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这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达，我贴出来，大家一起赏析一下： 佳句篇：   Sentence 1. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. 解析： Ruffle弄皱的意思 Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒（想想逆毛流撸猫） The idea that ...用的是同位语从句，不太多，常用搭配是the evidence that，the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。 Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组，而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。Sentence 2. Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. disproportionately不成比例地 主干and复合句+非谓语动词scoring+as引导的从句（插入后置定语） 每个部分都不难，集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。Sentence 3. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这个句子不难，为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲，这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词，实则在翻译（以及理解）当中，我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分，而且作副词处理。 Aristocratic贵族统治 Meritocratic德治Sentence 4. That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. 主语从句，注意that.Sentence 5. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. 典型长句，如何解析？ Most of the dozen or so  disease genes that are common in them  belong to one of two types: Or so大约 斜体作的是disease genes they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. either or后面是两个in... 第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。 也就是说，（非限制性）定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。 第二个in后面很简单，但！！！文章最后一段有解释，对于 文章结构 至关重要。Sentence 6&7. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure  to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure  to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 两句话放一起。 主干已加黑。很有意思的句子，工整、对仗，而又解释非常清楚。 下一句，persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准，整句话像外科手术般，精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂，用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超，字字玑珠，像极了宝马M3。Sentence 8. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. 乍一看没什么稀奇，再一看，把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中，可谓老辣。 作何解？ That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定，指的是genes的其中一种特征，然后用when说明了适用情况。 Create谓语的主语也是genes，但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定，其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。 简单来讲，genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定，又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。 Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应，尽管成分差别很大。 两个when的对比。 可谓神句。Sentence 9. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. Than (what) would be expected by chance. 省略了what。。。你能理解吗？ 还有这个books，这个同语境关联强烈。好的表达： 1. ruffle one’s feather 2. Tremble at the thought 3. Affirm作不及物动词（Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ） 4. aristocratic v.s. meritocratic 5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence附原文及翻译： Natural genius? 天生我才？ The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past 德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果 THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection. 某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法，是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过著名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别，总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病，其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出，就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算，更具争议的是，他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。 Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection. 然而就算是Cochran，也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同，在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文，文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点，还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。 History before science 不管是否科学，先来看看历史 Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively. 德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗，正常人一般在100分左右，而他们大多都能得个112-115分，而且虽然人数不多，但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒，我们就会点头称是了。但同时，他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实，最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的，如浓烈的价值观教育的传统；后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果，不过即使是现在，德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚，在过去，就更是如此了。 Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs. 但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑，并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力，才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。 Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim. 德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后，犹太难民四散而逃，逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。 In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point. 在中世纪，欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等，结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业，如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作，此外，他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚（这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实）。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。 He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking. 他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业，虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了，但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明，智力水平（按智力测试的标准来算）与工资水平（如那些从事银行工作的人）联系密切。 What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to adulthood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这些历史记录证明了，那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪，基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取，而非通过量才而用（如从事银行或贸易工作）和平地获得。 Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society. 把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一，你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗？假如它果真存在的话，那究竟是什么呢？科克伦博士认为它们的确存在，而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。 That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reduces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer. 众所周知，越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚，就算不是近亲，也会较少遗传的多样性，同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说，Cochran 医生指出，情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类：一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪）的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘，允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病；而后者会导致癌症。 