中西思维方式论文文献综述

Cultural differences on the language of the impact of
Abstract: simple analysis of the relationship between language and culture, cultural differences and compare the impact of the language, teaching English in the light of the present ignored the phenomenon of cultural differences on financial and cultural knowledge in English Teaching. 在语言教学中树立文化意识，从而提高教学效果，达到语言教学的真正目的。 In language teaching in a cultural awareness, so as to enhance effective teaching methods to achieve the real purpose of language teaching. 关键词：文化差异；英语
由于各民族所处的环境不同，从而产生迥然不同的文化。 Key words: cultural differences; English
Because the environment in which all ethnic groups different, resulting in a very different culture. 中西文化是两种根本不同类型文化。 Chinese and Western cultures are two fundamentally different types of culture. 汉文化以人本为主体，其本质是一种典型的内倾性人本文化，表现在重人格，重道德，重创人。 Han culture to the people as the main body, its essence is a typical example of the dumping of human culture, and in the weight personality, heavy moral, hit people. 西方文化则以物本为主体，以自然为本位，倾向于求外在表现，故重创物、重物理，更看重人怎样来创物。 Of the Western culture while for the main body and the natural-based, tend to seek external performance, the hit-and-physical, but also how to value a person of. 文化对语言的影响主要表现在以下几方面： The impact of culture on language mainly in the following aspects: （一）价值观念
价值观念是文化的核心。 (1) values
values are the core of culture. 西方人重个人价值，强调自我意识，为人处事言语行为无须别人认可，也不追求与人一致。 Westerners value of the individual, emphasis on self-awareness, people doing things others not authorized speech act, and not consistent with the pursuit. 而中国人群体意识强，独立意识较弱。 China's strong sense of groups, independent of the weaker. 西方人认为，当别人未求助时主动给予帮助是一种施舍行为，是对他能力的轻视，甚至是对他人格的侮辱。 Westerners think that when others did not take the initiative to seek help when help is a charity, for his ability to neglect, and even an insult to his personality. 有一次，一位外国老妇人到中国来旅游，提着一大袋行李，很吃力的样子，一个中国小伙子跑过去主动提供帮助，于是发生了下面的这个对话： Once, a foreign woman was to travel to China, carrying large bags of luggage, looks very difficult for a young man ran past China offered help, so this has the following dialogue: B：Good morning, Can I help you? B: Good morning, Can I help you? W：What? W: What? B：Can I carry the case for you,Madam? B: Can I carry the case for you, Madam? W：I think I can do it myself，thank you W: I think I can do it myself, thank you 老妇人毫不领情地走了，她认为这是对她的轻视。 Not to appreciate the woman who has passed away, she considered that it is her neglect. 而在我们中国人看来，人与人之间的相互关照是人之常情,.是一种美德。 We in the eyes of Chinese people, the interaction between the people that care for them,. Is a virtue. 中国小伙子呆呆地站在那儿，百思不得其解。 China lads Aiaide stand there, and fail to see. 如果对中西文化稍有了解，或许不会发生那样的尴尬局面。 If you have some understanding of Chinese and Western cultures, may not happen, the embarrassing situation. （二）社会心态
由于生活在不同的文化背景中，各民族人逐步形成了不同的思维方式和社会心态，即使对同一事物也往往有不同的好恶。 (B) social mentality
