海明威论文国内外研究

开题报告 欧佩霞的开题报告 题目:“The Awareness of Death” under the “Iceberg” --- Analysis of Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea 一、选题的意义和研究现状1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 目 的：本文通过深入分析《老人与海》这一作品,对海明威的创作风格——“冰山原则”进行了探讨。本文着重分析了该原则的四大构成要素。通过详细分析“冰山原则”在《老人与海》中的体现，提出作品中所反映的人物、感情和象征意义，进一步反映作者本人的“死亡意识”，以此揭开其“以少见多”的深层意义和艺术魅力以及折射出的艺术与生活的关系。文章最后还简单介绍了海明威的创作风格在美国及世界文学上和社会意义上的贡献。 理论意义：通过深入研究《老人与海》，对海明威的创作风格—“冰山原则”进行探讨研究，有利于这一理论的进一步发展和完善，并从理论的高度上加深是创作者和其他读者对这一创作原理的认识。现实意义：通过对《老人与海》的深入研究，结合现实，引导创作者进一步探讨海明威创作原理“冰山原则”，揭开其“以少见多”的深层意义和艺术魅力以及折射出的艺术与生活的关系。进而掌握这一原理的实际应用技巧，进行更好的创作。2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 海明威的“冰山理论”是对 19 世纪末 20 世纪初盛行的日益繁琐的文学写法的偏离和背叛。国内外的文学批评家对其大加赞赏，都对其进行了研究和探讨，如英国著名的评论家赫 •欧 •贝茨和我国的知名作家马原。“冰山原则”是时代的需要，反映出时代的风貌，开创了一代文风，但在实际中还有一些残缺，作为一种创作原则 ,“冰山原则”的影响是永恒的。本文就是通过中外批评家的观点，集合海明威自己看法，以《老人与海》这一作品为例，从批评的角度分析“冰山原则”，着重分析其冰山下隐藏的“八分之七”，及其严谨简练“电报式”的文体 ,普遍、生动的生活语言 ,寓繁于简 ,寓多于少的表达方式，使这种具体的写作方式最终像巴尔扎克、狄更斯的写作方式一样 ,被后人以新的方式取代，并且发挥地更好。二、研究方案1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）1. Introduction The “Iceberg Theory” The western critics’ discussion Four basic ingredients of the theory2. The awareness of death expressed by The Old Man and the The main idea of The Old Man and the The awareness of Santiago The General review of the awareness of death3 The influence of Hemingway’s style 4. Conclusion5. Reference2．拟采用的研究方法 本论文主要采用文献研究方式,通过阅读研究有关的文献资料和专著，并对资料进行整理和归纳，为文章的阐述提供理论依据。3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题 本文主要通过分析《老人与海》这一作品中隐藏的死亡意识，进一步探讨海明威的创作风格——“冰山原则”。针对该内容，需要大量国内外中英文文献资料，主要为冰山理论与海明威个人研究方面的专著和文献资料。 存在问题：专著和文献资料方面比较充足，但国内外最新研究资料信息仍无法及时获得。三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见研究进度安排（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。 3．应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条）(1) Hemingway: The Writer as Artist. gird edition. Princeton: Princeton UP,1963. (2) Beegel, Susan. Hemingway's Craft of Omission: Four Manuscript Examples. Ann Arbor: UMI Research P, 1988 . (3) Brenner, Gerry. Concealments in Hemingway's Works. Columbus: Ohio State UP,1983. (4) Hemingway: Death in the Afternoon. New York: Scribner's, 1932.(5) Plimpton, George. "Ernest Hemingway: An Interview." Paris Review (Spring 1958): 61-89. Reynolds, Michael. Hemingway's Reading, 1910t-1940: An Inventory. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1981: (6) Smith, Paul. "Hemingway's Early Manuscripts: The Theory and Practice of Omission:' Journal of Modern Literature (1983): 268-88.(7) Chang yanxin. A Survey of American Literature the 2nd Edition[M]. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2003(8) Ernest Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea[M]. America: Simon & Scribner Inc., 1952(9) Ernest Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea[M]. Zhang Guojing. Trans. Tianjin: Tianjin translation and technology Press, 2003.(10) [美 ]欧内斯特 •海明威 .“冰山”理论及其他 [A ] .崔道怡 ,朱伟 ,王青凤 ,等 .“冰山理论”对话与潜对话 [ C ] . 北京 :工人出版社 ,1986 :60 92 .

