草鱼养殖毕业论文

草鱼从幼鱼体长5厘米起就开始吃草，体重250克以上的草鱼，每条每天的食草量可以达到125～180克。因此，在选用草料喂草鱼时，要把好以下四关：

1、减少水生水草的投喂

据试验观察，草鱼吃15公斤陆生水草就可以长1公斤肉，而吃60～80公斤水生水草才能长1公斤肉。因此，在陆生水草来源充足的情况下，可少喂或不喂水生水草。

2、多投喂鲜嫩草料

鲜嫩草料营养丰富、纤维素少、易被消化，草鱼摄食鲜嫩草料，能使草鱼长得快，少生病，亦可减少投喂量，降低养殖成本，提高经济效益。因此，投喂草鱼的草料，应尽量选用鲜嫩草料。草料的种类，应是平行脉的长叶青嫩草，不宜投喂草鱼厌食的网状脉的团叶草料。以投喂种植的黑麦草、苏丹草等牧草和采集的野生长叶嫩草为好。平时，还要对草鱼吃草的情况进行观察，草鱼喜食的草类应多投喂，以满足草鱼生长发育的需要。

3、投喂方法要得当

对草鱼喂草，每天要定时、足量、均匀投喂，力求将草料撒开，让鱼吃饱、吃好。要根据天气、水质和鱼类活动情况等具体情况调整投喂量。要严禁投喂存放过久和霉烂变质的草料，避免草鱼感染疾病。

4、按鱼类口径大小不同投喂不同的草料

草鱼在幼鱼阶段口径小，不能投喂粗大、坚硬的草料，宜投喂小浮萍、莎莎草等草料，或将鲜嫩的长叶草铡碎后投喂。以后，随着鱼龄增大，口径也逐渐增大，便可过渡到投喂常规鲜嫩草料。

一般传统草鱼养殖模式是一年一季，人工割草喂养，亩产在260～400千克之间，这种模式劳动强度大、产量低、效益不高。聊城市高唐县固河乡刘桥村退休干部刘玉庆利用门前废弃多年的老湾坑，改建池塘亩，采用人工颗粒饲料，一年养两季草鱼，获亩产1960千克、亩纯利润3000元的效益。现将技术介绍如下。

(1)池塘改建

选水源充足、排灌方便、无污染、常年有微流水的池塘进行改建，水深在～2米之间。

(2)池塘消毒

在鱼苗放养前10～15天用漂白粉7～10千克/亩，带水清塘消毒，或用75千克/亩生石灰水趁热全池泼洒。

(3)鱼塘放养

第一季在春节前后，水温在6摄氏度时投放。亩放草鱼600尾，规格为350～400克/尾;适当混养鳊鱼500尾，规格为200～250克/尾;鳞鱼100尾，规格为300～400克/尾;鳙鱼20尾，规格为150～200克/尾;鲤鱼100尾，规格为100～150克/尾，以保证端午节前能全部上市。第二季为端午节后开始，全部投放草鱼鱼种600尾，规格为150～200克/尾。放养前用4%食盐水溶液浸浴消毒0～15分钟，以预防各种细菌性疾病和水霉病。

(4)饲料选择及投喂方法

应选用蛋白质含量28%～30%的草鱼专用颗粒饲料，投喂方法是养殖前期按池塘内草、鳊、鳞、鳙等总重量的2%～3%计算，l养殖后期改为5%～6%，每日投喂两次。

(5)日常管理

对于高密度精养池塘，主要是保持良好、稳定的水质，重点防缺氧泛塘。

①加注新水坚持昼夜不断的小流量充水，遇严重浮头时应加大充水量

②提早巡塘轻浮头是从凌晨5～6时开始7～8时太阳出来睡后消失，这是正常现象。重浮头则是从下半夜3时开始，若未及时l采取措施，至5～6时就会导致泛塘死鱼。因此，下半夜3时要起l床巡塘一次，特别是在小满、芒种这两个季节最易发生重浮头。如发现重浮头，应及时采取加注新水并开启增氧机等措施，以防泛塘。

