保险论文的英文文献参考

insuranceHealth insurance works by estimating the overall risk of healthcare expenses and developing a routine finance structure (such as a monthly premium or annual tax) that will ensure that money is available to pay for the healthcare benefits specified in the insurance agreement. The benefit is administered by a central organization, most often either a government agency or a private or not-for-profit entity operating a health it worksA Health insurance policy is a contract between an insurance company and an individual. The contract can be renewable annually or monthly. The type and amount of health care costs that will be covered by the health plan are specified in advance, in the member contract or Evidence of Coverage booklet. The individual policy-holder's payment obligations may take several forms[7]:Premium: The amount the policy-holder pays to the health plan each month to purchase health coverage. Deductible: The amount that the policy-holder must pay out-of-pocket before the health plan pays its share. For example, a policy-holder might have to pay a $500 deductible per year, before any of their health care is covered by the health plan. It may take several doctor's visits or prescription refills before the policy-holder reaches the deductible and the health plan starts to pay for care. Copayment: The amount that the policy-holder must pay out of pocket before the health plan pays for a particular visit or service. For example, a policy-holder might pay a $45 copayment for a doctor's visit, or to obtain a prescription. A copayment must be paid each time a particular service is obtained. Coinsurance: Instead of paying a fixed amount up front (a copayment), the policy-holder must pay a percentage of the total cost. For example, the member might have to pay 20% of the cost of a surgery, while the health plan pays the other 80%. Because there is no upper limit on coinsurance, the policy-holder can end up owing very little, or a significant amount, depending on the actual costs of the services they obtain. Exclusions: Not all services are covered. The policy-holder is generally expected to pay the full cost of non-covered services out of their own pocket. Coverage limits: Some health plans only pay for health care up to a certain dollar amount. The policy-holder may be expected to pay any charges in excess of the health plan's maximum payment for a specific service. In addition, some plans have annual or lifetime coverage maximums. In these cases, the health plan will stop payment when they reach the benefit maximum, and the policy-holder must pay all remaining costs. Out-of-pocket maximums: Similar to coverage limits, except that in this case, the member's payment obligation ends when they reach the out-of-pocket maximum, and the health plan pays all further covered costs. Out-of-pocket maximums can be limited to a specific benefit category (such as prescription drugs) or can apply to all coverage provided during a specific benefit year. Capitation: An amount paid by an insurer to a health care provider, for which the provider agrees to treat all members of the insurer. In-Network Provider: A health care provider on a list of providers preselected by the insurer. The insurer will offer discounted coinsurance or copayments, or additional benefits, to a plan member to see an in-network provider. Generally, providers in network are providers who have a contract with the insurer to accept rates further discounted from the "usual and customary" charges the insurer pays to out-of-network providers. Prescription drug plans are a form of insurance offered through some employer benefit plans in the US, where the patient pays a copayment and the prescription drug insurance part or all of the balance for drugs covered in the formulary of the , if not most, health care providers in the United States will agree to bill the insurance company if patients are willing to sign an agreement that they will be responsible for the amount that the insurance company doesn't pay. The insurance company pays out of network providers according to "reasonable and customary" charges, which may be less than the provider's usual fee. The provider may also have a separate contract with the insurer to accept what amounts to a discounted rate or capitation to the provider's standard charges. It generally costs the patient less to use an in-network plan vs. health insuranceHistorically, HMOs tended to use