because of living in different cultural backgrounds, people of all nationalities have gradually formed a different way of thinking and mentality of the community, even if the same things often have different likes and dislikes. 譬如对什么是禁忌，什么是隐私，东西方人表现出很大的差别。 For example, what is taboo and what is privacy, East Westerners demonstrated a great deal of difference. 英美人见面很少问及家庭情况，他们视年龄、收入、财产等为隐私。 Britain and the United States met with the family and asked a few, they are depending on age, income, property, etc. for privacy. 中国人则毫不忌讳谈论这些内容。 Chinese people are no taboo about them. 又如，西方人怕老、惧老的心理使他们忌讳使用old, aged等词。 Also, Westerners Palao, the old psychological fear that they use old taboo, aged words. 为此人们费尽心机地创造了许多称呼老人的新表达：the advanced in age(上了年纪的人)，the mature the longer living（生活经历长的人），美国有个永不老合唱团，译为“never young” 而不是“never old”等。 For this reason people scheming to create a lot of the elderly called the new expression: the advanced in age (the older), the mature the longer living (long life experience), the United States will never have a veteran chorus, translation "never young" rather than "never old." 如果我们的学生有这方面的知识，就不会在与老外的见面的时候说，“how old are you?” “What’s your salary?” 诸如此类难堪的问题。 If our students have the knowledge, they will not meet with foreigners when he, "how old are you?" "What's your salary?" Such embarrassing questions. （三 ）交际方式 (3) Communication way 英国人见面打招呼的常用方式是谈论天气，如“lovely weather,isn’t it?”或“Hello”“Hi”“Good morning”等。 British common way of meeting notice is talking about the weather, such as the "lovely weather, isn't it?" Or "Hello," "Hi" and "Good morning". 在我国人们常用的寒暄语：“到哪儿去？”“吃饭了吗？”“最近忙什么？”若将这些话直译为英语“Have you eaten?” “Where are you going?”“What are you busy with?”就不是打招呼语了，变成了期待对方回答的问题，譬如“Have you eaten?”对方就会误认为你打算请他吃饭。 People commonly used in China's greeting: "Where?" "Eat?" "The recent busy?" If these words for the English translation of "Have you eaten?" "Where are you going?" "What are you busy with? "is not greeted language, and is, looking forward to the other question to answer, such as" Have you eaten? "will mistakenly believe that the other side you intend to invite him for dinner. 这些话只能在某些特定的场合使用，若作为招呼语滥用，有时就会伤害对方的感情。 These words can only use certain occasions, as if prodded language abuse, sometimes hurt each other's feelings. 在英美国家人们道别时说“Bye,drop in again.”等。 People in the country bid farewell to Britain and the United States, said "Bye, drop in again." Etc.. 若按中国人习惯就会说“go slowly”（慢走）“Take care.”（走好）之类的话。 According to the Chinese customs will say "go slowly" (walking), "Take care." (Appropriately take), such remarks. 英美人对此的反应很可能是：“Why should I go slowly? I am strong enough.”似乎中国人小看了他。 British and American people's response is likely to be: "Why should I go slowly? I am strong enough." Chinese people seem to read him small. （四）语言的表达形式
语言的结构及使用在一定程度上受制于该民族的文化。 (4) language expression
structure and the use of language to a certain extent, subject to the national culture. 汉语的词汇结构和修辞方法与汉文化密切相关，英语同样与英美文化、历史有着千丝万缕的联系。 Chinese vocabulary structure and rhetorical methods and Han culture is closely related to the same English and Anglo-American culture, history are inextricably linked. 譬如，英语句子中的修饰语可置于被修饰词前，亦可在其后，这与汉语不同。 For example, in the English sentence modifiers can be placed before the word being modified, or subsequently, and Chinese different. Big enough（足够大），something important（重要的事情）等，都是将修饰语置后，与汉语语序恰恰相反。 Big enough (big enough), something important (an important issue), which are home to modifiers, and Chinese Order of the contrary. 英语中时间、地点的排列顺序习惯从小到大，而汉语则从大到小，如at3: June, 2000（2000年六月二十一日下午三点） English in the time, place, the customary order from small to large, and the Chinese从大到小, such as at3: June, 2000 (at 15:00 on June 21, 2000) 英语除了表达方式上的特殊性外，表达的意念有时也是独特的。 