③适时开启增氧机轻浮头时，可在早晨5～6时开机至8～9时浮头现象消失后停机。在小满、芒种两个季节，如遇雷雨、闷热天气，应在半夜12时开机至次日8～9时停机。

(6)病害防治：坚持“预防为主，防重于治”的方针。巡塘时，如发现进水口处有草鱼集群且鱼体发黑现象，即为发病预兆，此时全池泼洒1毫克/升漂白粉，连续2～3天，可制止病害。第二季养殖期间一般不发病。

池塘要求

池塘面积以10～20亩为宜，水深2～米，淤泥厚度不超过20厘米。每10亩池塘配套功率为3千瓦的增氧机和自动投饵机各1台;

池塘清整

冬季排干池水，冻晒20天以上。鱼种放养前15天，进水10～20厘米，每亩用生石灰150公斤清塘消毒;

鱼种放养

春节前后，每亩放规格为200～250克/尾的草鱼种300尾，规格为15～20尾/公斤的鲫鱼种300尾，规格为5～6尾/公斤的鲢鱼种50尾、鳙鱼种10尾。鱼种放养前用5%食盐水浸泡消毒5～10分钟;

饲料投喂

以投喂颗粒饲料为主，饲料蛋白质含量在28～32%，辅投青绿饲料。饲料投喂遵循“前粗后精”和“四定四看”的原则，一般每天投喂2次，以2小时内吃完、草鱼摄食8成饱为宜。连续投喂颗粒饲料一段时间后，应停喂颗粒饲料1周，间隔期内投喂原粮饲料。平时注意在饲料中适量添加维生素等药物，避免草鱼患肝胆综合症等疾病而造成大量死亡;

水质管理

正确使用增氧机，6～10月晴天无风天气，每天下午1～3时开机增氧2小时，凌晨适时增氧;连续阴天应提早增氧。适时向池塘加注新水，采取“小排小进、多次换水”的办法逐步调控水质。6～9月，每隔3～5天加注新水1次，每次加水10厘米左右，每隔15～20天每亩水面1米水深用生石灰10～20公斤化浆全池泼洒1次;

病害防治

采用“前粗后精、精青结合”的方式投喂，控制草鱼肝胆综合症发生。草鱼常见病有赤皮病、烂鳃病、肠炎病，一般采取内服外泼相结合的治疗方法，外泼主要以漂白粉、二氧化氯等消毒剂为主，连用3天;内服以“三黄粉”药饵效果较好，每50公斤鱼体重用三黄粉(大黄50%、黄柏30%、黄芩20%，碾成碎粉后搅匀)公斤与面粉糊混匀后拌入饲料中投喂，连用3～5天;

