昆虫与生态环境论文的参考文献

观赏昆虫学的研究感想摘 要：本文是作者对观赏昆虫和观赏昆虫学课程内容的介绍以及作者对于观赏昆虫学课程的感想。同时也简要介绍了观赏昆虫学的研究方法、昆虫的采集与捕捉及标本制作等方面的内容。 关键词：观赏昆虫、观赏昆虫学、感想、昆虫资源、采集昆虫在我国，观赏昆虫有着十分悠久的历史，早在唐代就已有了蓄养蟋蟀、听鸣观斗的活动。而历代文人墨客也似乎对这些小虫有着特别的偏爱，吟诗作画常以昆虫为对象，留下不少传世佳作。人们以虫寄情，以情赏虫，充分展现了中华氏族特有的浪漫与博爱，形成了中国独特的虫文化。近年来，随着人民物质生活水平的提高，文化活动日趋丰富多彩，观赏昆虫这一活动越来越受到人们的欢迎和喜爱。鉴于此，我们尝试将民间观赏昆虫的经验总结与现代科学理论相结合，写成本文，目的是使大家对观赏昆虫有个基本了解，并通过观赏昆虫的活动增加知识、开阔视野、陶冶性情，充分领略大自然的奇妙。一、观赏昆虫学课程简介我们学校的观赏昆虫学课程由生物安全科学技术学院开设，肖铁光教授主讲。这是一门选修的课程。为30个学时。使用教材为中国农业出版社出版的《观赏昆虫大全》一书。课程全部采用多媒体教学，课程安排中除在教室上课外，还有两个学时的参观校标本馆。课程结束后，学生须上交10只捕捉的昆虫作为标本。课程由有趣的昆虫外部结构、错综复杂的昆虫体内世界、昆虫的生物学、观赏昆虫的分类、昆虫疾病、昆虫人工饲料、虫—食品、药品、毒品、虫文化赏趣、方寸之中话昆虫、空中“骄龙”—蜻蜓、乡谣俱乐部—鸣虫、忠勇无敌大将军—蟋蟀、大自然的舞姬― 蝴蝶、独角仙、田园番独特景观。台湾开发的“虎山溪观萤”,日本每年6月上旬举办的“萤火虫祭”,吸引了众多游客。也可在宾馆、舞厅等娱乐场所,集萤火虫于特制的玻璃瓶中,当娱乐达到高潮时,突然断电,释放萤火虫,萤光闪闪,似流线舞动,另是一番景象。中国人对昆虫鸣声的注意和欣赏已有2000多年的历史了,在唐朝前的很长一段时期,人们仅仅是欣赏各种野外昆虫优美动听的鸣声。从唐朝开始,人们则将鸣虫作为宠物蓄养在各种笼器内,以便随时随地聆听这一独特的音乐。在蓄养鸣虫的过程中,人们发现有几种蟋蟀不仅善鸣,而且好斗,从此斗蟋便成了一项相当普遍的娱乐活动。如果将这些善鸣、好斗昆虫,集中饲养,适时对外开放,使人们在工作之余,细细倾听这一独特的虫国乐章或观看斗蟋的激烈场面,将是又一奇妙享受。昆虫不仅与人类的衣、食、住、行密切相关,而且与人们的精神生活休戚相关,从文字到语言,从神话到传说,从绘画到诗篇,从战争到政治,从恋爱到婚姻,从娱乐到破案,从邮票到服装,从塔碑到航天……几乎无处不有昆虫的身影,无处不渗透着与之相关的知识。如果能建一处昆虫馆,聚昆虫趣味、知识于一室,将会拓宽人们的知识视野,激发人们热爱大自然的情操。观赏昆虫能给人以美感，可供赏玩、娱乐以增添生活情趣，开阔视野，陶冶性情，从而有益于身心健康。观赏昆虫还有益于增加人们对自然资源的保护意识，维护生态平衡，保护昆虫多样性，特别是对珍稀、濒危资源昆虫的保护和合理开发利用，并使之产生较大的经济效益。（三）开发和利用中存在的问题目前群众对观赏昆虫资源尚缺乏一定知识，对昆虫的乱捕滥杀或以商业经销标本为目的大最捕采屡有发生，造成观赏昆虫资源的严重破坏。所以在观赏昆虫活动中，应有正确的娱乐观;合理适度开发利用观赏资源昆虫，开发与保护并重，以保护促开发，使观赏昆虫这类自然资源更好地为人类服务。八、湖南农业大学昆虫标本馆湖南农业大学昆虫标本馆兴建于2001年，原址在老图书馆三楼，只有80余平方米，馆藏标本多为农业害虫。随着学校规模的扩大，为了满足教学与科研的需要，后来在老图书馆一楼扩建了新馆，现已形成占地面积140多平方米，馆藏昆虫20余万只，包括昆虫世界、蝴蝶王国、多媒体放映厅三大场馆在内的综合性科普教育基地。标本馆自建成以来，先后接待了包括长沙市教育局等20多个团体在内的数以万计的校内外人士参观、访问和学习，在校学生的参观人次更是难以胜数。曾先后受到湖南卫视、湖南经视、湖南教育频道、经贸频道以及东方新报等多家大型媒体的关注、报道，并于2004年被授予“湖南省科普教育基地”称号。昆虫馆场馆面积158㎡，馆藏标本20多万号。 静态昆虫展出标本1700多种，8000余号，其中数目较多的有鞘翅目39个科；鳞翅目38个科；膜翅目31个科；同翅目14个科；半翅目12个科；晴蜒目9个科；双翅目8个科；直翅目6个科；等翅目1个科；螳螂目1个科；革翅目1个科；脉翅目1个科；拈翅目1个科等。以教学、科研为主，对校内外各界人士免费开放。建馆以来，在为教学科研提供支持的同时，也为昆虫爱好者进行经验交流提供了场所，激发了参观者热爱昆虫，研究昆虫的热情，在加强广大学生自然观、生态观宣传教育方面发挥了积极作用。后期开展的昆虫知识讲座更是吸引了众多人员前来参观学习，人们在参与欣赏昆虫艺术展（蝶画、翅画、蝴蝶工艺品）当中，开阔了视野，陶冶了情操。现在，新的昆虫标本馆正在建设中，我们观赏昆虫学课程的同学们有幸作为第一批人员参观了新的标本馆。首先我们来到了位于老图书馆一楼的肖铁光老师的昆虫标本制作室，这里制作出来的标本正在源源不断的向新标本馆迁移。新的标本馆位于文渊阁的四楼，同在四楼的还有我们学校的动物标本馆、土壤和岩石标本馆。昆虫馆的新馆实际上是原来农业生物图书书库，不过现在经过装修后已经焕然一新，新馆的面积更大，展位更多，因为还在建设中，许多标本还没有摆上展台，但是单单就摆上展台的这些标本来说，就已经让我们连声惊叹了。希望还有机会去参观！九、结束语我的论文不长，简单的介绍了许多关于昆虫和观赏昆虫的知识，希望大家在读后能够增长一下对观赏昆虫的认识。学了这门课，收获很多，可不仅仅是弄清了一个区别而已，只是不知该怎么说。湖南观赏昆虫资源丰富,应在做好开发利用的宣传、教育工作的基础上,加强管理,科学规划,在保护的前提下合理地加以利用,并在利用的同时尽可能加以保护,以保证湖南观赏昆虫资源的可持续利用。参考文献 [1] 王音 周序国.《观赏昆虫大全》[M]，北京：中国农业出版社，1996[2] 李鹏翔.观赏昆虫[J]. 科学大众(中学版)，2001年12期[3] 龙中伟. 观赏昆虫采捕加工法[J]. 农村新技术，2000年06期[4] 郑立军 靳桂敏 杨新廷;. 观赏昆虫刍议[J]. 野生动物，2001年03期[5] 吴福泉. 观赏昆虫资源的开发利用[J]. 广东蚕业，1999年03期[6] 朱巽. 湖南观赏昆虫资源的利用研究[J]. 湖南第一师范学报，2007年04期[7] 高卫红. 另类宠物欣赏——观赏昆虫[J]. 畜牧兽医科技信息，2004年06期

catchinginsects(现在进行时)catchinsects(一般形态)

