珠宝论文外文参考文献

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中. 外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。 原文就是指原作品,原件。即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本。这个中文版本就称为译文 回答者： xffjy - 见习魔法师 三级 10-22 11:52

外文参考文献格式 在论文写作时常常需要引用到外文的的著作，下面我带大家了解一下外文参考文献的格式要求是怎样的! 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告 对于不属于上述的'文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, .，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & .; ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。 英文文献采用 APA格式 ： 单一作者著作的书籍： 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社. Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead. 两位作者以上合著的书籍： 姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社. Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press. 文集中的文章： Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books. 期刊中的文章(非连续页码)： Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37. 期刊中的文章(连续页码)： 姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码. Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146. 月刊杂志中的文章： Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31. ;

我国钻石销售与人均收入的实证分析摘要：随着人们生活水平的提高，人们对钻石的消费也在增加，文章主要研究国民人均收入对钻石的年销售额的影响。利用ADF单位根检验，EG协整分析和动态经济学模型，Grange因果关系检验等计量经济理论，对1990-2007年国民人均年收入与钻石年消费总额之间的关系进行了计量经济学分析。关键词：协整理论；ADF检验；Almon滞后模型；格兰杰检验一、引言随着我国经济的发展，人们生活水平的提高，珠宝等奢侈品已逐步进入了人们的生活，而且收入的增加自然也会促进珠宝首饰的消费，本文就珠宝里具有一定代表性的一个大类———钻石为研究对象，利用1990-2007年来的数据，对我国钻石的消费与国民的人均收入的数量关系，做一个实证的研究。我们将借助20世纪80年代发展起来的协整理论，动态经济模型来尝试得出具体的钻石消费方程式并进行定量的分析，探讨我国钻石年消费金额（以下简称为钻石消费yt）与国民人均年收入（以下简称人均收入xt）之间的计量经济学关系。二、人均收入与钻石消费的一元线性回归（OLS法）本文所考察的是我国居民的人均收入与钻石消费之间的关系，根据《中国统计年鉴》统计年鉴各卷，整理出各年国民收入与行业里有关钻石的消费的数据由图1可知，2002年以前人均收入与钻石消费增长得比较缓慢，从2002年开始，增长加速，增势明显，可以看到，人均收入与钻石消费始终保持同步增长，但2002年以前两者增长的关系更为紧密，从2002年开始收入与消费之间的差距开始扩大，但仍能保持共同增长的趋势。它们的对数形式也有同样的趋势。从两者的走势可明显地看出呈现同向变动的趋势，通过计算可知：格兰杰检验说明：有的显著水平认为，lx是lyt的格兰杰原因，即人均收入的增加是钻石销费增加的格兰杰原因。五、结论1990-2007年期间，人均收入与钻石消费不具有协整关系，即不具有长期的均衡关系。但长期来说，人均收入的增长对钻石的消费的增长有着重要影响，要想提高钻石消费，只有提高国民的人均收入。由动态滞后回归方程②式可知当人均收入为0时，钻石的消费为，符合实际经济意义。回归方程中X的系数是短期（即期）乘数，表示当期的人均收入增加1个单位时，钻石销售会增加个单位，X（-1），X（-2），X（-3）的系数为动态（延迟）乘数，反映的分别是滞后一期、滞后二期和滞后三期的人均收入每增加1个单位，当期钻石销售将会减少，增加和减少个单位。这4个系数之和为则为长期（均衡）乘数，总体上说由于滞后效应，当人均收入增加1个单位，则钻石销售的平均总增加个单位。可以看到，随收入的增加，钻石消费也会相应的增加。本文利用钻石消费与人均收入的分布滞后关系，建立了钻石消费与人均收入的动态经济学模型———阿尔蒙多（Al-mon）滞后模型，为我国珠宝业中的钻石消费是如何随国民人均收入的提高而增长提供了一些参考。参考文献：1、潘省初.计量经济学[M].中国人民大学出版社,、郭存芝等.计量经济学———理论·方法·EViews应用[M].科学出版社,2008.