适时捕捞

适时将大规格成鱼起捕上市是草鱼高产养殖的重要措施，主要目的是降低池塘水体的载鱼量，促进后期池鱼快速生长。一般于7月底起捕1次，在清晨水温较低时起捕。

一、什么是水产生态养殖养鱼的朋友都知道，我们养鱼的鱼塘是一个复杂的生态系统。水面以上有阳光，空气；塘基上有陆生植物；水是有鱼、有各种水生植物、昆虫、蚤类、藻类、真菌、细菌、病毒、以及有机物和无机盐。池底有淤泥，同样也生长得上述生物及有机物和无机盐。它们之间存在着相养、相生、相帮、相克等极其复杂的关系，生态养殖就是合理利用它们之间的相生、相养、相帮、相克的关系，生产我们所需要的水产品。合理利用它们之间的关系，不管是从经济效益还是社全效益和环境效益，都能达到一个最好的结果，这就是生态养殖。二、什么是绿色无公害水产品首先，养殖基地必须经过认证，其中最主要的是大气、土壤、水质必须符合《农产品安全质量----水产品产地环境要求》国家标准和《无公害食品淡水养殖用水水质》农业部标准的要求；其次，必须按照无公害水产品的生产技术操作规程进行养殖，从苗种放养到饲料、肥料、渔药等一切投入品的使用，再到产品的捕捞、贮运、质检、包袋、上市的各个环节均需符合相关标准或规范的要求；第三，产品必须经过政府指定的权威质检机构的抽检、完全合格并颁证后方能进入市场销售。三、水产生态养殖有何意义1，环境效益：传统的养殖模式，不但用水量大，而且施用的大剂量的国家违禁药品，如硫酸铜、孔雀石绿、敌百虫、呋喃类药等，随着大量换水，对坏境造成很大的破坏。同时对于鱼塘底质也造成难以估量的损害，使鱼塘生态环境遭到极大的破坏，恶性病源微生物大量增殖。生产的水产品通过食物链的扩散，不但对人的健康造成了损害，对环境的破环也是巨大的。2，社会效益：随着人民生活水平的提高，人们环保意思的加强，人们更加注重食品安全性，加上我国加入WTO，水产品要进入国际市场，必须达到别国的食品安全标准，因此，为了国人的身体健康，和中国水产品出口的高额利润，必须执行生态养殖。3，经济效益：传统的养殖模式，已经造成了鱼池微生物菌群严重失衡，病原微生物巨增，抗药性增强，养鱼户不得不加大药物用量，结果鱼病治不好，鱼体受伤，产量锐减，品质下降，成本增加，泛塘事件屡屡发生。这就是我们大通湖及周边地区常规鱼养殖户放弃养鱼，鱼塘种棉花怪现像发生的主要原因。湖北养鱼户率先应用了微生物制剂生态养殖法，已产生了可喜的成绩，他们生产的草鱼以低于我地每公斤1元的绝对优势，占领着湖南岳阳鲜鱼市场和其它湖南部份鲜鱼市场。在黄鳝养殖上也是用药泡着，隔三差五施药，严重影响了黄鳝的生长和产品品质，使养殖成本居高不下。更有甚者，越冬黄鳝成箱成箱的死亡，给我们不施执生态养殖敲响了警钟。我们养殖户必须改变生产观念！走出传统养殖模式的怪圈。四，倡导生态养殖的可行性随着我国水产科学的进步，已经为生态养殖研究出了系统的技术，制定了科学的标准，同时也研究出了适合生态养殖的高效、低残留、低剂量的水产用药，特别中成药和中药提取物，和有益微生物制剂天意EM原露，深圳希科安公司生产的动物强壮剂饲料添加剂-活力素。更是我们施执生态养殖有了足够的保障。广东的亩产草鱼过吨半的事例，同样也可以作为生态养殖的可行性的佐证。五、怎样实行生态养殖生态养殖包含的范畴很宽，它主要有如下几种。(一)人工生态环境养殖法。(二)多品种立体养殖法。(三)开放式流水或微流水养殖法。(四)全封闭循环水工厂化养殖法。(五)水产品与农作物共生互利养殖法。(六)使用微生物制剂养殖法。因为篇幅的限制，我这里不能作一一的阐述，就着重对使用微生物制剂法加以说明，如果对前五种方法感兴趣的朋友，请到我部咨询。 什么是微生物制剂养殖法：近10年来，微生物活菌制剂逐渐在水产养殖中得到应用推广，这给无公害健康养殖生产提供了有力的保障。目前较多使用的产品有光合细菌制剂，芽胞杆菌、乳酸杆菌制剂，天意EM原露等。他们能分解水体中的残饵、鱼粪等有机质，降低水中的氨氮含量，使养殖水体变清洁，从而改善了环境；他们能改善养殖对象的胃肠道内环境，增强食欲，促进生长，提高饲料报酬；他们还能强化养殖对象的免疫功能，提高免疫力，增强抗病能力；还能强化有益菌群，防止和减少细菌性疾病的发生与蔓延。I. What is the aquatic eco-farmingFish friends are aware that we fish ponds is a complex ecosystem. The sun above the water, air; Tong have land-based plants; water is a fish, a variety of aquatic plants, insects, fleas, algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and organic and inorganic salts. Mud bottom there is also growing these organisms and organic and inorganic salts. Between them there is a phase dependent, with students such as grams of extremely complex relations, ecological farming is the rational use of their students with dependents,compared the relationship between grams, production of aquatic products we need. Rational use of the relations between them, whether from economic or social benefits and environmental benefits the whole, to achieve the best results, this is the , what is the green pollution-free aquaticFirst of all, the breeding base to be certified, of which the most important thing is the atmosphere, soil, water quality must be consistent with "the quality safety of agricultural products ---- environmental requirements of aquatic origin," National Institute of Standards and "pollution-free water for the water quality of freshwater aquaculture products," the Ministry of Agriculture standards requirements; Second, pollution-free aquatic products in accordance with the rules of production technologies for breeding, from fry stocking to feed, fertilizer, Drugs, such as the use of all inputs, to fishing products, storage and transportation, quality inspection, bag listed to comply with all aspects of the relevant standards or norms; the third, the product must go through the authority designated by the Government of the sampling inspection agencies, fully qualified and licensing in order to enter the market after the , what is the significance of aquatic eco-farming1, environmental benefits: the traditional mode of farming, not only large quantities of water, and the application of large doses of countries banned substances, such as copper, malachite green, trichlorfon, furans and other drugs, with a large number of the water, on the bad habitat caused great damage. Substrate for the fish ponds at the same time also caused incalculable damage to fish ponds in the ecological environment has been greatly damaged, a large number of malignant proliferation of pathogenic