伤寒论论文题目

Traditional Chinese medicineFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality improve this article if you can. (November 2008) This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or can assist by editing it now. A how-to guide is available. (November 2008) This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Alternative medical systems Acupuncture • Anthroposophic medicine • Ayurveda • Chiropractic • Herbalism • Homeopathy • Naturopathy • Neural therapy • Osteopathy • Traditional medicine (Chinese • Tibetan) NCCAM classifications Whole medical systems • Mind-body interventions • Biologically based therapies • Manipulative therapy • Energy therapies See also Alternative medicine • Glossary of alternative medicine • List of people in alternative medicine This box: view • talk • edit Traditional Chinese medicine/dried goods shop in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong KongTraditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, [hide]1 History Ancient (classical) TCM history Timeline 2 Theory Basic theory and model of the body Modern TCM theory 3 Diagnostics Techniques 4 Methods of treatment 5 Branches 6 Scientific view Efficacy Safety In Practice Allergy Toxins and contaminants Lack of standardization Vague naming 7 Relationship with Western medicine 8 Animal products 9 Opposition 10 Modernization 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Online databases [edit] History[edit] Ancient (classical) TCM history Yin-yang symbolMuch of the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derived from the same philosophical bases that Taoist and Buddhist philosophies are based on, and reflects the classical Chinese belief that the life and activity of individual human beings have an intimate relationship with the environment at all scales.[1] It has also been noted that early traditional Chinese medicine stemmed from Taoist masters who had an extraordinary sense of the body and its workings through their many hours of meditation. This may be why TCM also inherited many of the principles inherent to Daoism (Taoism).During the golden age of his reign from 2698 to 2596 , as a result of a dialogue with his minister Qibo (岐伯), the Yellow Emperor is supposed by Chinese tradition to have composed his Neijing Suwen (《内经·素问》) or Inner Canon: Basic Questions, also known as the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon). The book's title is often mistranslated as Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. Modern scholarly opinion holds that the extant text of this title was compiled by an anonymous scholar no earlier than the Han dynasty just over two-thousand years the Han Dynasty (202 BC –220 AD), Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景/张仲景), the Hippocrates of China, who was mayor of Chang-sha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage, which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. Another prominent Eastern Han physician was Hua Tuo (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp. Hua's physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out. The Jin dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion, Huang-fu Mi (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Jia Yi Jing (甲乙经/甲乙经), ca. 265 AD. During the Tang dynasty, Wang Bing claimed to have located a copy of the originals of the Neijing Suwen, which he expanded and edited substantially. This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the 11th century were noted advances in Chinese medicine during the Middle Ages. Emperor Gaozong (r. 649–683) of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a materia medica in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops.[2] In his Bencao Tujing ('Illustrated Pharmacopoeia'), the scholar-official Su Song (1020–1101) not only systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical uses, but he also took an interest in zoology.[3][4][5][6] For example, Su made systematic descriptions of animal species and the environmental regions they could be found, such as the freshwater crab Eriocher sinensis found in the Huai River running through Anhui, in waterways near the capital city, as well as reservoirs and marshes of Hebei.[7]Contact with Western culture and medicine has not displaced TCM. While there may be traditional factors involved in the persistent practice, two reasons are most obvious in the westward spread of TCM in recent decades. Firstly, TCM practices are believed by many to be very effective, sometimes offering palliative efficacy where the practices of Western medicine fail or unable to provide treatment, especially for routine ailments such as flu and allergies, or when Western medicine fails to relieve patients suffering from chronic ailments. TCM has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic, functional disorders, such as migraines and osteoarthritis, and is traditionally used for a wide range of functional disorders. Secondly, TCM provides an alternative to otherwise costly procedures whom many can not afford, or which is not covered by insurance. There are also many who turn to TCM to avoid the toxic side effects of of the last few centuries is seen by at least some sinologists as part of the evolution of a culture, from shamans blaming illnesses on evil spirits to "proto-scientific" systems of correspondence;[8] any reference to supernatural forces is usually the result of romantic translations or poor understanding and will not be found in the Taoist-inspired classics of acupuncture such as the Huang Di Nei Jing. The system's development has, over its history, been analysed both skeptically and extensively, and the practice and development of it has waxed and waned over the centuries and cultures through which it has travelled[9] - yet the system has still survived thus far. It is true that the focus from the beginning has been on pragmatism, not necessarily understanding of the mechanisms of the actions - and that this has hindered its modern acceptance in the West. This, despite that there were times such as the early 18th century when "acupuncture and moxa were a matter of course in polite European society"[10]The term "TCM" describes the modern practice of Chinese medicine as a result of sweeping reforms that took place after 1950 in the People's Republic of China. The term "Classical Chinese medicine" (CCM) often refers to medical practices that rely on theories and methods dating from before the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911). Advocates of CCM portray it as less influenced by Western and political agendas than TCM.[edit] Timeline Macerated medicinal liquor with wolfberry, iguana, and ginseng, for sale at a traditional medicine market in Xi' history of TCM can be summarized by a list of important doctors and , Huángdì nèijīng (黄帝内经/黄帝内经) (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) - Sùwèn (素问/素问) and Língshū (灵枢/灵枢). The earliest classic of TCM passed on to the present. Warring States Period (5th century BC to 221 BC): Silk manuscripts recording channels and collaterals, Zubi shiyi mai jiu jing (足臂十一脉灸经/足臂十一脉灸经) (Moxibustion Classic of the Eleven Channels of Legs and Arms), and Yinyang shiyi mai jiu jing (阴阳十一脉灸经/阴阳十一脉灸经) (Moxibustion Classic on the Eleven Yin and Yang Channels). The latter was part of a cache of texts found in Mawangdui in the 1970s. Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) to Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD): Zhenjiu zhenzhong jing (针灸枕中经/针灸枕中经) (Classic of Moxibustion and Acupuncture Preserved in a Pillow) by Huà Tuó (华佗/华佗). Shanghan zabing lun (伤寒杂病论/伤寒杂病论), which has since been split into two texts: the Shānghán lùn (伤寒论/伤寒论) ("Treatise on Cold Damage [Disorders]" - focusing on febrile conditions attributed to "Cold") and the Jingui yaolue (金匮要略) ("Essentials of the Golden Cabinet" - focusing on "miscellaneous illnesses") by Zhāng Zhòngjǐng (张仲景/张仲景). Jìn Dynasty (265-420): Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng (针灸甲乙经/针灸甲乙经) (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Huángfǔ Mì (皇甫谧/皇甫谧). Tang Dynasty (618–907) Beiji qianjin yaofang (备急千金要方/备急千金要方) (Emergency Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) and Qianjin yifang (千金翼方) (Supplement to the Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) by Sūn Sīmiǎo (孙思邈/孙思邈). Waitai miyao (外台秘要/外台秘要) (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) by Wang Tao (王焘/王焘). Song Dynasty (960 – 1279): Tóngrén shūxué zhēnjiǔ tújīng (铜人腧穴针灸图经/铜人腧穴针灸图经) (Illustrated Manual of the Practice of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at (the Transmission) (and other) Acu-points, for use with the Bronze Figure) by Wáng Wéiyī (王惟一). Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): Shísì jīng fāhuī (十四经发挥/十四经发挥) (Exposition of the Fourteen Channels) by Huá Shòu (滑寿/滑寿). Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644): golden age of acupuncture and moxibustion. Many famous doctors and books. To name only a few: Zhēnjiǔ dàquan (针灸大全/针灸大全) (A Complete Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Xu Feng (徐凤/徐凤). Zhēnjiǔ jùyīng fāhuī (针灸聚英发挥/针灸聚英发挥) (An Exemplary Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and their Essentials) by Gāo Wǔ (高武). Zhēnjiǔ dàchéng (针灸大成/针灸大成) (Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Yáng Jìzhōu (杨继洲/杨继洲), completed in 1601. Běncǎo gāngmù (本草冈目/本草纲目) (Compendium of Materia Medica) by Lǐ Shízhēn (李时珍/李时珍), the most complete and comprehensive pre-modern herbal book (completed in 1578). Wenyi lun (温疫论/温疫论), by Wu Youxing 吴有性 (1642). Qing Dynasty (1644-1912): Yizong jinjian (医宗金鉴/医宗金鉴) (Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition) compiled by Wu Quan (吴谦/吴谦) under imperial commission. Zhenjiu fengyuan (针灸逢源/针灸逢源) (The Source of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Li Xuechuan (李学川/李学川). Wenre lun (温热论/温热论), by Ye Tianshi (叶天士/业天士). Wenbing tiaobian (温病条辨/温病条辨) (Systematized Identification of Warm-factor disorders) compiled by Wu Jutong (吴鞠通) in 1798.[11] [edit] Theory This article or section cites its sources but does not provide page can improve this article or section by introducing citations that are more precise. Dried plants and animals parts are used in traditional Chinese medicines. In the image are dried lingzhi, snake, turtle plastron, Lou han fruit, and species of foundation principles of Chinese medicine are not necessarily uniform, and are based on several schools of thought. Received TCM can be shown to be influenced by Taoism, Buddhism, and Neo-Confucianism.