以下内容仅供参考：Ernest Hemingway of the United States in the 20th century one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, the last shot in the head by the end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became the 1920s generation at a loss of representative works, the later generations have had a far-reaching consequences. Since the advent of his works from the date of his academic work has never been on the study. . scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" in the United States in the history of modern fiction classic. From the 1926 novel come out so far, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and the United States have an enormous impact in the United States and even lead to a revolution in literature. Study abroad, "The Sun Also Rises" and comment on the initial study, by the time the information restrictions, the United States after the war, as well as a specific historical and cultural context of the impact, it is more focused on the novel "Lost Generation" The topic of the relationship, the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to the young Hemingway and my life experience together, that is the author of "Lost Generation", the spokesman. In the 1930s, the economic impact of the Great Depression, "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. In the 1940s by the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", Jack is the only one in pain in the conduct of individuals adhere to the guidelines. Wilson, who may disagree with the Milken Henglisaide al. He and the novels of the 19th century Anglo-American literary tradition of a comparative study concluded that the novels of the 19th century hero no matter the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, "and" The Sun Also Rises "All of the characters is a lack of good moral character will not have any form of the will." "They do not have the moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University literature professor Carlos Baker's book, "The Artist as a writer Ernest Hemingway ---" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker for the first time, "The Sun Also Rises," the characters had a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi Turka " love of death" in an article that, in the Hemingway novel reveals the concentration of the 1920s by the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of the universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to in-depth insight and sensibility, the performance of a particular era in human existence and the spiritual state of suffering and the pain sharpen the course. Hemingway home on "The Sun Also Rises" has never stopped the study. Gu Ling in 2003 by the publication of why they became a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises," "Lost Generation" perspective. Her description of the specific papers, "The Sun Also Rises," "confused generation" features. 2002 Shiyan Vocational Technical College, LU Wei and Sun Yuan published a "how they become wandering soul - On" The Sun Also Rises "in a number of prominent figures in the spiritual world," the novels of a few The main character's spiritual world. Alvin Wang in 2002 published "From the images," The Sun Also Rises "to reveal the theme of" the four characters from the novel image to reveal the theme of the novel. 1996 Journal of Xuchang Teachers College at Choi Wan-sheng, Zhang Hui plant in bloom. "Published prosperity, war, confusion, to avoid -" The Sun Also Rises "Analysis of them from the four analytical point of view," The Sun Also Rises. "1994 Zhejiang University, in a newspaper published by the Health and bamboo, "the two sides were at a loss of life -" The Sun Also Rises, "" once again discussed at a loss of life status. Although Hemingway's novels and "The Sun Also Rises" study at home and abroad have made many achievements, but few three-dimensional, multi-angle analysis of "The Sun Also Rises". In fact, the analysis of Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises" theme at the same time, the performance of his existential philosophy of life: the myth of the world, nothing in the environment, people should live actively in the process of discovery and To create meaning, the order of the United States.