昆虫的营养价值：昆虫是人类向自然界摄取蛋白质的途径之一，据记载：从古时，在人民生活困难的时候，就主要使用昆虫。目前在世界贫穷的国家：如非洲，尼泊尔，埃塞俄比亚等均以昆虫和草根为生，昆虫已成为他们的重要摄取脂肪，蛋白质的途径。从营养价值来看，昆虫含有丰富的蛋白质，干虫体的含量高达百分之30～百分之70而且由20多种重要氨基酸组成，含有人体与动物无法合成的8种必需氨基酸和儿童必须的2种氨基酸，干的蝉含有百分之72，蚂蚁含百分之42，黄蜂含百分之81蟋蟀含百分之65，并且昆虫还含有丰富的脂肪，糖类，矿物质，维生素，水。其脂肪中百分之85为软脂肪和不饱和脂肪酸，所以易被人体所吸收。 丰富的食用昆虫资源：由于昆虫数量多，繁殖多，可以在残酷的环境下生存，所以即使大量捕捉也很难造成生态破坏，并且很多国家的养虫业很发达。我国蚕业，蝗虫资源都很丰富，并且有些地方也有使用它们的习惯。我国曾多次向外国出口蝗虫，蚕蛹等～～～～国外也以开办：苍蝇工厂，蚯蚓工厂等，利用其产卵多，生命力强等特点向大众提供大量蛋白质。全世界约有3000种昆虫可以食用，我国约有800种。由于昆虫的食物转换率高，食用3kg植物蛋白可以换1kg昆虫蛋白，而牛需要8kg植物蛋白才可以换1kg动物蛋白，羊则10kg植物蛋白才可以换1kg动物蛋白.所以因为昆虫繁殖快，数量多，生命力强等特点，昆虫业有很好的发展前景。 使用昆虫的利用情况：在现实社会中，昆虫不仅还可以用作食物，还可以用做医药，许多药如：僵蚕，九香虫，蝉蜕，龙凤，冬虫夏草等既是可以治疗某些疾病，还可以对人生体进行滋补。在古代，昆虫就在人们的食谱上曾有过重要的地位，至今，很多国家还保留着这些习惯。墨西哥的外号叫“昆虫之乡”，有370多种昆虫可以作为佳肴，列入品牌的有60多种，所以墨西哥每年因这个原因吸引了世界很多游客。 利用昆虫或其他产品为原料作为饮料：蜂蜜在很多人群众多很流行，老人小孩都很爱喝，在爱喝的同时还可以对胃和其他器官进行护理。我国在3000多年前就有养蜂的习惯，并且一直流传到现在，蜜蜂也是授粉昆虫，所以对农业也有很好的促进。我国不仅是养蜂，食用蜂蜜最多的国家，也是饲养蜂蜜最多的国家，大约拥有600多万箱蜂群。而且在国内外也有很多人提取蜂毒来治疗人体的风湿等疾病。所以，发展昆虫业是很好的一项事业。

虫吃植物，鸟吃虫，鸟屎肥地

研究昆虫控制的文章Athenix and Monsanto Announce Collaboration on Research for Insect ControlRESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, . and ST. LOUIS, June 20 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Athenix Corp. and Monsanto Company today announced they have entered into a three-year research collaboration for insect control on a key class of insects that affects a number of Monsanto's major crops of interest. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. "We are pleased to work with the market leader in crop genetics to bring our technical capabilities to commercialization," said Mike Koziel, chief executive officer for Athenix. "Working with Monsanto to discover novel genes for controlling insect pests increases options for farmers and allows Athenix to demonstrate the power of its integrated discovery platforms for new biotech traits," said Nick Duck, vice president of research at Athenix. Athenix will apply its expertise in microbial screening and genomics to facilitate gene discovery intended to help protect crops such as cotton, soybeans and corn against a common class of insects known as Hemipterans. Hemipteran insects include Lygus, a pest of cotton, and stinkbug, a pest of soybean. "This collaboration will work to offer an essential benefit to our farmer customers by providing insect protection in crops such as corn, cotton and soybeans against the piercing and sucking insects. Insect tolerant crops allow growers to spray less pesticide, making their operations more efficient and at the same time stewarding the environment," said Robert T. Fraley, ., Monsanto executive vice president and chief technology officer. "We're excited to collaborate with Athenix to help broaden grower's options for insect control." About Athenix: Athenix is a leading biotechnology company that develops novel products and technologies for agricultural and industrial applications, including biofuels and bioconversions. Athenix has established an outstanding intellectual property portfolio and market access ability around enhanced plants, microbes, genes, enzymes, and