English apart from the particularity of expression, the expression of ideas sometimes unique. 英语常把事实与揣测、祈求、意愿等非事实区分开。 English often the facts and speculation, pray, aspirations, and other non-facts on the other. 常常用虚拟语气来表达一种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等，所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。 Virtual tone often used to express a wish, assumptions, doubt, speculation, suggestions, the meaning of that is not an objective reality. 文化上的差异反应在语言和交际行为中，而是否理解和懂得这些文化差异、文化制约和交际规则则直接影响交际的成败。 Cultural differences in language and communication response behavior, and whether understanding and understand these cultural differences, and cultural constraints and the rules of communication is a direct impact on the success or failure of communication. 因此，外语教学不仅仅是要求学生语法正确，还必须使他们了解所学语言国家的文化，使学生既掌握语言技能————听、说、读、写译等，又掌握交际能力，以适用不同社会的文化环境，避免文化错误的产生，从而成功地进行交际。 Therefore, foreign language teaching is not only require students to correct grammar, it is also essential that they understand the language of the national culture, so that students not only master the language skills - listening, speaking, reading and writing, such as translation, master communicative ability to apply different social and cultural environment and avoid the formation of cultural errors, which successfully conducted Communication. 这样做的好处是：文化知识加深了学生对语言的了解，语言则赋予了文化内涵而更易于理解和掌握。 It has the advantage of: cultural knowledge deepened understanding of the language students, language empowers the cultural connotation and more easy to understand and grasp. 当前外语教学中普遍存在重外语技能、轻文化教育的问题，一些教师认为英语教学就是教单词、短语、讲授课文和做练习，大部分的学生经过好几年的英语学习，脑袋中装满了单词和短语，可惜无法说出一个完整的句子。 Foreign Language Teaching in the current widespread heavy foreign language skills, cultural and educational light of the problem, some teachers think that teaching is the English words, phrases, teaching texts and do exercises, most of the students through the learning of English for a few years, in full head of the word and the phrase, unfortunately can not say a complete sentence. 或者当把课堂上所学的语言知识放在具体的文化环境中，屡犯错误不能顺利地达到交际的目的。 When the classroom or on the knowledge of the language on the specific cultural environment, mistakes can not be repeated successfully achieve the purpose of communication. 针对上述情况，作为一名英语教师，帮助学生在学习语言时提高对文化的敏感性，利用他们发自内心的想了解其他民族的兴趣和动力，从而提供了学习该民族的语言的基础。 In response to these developments, as an English teacher to help students in language learning, improve the cultural sensitivity, using them from the bottom of their hearts that the other nations would like to know the interest and motivation, thus providing learning the language of the national foundation

Literature review on the influence of cultural differences on English Listening重点词汇释义中外China and foreign countries; at home and abroad文化差异cultural difference英语听力English listening comprehension文献literature; document综述summarize; round up; sum up