本课题的作用、意义，在国内外的研究现状和发展趋势，尚待研究的 海明威(1899—1961)是美国上个世纪最著名的小说家和短篇故事作家之一。他是“迷惘的一代”的杰出代言人，也是第六个获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国人。他独特的写作风格，对当代美国和世界文学产生过重要的影响。海明威的一生既丰富多彩又富有传奇性。经历过两次世界大战的海明威，面对着战争后遗症给社会带来的混乱和毁灭、给人们带来的遗憾和幻灭，在海明威的笔下，他前期作品中的主人公由于受到战争的创伤，面对信仰以及神圣的东西产生怀疑，他觉得人们要在社会中生存下去就必须具有老人那种"打不败"的硬汉子精神。海明威将自己的品格、意志、理想溶进作品，塑造了一系列杰出的“硬汉形象”，尤其是《老人与海》中的圣地亚哥，是海明威“硬汉形象”的经典，是海明威精神的完美体现，是海明威的化身。 在海明威笔下的亨利《别了，武器》和圣地亚哥都是不屈不挠，勇往直前，无所畏惧，具有崇高的奋斗目标，是众人眼中的英雄硬汉。但同时，我们也看到了他们硬汉形象的不同之处。可以说亨利是力量上的无所畏惧，奋勇直前的硬汉，而圣地亚哥是精神上坚忍不拔，永不妥协的英雄。 小说主人公圣地亚哥也成为文学史上著名的硬汉形象，他虽年迈,衰弱,但却热爱大海,迷恋捕鱼.海洋赋予他一种无畏的勇气和乐观的精神,他知道人生是一场孤独的战斗,然而面对失败,面对死亡,他却毫无惧色.在向大马林鱼,鲨鱼三天三夜挑战的过程中,他表现出来的是一种必胜的信念和顽强的性格,是一种精神的不屈,唱出了"一个人并不是生来就可以打败的,你尽可能消灭他,可就是打不败他"这曲人类精神的赞歌,鼓舞着一代又一代的人,具有划时代的意义.桑提亚哥的形象与其创造者海明威的性格有着密不可分的关系.海明威的一生就是"硬汉"的一生 《老人与海》是根据真人真事的故事加工而成的小说，所以它既是一部现实主义的力作，又是一部有多层寓意且寓意很深的作品。发表后立刻被译成多种文字。各国文学评论界对作品的艺术造诣都无一例外地给予很高评价。桑提亚哥的"硬汉"而又矛盾的形象、作品的结尾及隐喻无处不在启发人们细细思索，反复吟味。 作者塑造了一个在失败和挫折面前不低头不气馁坚持奋斗的老渔夫形象。这是一个典型的海明威式的英雄形象，是一种百折不挠，坚强不屈，敢于面对暴力和死亡的硬汉子性格，无论在怎样的艰难困苦中都保持着人的尊严和勇气。小说中的大海和鲨鱼象征着神秘的命运和不可知的世界，而老人在与之进行的殊死搏斗中体现的无与伦比的力量和勇气，充分体现了人可以被毁灭，但是不可以被打败这一崇高伟大的精神。 圣的亚哥是一个“独自在湾流里的一只小船上打鱼的老头儿”。生活和岁月给老人的折磨，令他“后颈上凝聚了深刻的皱纹，显得又瘦又憔悴”，“身上的每一部分都显得老迈”了，可是他的那双眼睛“跟海一样蓝，是愉快的，毫不沮丧的”。作品一开始时，老头儿正赶上“背运”。八十四，整整八十四天，他连一条鱼都没有捉到，这对一个以打鱼为生的渔夫来说，那真是再倒霉不过了。就连跟他在一起很长时间的一个孩子，也不得不在第四十天离开了他。圣地亚哥为了证明自己是个“古怪老头儿”，或者说是为了证明自己是有坚强勇气与毅力，为完成只属于自己的那项别人无法替代完成的任务，为了鳏夫的光荣与尊严，圣地亚哥一定要捕到一条大鱼。第85天他又独自一人乘船出航到很远的地方竟捕捉到一条比小船还长两英尺的大马林鱼。可大马林鱼是鱼中豪杰：它机灵、沉着、“搏斗起来一点也不惊慌”，老人被它拖了两天两夜，还不断被它掀起的大浪摔倒在船上，被它牵走的钓索勒得背脊生痛，两手血肉模糊。当时老人只要割断绳索就可以摆脱困境，但他没有这样做，而是靠喝冷水、吃生鱼片加大体力， 最终制服了大鱼，猎获了他梦寐以求的目标。但在归途中，又被成群的鲨鱼轮番侵食。圣地亚哥拼出全力搏斗，最终还是输给了鲨鱼。当他回港上岸时，老人带回的只是一艘空船和自己疲惫不堪的身躯，因为大马林鱼被鲨鱼吃得只剩下一副骨脊。所幸的是极度困乏的老人在梦里梦见了那蓝色的海洋和勇猛的狮子，而最崇敬他的孩子也一直守在他身旁。海明威为什么没有让老人最终胜利呢？用小说中老人的话来说：“一个人并不是生来就要被打败的，人尽可以被毁灭，但不能被打败。”这就是《老人与海》想要揭示的哲理。不可否认的是，只要是人就会有缺陷。当一个人承认了这个缺陷并努力战胜他，而不是去屈从它的时候，无无论最后是捕到一条完整的马林鱼，还是一副空骨架，这都是已经无所谓了。因为一个人的生命价值已经在那追捕马林鱼的过程中充分体现了。曾经为自己的理想和信心的胜利者。从世俗胜利观的角度看，老渔夫不是最后的胜利者，因为尽管开始他战胜了大马林鱼，但是最终大马林鱼还是让鲨鱼吃了，他只是带着大马林鱼的白骨架子回到了岸上，也就是说，鲨鱼才是胜利者，可是，在理想主义们的眼中，老渔夫就是胜利者，因为他始终没有向大马林鱼，更没有向鲨鱼妥协和投降。就如音乐大师贝多芬所说：“我可以被摧毁，但我不能被征服。”人性是强悍的，人类本身有自己的限度，但正是因为有了老渔夫这样的人一次有一次地向极限挑战，超越它们。这个限度才一次次扩大，一次次把更大的挑战摆在了人类面前。在这个意义上，老渔夫这样的英雄，不管他们挑战限度是成功还是失败，都是值得我们敬重的。因为，他带给我们的是人类最为高贵的自信！ 人生本来就是一种无止境的追求。它的道路漫长，艰难，而且充满坎坷，但只要自己勇敢顽强地以一颗自信的心去迎接挑战，他将永远是一个真正的胜利者。 《老人与海》蕴含了对人的生命的无限关切和丰富的诠释，圣地亚哥是一个尘俗中普通的但具有非凡勇气的人。与海明威前期作品中的主人公相比，桑提亚哥对命运的关注显得更为积极，对人生生存的理解也显得更为彻悟，作为一个文学人物，亚哥与整个人类具有更深刻的寓意。 海明威作品穿越了不同民族、国家、制度的屏障, 在整个世界的空间流传。他笔下的形象, 多以铮铮铁骨的硬汉性格出现, 他们刚毅、勇敢、正直、无畏, 给读者留下深刻的印象,表现出一种永远立于不败之地的精神, 能越逾死亡的威胁,在时间的流逝中获得永生, 他笔下的?? 