processes with emphasis on two major markets: 1) novel agricultural traits for growers such as insect resistance, nematode resistance, herbicide tolerance, and their use for the crop production industry; and 2) the discovery of genes and proteins for use in the sustainable chemical industry with a focus on biofuels like ethanol and other natural control of locusts New weapons for old enemiesDuring the 1988 desert locust plague, swarms crossed the Atlantic from Mauritania to the Caribbean, flying 5 000 kilometres in 10 were stumped because migrating swarms normally come down to rest every night. But locusts can’t swim, so how could it be? It turned out that the swarms were coming down at sea – on any ships they could find, but also in the water itself. The first ones in all drowned but their corpses made rafts for the other ones to rest on. Since the dawn of agriculture more than 10 000 years ago mankind has had to deal with a resourceful and fearless enemy, Schistocerca gregaria, the desert locust. Normally loners, every so often these natives of the deserts from West Africa to India turn into vast, voracious swarms that leave hunger and poverty behind them wherever they go. Throughout history, farmers and governments have made attempts to repel the bands and swarms of locusts by collecting insects, creating noise, making smoke and burying and burning the insects. But all of this had little effect. With swarms sometimes extending for hundreds of kilometres, and containing billions of individuals, they conquered by sheer force of numbers. Health concernsIt has long puzzled humans where these animals came from and where they survived. Only in the mid-20th century was it realized that the light brown solitary desert-dwelling insect was the same species as the red and yellow locusts of the plagues. Only when its biology was understood and chemical pesticides and aerial spraying became available a few decades ago, could efforts be made to control the insect. But large-scale pesticide use also raised real concerns for human health and the environment. On the seventh-floor Emergency Centre for Locust Operations (ECLO) at FAO Headquarters in Rome, Keith Cressman, FAO's locust forecaster, checks current environmental conditions and locust population data from the three computer screens on his desk. The last big locust upsurge ended early in 2005 and the current alert level is green or calm. The experts at FAO’s ECLO are readying to fight the next round in the age-old battle against locusts – wherever and whenever that may be. “The next time,” says Cressman, “we’ll fight with new tools”. New bio-control agents Recent advances in biological control research, coupled with improved surveillance and intelligence, could make a big difference when the next round in the battle is fought. Such products could make it possible to sharply reduce the amount of chemical pesticides used. One promising avenue is research currently under