micro-organisms. Produced by the proliferation of aquatic products through the food chain, not only on human health damage, environmental destruction is , social benefits: With the improvement of people's lives, it is meant to strengthen environmental protection, people pay more attention to food safety, coupled with China's accession to the WTO, aquatic products to enter the international market, other countries must meet food safety standards, therefore, To the health of the people, and China, the export of aquatic products of high profits, they must be the implementation of , cost-effective: the traditional mode of farming, has caused a serious imbalance in Yuchih microbial flora, pathogenic microorganisms by macrophages, enhanced resistance, the fish farmers had to increase the drug dosage, the results of fish diseases body injuries, sharp drop in output, decline in quality, cost increase has occurred frequently Tong Pan. This is our Chase Lake and the surrounding areas of conventional fish farmers to give up fish, fish ponds is strange to produce much cotton as the main reason for the occurrence. Hubei mariculturists microbial agents take the lead in the application of eco-farming method, has produced gratifying results, they produced less than I in grass carp to 1 yuan per kilogram of absolute superiority, occupied the fish market in Hunan Yueyang in Hunan Province and other parts of fresh fish market. In the rice field eel is also a drug culture on the bubble, andapplication, Monopterus seriously affected the growth and product quality, so that the cost of high culture. Even worse, the winter Monopterus boxes into the death of me, to us they are no wake-up call ecological farming. Fish farmers must change our production concept! Out of the traditional model of the cycle of , promote the feasibility of eco-farmingWith the progress of China's Aquatic Sciences, has been developed for the ecological farming system technology, has developed standards for science, but also for eco-culture has developed a highly efficient and low-residue, low-dose administration of fisheries, particularly in medicine and Chinese extract, and beneficial microbial preparations reveal the original EM Providence, Shenzhenproduced tonic animal feed additives - Huolisu. Shi Zhi and it is eco-farming has been adequately protected. Guangdong's per-mu yield of grass carp have been a half tons of examples, the same can also be used as the feasibility of eco-culture of , how to implement eco-farmingEcological farming includes a wide scope, it has the following several major. (A) the ecological environment of artificial breeding method. (B) three-dimensional multi-species breeding method. (C) open-water or water micro-culture method. (D) closed the factory farm method of circulating water. (V) aquatic symbiotic and mutually beneficial crop breeding method. (Vi) the use of microbial culture preparation method. Because of space limitations, I can not be here on the 11, we focus on the use of microbial preparations to illustrate this method, if the methods of the former five friends interested in, please go to the Department of advice I have. What is the breeding method microbial agents: the past 10 years, gradually Microorganisms in aquaculture are applied to promote the health of this culture to the pollution-free production provided strong protection. At present, more products are used preparations of photosynthetic bacteria, Bacillus, Lactobacillus preparations, such as an act of God reveal the original EM. They can break down残饵water, fish manure and other organic matter, reduce the ammonia content in water, so that culture change clean water, thereby improving the environment; they can object to improve the breeding environment of the gastrointestinal tract, enhance the appetite, promote growth and improve feed remuneration; they can strengthen the immune function of the target culture and enhance immunity, enhanced disease resistance; can strengthen the beneficial bacteria to prevent and reduce the occurrence of bacterial diseases and the spread.