the term "health plan", while commercial insurance companies used the term "health insurance". A health plan can also refer to a subscription-based medical care arrangement offered through health maintenance organization, HMO, PPO, or POS plan. These plans are similar to pre-paid dental, pre-paid legal, and pre-paid vision plans. Pre-paid health plans typically pay for a fixed number of services (for instance, $300 in preventive care, a certain number of days of hospice care or care in a skilled nursing facility, a fixed number of home health visits, a fixed number of spinal manipulation charges, etc.) The services offered are usually at the discretion of a utilization review nurse who is often contracted through the managed care entity providing the subscription health plan. This determination may be made either prior to or after hospital admission (concurrent utilization review).[edit] Inherent problems with insuranceInsurance systems must typically deal with two inherent challenges: adverse selection, which affects any voluntary system, and ex-post moral hazard, which affects any insurance system in which a third party bears major responsibility for payment, whether that is an employer or the government. Some national systems with compulsory insurance utilize systems such as risk equalization and community rating to overcome these inherent problems.[edit] Adverse selectionInsurance companies use the term "adverse selection" to describe the tendency for only those who will benefit from insurance to buy it. Specifically when talking about health insurance, unhealthy people are more likely to purchase health insurance because they anticipate large medical bills. On the other side, people who consider themselves to be reasonably healthy may decide that medical insurance is an unnecessary expense; if they see the doctor once a year and it costs $250, that's much better than making monthly insurance payments of $40. (example figures).The fundamental concept of insurance is that it balances costs across a large, random sample of individuals (see risk pool). For instance, an insurance company has a pool of 1000 randomly selected subscribers, each paying $100 per month. One person becomes very ill while the others stay healthy, allowing the insurance company to use the money paid by the healthy people to pay for the treatment costs of the sick person. However, when the pool is self-selecting rather than random, as is the case with individuals seeking to purchase health insurance directly, adverse selection is a greater concern.[8] A disproportionate share of health care spending is attributable to individuals with high health care costs. In the US the 1% of the population with the highest spending accounted for 27% of aggregate health care spending in 1996. The highest-spending 5% of the population accounted for more than half of all spending. These patterns were stable through the 1970s and 1980s, and some data suggest that they may have been typical of the mid-to-early 20th century as well.[9][10] A few individuals have extremely high medical expenses, in extreme cases totaling a half million dollars or more.[11] Adverse selection could leave an insurance company with primarily sick subscribers and no way to balance out the cost of their medical expenses with a large number of healthy of adverse selection, insurance companies employ medical underwriting, using a patient's medical history to screen out those whose pre-existing medical conditions pose too great a risk for the risk pool. Before buying health insurance, a person typically fills out a comprehensive medical history form that asks whether the person smokes, how much the person weighs, whether the person has been treated for any of a long list of diseases and so on. In general, those who present large financial burdens are denied coverage or charged high premiums to compensate.[12] One large US industry survey found that roughly 13 percent of applicants for comprehensive, individually purchased health insurance who went through the medical underwriting in 2004 were denied coverage. Declination rates increased significantly with age, rising from 5 percent for individuals 18 and under to just under a third for individuals aged 60 to 64.[13] Among those who were offered coverage, the study found that 76% received offers at standard premium rates, and 22% were offered higher rates.[14] On the other side, applicants can get discounts if they do not smoke and are healthy.