英语1500字论文

red（红色）.红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。因为日历中，这些日子常用红色字体。 black（黑色)在英语中经常有“不好的”、“坏的”、“邪恶的”这种意味。 blue（蓝色）在英语中通常表示不快乐、忧郁的情绪。 green（绿色)英语中的green常用来表示表示“嫉妒”，还表示“新鲜”或没有经验、缺乏训练”的意思。白色（white）英语文化中，white表示幸福和纯洁，如新娘在婚礼上穿白色礼服，代表爱情的纯洁和婚姻的贞洁。gray 灰色，高中麦琪的礼物上有讲过，党代表抑郁 ，心情低落。深白色绿色green在英语中可以表示“嫉妒、眼红”，如：green with envy，green as jealousy，green-eyed monster都是指“十分嫉妒”的意思。汉语中表示“嫉妒”意义的“眼红”，应该翻译为green-eyed而不能翻译为red-eyed。由于美元纸币是绿颜色的，所以green在美国也指代“钱财、钞票、有经济实力”等意义，如：(11) In American political elections the candidates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them.在美国政治竞选中获胜的候选人通常都是些有财团支持的人物。 在英语中绿色还用来表示没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄等意思，如：(12) The new typist is green at her job. 刚来的打字员是个生手。(13) You cannot expect Mary to do business with such people. She is only eighteen and as green as grass. 你不能指望玛丽同这样的人做生意，她只有十八岁，还毫无经验。黄色黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。在英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼(14) He is too yellow to stand up and fight. 他太软弱，不敢起来斗争。英语中的黄色还用来作为事物的特定颜色，例如，美国有些城市的出租车上标有“yellow”（而不是“taxi”）的字样，代表出租车，因为那里的出租车为黄颜色。如：Yellow Pages 黄页 （电话号码簿，用黄纸印刷）Yellow Book 黄皮书 （法国等国家的政府报告，用黄封面装帧）Yellow boy （俗）金币汉语中x色一词有时象征低级趣味、xx庸俗、x流猥亵的意思，如x色电影、xx书刊、xx光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。能够表示汉语中这些意思的词汇应该是：pornographic（x情的）、vulgar（庸俗x流的）、obscene（猥亵的）等。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（x流的玩笑）， blue films（x色电影）等。蓝色蓝色（blue）在汉语中的引申意义较少，而在英语中blue是一个含义十分丰富的颜色词。在翻译同这一颜色有关的表达时，我们应该注意其中的特别含义。英语的blue常用来喻指人的“情绪低落”、“心情沮丧”、“忧愁苦闷”，如：(15) They felt rather blue after the failure in the football match. 球赛踢输了，他们感到有些沮丧。(16）She looks blue today. What’s the matter with her?She is in holiday blue. 她今天显得闷闷不乐，出了什么事情？ 她得了假期忧郁症。例 (15) 中的holiday blue 相当于winter holiday depression，指冬季假期时，人困在家里，感到无聊寂寞时的心情或情绪。另一个同低落的情绪有关的词组是：a blue Monday（倒霉的星期一），指度过快乐的周末后，星期一又要上学或上班，所以情绪不好。blue在英语中有时用来指“黄色的”、“下流的”意思，如：blue talk 下流的言论blue video 黄色录象有时blue又有社会地位高、出身名门的意义，如blue blood（贵族血统）。此外，blue在英语中与其它词汇搭配，还有另外的含义，如：out of blue 意想不到once in a blue 千载难逢drink till all’s blue 一醉方休白色白色（white）在汉语和英语的联想意义中都有纯洁和清白的意思，但也有一些含义上的不同。例如，汉民族文化中，白色与死亡、丧事相联系，如“红白喜事”中的“白”指丧事（funeral），表示哀悼。但在英语文化中，white表示幸福和纯洁，如新娘在婚礼上穿白色礼服，代表爱情的纯洁和婚姻的贞洁。英语中的white有时表达的含义，与汉语中的“白色”没有什么关系，如：a white lie 善意的谎言the white coffee 牛奶咖啡white man 善良的人，有教养的人white-livered 怯懦的white elephant 昂贵又无用之物汉语中有些与“白”字搭配的词组，实际上与英语white所表示的颜色也没有什么联系，而是表达另外的含义，如：白开水 plain boiled water白菜 Chinese cabbage白字 wrongly written or mispronounced character白搭 no use白费事 all in vain黑色黑色（black）在英语和汉语两种语言文化中的联系意义大致相同。例如，黑色是悲哀的颜色，英美人在葬礼上穿黑色服装，中国人在葬礼上戴黑纱。英语中的Black Friday 指耶稣在复活节前受难的星期五，是悲哀的日子。black在英语中还象征气愤和恼怒，如：black in the face 脸色铁青to look black at someone 怒目而视另外，黑色在汉语和英语中都有“阴险”、“邪恶”的含义，不过翻译时不一定用“黑”或“black”的字眼，例如：黑心 evil mind黑手 evil backstage manipulator黑幕 inside story黑线 a sinister lineblack sheep 害群之马black day 凶日black future 暗淡的前途除上面所提到的各种联想意义外，颜色词还与历史、社会、经济等现象有关系，表现出一定的社会属性，例如：历史方面：to raise to the purple升为红衣主教to be born in the purple 生于帝王之家to marry into the purple 与皇室或贵族联姻社会方面：blue-collar workers 蓝领阶层，指普通体力劳动者grey-collar workers 灰领阶层，指服务性行业的职员white-collar workers 白领阶层，指接受过专门技术教育的脑力劳动者pink-collar workers 粉领阶层，指职业妇女群体golden-collar personnel 金领阶层，指既有专业技能又懂管理和营销的人才经济方面：red ink 赤字in the black 盈利white goods 白色货物，指冰箱、洗衣机等外壳为白色的家电产品brown goods 棕色货物，指电视、录音机、音响等外壳为棕色的电子产品。

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS，Design，Analysis，Application，Management，ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is complex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system’s requirement analysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS software is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, two needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a completely aiding decision system are required.

来自百度：DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS，Design，Analysis，Application，Management，ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is complex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system’s requirement analysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS software is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, two needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a completely aiding decision system are required.