浅论“点”在商业首饰设计中的应用更新时间 2009-2-23 21:30:32 打印此文 点击数 96 摘要:在当今商业首饰设计艺术中，用于珠宝设计的构成手段可谓风格各异、流派繁多。但最富于时代精神的表现形式莫过于“点”的构成运用。点的形状、方向、大小、位置、聚集，发散，组合能够给人带来不同的心理感受和艺术魅力。本文分析近几年来商业珠宝首饰设计艺术中“点”的表现形式大体总结归纳出三种类型：强调整齐划一，以形成秩序美。运用自然散点的构图，获得多变的视觉效应。采用类似群化的组合，显露时代风格。关键词:首饰设计形式风格艺术魅力“点”在几何学中的意义只是表明位置而不具备面积和方向，但在设计构成中，代写论文 “点”作为造型要素之一，却具有无法取代的重要作用。在人类远古时期，“点”在手工制品表面装饰纹样中就已经被得到了大量的运用，时至今日，设计师依然情衷于“点”的易变随性和多样组合，再现着“点”那令人惊叹的艺术魅力。一、强调整齐划一。以形成秩序美所谓秩序感，就是一种赋予了作品统一性，而体现出作品的美感与冲击力，从而给人带来的一种稳重感、流畅感和归整感。秩序美是种模式情怀。它蕴含在大小相同、间隔相等、横平竖直的严格模式中。整齐划一虽极易陷入单板，然而背水一战，在极致中追求突破，同样会产生极具个性的优秀作品。秩序美更是种韵律心思。它蕴含在罗列整齐、组合清晰的流畅旋律里。单纯却又意义丰富，代写毕业论文 简明却又规律连续，在统一性和重复性中体现作品的视觉冲击。珠宝首饰没计中的重要原则：条理与反复，同样也是形式美的一种法则。他们是构成秩序美的重要因素。所谓的条理就是有组织、有规律地在设计中对画面进行?概括整理；反复是指把相同、相似的形象有规律的重复排列。调整连续而反复排列的单元个体也会产生如音乐节奏一样的律动感，也能使单调的形式和色彩产生变化而变得缤纷。例如我们所接触的二方连续、四方连续。运用此项秩序美的典型作品是这款源于Tifany经典设计。整体造型装饰简洁、醒目，将横点的等间距排列法应用到了手链造型设计装饰中，把一种完整的秩序美感呈现在了人们的面前。这种“点“的等间距排列法在此款手链设计装饰中将Tifany的创作精髓和理念表现得十分贴切。简约鲜明的线条诉说着冷静超然的明晰与令人心动神移的优稚。和谐、比例与条理在每一件Tifany设计作品巾都得到了自然的融合呈现。图(1)的作品中前后环衬的设计展现了这一设计理念的主题，不是一次性简单的重复，而是采用了两种大小不同的点相互组合，从侧面观看，较大的“点”在一群较小的点的上方，使整个画面呈现出从大到小的流动感，这样一大一小的反复变化将相同的形和色作规律的重复排列，产生了单纯、统一的感觉，给佩带者带来鲜明而深刻的印象。二、运用自然散点的构图，获得多变的视觉效应如果说整齐划一如同节奏感很强的打击乐，那么散点构成就是旋律优美的丝竹乐。散点构成简而有序、散而不乱、活泼多变。设计者看似随性而为，实者已在不露声色中营造出了视觉美感。运用形式美的法则中另外的两个重要因素是节奏与韵律。节奏原本是指音乐中节拍的长短，用在珠宝设计中，主要体现在图画中点、线、面、形、色的大小、轻重、虚实、快慢的变化；而韵律原本是指诗词中的抑扬顿搓所产生的感觉，在珠宝设计运用中，体现在各元素之间的风格、样式在统一前提下的变化。在图(2)这款耳坠的造型设计中，运用的是一种近乎自然的设计风格。“点”状的花芯图案大小相同、层次分明，代写留学生论文 呈参差状悬吊在空中。耳坠的仿花造型十分逼真，花朵用白银制作，花芯用圆形珊瑚制作。花芯以点的形式呈流动状分布，彼此参差有序，十分自然，毫无做作，把一种自然的情态表现得淋漓尽致，带来一种美妙的艺术享受。图(3)的作品是香港珠宝设计比赛得奖作品中的一款，设计主题灵感来源于烟花。如同烟花的绚烂缤纷一样，散点构成的规律也是丰富多样的。此款设计的风格明显浪漫多于严谨，那么散点构成的手法是最合适不过的。我们通过作品来分析一下散点构成的变化：这款手镯用钻石材质的点做不规则的组织排列，形式自由，星罗棋布般地点缀着，或大或小，或穿透或凸显。光折射出钻石的缤纷火彩，晶莹而又绚烂，使人们联想到头顶灿烂的星空中，烟花以不同的形式在不断的燃烧赞放，具有很强的感染力。相比之下，图(4)作品的设计所采用的散点构成就显得含蓄而理性化了。设计者似乎是漫不经心地将珍珠散乱地排列在桌面上，但从排列的疏密聚散，色彩的协调搭配，均可以感到是经过设计者精密地计算的。作品以球形的点构成为主，大大小小的单元个体有序地排列，其间跳动的色彩或深或浅，与单元个体相呼应，比例有松有紧，从点到线，合理地表达了珍珠优雅含蓄的气质，在和谐中透出华美。三、采用类似群化的组合，显露时代风格“点”的外形并不局限于圆形一种，也可以是正方形、三角型、矩形及不规则形等等。但其面积的大小，要限制在“点”的视觉效应的范围之内。在等间隔构成的网络上，把某一个或某一组单元的圆点，变换为上述其它各种形状中的某种或某几种，这种手法被称为类似群化组合。类似群化组合的特点在于统一之中蕴育着变化。每一季配饰都有新的设计元素，从花朵、蝴蝶到几何图案无奇不有，而本季尤以环形配饰以及多种形状的类似群化组合构成为最新焦点，如图(5—7)所示。代写硕士论文与以往不同，本季环形不再简单地强调大，而是善于将不同材质、不同光泽的元素进行组合，使之具有现代感的造型。装饰图案是以圆点、方点、菱形点、十字花纹点等多种形状的类似群化组合为主，均匀分布在主线链条上。所用的材质有树胶、珍珠、金属、玻璃等等，此类具不同光泽的“点f”密集而有节奏地在链条上有序排列，不断延伸，形成一定的量感，与金属链条构架一起，给人以丰富而现代的感觉。不同的材质将活泼与时尚结合起来，将复杂、简约、古典、现代等多种元素融为一体。综上所述，我们不难发现珠宝设计师们正在无穷尽地挖掘着“点”的艺术表现力和感染力。也正因为如此，“点”也更具有无穷尽的艺术表现力和感染力。但愿我国的珠宝设计工作者们重视“点”这个最基本的造型要素，借以激发灵感，记录下自己艺术思维活动中那闪光的理念瞬间。参考文献：[1]英（克）莱夫·贝尔著同金环，马钟元译艺术[M]中国文艺联合出版公司，1984．[2]凌继尧，徐恒醇．艺术设计学[M]．上海人民出社，2001．论文网 on the "point" in the commercial jewelry design updated 2009-2-23 21:30:32 Hits 96 Print this article Abstract: In today's art jewelry design business for jewelry design style can be described as the composition of the various means different from many schools. However, the most wealth to the manifestations of the spirit of the times is the "point" of the composition of the application. Point the shape, direction, size, location, gathering, divergent, different combinations can bring feelings of psychological and artistic charm. This paper analyzes the business in recent years the art of jewelry design, "points" summarized the general expressions of three types: emphasis on uniform,Order to form the United States. Scatter the use of natural composition, access to changing the visual effect. Use a similar combination of grouping, show : jewelry design art form style charm"Point" in the meaning of geometry shows that the location not only have the size and direction, but in the design of composition, writing papers, "point" as one of modeling elements, but with the important role that