硬汉 形象, 与战争、社会、人生、大自然、灾难、病魔、痛苦及自我拼搏抗争, 他们所具有的顽强执著、坚忍不拔、勇敢无畏、乐观自信的精神品质给读者以强大的鼓舞和鞭策。这些硬汉在困难、厄运面前都没有失去自我, 而是不断地追求自我的实现。在逆境中, 他们集体表现出一种优雅的风度。这种坚忍不拔、顽强拼搏的精神正是现代人所需要的。与过去相比, 现代人生活在一个快速旋转的社会。知识信息的膨胀使得人们的物质生活很富足, 但这一切并不能保证精神上的满足。面对瞬息万变、迅猛发展的科技, 以及日益激烈的市场竞争, 现代人究竟应该采取什么样的生活态度, 才能使自己在严酷的竞争中应付自如、处险不惊? 这些困扰现代人的问题在海明威的作品中都可以找到答案, 那就是一种重压下的风度我们遇见挫折时, 我们应该向《老人与海》中的圣地亚哥学习。即使厄运当头, 也能保持一颗勇往直前的心。透过黑暗看到希望。

<老人与海>自诞生之日起,即成为国内外读者和评论界研究的焦点.在2000年以前的半个世纪里,读者和论者较多地关注作品中所表现出的硬汉形象、虚无思想、悲剧意识和冰山理论等,研究成果比较丰富.新世纪以来,<老人与海>依然是学界研究的重镇.研究视点主要集中在生态批评、艺术形式、性别角色等几个方面,同时对于冰山理论、硬汉形象、象征功能、悲剧意蕴等方面的研究既有重复又有所超越,因此收获与缺憾并存. 海明威的《老人与海》通过一位普通劳动者--古巴渔夫格雷戈里奥·富恩特斯的真实经历,塑造了世界文学史上的经典硬汉形象--桑提亚哥.通过这一硬汉讴歌了人类的永恒价值--人的自信,也使得桑提亚哥成为海明威硬汉形象中唯一的、被赋与灵魂的硬汉.《老人与海》在海明威创作中占有特殊的重要地位,是作者创作思想和艺术探索的总结性作品.

欧内斯特·海明威是美国20世纪最杰出的作家之一。他一生充满传奇色彩，最后以自己枪击头部结束了生命。他的一生共创作了17部作品，获得过多项文学大奖。他的作品成为上世纪20年代迷惘一代作品的代表作，对后人产生了深远的影响。 自他的作品问世之日起学术界对他作品的研究就从来没有间断过。美国学界普遍认为海明威的《太阳照常升起》是美国现代小说史上的经典之作。从1926 年小说问世至今,批评者对该小说的研究不断深化。他的创作在欧美文坛产生巨大影响，甚至在美国引起一场文学革命。 在国外的研究中，对《太阳照常升起》的最初评论和研究,受当时的资料限制,以及一战后美国特定的历史文化语境影响,人们多集中在小说与“迷惘的一代”的关系这一话题范围内,将该小说与一战后自我流放到巴黎去的青年人及海明威本人的生活经验联系在一起,称作者是“迷惘的一代”的代言人。20 世纪30 年代,受经济大萧条的影响,人们对《太阳照常升起》的关注较少。20 世纪40 年代,受第二次世界大战的影响,评论界对《太阳照常升起》的评论出现了两种截然不同的观点。艾德蒙·威尔逊认为在《太阳照常升起》中,杰克是惟一一个在痛苦中坚守个人操行准则的人。与威尔逊意见相左的是亨利·赛德尔·肯拜。他将该小说与19 世纪的英美文学传统进行了比较研究后得出结论,认为19 世纪小说中的主人公不管最终是成功还是失败,都具有良好的意志品格,但是“, 在《太阳照常升起》中,所有的人物既缺乏良好的意志品格,也不具备任何形式的意志力。”“他们没有道德责任感,这是一部关于失败主义者的小说。普林斯顿大学的文学教授卡洛斯·贝克的著作《作为艺术家的作家———海明威》是学界第一本专论海明威的著作。贝克首次对《太阳照常升起》中的小说人物进行了细致的心理分析。马克·斯毕尔卡在《< 太阳照常升起> 中的爱情的死亡》一文中则认为,海明威在小说中集中揭示了20世纪20 年代由一战的创伤所带来的爱情死亡这一具有普遍性的主题。海明威的作品紧紧契合着时代的流动脉搏，以深刻的洞察力和感受力，表现了人类在一个特定时代的生存状态以及精神饱受磨励的艰辛历程。 国内对海明威《太阳照常升起》的研究也从未间断。2003年由顾玲发表的他们何以成了飘零的灵魂———《太阳照常升起》中的“迷惘的一代”透视。她的论文具体的描述了《太阳照常升起》中的“迷惘一代人”的特点。2002年的十堰职业技术Ernest Hemingway of the United States in the 20th century one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, the last shot in the head by the end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became the 1920s generation at a loss of representative works, the later generations have had a far-reaching consequences. Since the advent of his works from the date of his academic work has never been on the study. . scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" in the United States in the history of modern fiction classic. From the 1926 novel come out so far, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and the United States have an enormous impact in the United States and even lead to a revolution in