[15]Health insurance in CanadaMost health insurance in Canada is administered by each province, under the Canada Health Act, which requires all people to have free access to basic health services. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as Medicare. Private health insurance is allowed, but the provincial governments allow it only for services that the public health plans do not cover; for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans. Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical procedures. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers.[17] Private-sector services not paid for by the government account for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending.[18]In 2005, the Supreme Court of Quebec ruled, in Chaoulli v. Quebec, that the province's prohibition on private insurance for health care already insured by the provincial plan could constitute an infringement of the right to life and security if there were long wait times for treatment as happened in this case. Certain other provinces have legislation which financially discourages but does not forbid private health insurance in areas covered by the public plans. The ruling has not changed the overall pattern of health insurance across Canada but has spurred on attempts to tackle the core issues of supply and demand and the impact of wait times.[19]Health insurance in the NetherlandsIn the Netherlands in 2006, a new system of health insurance came into force. All insurance companies have to provide at least one policy which meets a government set minimum standard level of cover and all adult residents are obliged by law to purchase this cover from an insurance company of their new system avoids the two pitfalls of adverse selection and moral hazard associated with traditional forms of health the Dutch system, insurance companies are compensated for taking on high risk individuals because they receive extra funding for them. This funding comes from an insurance equalization pool run by a regulator which collects salary based contributions from employers (about 45% of all health care funding) and funding from the government for people whose means are such that they cannot afford health care (about 5% of all funding). Thus insurance companies find that insuring high risk individuals becomes an attractive proposition. All insurance companies receive from the pool, but those with more high risk individuals will receive more from the fund. The remaining 45% of health care funding comes from insurance premiums paid by the public. Insurance companies compete for this money on price alone. The insurance companies are not allowed to set down any co-payments or caps or deductibles. Neither are they allowed to deny coverage to any person applying for a policy or charge anything other than their nationally set and internet published standard policy premiums. Every person buying insurance from that company will pay the same price as everyone else buying that policy. And every person will get the minimum level of coverage. Children under 18 are insured for free (the funding coming from the equalization pool).In addition to this minimum level, companies are free to sell extra insurance for additional coverage over the national minimum, but extra risks for this are not covered from the insurance pool and must therefore be priced insurance in the United KingdomMain article: National Health ServiceGreat Britain's National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded healthcare system that provides coverage to everyone normally resident in the UK. The NHS provides the majority of health care in England, including primary care, in-patient care, long-term health care, ophthalmology and dentistry. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. Recently the private sector has been increasingly used to increase NHS capacity despite a large proportion of the British public opposing such involvement.[20]. According to the World Health Organization, government funding covered 86% of overall health care expenditures in the UK as of 2004, with private expenditures covering the remaining 14%.[21] The costs of running the NHS (est. £104 billion in 2007-8)[22] are met directly from general National Health Service Act 1946 came into effect on 5 July 1948. The UK government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by a Secretary of State for Health (Health Secretary), who sits in the British Cabinet. The NHS is the world's largest health service, and the world's third largest employer[23] after the Chinese army and the Indian insurance in the United States

