat of the presented work is potential use4 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. t he waste product af ter enzymatic hydrolysis ofchrome2tanned solid wastes (chrome sludge) for i2solating chrome compounds f rom waste tanningliquor MATERIALS AND METHODSSolid was determined according to ISO 4684[12 ] , ash according to ISO 4047 : 1998[13 ] , nit rogenaccording to ISO 5397 : 1984 [14 ] , Cr2 O3 accordingto ISO 5398 [ 15 ] , Cr according to ISO 9174 : 1998[16 ] and Mg according to ASTM D511203 [ 17 ] .Chrome sludge is a waste product of enzymatichydrolysis of chrome2tanned solid waste and it scomposition is given in Tab. 1. Typical composi2tion of chrome2tanned solid waste is given in Composition of chrome sludge1)表1 铬污泥成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 1614Ash/ % 3410N / % 114Cr2O3 / % 1215MgO / % 1115 1) based on total solidsTab12 Composition of chrome2tanned solid waste1)表2 铬鞣革固体废弃物成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 6911Ash/ % 1019N/ % 2011Cr2O3 / % 415 1) based on total solidsTab13 Composition of waste tanning liquor表3 鞣制废液成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 718Ash/ %1) 8713N/ %1) 018Cr/ (mg/ kg) 1 ,769Mg/ (mg/ kg) 693p H 412colour blue2green 1) based on total solidsWaste tanning liquor was obtained f rom tan2ning of cowhides and it s composition is presentedin Tab. experimental part was divided into twopart s. The fir st part contained five selected massratio s of chrome sludge ∶ waste liquor and threevarious dechromation times , see Table 4. Practicaldechromation was performed under laboratory con2ditions by stirring chrome sludge with waste tan2ning liquor at room temperat ure in accordance wit ht he scheme shown in Fig. 1. Af ter dechromation ,t he heterogeneous mixt ure was cent rif uged. A partof supernatant was analysed for Cr content . Theinvestigated object in view was quantity of residualchrome in waste tanning liquor af ter second part of test s followed up result s ofwaste liquor dechromation efficiency in t he first ex2perimental part . The mass ratio of chrome sludge∶waste liquor producing greatest dechromation ef2ficiency was selected and a series of test s per2formed to t he p urpo se of st udying dechromation re2action 1 Scheme of dechromation of waste tanning liquor图1 鞣制废液的脱铬流程3 RESULTSTest s and dechromation result s at variousmass ratios of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor and va2rious dechromation times are shown in t hen shows dechromation result s at mass ra2tio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1 ∶1 and va2rious dechromation times. Each test was performedt hreefold and arit hmetic mean calculated , standarddeviation ranged wit hin ±5 %.第4 期 P. Mokrejs ,et al :Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning Liquors 5© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. Dechromation results of waste tanning liquor at mass ratios of Cr sludge/ waste liq. and dechromation times表4 铬污泥与废液不同质量比以及不同脱铬时间条件下鞣制废液的脱铬结果( g)sludge :liquort/ minIn2processpHCr liq. /( mg/ kg)Eff iciency/ %1 7114 ∶50 30 6134 - 7108 807 54142 90 190 89123 180 116 93154 20183 ∶50 30 6195 - 7148 146 91175 90 58 96176 180 33 98117 35171 ∶50 30 7121 - 7168 53 97108 90 33 98119 180 36 981010 50 ∶50 30 7130 - 7190 24 981711 90 23 981712 180 17 991013 70 ∶50 30 7148 - 8102 41 971714 90 32 981215 180 79 9516 1) Starting content of chrome in waste tanning liquor = 1769 mg/ kgTab1 5 Dechromation results of waste tanning liquor andtimes1)表5 铬污泥与废液质量比为1 ∶1 不同脱铬时间条件下鞣制废液的脱铬结果 minIn processpHCr liq./ ( mg/ kg)Eff iciency/ %1 4 7120 - 7133 438 75122 8 7127 - 7145 351 80123 12 7151 - 7189 299 83114 16 7176 - 7194 230 87105 20 7180 - 7191 206 88146 24 7181 - 7194 200 88177 28 7181 - 7196 139 92118 32 7182 - 7199 43 97169 36 7188 - 8103 32 981210 40 7190 - 8104 19 981911 60 7186 - 8106 28 981412 80 7187 - 8107 22 981813 100 7180 - 8111 35 9810 1) Starting content of chrome in waste tanning liquor =1769 mg/ kg ;mass ratio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1∶1Figure 2 shows column plot s representing re2sidual chrome content in waste tanning liquor af tert he dechromation procedure at various chromesludge ∶waste liquor ratios and various dechroma2tion times. With a mass ratio of 1 ∶7 af ter 30 mindechromation , a drop of chrome in liquor exceeding50 % was found , af ter 180 min the dechromationefficiency was greatest . Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶214 ,t he tendency of chrome content in liquor to de2crease wit h time was at it s greatest , residualchrome content in liquor coming down to 3314 ppmwhich represent s dechromation efficiency exceeding98 %. Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶114 t he tendency ofchrome decrease is similar , when t he greatest dropof chrome content in liquor was already recordedaf ter 90 min of dechromation ( to 3312 mg/ kg) .Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶1 , lowest level s of residualchrome in liquor were already at tained in 30 min ofdechromation app rox. 24 mg/ kg , representing al2most 99 % dechromation efficiency. A f urt her in2crease in dechromation times produced but negli2gibly decreased chrome content in liquor . Wit h aratio of 114 ∶1 , t he greatest drop of chrome con2tent in liquor was recorded af ter 90 min dechroma2tion. Fig13 shows dechromation kinetics of wastetanning liquor at mass ratio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1 ∶1 and various dechromationtimes. From result s it is obvious t hat af ter 40 min6 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. chrome content in waste tanning liq2uor decreased to approx. 