老外的论文摘要模板

一般来说，完整的摘要部分需要包含：目的、过程与方法、结果和结论、关键词等核心内容。第一部分：先思考。也就是说，我们需要思考为什么要做这件事情，逻辑是什么，目的是什么等等。一般英国论文的摘要是放在正文前面的，所以摘要的内容要简明扼要、直切主题并概括文章的重点，使导师准确地了解文章的中心内容。第二部分：精辟的开头，即简短指明文章的主要发现。开头可以用“Here we describe…”或“Here we show…”等句式直切主题，但要注意的是，在写摘要的主体内容时，最好用第三人称的完整陈述句来表达，且字数一般控制在300字左右。第三部分：主体内容，即Body。很多刚刚写作英国论文的小伙伴往往会写很多细节，把自己的方法是什么，结果正的方面是什么，反的方面是什么等做很多的烦琐描述，但是我们大可不必这么做。另外，还有一点要提醒的是，摘要应尽量少用特殊名词，也不要用缩写。第四部分：明确摘要内容的意义。摘要内容要说明这个论点为什么重要，有什么理论依据或实际意义等等。需要注意的是，不可以吹牛，更不能说大话，我们可以在文章中以假如的可能性来做一些说明，但是要有度，不能吹得太厉害，否则会引起导师的怀疑而发现文章的论据缺陷，最后留给老师不好的印象。

无论是在学校还是在社会中，大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧，论文是进行各个学术领域研究和描述学术研究成果的一种说理文章。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗？以下是我整理的论文摘要模板，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

一、什么是论文摘要?

1.论文摘要即“摘其要点而发”。

2.论文摘要是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。

3.摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

4.论文摘要就是论文内容提要,是在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，提取论文的主要信息。

6.内涵：短文

7.外延：陈述论文主要内容的简明、确切的，不加解释和评论的。

9.论文摘要是简明、确切、不加解释和评论地陈述论文主要内容的短文。

二、论文摘要起什么作用?

不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。

1.读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海，读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文，主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以，摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。

2. 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后，文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以直接利用，论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。

三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?

摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。

摘要的'四要素：

1.目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;

2.方法: 采用的手段和方法;

3.结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果;

4.结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点，论文的新见解。

(1)目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复。

(2)方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。

(3)结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。

(4)结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义，理论与实际相结合的价值。

1、应该怎么写

文字：简明扼要：文字必须十分简练，内容需要充分概括;引起读者对文章的兴趣，使他们继续读。

2、不应该怎么写

不能冗长，少写无关的东西，语句不能含糊不清。论文摘要论文摘要不要列举例证，不讲研究过程，不用图表，不给化学结构式，也不要作自我评价。

1) 应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。

2) 不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》，摘要的开头就不要再写：“为了……，对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。

3) 结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。

4)句型应力求简单，慎用长句。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词。

5) 要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。

6) 除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。

7) 不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。

8) 缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。目前摘要编写中的主要问题有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法;出现引文，无独立性与自明性;繁简失当。

3.摘要的基本规范

(1)应以第三人称写作.摘要是完整的短文,具有独立性,可以单独使用.即使不看论文全文的内容,仍然可以理解论文的主要内容,作者的新观点和想法以及论文所要实现的目的,采取的方法,研究的结果与结论.

(2)叙述完整,突出逻辑性,短文结构要合理.

(3)文字简明扼要,不容赘言,采用直接表述的方法,不使用不必要的文学修饰,做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量.

4、摘要里主要包括什么

主要包括简要的研究背景，所采用的研究工具，研究方法，得出的重要结论。另外可以说明论文的创新点

5、摘要应该怎么写

写作的过程中应当简明扼要，应当引起读者对文章的兴趣，使他们继续读，另外得出的结论写作要精炼

6、现在论文摘要常见的错误有哪些

常出现，记流水帐，把自己整篇文章从头到尾的标题说明一番。

一、[示例]

论文题目：天体对地球重力加速度的影响

论文摘要：地球重力加速度是一个极其重要的物理量，随着对重力加速度测量精度要求的日益提高，必须考虑天体对地球重力加速度的影响。

本文介绍了天体(包含日、月及太阳系行星)对地球重力加速度影响的基本概念，推导了影响的计算公式，并经过误差分析，证明此公式的相对误差小于1×10-9，完全可满足现代精密重力加速度测量的要求。

撰写论文摘要的常见毛病，一是照搬论文正文中的小标题(目录)或论文结论部分的文字;二是内容不浓缩、不概括，文字篇幅过长。

二、[示例]

论文题目：集成电路热模拟模型和算法

论文提要：众所周知，半导体器件的各种特性参数都是温度的灵敏函数学[诸如ls(T),B(T),C1(T),Cp(T)]。

集成电路将大量元件集成在一块苡片上，电路工作时，元件功耗将产生热量，沿晶片向四周扩散。但是由于半导体片及基座材料具有热阻，因此芯片上各点温度不可能相同。特别对于功率集成电路，大功率元件区域将有较高温度所以在芯片上存在着不均匀的温度分布。

但是为了简化计算，一般在分析集成电路性能时，常常忽略这种温度差别，假定所有元件者处于同一温度下。例如通用的电路模拟程序--SPICE就是这样处理的。显然这一假定对集成电路带来计算误差。对于功率集成电路误差将更大。

因此，如何计算集成电路芯片上的温度分布，如何计算元件温度不同时的电路特性，以及如何考虑芯片上热、电相互作用，这就是本文的目的。本文介绍集成电路的热模拟模型，并将热路问题模拟成电路问题，然后用电路模拟程序求解芯片温度分由。这样做可以利用成熟的电路分析程序，使计算的速度和精度大为提高。

作者根据这一模型和算法，编制了一个YM-LiN-3的FORTRAN程序，它可以确定芯片温度分布，也可发计算元件处于不同温度时的电路特性，该程序在微机IBM-PC上通过，得到满意结果。

上述论文提要字数近600，显然过长，只要认真加以修改(例如：第一段可删掉，第二段只保留其中的最后几句话，加上第三段)，便可以二三百个字编写论文摘要。

英文论文摘要模板

英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!

ABSTRACT

As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.

This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.

Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor

Abstract

Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.

Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.

Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.

As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.

Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.

Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.

Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.

Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve

Abstract

In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.

The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.

Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.

For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.

In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.

Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.

Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network