can not be replaced. In ancient times human beings, "points" in the artefacts on the surface of decorative patterns have been received a lot of use now, designers continue to work the situation to "point" with the volatile and diverse portfolio, again with " point "that amazing artistic , emphasis on uniform. Order to form the United StatesThe order of the so-called flu, is a unity given works, and works reflect the beauty and impact, and thus bring a sense of a stable, smooth feel and sense to the order of the United States is a mode of feeling. It contains the same in size, the same interval, Wang Ping strict vertical mode. Although vulnerable to a single uniform, but背水一战, in the ultimate breakthrough in the pursuit of the same will produce outstanding works of great order of the United States is thought of rhythm. It contains the list of neat, clear and smooth combination of melody in. Significance of a simple but rich, but simple to write graduation thesis for the law, uniformity and repeatability in the work embodied in visual jewelry of the important principles: systematic and repeated, but also a law of formal beauty. They constitute an important factor in the order of the United States. Is organized so-called well-organized, regularly in the design of the screen for? Summary of finishing; repeatedly refers to the same image is similar to regular repeat order. Repeated with adjustment for individual units will also have the same rhythm as the music dynamic law, but also enable the monotonous change in form and color has become fun. For example, we have come in contact with the second side row, row order of the United States the use of this work is typical of this classic design from Tifany. Modeling the overall decoration is simple and eye-catching, the horizontalPoint method with applications such as distance to the decorative design of bracelet to order a complete sense of beauty presented in front of people. This "point" with spacing, etc. This bracelet design in the decoration will be the essence of Tifany creative and very relevant concept. Simple story line with a distinct clarity and calm aloof exciting move of God's gifted young. Harmony, proportion and well-organized in every towel Tifany designs have been a natural convergence. Figure (1) before and after work in the design of liner ring demonstrated the theme of this design concept, not a simple one-time duplication,Instead of using the two different points, the size of each portfolio, from the side view, the larger "point" in the group of the top of the smaller points so that the whole screen showing the movement of smallest sense, so that small freshman repeated changes in the same shape and color of the repeat order for the law, resulting in a simple, unified feel to the wearer brings a clear and profound impression on , the use of the natural scatter of the composition, access to the visual effect of changingUniform, as if a strong sense of rhythm of percussion, then scatter the beautiful composition is the melody string and wind music. Scatter constitute simple and orderly, rather than scattered and chaotic, lively and changeable. Rather appears as the designer for, it has created in the quiet of the visual rules of use of the two important additional factor is the tempo and rhythm. Refers to the rhythm of the original length of the beat music, used in jewelry design, the main point in the picture, line, surface, shape, color, size, weight, actual situation, the pace of change; and the rhythm of poetry in the original refers to the circumflex Dayton feeling generated by rubbing in the use of jewelry design, manifested in the various elements of style, under the