literature. Study abroad, "The Sun Also Rises" and comment on the initial study, by the time the information restrictions, the United States after the war, as well as a specific historical and cultural context of the impact, it is more focused on the novel "Lost Generation" The topic of the relationship, the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to the young Hemingway and my life experience together, that is the author of "Lost Generation", the spokesman. In the 1930s, the economic impact of the Great Depression, "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. In the 1940s by the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", Jack is the only one in pain in the conduct of individuals adhere to the guidelines. Wilson, who may disagree with the Milken Henglisaide al. He and the novels of the 19th century Anglo-American literary tradition of a comparative study concluded that the novels of the 19th century hero no matter the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, "and" The Sun Also Rises "All of the characters is a lack of good moral character will not have any form of the will." "They do not have the moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University literature professor Carlos Baker's book, "The Artist as a writer Ernest Hemingway ---" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker for the first time, "The Sun Also Rises," the characters had a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi Turka " love of death" in an article that, in the Hemingway novel reveals the concentration of the 1920s by the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of the universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to in-depth insight and sensibility, the performance of a particular era in human existence and the spiritual state of suffering and the pain sharpen the course. Hemingway home on "The Sun Also Rises" has never stopped the study. Gu Ling in 2003 by the publication of why they became a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises," "Lost Generation" perspective. Her description of the specific papers, "The Sun Also Rises," "confused generation" features. In 2002 the vocational and technical Shiyan