20 mg/ kg , which com2pared wit h starting content of chrome in waste tan2ning liquor ( 1769 mg/ kg) signifies almost 99 %chrome removal efficiency. Further increases indechromation time did not show in markedly in2creased chrome removal efficiency , and values ofresidual chrome content in slurry fluct uated be2tween 20 and 35 mg/ DISCUSSIONDuring past decades , a t ransfer occurred of anotable part of tanning plant s f rom economicallyadvanced west European count ries to developingcount ries and to count ries of t he Asian continent .In latest year s , however , t he environmental loadproduced by t hese plant s became unsustainable andintensive negotiations on resolving t he mat ter gotunder way. When rest ructuring existing and con2st ructing new tanning plant s , issues coming partic2ularly under consideration are solid and liquidwastes containing chrome. Contamination ofgroundwater s wit h liquid wastes containing chromeis obvious. Release of chrome f rom solid wastes第4 期 P. Mokrejs ,et al :Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning Liquors 7© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. proceed particularly t hrough elution by rainwith great hazard of groundwater danger of Cr ( III) oxidising to Cr (VI) was al2ready mentioned in t he fir st part of this cont result s showed t he solid waste product ,chrome sludge , may be successf ully employed to i2solate chrome f rom waste tanning liquors , and t hatwith an efficiency of app rox. 99 %. The advanta2ges of recycling technology may primarily comprisesimplicity and low demand for investment cost s ,which make it ideally applicable when recyclingwaste tanning liquor s especially in tanning plant sin t he developing of chrome2enriched sludge remainsan open issue. A feasible alternative is it s combus2tion and separation of chrome , which may be used ,e. g. in pigment manufacture. A particular compli2cation is presented by accompanying magnesium ,which is undesirable for t hese applications. Isola2ting magnesium f rom chrome sludge will be subjectof a following research. Employment of chrome2enriched sludge for p reparing f resh tanning bathsal so remains an open CONCLUSIONRecycling technology developed for removingchrome f rom waste tanning liquors wit h applicationof waste chrome sludge achieves almost 99 % effi2ciency. Dechromed waste liquor represent s a mini2mal load on t he environment . Chrome2enrichedsludge , following isolation of ot her accompanyingelement s (especially magnesium and calcium) com2plicating it s f urther processing , could serve to pre2pare pigment s. Result s of experimental measure2ment s and an elaborated mat hematical model of re2cycling technology will serve to propose an algo2rit hm of enclosed dechromation cycle cont rol whichwill be t he subject of pilot2plant test : The aut hors would like tot hank to The Minist ry of Education of The CzechRep ublic for financial support to t his work execu2ted under MSM Grant No : :[1 ] Process technology for recovery and recycling of chromi2um f rom leather waste and sludge , BLC , EV5VO542(1994 1996) .[2 ] Ludvik J . Chrome balance in leather processing [ J ] .UNIDO , US/ RAS/ 92/ 120/ 11 - 51 (2000) .[3 ] Mladek M ,et al . Leather indust ry waste t reatment [M] .State Technical Literature Publishing , Prague ( 1971) :261 - 265.[4 ] Rajamani S. A system for recovery and reuse of chromi2um f rom spent tanning liquor using magnesium oxide andsulphuric acid[J ] . UNIDO (2003) .[ 5 ] Covington A D , Sykes R L , Barlow J R , et al. A practi2cal chrome recovery system using magnesium oxide[J ] . JSoc Leather Technol Chem ,1985 , (69) :166 - 174.[6 ]Cotton F , Wilkinson G. Advanced Inorganic Chemist ry( A Comprehensive Text ) [ M ] . Academia , Prague(1973) . 788 - 803.[7 ] Hartford W H. Proceedings Chromium Symposium [J ] .Indust rial Health , Foundation , Pitt sburg (1989) .[8 ]Vijayalakshm R . A Study of the interaction of Cr ( III)complexes and their selective binding with B2DNA. Amolecular modelling approach[J ] . J Biom St ruc Dynam ,2002 (19) :1063 - 1072.[9 ] Chattopadhyay B. The environmental impact of wastechromium of tannery agglomerates in the east Calcuttawetland ecosystem[J ] . J Soc Leather Technol Chem ,2000(84) :94 - 100.[ 10 ] Cabeza L F. Isolation of protein product s f rom chromi2um2containing leather waste using two consecutive en2zymes and purification of final chromium product : Pilotplant studies [ J ] . J Soc Leather Technol Chem , 1999(83) :14 - 19.[11 ] Langmaier F. Product s of enzymatic decomposition ofchrome2tanned leather waste [J ] . J Soc Leather TechnolChem , 1999 (83) :187 - 195.[12 ] ISO 4684 , Determination of volatile matter.[ 13 ] ISO 4047 : 1998 , Determination of sulphated total ashand sulphated water insoluble ash.[14 ] ISO 5397 : 1984 , Determination of nit rogen and hidesubstance.[15 ] ISO 5398 , Determination of chromic oxide.[16 ] ISO 9174 :1998 , Water quality 2 Determination of chro2mium 2 Atomic absorption spect romet ric methods.[17 ]ASTM D511 - 03 , Standard test methods for calciumand magnesium in 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved.

