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第三方物流 Third-Party Logistics A third-party logistics provider (abbreviated 3PL) is a firm that provides outsourced or "third party" logistics services to companies for part, or sometimes all of their supply chain management function. Third party logistics providers typically specialize in integrated warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled and customized to customer’s needs based on market conditions and the demands and delivery service requirements for their products and materials.Types of 3PL providersHertz and Alfredsson (2003) describe four categories of 3PL providers:[1]Standard 3PL provider: this is the most basic form of a 3PL provider. They would perform activities such as, pick and pack, warehousing, and distribution (business) – the most basic functions of logistics. For a majority of these firms, the 3PL function is not their main activity. Service developer: this type of 3PL provider will offer their customers advanced value-added services such as: tracking and tracing, cross-docking, specific packaging, or providing a unique security system. A solid IT foundation and a focus on economies of scale and scope will enable this type of 3PL provider to perform these types of tasks. The customer adapter: this type of 3PL provider comes in at the request of the customer and essentially takes over complete control of the company’s logistics activities. The 3PL provider improves the logistics dramatically, but do not develop a new service. The customer base for this type of 3PL provider is typically quite small. The customer developer: this is the highest level that a 3PL provider can attain with respect to its processes and activities. This occurs when the 3PL provider integrates itself with the customer and takes over their entire logistics function. These providers will have few customers, but will perform extensive and detailed tasks for them. [edit] Non Asset-based Logistics ProvidersThis 3PL performs duties such as quoting, booking, routing, and auditing, but doesn't need to own warehousing facilities, vehicles, aircraft, or any other transportation assets. This type of 3PL may possess only desks, computers, and freight industry expertise.To be useful, this type of provider must show its customers a benefit in financial and operational terms by leveraging exceptional expertise and ability in the areas of operations, negotiations, and customer service in a way that complements its customers' preexisting physical assets.[edit] On-Demand TransportationOn-Demand Transportation is a relatively new term coined by 3PL providers to describe their brokerage, ad-hoc, and "flyer" service offerings.On-Demand Transportation has become a mandatory capability for today's successful 3PL providers in offering client specific solutions to supply chain needs.These shipments do not usually move under the "lowest rate wins" scenario and can be very profitable to the 3PL that wins the business. The cost quoted to customers for On-Demand services are based on specific circumstances and availability and can differ greatly from normal "published" rates.On-Demand Transportation is a niche that continues to grow and evolve within the 3PL industry.Specific modes of transport which may be subject to the