Ernest Hemingway is the 20th century, one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, and finally shot to the head end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became confused during the last century generation of 20 representative works of the later generations have had a profound impact. Since the advent of his works from the date of the academic study of his works on has never been interruption. . scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" is the history of modern American fiction classic. From the novel come out so far in 1926, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and America have a great impact, even in the United States lead to a literary revolution. Study abroad, for "The Sun Also Rises" The initial comments and research, by the time the information restrictions, and a post-war American history and culture-specific context of the impact, it is more concentrated in the novel and the "Lost Generation" of the relationship between the scope of the topic of the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to young people and Hemingway's own life experiences linked, saying the author is the "Lost Generation" spokesmen. 30 era of the 20th century, by the economic impact of the Great Depression, people of "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. 40 era of the 20th century by the impact of the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", the Jack is the only one in pain adhere to the norms of personal conduct of people. Wilson disagreed with the Milken亨利赛德al. His novels of the 19th century with the Anglo-American literary tradition, after a comparative study concluded that the 19th century hero of the novel regardless of the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, but "in" The Sun Also Rises "All of the figures is the lack of good moral character will not have any form of willpower." "They have no moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University professor of literature Carlos Baker's book "as an artist --- writer Ernest Hemingway" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker, the first of "The Sun Also Rises" characters in a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi turka in the " Love's death" a text that focus on Hemingway's novels reveal the age of 20 from the 20th century, the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of this universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to profound insight and sensitivity, showing the humanity in a given era, as well as the survival of the state of the spirit of the hardships suffered mill Patrick course. Domestic Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" Research has never stopped. 