way at the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Nairobi. An ICIPE team headed by a Zanzibar-born chemical ecologist, Ahmed Hassanali, has identified and synthesized a specific locust pheromone, or chemical signal, that can be used against young locusts with devastating , or PAN for short, normally governs swarming behaviour in adult males who also use it to warn other males to leave them in peace while they mate. But, Hassanali found it has startlingly different results on juvenile wingless locusts, known as hoppers. Hopper bandsJust as adult locusts form swarms, hoppers will, given the right conditions, stop behaving as individuals and line up in marauding bands up to 5 kilometres wide. They are only slightly less voracious than adults, who eat their own weight of food every day. In three separate field trials – the most recent in Sudan last year – Hassanali’s team showed that even minute doses of PAN could stop hopper bands dead in their tracks and make them break caused the insects to resume solitary behaviour. Confused and disoriented, some lost their appetite altogether, while others turned cannibal and ate one other. Any survivors were easy prey for predators. What makes PAN particularly attractive is that the dose needed is only a fraction – typically less than 10 millilitres per hectare – of the quantities of chemical or biological pesticides. This translates into substantially lower costs – 50 cents per hectare as opposed to US$12 for chemical pesticides and $15-20 for other bio-control is clearly a major consideration in the countries in the front line – many of them among the world’s poorest. Green Muscle A different, but also highly effective biological approach is Green Muscle ®, a bio-pesticide developed by the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture’s biological control centre in Cotonou, Benin, and manufactured in South Africa. Green Muscle ® contains spores of the naturally occurring fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, which germinate on the skin of locusts and penetrate through their exoskeletons. The fungus then destroys the locust's tissues from the inside. This is definitely not good news for locusts, but the fungus has no effect on other life forms. A product similar to Green Muscle ® is already successfully used in Australia, but the latter's introduction in Africa and Asia is being slowed by several factors. These include a need for further large-scale trials, official approval of the product in several countries, and a relatively short shelf-life in its normal ready-to-spray liquid form. One drawback is that it takes days to kill the locusts. It is also relatively expensive and large-scale production would need to be organized. A solution would be to store the product in powder form and dilute it just before use. Hassanali’s team has also shown that, if used in combination with a small amount of PAN, only a quarter of the normal