on-demand model include (but are not limited to) the following:FTL, or Full Truck Load Hotshot (direct, exclusive courier) Next Flight Out, sometimes also referred to as Best Flight Out (commercial airline shipping) International Expedited [edit] Fourth-party logisticsFourth-party logistics (4PL), Lead Logistics Provider or 4th Party Logistics, is a term coined by global consulting firm Accenture:“ A 4PL is an integrator that assembles the resources, capabilities, and technology of its own organization and other organizations to design, supply chain solutions. ” of their supply chain management function. A 4PL uses a 3PL to supply service to customers, owning only computer systems and intellectual capital.[2]It has been argued that a 4PL is the same thing as a Non Asset-Based 3PL.第三方物流(Third-Party logistics,3PL),也称作委外物流(logistics outsourcing) 或是合约物流(contract logistics),第三方物流一直是物流和供应练管理中最容易被误解的名词。第三方物流目前没有公认的定义,不过原则在於,某"专门公司"提供另一家公司(比方说制造商)一项或多项的物流功能。 (如仓储、对外运输)知名的第三方物流供应商包DanzasAEI、Exel Logistics、Menlo Logistics、Penske Logistics等...第三方物流公司需具备下列几点: 1.与使用者之间备有正式的合约,期限至少一年 2.强调双方关系式,而非交易式。 3.强调双方的利益以及客制化的可行性。 4.与客户维持长期的关系。 5.会主动寻求可能的政策和实务物流系统也可像互联网般,促进全球化。在贸易上,若要更进一步与世界连系,就得靠良好的物流管理系统。我们手上的商品很多是『游历』各国后才来到的。原料可能来自泰国,加工可能在新加坡,生产却在台湾,最后才入口到美国。产品的「游历」路线就是由物流师决定,目标就是要快且低开销。物流师 (Logistician)即是负责物流系统管理的专才。物流师就是一个专家,地位与会计师、律师、医生或工程师同等。
第三方物流,Third Party Logistics,简称:3PL1. 3rd Party Logistics Study 2012 [2012第三方物流市场报告]http://www.ifpsm.org/sites/default/files/21.10Third_Party_Logistics-Studie_2012.pdf2. Third Party Logistics: An Analysis of the Feasibility and Contexts of Strategic Relationships [第三方物流:战略化合作的可行性和背景研究] 要翻译过来的文献,一般不可能有的,你用google translate凑合着看吧。不过也可以再发一个问题,找人帮你翻译,不过5000个字,不容易呢。你自己试着看看吧,其实不用每个字都看懂,抓住以下这些关键词就行了,相信你应该可以读懂的。以下是我对第三方物流的理解和总结。==================================第三方物流就是3rd party logistics(3PL),一般是提供intergrated logistics services(整合性的物流/供应链服务)。目的是帮助那些供应商(supplier)和生产商(manufacturer)运货到终端消费者(end-customer)手上,用最高效优质的服务(service of superior quality)和最低廉的价格(be cost efficient)。3PL可以是freight forwarder(货运代理), warehouse manager(仓库管理), carrier(承运商) 或其他的服务商(logistics service provider,简称:LSP)。他们通过提供不同的增值服务(value add service),低廉的价格(low cost),专业的解决方案(expert solutions),或成熟的运营网络(extensive operation network)来差异化(differentiate)他们的服务,获得竞争优势(competitive advantages),通过这些竞争优势获取供应商/制造商们的服务合约(service contract),获取报酬和利润(profit)。对3PL来说,服务顾客,追求顾客的满意度(customer satisfaction)是宗旨(ultimate objective)。提供增值(value add)服务是客户的需求,也是3PL获利的基础(basis)。人脉(network)和信息系统(information network)是3PL最宝贵的资产。和客户(供应商/生产商们)建立长久的合作关系(coopration;partnership)是3PL的目标,也是持续发展(sustainable growth)和盈利的基础。合作(collaboration),互信(trust),信息共享(information sharing),战略化的统一[标准和观念](strategic allignment in standards and principles)是实现长期合作的途径和方法。要成为成功的3PL必须知道自己的SWOT (strengthes:内部优势,weaknesses:内部弱点,opportunies:市场机遇,threats:外部威胁),然后找到适合自身的市场定位(market niche)和相应的竞争发展战略(competition strategy)才行。=====================================希望以上这些词汇对你有帮助。