premise of a unified style Figure (2) The design of the earring, the use of a near-natural style. "Points" to spend like the size of the same core design, structured, students write papers on behalf of irregular shape were suspended in the air. Imitation earring flower shape is very realistic, with silver flower production, flower production of the core with a circular coral reef. Spent batteries were in the form of point-like flow distribution, vary with each other in an orderly, very natural, without affectation, and a natural modal performance thoroughly, bringing the enjoyment of a wonderful (3) the work is the Hong Kong Jewelry Design Competition winning entries in a design theme inspired by the fireworks. Fun as splendid fireworks, as posed by the law of scatter is also rich and varied. This design style obviously stringent than romantic, then scatter the way constitute the most appropriate. We work to analyze changes in the composition of scatter: The bracelets with diamond material points of the organizations do with irregular, free-form, dotted with well-like, large or small, or to penetrate or highlights. Light reflects colorful diamonds color of fire, crystal clear and gorgeous, so that people think of a brilliant sky overhead, theTo different forms of fireworks in the ongoing release of combustion Chan, has a strong contrast, Figure (4) used in the design of works of scatter it is constituted of a subtle and rational. Designers seem to be scattered pearls carelessly will arrange the desktop, but with the density separation, color coordinated with all the designer can feel is the result of precision calculations. Works to constitute the main points of the spherical, large and small, individual units arranged in an orderly manner, during which the beating of the color or deep or shallow, with echoes of individual units, the proportion of pine has tight line from a point to a reasonable expression of a pearl subtle elegant temperament, China and the United States revealed in , use a similar combination of grouping, show style"Point" is not confined to the shape of a circle, it can be square, triangular, rectangular and irregular-shaped and so on. However, the size of its area, it is necessary to limit the "point" of the visual effects within the scope of. In a network such as the interval to a particular unit or group of dots, for the other transformation of the shape of one or a few, this approach is known as the grouping of similar composition. Grouping of similar features of a unified portfolio changes among for every quarter are new design elements, from the flowers, butterflies into strange geometric patterns have, and this season especially in accessories, as well as a variety of ring-shaped grouping of similar combinations for the latest focus of Figure (5-7) by show. Master's thesis writing and the past, this season is no longer simply to emphasize the ring, but that it is good to be different materials, different elements of the combination of gloss to make it with modern design. Decorative patterns are dots, square-point, diamond point, cross a variety of patterns, such as grouping similar combination of shape-based, uniformly distributed in the main line of the chain. Materials used are rubber, pearl, metal, glass, sum up, we can easily find designer jewelry are endless excavation to the "point" of artistic expression and influence. Precisely because of this, "point" has come to an end any more of the artistic expression and influence. Hopefully, our attention to jewelry design workers "point" of this basic design elements inspired to record their activities in the arts of thinking that the concept of instantaneous flash.