CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL 化学与环境化学(Manahan S E. 2001. Fundamentals of environmental chemistry 2nd ed.)Chemistry is defined as the science of matter. Therefore, it deals with the air we breathe, the water we drink, the soil that grows our food, and vital life substances and processes.化学被定义为一门关于物质科学。因此,它跟我们呼吸的空气、我们喝的水、我们烹调食物的盐以及一些至关重要的生活物质和过程息息相关。Our own bodies contain a vast variety of chemical substances and are tremendously sophisticated chemical factories that carry out an incredible number of complex chemical processes.我们的身体就包含多种多样的化学物质,本身就是一个非常精致的化学工厂,数量庞大的化学过程在我们的身体内进行。There is a tremendous concern today about the uses—and particularly the misuses—of chemistry as it relates to the environment.现在人们非常关注对化学的使用,特别是错误使用,因为它和我们的环境密不可分。 Ongoing events serve as constant reminders of threats to the environment ranging from individual exposures to toxicants to phenomena on a global scale that may cause massive, perhaps catastrophic, alterations in climate. 从诸如很多人们暴露在有毒物质的环境到全球范围内大量的,甚至是灾难性的气候变迁,类似的很多还在继续的事件正在我们的环境受到的威胁持续敲响警钟。These include, as examples, evidence of a perceptible warming of climate; record weather events—particularly floods—in the United States in the 1990s; and air quality in Mexico City so bad that it threatens human health. 这类事件不乏其它一系列事例,我们直接可以察觉的气候暖化;有记录的气象事件——特别是90年代发生在美国的洪涝灾害;墨西哥城的恶劣气体质量危害居民健康。Furthermore, large numbers of employees must deal with hazardous substances and wastes in laboratories and the workplace.还有,为数众多的雇员要在实验室和车间处理有毒物质和废品。 All such matters involve environmental chemistry for understanding of the problems and for arriving at solutions to them. 所有这些都要求环境化学深入了解问题并提供解决的方法。Environmental chemistry is that branch of chemistry that deals with the origins, transport, reactions, effects, and fates of chemical species in the water, air, earth, and living environments and the influence of human activities thereon.环境化学是化学的一个分支,定义为处理有关在水体,大气,土壤和生活环境中化学物质的来源、运输、反应、效应以及可能的最终结果。 A related discipline, toxicological chemistry, is the chemistry of toxic substances with emphasis upon their interaction with biologic tissue and living systems.一个相关的准则,毒物化学,是关于有毒物质特别是强调他们跟生物体组织以及生命系统相互反应作用的化学分支。 Besides its being an essential, vital discipline in its own right, environmental chemistry provides an excellent framework for the study of chemistry, dealing with “general chemistry,”作为化学必不可少的元素,加上本身一些至关重要的准则,环境化学为化学研究特别是“广义化学”研究提供了一个完美的框架。organic chemistry, chemical analysis, physical chemistry, photochemistry, geochemistry, and biological chemistry. 有机化学,化学分析,物理化学,光化学,地理化学,以及生物化学。By necessity it breaks down the barriers that tend to compartmentalize chemistry as it is conventionally addressed. 必然地环境化学打破了因袭传统定义的把化学各分支完全独立这样一个障碍。Therefore, this book is written with two major goals—to provide an overview of chemical science within an environmental chemistry framework and to provide the basics of environmental.因此,本书的编写主要有两个目标——在环境化学的框架下描绘化学科学的一个概貌,以及提供一些有关化境化学的基础。