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If you'd like to get quick auto insurance quotes, or find a local car insurance agent, you're in the right place. But we offer much more than car insurance. Thousands of satisfied customers depend on us for insurance on their homes. Plus we are America's #1 RV insurance specialist. Health insuranceHealth insurance works by estimating the overall risk of healthcare expenses and developing a routine finance structure (such as a monthly premium or annual tax) that will ensure that money is available to pay for the healthcare benefits specified in the insurance agreement. The benefit is administered by a central organization, most often either a government agency or a private or not-for-profit entity operating a health it worksA Health insurance policy is a contract between an insurance company and an individual. The contract can be renewable annually or monthly. The type and amount of health care costs that will be covered by the health plan are specified in advance, in the member contract or Evidence of Coverage booklet. The individual policy-holder's payment obligations may take several forms[7]:Premium: The amount the policy-holder pays to the health plan each month to purchase health coverage. Deductible: The amount that the policy-holder must pay out-of-pocket before the health plan pays its share. For example, a policy-holder might have to pay a $500 deductible per year, before any of their health care is covered by the health plan. It may take several doctor's visits or prescription refills before the policy-holder reaches the deductible and the health plan starts to pay for care. Copayment: The amount that the policy-holder must pay out of pocket before the health plan pays for a particular visit or service. For example, a policy-holder might pay a $45 copayment for a doctor's visit, or to obtain a prescription. A copayment must be paid each time a particular service is obtained. Coinsurance: Instead of paying a fixed amount up front (a copayment), the policy-holder must pay a percentage of the total cost. For example, the member might have to pay 20% of the cost of a surgery, while the health plan pays the other 80%. Because there is no upper limit on coinsurance, the policy-holder can end up owing very little, or a significant amount, depending on the actual costs of the services they obtain. Exclusions: Not all services are covered. The policy-holder is generally expected to pay the full cost of non-covered services out of their own pocket. Coverage limits: Some health plans only pay for health care up to a certain dollar amount. The policy-holder may be expected to pay any charges in excess of the health plan's maximum payment for a specific service. In addition, some plans have annual or lifetime coverage maximums. In these cases, the health plan will stop payment when they reach the benefit maximum, and the policy-holder must pay all remaining costs. Out-of-pocket maximums: Similar to coverage limits, except that in this case, the member's payment obligation ends when they reach the out-of-pocket maximum, and the health plan pays all further covered costs. Out-of-pocket maximums can be limited to a specific benefit category (such as prescription drugs) or can apply to all coverage provided during a specific benefit year. Capitation: An amount paid by an insurer to a health care provider, for which the provider agrees to treat all members of the insurer. In-Network Provider: A health care provider on a list of providers preselected by the insurer. The insurer will offer discounted coinsurance or copayments, or additional benefits, to a plan member to see an in-network provider. Generally, providers in network are providers who have a contract with the insurer to accept rates further discounted from the "usual and customary" charges the insurer pays to out-of-network providers. Prescription drug plans are a form of insurance offered through some employer benefit plans in the US, where the patient pays a copayment and the prescription drug insurance part or all of the balance for drugs covered in the formulary of the , if not most, health care providers in the United States will agree to bill the insurance company if patients are willing