dose of Green Muscle ® is Growth RegulatorsAlso being readied for the modern locust fighter’s armoury is a class of products known as Insect Growth Regulators, or IGRs, which influence the ability of hoppers to moult and grow properly. They have no direct toxic effects on vertebrates. IGRs are effective for several weeks after application and can be used in so-called barrier treatments. In this method only narrow swathes of the product are applied, perpendicular to the direction of the marching hopper bands. Only 10 percent of the amount used in blanket treatment is needed. After marching over one or two barriers the hoppers absorb enough product to die while moulting. As with PAN and Green Muscle ®, however, IGRs need to be aimed at locusts at an early stage in their lives, before they take to the air. That, in turn, requires an advanced level of surveillance and intelligence-gathering to make sure that any locust concentrations are nipped in the bud. eLocust2Although back at ECLO Keith Cressman has satellites, computers and mathematical models at his disposal, the weak link in the chain has been the time it takes to get good information from the mobile ground teams whose job it is to keep tabs on locust populations have to work in some of the world’s remotest, hottest and sometimes (for environmental and security reasons) most hostile places. A week or more might go by before a report from, say, the central Sahara, reached Cressman’s desk. By that time the locusts – “They don’t need visas,” he says – would quite likely have moved to another country or continent altogether. This will soon change however. Field teams are now being issued with special hand-held devices to record vital locust and environmental data and relay them back to their own headquarters and on to Rome in real time. Developed by the French Space Agency CNES, the eLocust2 device is able to bounce the information off communications satellites and have the data arrive in the National Locust Control Centre in the affected country a few minutes later, from where they are passed on to Cressman for analysis. In case of unusually heavy hopper concentrations, immediate action can be taken to make sure that the locusts never grow old enough to swarm. Back to the fieldWriting in Science magazine, locust expert Martin Enserink gave the following graphic description of a locust population gone out of control:“On a beautiful November morning (in Morocco) it’s clear, even from afar, that something’s terribly wrong with the trees around this tiny village. They are covered with a pinkish-red gloss, as if their leaves were changing colour... "As you get closer, the hue becomes a wriggling mass; a giant cap of insects on every tree, devouring the tiny leaves. Get closer still and you’ll hear a soft drizzle: the steady stream of locust droppings falling to the ground.” Such nightmare visions, and locust plagues with them, may one day be a thing of the past.