随着信息技术的飞速发展,非物流企业与物流公司之间的关系也在发生变化。物流公司从提供传统的公共物流服务转向提供3PL服务,非物流企业则强调供应链管理、各职能部门的高度集成,非物流企业与物流公司更倾向于结成联盟关系,企业间的欺诈背叛行为将会受到制约,因此与这种服务关系转变相适应的决策标准也要随之改变。 BALLOW注意到了传统决策标准的局限性,提出了二维决策标准。他认为自营还是外购服务决策主要基于两个因素——物流对企业成功的影响程度和企业对物流的管理能力。物流对企业成功的重要度较高,企业处理物流的能力相对较低则采用3PL;物流对企业成功的重要度较低,同时企业处理物流的能力也低,则外购公共物流服务;物流对企业成功的重要度很高,且企业处理物流的能力也高,则用自营的方式R1。围绕企业战略目标,寻求物流子系统自身的战略平衡是他建立的决策标准的最大特点。尽管这样,他建立的决策标准有一个致命的缺陷:没有考虑成本的影响。一般来说,每一个特定的物流系统都包括仓库数目、区位、规模、运输政策、存货政策及顾客服务水平等构成的一组决策。因此每一个可能的物流方案都隐含着一套总成本,可用数学公式表示如下: D=T+S+L+FW+VW+P+C (其中D为物流系统总成本,T为该系统的总运输成本,S为库存维持费用,包括库存管理费用、包装费用以及返工费,L为批量成本,包括物料加工费和采购费,FW为该系统的总固定仓储费用,VW为该系统的总变动仓储费用,P为订单处理和信息费用,指订单处理和物流活动中广泛交流等问题所发生的费用,C为顾客服务费用,包括缺货损失费用、降价损失费用和丧失潜在顾客的机会成本,这些成本之间存在着二律背反的现象)。例如,在考虑减少仓库数量时,虽然是为了降低保管费用,但是在减少仓库数量的同时,就会带来运输距离变长、运输次数增加等后果,从而导致运输费用增大;如果运输费用的增加部分超过了保管费用的减少部分,总的物流成本反而增大了,这样减少仓库数量的措施就没有了意义。在选择和设计物流系统时,要对系统的总成本加以检验,最后选择成本最小的物流系统。因此,不考虑成本的决策标准是不完全的标准。 3、3PL决策标准 考虑到BALLOW决策标准的缺陷,本文认为在进行3PL决策时,应从物流在企业的战略地位出发,在考虑企业物流能力的基础上,进行成本评价。具体实施时,可遵循以下决策程序。 对3PL进行决策时,首先要考虑物流子系统的战略重要性。要决定物流子系统是否构成企业的核心能力,一般可从以下几方面进行判明:(1)它们是否高度影响企业业务流程?(2)它们是否需要相对先进的技术,采用此种技术能使公司在行业中领先?(3)它们在短期内是否不能为其它企业所模仿? 如能得到肯定的回答,那幺就可以断定物流子系统在战略上处于重要地位。由于物流系统是多功能的集合,各功能的重要性和相对能力水平在系统中是不平衡的。因此,还要对各功能进行分析。 某项功能是否具有战略意义,关键就是看它的替代性。如其替代性很弱,很少有物流公司或物流公司很难完成,几乎只有本企业才具备这项能力,企业就应保护好、发展好该项功能,使其保持旺盛的竞争力;反之,若物流企业也能完成该项功能或物流子系统对企业而言并非很重要,那就需要从企业物流能力的角度决定是自营还是外购了。企业物流能力在这里指的是顾客服务水平。顾客是个泛指的概念,它既可以是消费者,也可以是下道工序。如企业不具备满足一定顾客服务水平的能力,就要进行外购。在外购时采用何种服务,是租赁公共物流服务还是组建物流联盟,这就要由物流子系统对企业成功的重要性来决定。在物流子系统构成企业战略子系统的情况下,为保证物流的连续性,就应该与物流公司签订长期合同,由物流公司根据企业流程提供定制服务,即实施3PL;而在物流子系统不构成企业战略子系统的情况下,采用何种服务方式就要在顾客服务水平与成本之间寻找平衡点了。 具备了物流能力,并不意味着企业一定要自营物流,还要与物流公司比较在满足一定的顾客服务水平下,谁的成本更低,只有在企业的相对成本较低的情况下,选择自营的方式才有利;如不然,企业应把该项功能分化出去,实行物流外包。如果物流子系统是企业的非战略系统,企业还应寻找合作伙伴,向其出售物流服务,以免资源浪费。当然,这种物流服务收入不是企业主营收入。 三、我国的第三方物流发展状况 根据中国仓储协会2001年2-4月的调查结果,我国现有的物流供给能力略大于我国目前的物流需求水平。该调查同时表明,经过这几年的发展,我国的3PL取得了长足的进步。 3PL公司的分类:按物流范围和服务功能3PL可以分为综合性物流公司(规模较大、资金雄厚、并且具有良好的物流服务信誉)和功能性物流公司(如运输公司、仓储公司、流通加工公司、单一功能、仅仅承担和完成某一项或几项物流功能)。2001年我国的3PL企业中有29%属于综合性物流公司,而另外的71%则属于运输、仓储等功能性物流公司。 3PL企业的规模:物流企业的规模可以通过多种指针来衡量,最简单的就是通过物流企业的人员数目来比较。我国3PL企业平均员工数量由2000年的248人上升到2001年的259人,平均企业规模扩大了31人。 认可程度:对3PL的认可程度集中体现在3PL的使用比例上。将物流服务全部委托给3PL的工业企业比例由2000年的16%上升到2001年的21%,上升了5个百分比。 3PL企业数量:尽管没有一个完全的统计数量,但相关统计结果表明,我国3PL企业的数量正逐年增长。进入我国的著名外资3PL有UPS、DHL等。而国内的一 些物资、商储企业纷纷表示要全面进军物流业。甚至连著名的电子企业康佳也表示有意利用自身的销售网络提供3PL服务。
摘要:随着国民经济的的飞速发展,市场对物流的需求越来越高。 Abstract: with the rapid development of national economy, market demand for logistics is getting higher and higher. 随着物流对商品生产、流通和消费的影响日益明显并越来越引起人们的注意。 As the logistics of commodity production, circulation and consumption has become increasingly apparent and the influence of growing draw people's attention. 从本质上说,企业在市场上的表现主要是由产品的质量、价格以及产品的供给三个因素决定。 Essentially, enterprises in market performance of mainly by the quality of the products, price and product supply three factors. 而这三个因素都受到物流的影响。 While the three factors are the influence of logistics. 随着现代企业生产经营方式的变革和市场外部条件的变化。 With modern enterprise production management way change and market external conditions change. 第三方物流给供应链各参与者带来了很多好处和方便,因而受到了极大的欢迎,市场潜力巨大,必将成为下一世纪物流业的主流。 The third party logistics supply chain each participant to bring many benefits and convenience, and is extremely popular, and market potential is tremendous, will become the mainstream of the logistics industry in the next century. 本文讲从以下几个方面来介绍第三方物流的利弊与制造业、零售业物流模式的选择。 This paper speak from the following several aspects to introduce the advantages and disadvantages of third party logistics with manufacturing, retail logistics mode choice. 关键词:物流 第三方物流 利弊 选择 Keywords: logistics third-party logistics advantages and disadvantages choice
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