2003 published by the Gu Ling How can they become a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises" in the "Lost Generation" Perspective. Her description of the specific thesis of "The Sun Also Rises" in the "Lost generation" characteristics. Shiyan 2002 Vocational and Technical College, the LU Wei and孙媛published "How can they become a wandering soul - An Analysis of" The Sun Also Rises "in several major figure in the spiritual world" of the novel in several the main character's spiritual world. Alvin Wang in 2002 published "From the characters of" The Sun Also Rises "to reveal the theme of" from his novel of the four main character's image to reveal the theme of the novel. Journal of Xuchang Teachers College in 1996 on Cui Wansheng, Zhang Hui thick. Published "prosperity, war, confusion, to avoid -" The Sun Also Rises "On their analysis from the four angles of" The Sun Also Rises. "1994 Zhejiang University newspaper published Bamboo Health "confused the two sides of life - On" The Sun Also Rises, "" once again discussed the status of a loss of life. Although Hemingway's novels and "The Sun Also Rises" study at home and abroad have made many achievements, but few people three-dimensional, from the multi-angle analysis of "The Sun Also Rises" theme. In fact, the analysis of Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises" theme at the same time, on the performance of his existential philosophy of life: In the absurd world, in the emptiness of the environment, people should live actively in the process of discovery and the creation of the significance of the order of the United

老人与海开题报告：不能被失败所打倒---读后感 “一艘船越过世界的尽头，驶向未知的大海，船头上悬挂着一面虽然饱经风雨剥蚀却依旧艳丽无比的旗帜，旗帜上，舞动着云龙一般的四个字闪闪发光——超越极限！”《老人与海》塑造了一个经典的硬汉形象。古巴的一个名叫桑地亚哥的老渔夫，独自一个人出海打鱼，在一无所获的48天之后钓到了一条无比巨大的马林鱼。这是老人从来没见过也没听说过的比他的船还长两英尺的一条大鱼。鱼大劲也大，拖着小船漂流了整整两天两夜，老人在这两天两夜中经历了从未经受的艰难考验，终于把大鱼刺死，拴在船头。然而这时却遇上了鲨鱼，老人与鲨鱼进行了殊死搏斗，结果大马林鱼还是被鲨鱼吃光了，老人最后拖回家的只剩下一副光秃秃的鱼骨架。 用小说中老人的话来说：“一个人并不是生来就要被打败的”，“人尽可以被毁灭，但却不能被打败。”这就是《老人与海》想揭示的哲理。当一个人承认了这个缺陷并努力去战胜它而不是去屈从它的时候，无论最后是捕到一条完整的马林鱼还是一副空骨架，这都已经无所谓了，因为一个人的生命价值已在那追捕马林鱼的过程中充分地体现了。曾经为自己的理想努力追求过、奋斗过，难道他不是一个胜利者吗？老渔夫就是敢于挑战自身缺陷及自己勇气和信心的胜利者。从世俗胜利观的角度看，老渔夫不是最后的胜利者，因为尽管开始他战胜了大马林鱼，但是最终大马林鱼还是让鲨鱼吃了，他只是带着大马林鱼的白骨架子回到了岸上，也就是说，鲨鱼才是胜利者。可是，在理想主义者眼里，老渔夫就是胜利者，因为他始终没有向大海没有向大马林鱼更没有向鲨鱼妥协和投降。就如音乐大师贝多芬所说“我可以被摧毁，但我不能被征服”。 人性是强悍的，人类本身有自己的限度，但正是因为有了老渔夫这样的人一次又一次地向限度挑战，超越它们，这个限度才一次次扩大，一次次把更大的挑战摆在了人类面前。在这个意义上，老渔夫桑地亚哥这样的英雄，不管他们挑战限度是成功还是失败，都是值得我们永远敬重的。 因为，他带给我们的是人类最为高贵的自信！ 人生本来就是一种无止境的追求。它的道路漫长、艰难，而且充满坎坷，但只要自己勇敢顽强地以一颗自信的心去迎接挑战，他将永远是一个真正的胜利者！ 每一本书，都有它自己的“灵魂”，当你阅读一本书时，自己也就在不知不觉当中，陷入了那个书中所构想的世界。