[12]Since 1200 BC, Chinese academics of various schools have focused on the observable natural laws of the universe and their implications for the practical characterisation of humanity's place in the universe. In the I Ching and other Chinese literary and philosophical classics, Chinese writers described general principles and their applications to health and , a Western medical doctor, placed Chinese medical theory in context as:Chinese medicine, like many other Chinese sciences, defines data on the basis of the inductive and synthetic mode of cognition. Inductivity corresponds to a logical link between two effective positions existing at the same time in different places in space. (Conversely, causality is the logical link between two effective positions given at different times at the same place in space.) In other words, effects based on positions that are separate in space yet simultaneous in time are mutually inductive and thus are called inductive effects. In Western science prior to the development of electrodynamics and nuclear physics (which are founded essentially on inductivity), the inductive nexus was limited to subordinate uses in protosciences such as astrology. Now Western man, as a consequence of two thousand years of intellectual tradition, persists in the habit of making causal connections first and inductive links, if at all, only as an afterthought. This habit must still be considered the biggest obstacle to an adequate appreciation of Chinese science in general and Chinese medicine in particular. Given such different cognitive bases, many of the apparent similarities between traditional Chinese and European science which attract the attention of positivists turn out to be spurious.[13][edit] Basic theory and model of the body An old Chinese medical chart on acupuncture meridians Interactions of Five Chinese Elements - Cycles of Balance and Cycles of ImbalanceMain article: TCM model of the body The following text needs to be harmonized with text in TCM model of the Chinese medicine is largely based on the philosophical concept that the human body is a small universe with a set of complete and sophisticated interconnected systems, and that those systems usually work in balance to maintain the healthy function of the human body. The balance of yin and yang is considered with respect to qi ("breath", "life force", or "spiritual energy"), blood, jing ("kidney essence", including "semen"), other bodily fluids, the five elements, emotions, and the soul or spirit (shen). TCM has a unique model of the body, notably concerned with the meridian system. Unlike the Western anatomical model which divides the physical body into parts, the Chinese model is more concerned with function. Thus, the TCM spleen is not a specific piece of flesh, but an aspect of function related to transformation and transportation within the body, and of the mental functions of thinking and are significant regional and philosophical differences between practitioners and schools which in turn can lead to differences in practice and invoked to describe the human body in TCM include:Channels, also known as "meridians" Five elements Qi Three jiaos also known as the Triple Burner, the Triple Warmer or the Triple Energiser Yin and Yang Zang Fu theory The Yin/Yang and five element theories may be applied to a variety of systems other than the human body, whereas Zang Fu theory, meridian theory and three-jiao (Triple warmer) theories are more are also separate models that apply to specific pathological influences, such as the Four stages theory of the progression of warm diseases, the Six levels theory of the penetration of cold diseases, and the Eight principles system of disease classification.