略谈中西方饮食文化差异 内容摘要：中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。这种价值理念的差别形成了中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点，过分注重饭菜的意、色、形，基本追求色、香、味，具有粗放型思维特征的中国人在数千年的漫长岁月中却很少考虑饭菜的营养性。西方人在烹饪时自始至终坚持着饭菜的实用性基本特征。从营养角度出发、落足于食物对人的健康，他们不讲究花样、轻视了饭菜的其他功能，致使除了一些吃西餐烦琐的规矩之外，并没有给人留下太深的印象。 在中国，烹调是一种艺术；在西方，烹调则是一种劳动。 关键词：饮食文化 饮食观念 味道 营养 饮食对象 饮食方式 用餐礼仪 对于中国人，我们一出生便开始了品味中式饮食，因而或多或少会厌倦中式饮食，同时，我们正处于经济全球化的形式当中，西方饮食进入中国使我们有了新鲜感，让我们有进入西式快餐店品味与中式饮食不同的西餐或西式快餐的欲望，去吃西餐，就必须了解西餐与中餐有何区别，吃些什么，怎么吃。其次，随着中国加入WTO，中国与西方各国的交往变得越加频繁，中国人到国外去的机会也越来越多，到西方国家，入乡随俗，就免不了与西方人一起用餐，为了不让自己显得孤陋寡闻，也必须得了解西方人的用餐方式和用餐礼仪。仅从这个角度出发，简略地谈谈中西方的饮食文化差异，希望对我们中国人了解西方饮食文化有点借鉴意义。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 与注重“味”的中国饮食相比，西方则是一种理性的饮食观念。西方人注重科学饮食，讲究营养，并且以营养为最高准则。进食有如为一生物的机器添加燃料，特别讲求食物的营养成分，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，卡路里的供给是否恰到好处，以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问，而菜肴的色、香、味如何，则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国，其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似，但一接触到营养问题，双方便拉开了距离。 因为过于注重营养，西方饮食几乎没有艺术可言。各种餐饮产品的科学成分一目了然。在宴席上，人们可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配，但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，毫无艺术可言，作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也只是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式牛排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成，色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。而中国就很讲究“五味调和”，即在重视烹调原料自然之味的基础上进行“五味调和”，用阴阳五行的基本规律指导这一调和，调和要合乎时序，又要注意时令，调和的最终结果要味美适口。所以中国菜几乎每个菜都要用两种以上的原料和多种调料来调和烹制。即或是家常菜，一般也是荤素搭配来调和烹制的，如韭黄炒肉 、肉片炒蒜苗、腐竹焖肉、芹菜炒豆腐干……而此等原料若西厨烹制，则奶汁肉丝外加白水煮韭黄，或炸猪排佐以清水煮蒜苗，中国食客见如此中菜西做，自然是“哭不得笑不得”。 也是基于对营养的重视，西方人多生吃蔬菜，不仅西红柿、黄瓜、生菜生吃，就是洋白菜、洋葱、绿菜花（西兰花）也都生吃。因而他们的“沙拉”有如一盘兔饲料，使我们难以接受。现代中国人也讲营养保健，也知道青菜一经加热，维生素将被破坏，因而我们主张用旺火爆炒。这虽然也使维生素的含量下降，但不会完全损失，可味道却比兔饲料好吃得多。因而中国的现代烹调术旨在追求营养与味道兼顾下的最佳平衡，这当然也是一种“中庸之道”。 而西方烹调也更讲究营养却忽视了味道，至少是不以味觉享受为首要目的。他们以冷饮佐餐，冰镇的冷酒还要再加冰块，而舌表面遍布的味觉神经一经冰镇，便大大丧失品味的灵敏度，渐至不能辨味；那带血的牛排与大白鱼、大白肉，生吃的蔬菜，白水煮豆子、煮土豆，虽有“味”入“道”，凡此种种都反映了西方人对味觉的忽视。他们拒绝使用味精，更足以证明此辈皆属不知味之人，非“知味观”之座上客也！ 平心而论，谈到营养问题也触及到中国饮食的最大弱点。尽管我们讲究食疗、食补、食养，重视以饮食来养生强身，但我们的烹调术却以追求美味为第一性要求，致使许多营养成分损失于加工过程中。 我们从来都是把追求美味奉为进食的首要目的。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。虽然人们在赞誉美食时，总爱说“色香味俱佳”，但那是由于我们感受色香味的感觉器官“眼、鼻、口”的上下排列顺序如此。人们内心之于“色、香、味”，从来都是“味”字“挂帅”的。------------Diet Culture difference between China and America.（中美饮食文化的差异）这篇可以参考：）~ The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish. A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. --------浅谈中美饮食文化差异【摘 要】 随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高。因此,饮食文化逐渐成为人们所关注的话题。随着中国与世界接轨越来越紧密，许多新鲜事也不断涌入国内,其中当然包括饮食。例如,在中国的一些城市里类似于麦当劳,肯德基的餐厅如雨后春笋般地开业。而中国的饮食也是世界享誉的,有华人处必有中国餐馆。在美国,中国餐馆遍地开花,中国餐馆在美国有着百年历史。正是由于中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。现今社会,许多人都抱着好奇的心态去品尝不同国家的食物,但真正了解饮食文化不同之处的人却不多。【关键词】 中国;美国;饮食;差异引言俗话说“出门三大事，吃，穿，住”，“吃”是摆在首位的，可以看出“吃”在中国人眼里的重要性,饮食在中国是一种文化。饮食起居是人们常常谈及的话题,随着地域的不同,生活习惯也有着显著的差异,饮食文化往往是这个差异最显著的代表。徐熊(2001)指出,中美两国人民的饮食文化的差异，可以说是由两国文化、风俗、氛围、历史内涵、营养价值观和经济条件等不同的因素造成的。当今的人们只是肤浅地认为中美饮食文化最大的差异就在于中国人大多是用筷子，调羹吃着米饭的；而美国人则是用刀和叉，吃着牛排和面包的。其实这些仅仅只是表面上的差异，其中却还有着更深层次的不同，这些深层次的不同往往是被人们所忽视的，例如，饮食观念的不同‚饮食习惯的不同，饮食方式的不同，饮食习俗的不同,烹饪方法的不同，以及“吃”的对象的不同等等。这些不同才是中美饮食文化差异的根本所在。下面就对这些不同做更详尽的解释。(一) 饮食观念的不同谈到中国饮食文化，许多人会对中国食谱以及中国菜的色、香、味、形赞不绝口。中国饮食的诸多特征，体现在饮食文化之上，直接影响着中国饮食文化的发展。由于中国人口压力很大及其它多种原因的存在，所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以谷物为主，肉少粮多，辅以菜蔬，这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食，而菜则是为了下饭，帮助饭下咽。为什么要助饭下咽呢？那是因为主食并不可口，必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点，但是不等同于盐。这样促使中国的烹饪的首要目的是装点饮食，使不可口的食物变得精妙绝伦；正是由于我们的民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以中国人才将食的追求作为人生至乐来追求，吃饭成为第一要求。徐旺生（1993）指出，国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，中国人之所以在吃的方面能够随心所欲，在很大程度上受到中国曾经吃不饱的日子所迫。