to sign an agreement that they will be responsible for the amount that the insurance company doesn't pay. The insurance company pays out of network providers according to "reasonable and customary" charges, which may be less than the provider's usual fee. The provider may also have a separate contract with the insurer to accept what amounts to a discounted rate or capitation to the provider's standard charges. It generally costs the patient less to use an in-network plan vs. health insuranceHistorically, HMOs tended to use the term "health plan", while commercial insurance companies used the term "health insurance". A health plan can also refer to a subscription-based medical care arrangement offered through health maintenance organization, HMO, PPO, or POS plan. These plans are similar to pre-paid dental, pre-paid legal, and pre-paid vision plans. Pre-paid health plans typically pay for a fixed number of services (for instance, $300 in preventive care, a certain number of days of hospice care or care in a skilled nursing facility, a fixed number of home health visits, a fixed number of spinal manipulation charges, etc.) The services offered are usually at the discretion of a utilization review nurse who is often contracted through the managed care entity providing the subscription health plan. This determination may be made either prior to or after hospital admission (concurrent utilization review).[edit] Inherent problems with insuranceInsurance systems must typically deal with two inherent challenges: adverse selection, which affects any voluntary system, and ex-post moral hazard, which affects any insurance system in which a third party bears major responsibility for payment, whether that is an employer or the government. Some national systems with compulsory insurance utilize systems such as risk equalization and community rating to overcome these inherent problems.[edit] Adverse selectionInsurance companies use the term "adverse selection" to describe the tendency for only those who will benefit from insurance to buy it. Specifically when talking about health insurance, unhealthy people are more likely to purchase health insurance because they anticipate large medical bills. On the other side, people who consider themselves to be reasonably healthy may decide that medical insurance is an unnecessary expense; if they see the doctor once a year and it costs $250, that's much better than making monthly insurance payments of $40. (example figures).The fundamental concept of insurance is that it balances costs across a large, random sample of individuals (see risk pool). For instance, an insurance company has a pool of 1000 randomly selected subscribers, each paying $100 per month. One person becomes very ill while the others stay healthy, allowing the insurance company to use the money paid by the healthy people to pay for the treatment costs of the sick person. However, when the pool is self-selecting rather than random, as is the case with individuals seeking to purchase health insurance directly, adverse selection is a greater concern.[8] A disproportionate share of health care spending is attributable to individuals with high health care costs. In the US the 1% of the population with the highest spending accounted for 27% of aggregate health care spending in 1996. The highest-spending 5% of the population accounted for more than half of all spending. These patterns were stable through the 1970s and 1980s, and some data suggest that they may have been typical of the mid-to-early 20th century as well.[9][10] A few individuals have extremely high medical expenses, in extreme cases totaling a half million dollars or more.[11] Adverse selection could leave an insurance company with primarily sick subscribers and no way to balance out the cost of their medical expenses with a large number of healthy of adverse selection, insurance companies employ medical underwriting, using a patient's medical history to screen out those whose pre-existing medical conditions pose too great a risk for the risk pool. Before buying health insurance, a person typically fills out a comprehensive medical history form that asks whether the person smokes, how much the person weighs, whether the person has been treated for any of a long list of diseases and so on. In general, those who present large financial burdens are denied coverage or charged high premiums to compensate.