[edit] Modern TCM theoryThis section needs more detail, citations, better links, or all three. Also : How widespread is the belief that TCM and fractals are somehow interconnected? Someone must have come up with the idea, who was it?Third philosophy: Fractal (similar) view[14] Qi is the `information - energy - material' mix unity flow [15], Qi sets, qi element, sub-Qi sets. Mathematics physics Yin or Yang TCM fractal sets[16] Fractal Yin Yang sets: Df=1. Fractal Five elements sets: Df=, Yin Yang Five elements sets Df=.[17] Fractal Zang Xiang theory:[18] the heart series, the liver series, the spleen series, the lung series, the kidney system. Fractal Channel ( Meridian (Chinese medicine) Jingluo),CHANNELS AND MESH-NETWORK,NO VESSEL. TCM channel is fractal, complex, pluralistic, rough, not smooth, non-tube dissection structure.[19] [edit] Diagnostics

张仲景为人谦虚谨慎，提倡终身坚持学习。他在序文中说:“孔子曰:生而知之者上,学则亚之，多闻博识，知之次也。余宿尚方术，请事斯语。”张仲景引用孔子语录，在于说明自己不是天才，只能靠刻苦努力学习来获得知识。他特别表明自己从青少年时期就热爱医学，请允许他扎扎实实地按照孔子的话去做，因为医学没有止境，必须终身坚持学习，活到老，学到老。张仲景为后人树立了淳朴无华、勤恳踏实的学风。《伤寒杂病论》著述风格朴实简练，毫无浮辞空论，对后世中医著作影响甚大。他诊病和学习时遇到一丝一毫的疑问，即“考校以求验”，绝不放过，一定要弄清楚是怎么回事。张仲景是一位具有朴素唯物主义思想无神论思想的医学家。

中西医结合医学论文范文篇2 浅论新时期中西医结合 21世纪必将是中西医结合医学蓬勃发展的世纪，也是全人类传统医药与现代医药相结合的“结合医学”蓬勃发展的世纪。促进和实现中西医结合，是我国医学发展的方向和远大目标，是我国医药卫生工作者及科技工作者共同承担的历史使命。 中西医结合医学的定义是：“综合运用中西医药理论与方法，以及中西医药学互相交叉渗透中产生的新理论与新方法，研究人体结构与功能、人体与环境(自然与社会)的关系，探索并解决人类健康、疾病及生命问题的科学。”中西医结合是我国独具特色的一门学科，它是建立在中国传统医学与现代医学的基础上，且在两者之间相互兼容、相互渗透、相互结合后形成的一门新兴学科。 中西医结合的内涵，应该是通过比较中西两种医学体系在医疗实践中所采用的思维方式、认识手段和应对措施的异同，吸收各自的长处，逐步做到在理论体系上融会贯通，在临床实践中优势互补。现代科学可以帮助理解和阐明深奥复杂的中医理论，而中医药学对人体生命现象的独特认识和对疾病独到的治疗手段又能丰富和充实现代生命科学的内涵。中西医结合是我国医学事业发展的特色和亮点，也是我们缩短与医学发达国家之间的差距，并以自己的特色赶上和超过世界先进水平的优势所在。 目前国外对“结合医学”的研究和投入呈逐年上升趋势，美国NIH1992年用于整个替代医学的研究经费仅200万美元，而近年仅哈佛大学麻省总院用于中医药的科研经费已超过1亿美元。广东等省政府都已明确将中医、中西医结合研究列入全省重点工作之一。这些都为我们积极谋求中西医结合的发展提供了良好的机遇。面对这样一个大好的时机，中西医结合工作要做的事情还很多。 一、中西医结合的意义 1.疾病预防。如在传染病的预防当中，中医学在这方面办法不多，而西医学“疫苗”方法就很有效而且简单方便。 2.疾病诊断。中医在诊断上是笼统的、抽象的、理论性的，而西医在诊断上是具体的、准确的、实在的。如高血压脑血管意外患者，中医说是“中风”、“肝风内动”等所致，这的确不好理解，患者也不易接受。要明确诊断该病，就需要应用现代化设备，即西医检查手段，如CT、MRT或DSA。 3.疾病治疗。对某一种疾病，采用中西医结合方法思考，明确中医治疗疗效好还是西医治疗疗效好，然后应用疗效好的方法治疗，以尽量减少患者痛苦，减轻患者负担。 4.疾病康复。许多疾病，西医只能采取加强营养、增强功能锻炼等措施，靠人体自身恢复，而中医可以采用针灸、理疗等康复措施，这时中、医康复治疗措施就是最好的。 二、理论互补发展 建国初期制定的“团结中西医”的卫生工作方针，以及1954年以后中西团结合作的真正实现，是中西医结合迈出的第一步。在中西医结合的研究过程中，“西学中”人员是中西医结合研究的主体。后来随着中医院校正规教育的发展，通过进一步学习西医而由中医成长为中西医结合人才者逐渐增多。这类人才与“西学中”相比，虽有西医学基础不够坚实的缺陷，但在“系统学习，全面掌握”中医学方面，却又表现出一定的优势。确立现代科学方法为中西医结合研究方法，是中西医结合研究工作的关键。现代科学方法当然包括现代医学方法。一般而言，生命科学不过是物理、化学、数学等非生命科学在生命研究领域中的应用。由于方法论的统一性，现代医学与不断发展的现代自然科学的高度亲和性，是传统医学所无法比拟的。 近两百年来，现代科学的进展带来西医的飞速发展。西医一直致力于从微观角度探讨生理、病理，从而带动新的疗法及药物的发明。在后基因组学时代，生物医学界认识到基因并不能决定一切，因此又有了蛋白组学、代谢组学等帮助人们了解从基因到蛋白再到组织和器官，直至人体这一复杂系统的运作方式。其治疗手段的发展可归结为以基因或某些分子为目标的靶向治疗、代表药物等。 因此，多数学者认为中医应当向西医学习，打开黑箱，探求脏腑经络阴阳的本质，各相当于西医的何种系统、器官、功能乃至分子，方药治疗不仅能表现为临床疗效，而且要从分子机理上进行实验验证，从而说明中医的某一理论是科学的，并且把这当作中西医结合的首要任务。从20世纪70年代以来，中、西医界一直在做上述努力，并取得不少的成果，如肾本质的研究、阴阳的物质基础、经络的实质等。 三、用西医的方法评价中医疗效 具体而言，就是用队列研究、循证医学的方法评价中医疗效，规范中医的“辨证”。例如冠心病全都归于数种乃至一种证型，并以固定的方药施治，再以随机、双盲、对照的方法判断疗效。多数学者认为这种以病统证，及于方药的治疗及评价体系，有助于中医证的客观化及疗效的可重复性。 这种方法将中医辨“证”的特点纳入到了西医诊“病”的体系之中，简化了中医的思维，易于掌握，方便西医运用中成药，例如治疗心衰用参麦针，治疗发热用清开灵，等等，但同时也失去了中医个体化治疗的优势。中医诊断和治疗的核心环节是证。通过患者的表现，归纳出属于何证，便可制定相应的法、方、药，如药证相符，即可收到预期的效果。否则，即需进一步思考辨证、用药是否正确。成功治疗一例患者后，以后遇到类似的患者就会考虑以相同的理法方药略作调整加以应用，同一类证可以用同一类方，《伤寒论》即为代表，这就是中医疗效的可重复性。 中西医结合可以理解为把中医学理论和西医学理论相联系，各取其优势，做到优势互补，然后应用到疾病的预防、诊断、治疗和康复过程中，实现更好地为人民健康服务的目的;为了推广中医药，证明中医药的疗效，对中药进行有效成分研究，即中药的西药化研究，这也是中西医结合的一部分内容。 参考文献： [1]沈自尹.从肾本质研究到证本质研究的思考与实践――中西医结合研究推动了更高层次的中医与西医互补.上海中医药杂志，2005，34(4)：47. [2]北京中医学院.中医学基础[M].上海：上海科技出版社，. 猜你喜欢： 1. 中西医结合医学毕业论文范文 2. 大学生医学论文范文 3. 本科医学毕业论文范本 4. 大学医学论文范文