你好， foreknown下文从工业设计属性出发，讲到发展进程，立法权益保护还有产品设计的相关内容，字数有限，希望能多给你参考，期望能帮得上你。Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of form, usability, user ergonomics, engineering, marketing, brand development and term "industrial design" is often attributed to the designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied it in later interviews) but the discipline predates that by at least a decade. Its origins lay in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance the Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907 and a precursor to the Bauhaus, was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United of industrial design Water kettle designed by Peter Behrens in 1909 A Braun stereo Vox Phantom guitar, 1962General Industrial Designers are a cross between an engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement, but they can affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and Depth "Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer" according to the IDSA (Industrial Designers Society of America).Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state." This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange."Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, the Jeep, the Fender Stratocaster, the Coke bottle, and the VW Beetle are frequently-cited design also has a focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the emotional attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design, to schools where aesthetic design is almost completely subordinated to concerns of function and ergonomics of use (the so-called functionalist school）。Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that protect the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired. Design rights started in the United Kingdom in 1787 with the Designing and Printing of Linen Act and have expanded from 's Design Act, 2000 was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to protection of design and to comply with the articles 25 and 26 of TRIPS agreement. The new act, (earlier Patent and Design Act, 1911 was repealed by this act) now defines "design" to mean only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament, or composition of lines or colours applied to any articlewhether in two or three dimensional, or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manualal or mechanical or chemical, separate or combimed, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely bt the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of 's industrial design act affords ten years of protection to industrial designs that are registered; there is no protection if the design is not registered. The Industrial Design Act (., c. I-8) defines "design" or "industrial design" to mean features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that, in a finished article, appeal to and are judged solely by the the existence of an exclusive right, no person can "make, import for the purpose of trade or business, or sell, rent, or offer or expose for sale or rent, any article in respect of which the design is registered." The rule also applies to kits and substantial differences are in reference to previously published KingdomIn addition to the design protection available under Community designs, UK law provides its own national registered design right and an unregistered design right. The unregistered right, which exists automatically if the requirements are met can last for up to 15 years. The registered design right can last up to 25 years subject to the payment of maintenance fees。United . design patents last fourteen years from the date of grant and cover the ornamental aspects of utilitarian objects. Objects that lack a use beyond that conferred by their appearance or the information they convey, may be covered by copyright -- a form of intellectual property of much longer duration that exists as soon as a qualifying work is created. In some circumstances, rights may also be acquired in trade dress, but trade dress protection is akin to trademark rights and requires that the design have source significance or "secondary meaning." It is useful only to prevent source misrepresentations; trade dress protection cannot be used to prevent others from competing on the designProduct design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service. Product Designers conceptualize and evaluate ideas, making them tangible through products in a more systematic approach. The role of a product designer encompasses many characteristics of the marketing manager, product manager, industrial designer and design term is sometimes confused with industrial design, which defines the field of a broader spectrum of design activities, such as service design, systems design, interaction design as well as product design.[citation needed] The role of the product designer combines art, science and technology to create tangible three-dimensional goods. This evolving role has been facilitated by digital tools that allow designers to communicate, visualize and analyze ideas in a way that would have taken greater manpower in the neededProduct designers are equipped with the skills needed to bring products from conception to market. They should have the ability to manage design projects, and subcontract areas to other sectors of the design industry. Aesthetics is considered important in Product Design but designers also deal with important aspects including technology, ergonomics, usability, stress analysis and materials with most of the design fields the idea for the design of a product arises from a need and has a use. It follows a certain method and can sometimes be attributed to more complex factors such as association and telesis. Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).ApplicationSome companies or individuals have particularly strong feel for developing new products than others. In the modern world these include especially technological companies like iRobot, Google or Nokia. Many product designers are strategic assets to companies that need to maintain a competitive edge in innovation.