[12] One large US industry survey found that roughly 13 percent of applicants for comprehensive, individually purchased health insurance who went through the medical underwriting in 2004 were denied coverage. Declination rates increased significantly with age, rising from 5 percent for individuals 18 and under to just under a third for individuals aged 60 to 64.[13] Among those who were offered coverage, the study found that 76% received offers at standard premium rates, and 22% were offered higher rates.[14] On the other side, applicants can get discounts if they do not smoke and are healthy.[15]Health insurance in CanadaMost health insurance in Canada is administered by each province, under the Canada Health Act, which requires all people to have free access to basic health services. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as Medicare. Private health insurance is allowed, but the provincial governments allow it only for services that the public health plans do not cover; for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans. Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical procedures. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers.[17] Private-sector services not paid for by the government account for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending.[18]In 2005, the Supreme Court of Quebec ruled, in Chaoulli v. Quebec, that the province's prohibition on private insurance for health care already insured by the provincial plan could constitute an infringement of the right to life and security if there were long wait times for treatment as happened in this case. Certain other provinces have legislation which financially discourages but does not forbid private health insurance in areas covered by the public plans. The ruling has not changed the overall pattern of health insurance across Canada but has spurred on attempts to tackle the core issues of supply and demand and the impact of wait times.[19]Health insurance in the NetherlandsIn the Netherlands in 2006, a new system of health insurance came into force. All insurance companies have to provide at least one policy which meets a government set minimum standard level of cover and all adult residents are obliged by law to purchase this cover from an insurance company of their new system avoids the two pitfalls of adverse selection and moral hazard associated with traditional forms of health the Dutch system, insurance companies are compensated for taking on high risk individuals because they receive extra funding for them. This funding comes from an insurance equalization pool run by a regulator which collects salary based contributions from employers (about 45% of all health care funding) and funding from the government for people whose means are such that they cannot afford health care (about 5% of all funding). Thus insurance companies find that insuring high risk individuals becomes an attractive proposition. All insurance companies receive from the pool, but those with more high risk individuals will receive more from the fund. The remaining 45% of health care funding comes from insurance premiums paid by the public. Insurance companies compete for this money on price alone. The insurance companies are not allowed to set down any co-payments or caps or deductibles. Neither are they allowed to deny coverage to any person applying for a policy or charge anything other than their nationally set and internet published standard policy premiums. Every person buying insurance from that company will pay the same price as everyone else buying that policy. And every person will get the minimum level of coverage. Children under 18 are insured for free (the funding coming from the equalization pool).In addition to this minimum level, companies are free to sell extra insurance for additional coverage over the national minimum, but extra risks for this are not covered from the insurance pool and must therefore be priced insurance in the United KingdomMain article: National Health ServiceGreat Britain's National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded healthcare system that provides coverage to everyone normally resident in the UK. The NHS provides the majority of health care in England, including primary care, in-patient care, long-term health care, ophthalmology and dentistry. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. Recently the private sector has been increasingly used to increase NHS capacity despite a large proportion of the British public opposing such involvement.