草鱼生长迅速，体长增长最迅速时期为1～2龄，体重增长则以2～3龄为最迅速。当4龄鱼达性成熟后，增长就显著减慢。在自然状态下1冬龄鱼体长为340毫米左右，体重为750克左右，2冬龄鱼体长约为600毫米，体重公斤，3冬龄鱼体长为680毫米左右，体重约5公斤，4冬龄鱼体长为740毫米左右，体重约7公斤，5冬龄鱼体可达780毫米左右，体重约公斤，最大个体可达35公斤左右。池塘精养草鱼高产养殖管理技术养殖条件1、池塘条件：面积5～10亩，池底平坦，底质壤土，底泥10～20厘米，水深2米左右。池塘选择东西走向，每口池塘配备3千瓦叶轮机式增氧机一台，4寸水泵一台。2、清野消毒：在干塘情况下(积水5～10厘米)亩用生石灰100公斤化浆全池泼洒或亩用漂白粉10公斤，温水溶解后全池泼洒，做到不留死角死面，彻底杀灭致病细菌。3、水质：PH值～，养殖盛季(6～9月份)池水透明度保持在30厘米左右，有机物耗氧量(COD)为18～20毫克/升。4、鱼种选择：草鱼种应选择体色金黄，外表无伤，活泼健壮，体重在100克/尾左右的个体。同时，由于草鱼出血、肠炎两大病均易感染当年鱼种，所以在苗种选择上应以2龄苗种为佳。5、鱼种放养a、放养时间：采用春季放养或秋季放养两种方式，春季放养时间为水温回升到12℃以上，秋季放养为水温在15～12℃之间投放苗种。b、放养模式：放养模式分主养和混养两种，以主养模式为主。主养模式草鱼占80％～85％，搭配20％～15％的鲢、鳙、鲂、鲫鱼。c、放养规格及密度：草鱼放养规格全长在15～20cm时，放养密度以1400～1600尾/亩为宜。草鱼放养规格全长在20～25cm时，放养密度以1200～1400尾/亩为宜。5、鱼种消毒：鱼种放养前用3％～4％的食盐水或高锰酸钾20mg/L或聚维铜碘（含有效碘1％）20～30mg/L浸浴5～10分钟。6、鱼用饲料：池塘精养草鱼所用饲料采用以配合饲料为主占85％，青饲料为辅占15％的方式。7、饲养管理：精养池塘的投喂是饲养管理阶段的主要工作，包括常规饲料投喂和药饵投喂。投喂方式采用人工驯化定点投喂，严格坚持定质、定量、定时、定点投喂。具体做法如下：a、常规饲料投喂：以投喂颗粒饲料为主，饲料蛋白质含量在28～32%，辅投青绿饲料。饲料投喂遵循“前粗后精”的原则。