[20]. According to the World Health Organization, government funding covered 86% of overall health care expenditures in the UK as of 2004, with private expenditures covering the remaining 14%.[21] The costs of running the NHS (est. £104 billion in 2007-8)[22] are met directly from general National Health Service Act 1946 came into effect on 5 July 1948. The UK government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by a Secretary of State for Health (Health Secretary), who sits in the British Cabinet. The NHS is the world's largest health service, and the world's third largest employer[23] after the Chinese army and the Indian insurance in the United States 参考资料：

我国金融衍生产品市场发展现状与对策[摘要] 金融衍生产品自20世纪80年代以来经历了一个迅速发展过程,国际金融市场因金融衍生产品的出现而异彩纷呈,金融衍生产品市场交易额的增长速度大大超过了传统金融产品,并逐步成为国际市场的重要组成部分和发展的驱动力。随着我国人民币汇率制度改革、利率市场化及资本市场股权分置改革等进程的不断加快,金融衍生产品在国内市场的发展契机已经到来。本文对国内金融衍生市场的现状、问题及发展前景进行分析,借鉴国际金融衍生市场经验对我国金融衍生产品市场发展提出对策建议。[关键词] 金融衍生产品 风险规避 金融创新金融衍生产品是在20世纪七八十年代初新一轮金融创新的背景下兴起和发展起来的. 近20年来,金融衍生产品市场的迅速发展已经成为国际金融市场最显着、最重要的特征之一。据国际清算银行(BIS)统计报告显示,从2004年中期至2007年中期,全球衍生品交易量,从220万亿美元升至516万亿美元;名义价值折合年率上升33%。我国金融衍生产品市场起步较晚,近些年来,随着我国利率市场化和汇率形成机制改革进程的不断深入,利率风险和汇率风险日益显现.同时,金融机构和企业面临的竞争日益加剧.完善我国金融市场体系,发展金融衍生产品市场,是我国金融业的必然选择。一、我国金融衍生产品市场发展现状1.我国金融衍生产品市场发展状况以上世纪90年代初少数机构开展地下期货交易为起点,我国金融衍生产品市场先后出现了外汇期货、国债期货、指数期货及配股权证等交易品种。1992年~1995年间,上海和海南的交易所曾推出过国债和股指期货; 2004年推出的买断式回购,2005年推出的银行间债券远期交易、人民币远期产品、人民币互换和远期结算的机构安排等,意味着中国衍生品市场已小荷初露。此后,伴随着股权分置改革而创立的各式权证使衍生品开始进入普通投资者的视野,权证市场成为仅次于香港的全球第二大市场。2006年9月8日,中国金融期货交易所在上海挂牌成立,拉开了我国金融衍生品市场发展的大幕。黄金期货于2008年1月9日在上海期货交易所的鸣锣上市,使得期货市场品种体系进一步健全,除石油外,国外成熟市场主要的大宗商品期货品种基本上都在我国上市交易。2.我国金融衍生产品市场存在的主要问题尽管我国金融衍生品市场发展较快,目前仍处于起步阶段,存在许多问题.(1)市场规范化建设不足一般而言,各金融衍生市场的具体管理制度依各自情况而定,但就其总的原则章程来讲,又是一致的、规范的。这种规范化便于交易,并能够促进衍生产品的进一步发展。我国金融衍生产品的发展不仅没有做到规范起步,而且其监督管理也处于混乱的状态。首先表现在多头管理上,证监会、人行、国家发改会、财政部、地方政府以及沪深证券交易所都享有一定的管理权。导致政出多门、市场政策缺乏稳定性、交易所之间不平等竞争,管理混乱。其次,交易制度、交易程序不规范。(2)现货市场规模不匹配由于衍生产品的派生性,任何衍生产品市场的发展,都要有成熟完善的现货市场作保证。没有合理的现货市场规模,就不会有合理的市场价格。市场容量越小,就越易造成价格的人为控制。表现在国债期货市场上就是多方利用现券流通不足的“瓶颈效应”,在期市上做多的同时,凭借其资金优势,拉升现券价格加以配合,使空方卖空的保证金不断追加并流入自己的户头,造成“多逼空”的市场格局,“314风波”、“327风波”、“319风波”的原因都是在“多逼空”的布场环境下,空方不得已而巨额抛售合约打压价格造成的。(3)产品设计不尽合理金融衍生产品的基本功能是转移风险。然而实践表明,多个品种的运用中风险并未有效转移反而扩大。这是由于金融衍生品“双刃剑”自身特点决定的,而导致我们实践应用中无益而害的导火索即是不尽合理的产品设计。举例说明:国债期货。此产品的设计功能之一就是规避利率风险,但由于我国利率的非市场化,国债到期价格是固定的,这使国债现货的买卖并无风险可避。在这种情况下,推出的国债期货就变成了一种投机手段,国债期货市场变成了各大券商赌博的场所。股票权证。股票权证市场是我国最大的的金融衍生产品市场.它推出的目的,主要是为了满足股权分置改革中非流通股股东降低对价等当期综合成本需要而设计的,带有较浓的行政和福利色彩。该产品并不具备规避市场系统性风险的对冲作用和价格发现功能,自上市以来就被作为搏傻游戏工具。(4)缺少真正市场均衡价格在我国金融市场上,大多数金融价格还不是完全的市场均衡价格,相差于均衡价格之间的价差,即是游资和投机者的争夺之战,这将加大风险范围,削弱其规避风险、发现价格的功能。国家对外汇管制仍然较严,人民币资本项目下自由兑换和利率市场化都还未实现。1996年全国银行间统一拆借利率CHIBOR已经出现,但还远未像英国LIBOR利率那样具有权威性指导作用,还称不上是真正的市场均衡利率。另外,国家对银行存贷款利率、国债发行利率还实行管制,真正的市场利率也还不能形成。(5)信息披露制度不健全金融衍生产品的价格与利率、汇率、股票价格等基础性金融衍生产品价格有密切的关系。我国是一个对金融价格管制较紧的国家,金融产品价格市场化程度不高,国家政策对金融产品价格变化影响很大,并且与重大信息的披露和财政金融政策的公布有密切关系。在市场经济比较成熟的国家,重大的信息披露及有关政策的公布均有严格的程序,泄密者和传播谣言者将会受到严惩,以保证交易公平、公正、公开。我国证券法规将发行人澄清谣传的义务仅限于澄清“公共传播媒介”中出现的谣传,这显然过于狭窄;对“重要问题”的标准界定不清,概念外延很大。另外,在信息披露频率过低。二、我国金融衍生产品发展对策建议1.我国发展金融衍生品市场基本原则和模式选择对于发展我国金融衍生产品市场的指导思想,从宏观上讲,应坚持以市场主导、行政助力的基本原则。金融衍生产品的推进次序处于微观层面,要与我国经济和金融市场改革的进程相适应、相协调。同时金融衍生产品市场的发展,需要市场基础、投资者结构、法律法规的完善等多方面的协调,谨防风险反向作用。从微观上看,需坚持控制风险优先,投机获利次之的原则。我国金融衍生品市场的发展的模式选择应从强制性演进开始,形成强制性演进模式到诱致性演进模式的良性循环和互动。美国和英国采取的诱致性演进模式经验表明,在先发国家的金融衍生品市场上,金融创新者由于满足了市场规模庞大的避险需求而得到垄断利润,因此可以弥补创新的成本,金融衍生品市场发展很快。但是由于金融衍生品的公共产品特性,诱致性演进到了一定的阶段之后也许无法确保市场形成足够的创新。而对于后发国家而言,韩国和新加坡采取的强制性演进模式的经验表明,在先发国家已经取得成功经验的情况下,采用强制性演进模式也许是一个更好的选择,这样可以使后发国家能够以更快的速度发展。2.我国发展金融衍生市场具体措施(1)稳步推进我国金融衍生市场的国际化金融衍生市场本质上是国际化的竞争性市场。一国衍生市场的对外开放通过两种方式实现:一是允许外国资本参与本国衍生产品交易;二是允许本国企业直接进入国际衍生市场,或通过经纪公司代理国外业务。从我国未来的衍生市场的发展来看,实现国际化的目标,需要经过两个发展阶段:一是以开拓国内金融衍生市场为中心的国内经营阶段。这是起步阶段,应重点发展合乎社会需要的衍生产品,完善交易规则和监管体系,培育衍生市场的交易主体。二是金融衍生市场的国际化阶段。在这个阶段上,应当放开对企业和金融机构参与国际衍生市场的限制,同时允许外国资本在规定条件下参与中国衍生市场。(2)科学安排发展金融衍生产品交易顺序金融衍生产品种类繁多,不同的衍生产品所需要的发展基础和条件不尽相同,也不可能同时具备和成熟。因此,发展金融衍生产品交易应科学地安排顺序,时机成熟的先行推出,时机尚不成熟的则积极创造条件,既要积极又要稳妥。首先,优先发展场内交易,适度利用场外交易。场外交易的优势在于更能够适应大型投资机构的需要。与场外市场相比,交易所在资信程度、风险控制、市场组织、制度设计、交易结算等方面有更大的优势,交易所交易的标准化衍生产品透明性更好,流动性更强、成本低,既有利于参与者防范和规避风险,也有利于市场监管。因此,优先发展交易所主导的标准化金融衍生产品符合国内金融市场的实际。与此同时,可以允许更多的金融机构和企业适度地开展场外交易。其次,金融期货的发展先于期权和互换。从期货市场的发展顺序来看,期权是在期货之后发展而来。从某种程度上讲,期权是期货的高级形式,其目的是为期货交易提供一种保值工具。我国应该在总结商品期货运作多年经验的基础上,首先推出金融期货产品,再确定时机逐步推出金融期权、互换等衍生产品,最终形成较为完备的金融衍生产品市场体系。再次,在金融衍生产品发展方面,应以国债期货和股指期货为突破口。我国国债和股票规模都相当大,当前股票市场即使完全规范,其价格波动仍然不可避免,推出股指期货不仅有市场需求,也可减少价格的不合理、非理性波动。我国国债品种多、期限长、数量大,只要利率波动,避险需求就强烈。另外,国债期货也有利于发现远期利率,促进长期投资。