That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can. 上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是，在一些病例中，特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体，而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果，可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶，但在一些特殊的条件下，进化能够产生这样的结果。 West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one copy from each parent). Those who have only one copy have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病，这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白，其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白（父母都有这种血红蛋白）的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症，也不会患疟疾，该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此，我们可以这样说，抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来，同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥，只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时，才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。 Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might. Cochran博士认为，德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况，他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力，一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然，该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力，因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力，但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。 The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to adulthood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. 鞘脂储存类疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病，都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然，这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是，也有可能，仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接，或许因此导致智力提高。实际上，在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中，在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中，确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录，患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。 Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single copy of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price. 为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力，现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然，陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育，但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过，该理论也有令人信服的地方：它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为，这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受，假如确实如此的话，它将有力地证明，德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验，而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是，如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样，它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。

原文链接： 本文选自 The Economist 1月刊文章 Glass Half-Empty As they examine how Mr Baumgartner and others reverse morbid patterns of thought, the authors set out a rule of thumb: “It takes four good things to overcome one bad thing.” 自译：作者们在研究鲍姆加特纳和其他人是如何逆转病态思维模式的过程中，提出了一个拇指法则：“克服一件坏事的影响需要四件好事。” 参考：两位作者开始研究鲍姆加特纳和其他人是如何逆转病态的思维模式的，过程中他们提出了一条经验法则：“克服一件坏事的影响需要四件好事。” Morbid 这个单词，中文解释是“病态的”，看英文更好理解一点：used to describe anyone who spends too much time thinking about death or disease. 那么文中提到的 others 就表示一些花费过多时间思考死亡或疾病的群体。 Morbid 这个单词来源于词根 morbidus，意思是“diseased”或者“sick”，除了形容人外，还可用于形容物，比如，“如果你把墓碑挂在墙上，你的艺术品位也可能被描述为病态”，If you hang tombstones on your walls, your taste in art could also be described asmorbid. 在本段中，运用了一个俚语，Rule of thumb，表示“经验之谈；经验法则”的意思，英文解释：a pratical and approximate way of doing or measuring something，“有个方便实用的估算方法，即两把生米够一人吃的量”，A good rule of thumb is that a portion of rice is two handfuls. 再比如，“如果有人伤心，有个实用方法，给她看电视剧《大主宰》就好了。”If someone is sad, there is a wonderful rule of thumb to show her or him the TV series "The Great Master" starring RoyWang.（亲测有用） Set out 主要有两个意思：【文中采取第一个意思】 To start an activity with a particular aim （怀着特定目的）开始，着手 She set out with the aim of Amwaying TV series "The Great Master" to the people around her.她努力的目标就是向周围人安利超级好看的电视剧《大主宰》。 [ + to do sth. ] Many Doctors set out to discover a cure for the new coronavirus.许多医生开始寻找一种治愈新型冠状病毒的方法。 2. To start a jouney 出发，启程 Accordingly, they are less keen onaccentuatinglife’s positives than on trying tomuffle its negatives.In part that meansreframing adversity, like wounded soldiers who view injury “not as something that shattered their plans but as something that started them on a new path”. 自译：于是，相比较强调生活的积极态度，他们更热衷于尝试消除负面影响。这意味着克服逆境，就像受伤的士兵，将受伤看作是重新开始一段新的路程而不是打乱了他们的计划。 参考：相应地，他们不太热衷于强调生活的积极面，而更注重积极去降低消极面的影响。在某种程度上，这意味着要重新审视逆境，就像受伤的士兵认为负伤“不是打碎了他们的计划，而是推动他们走上了一条新的道路”。 错误点：accordingly 翻译不准确；最后一句引号中内容翻译时没有强调。 Than 为连词，引导比较状语从句，句子有省略；第一个 that 为指示代词，who 为关系代词，引导定语从句，句中含有 not…but… 并列结构，意为“不是……而是……”；第二个 that 为关系代词，引导定语从句。 Accentuate life's positives 与  muffle its negatives 是一对相反的意思，其中 accentuate 意思是“着重，强调；使明显”，英文释义为：to emphasize particular feature of something or to make something more noticeable. 例如，“她的裙子衣袋系得很紧，凸显出苗条的腰身”可以这样说：Her dress was tightly belted, accentuating the slimness of her waist. 后一个动词 muffle 有两层意思，表意是“使（声音）变轻微（或低沉）[to make a sound quieter and less clear]”，例如，“这所房子装有双层玻璃以减弱飞机噪声的干扰”，The house has double-glazed windows to muffle the noise of aircraft. 文中使用的是它的引申义“削弱，使模糊[to make something less strong or clear]”。 因此，语段they are less keen on accentuating life's positives|| than on trying to muffle its negatives. 可以用英文解释为：They are less keen on emphasize life's positives than on trying to make its negatives less strong. 文中用 reframe adversity 表示“重新审视逆境”，用英文解释为：to change the way to consider unlucky situations or events. 积累到一个表示“逆境”的新词：adversity [in the sense of hardship]，其同义词还有：hardship, trouble, distress, suffering, trial, disaster, reverse, hard times, sorrow, catastrophe, woe, misfortune, bad luck, deep water, calamity, mishap, affliction, ill-fortune, ill-luck 对于 deep water，我们通常说的“水深火热”可以用到这个词：deep water and scorching fire。 Shatter their plans，参考翻译为“打碎他们的计划”，其中 shatter 的意思为：to end or severely damage something，严重破坏某事。“这本书击碎了她对罗马人的一切幻想”The book shattered all her illusions about the Romans. 有时也可用于打破宁静，例如“吵闹的摩托声打破了宁静/平静/静谧”, Noisy motorbikes shattered the peace/calm/stillness. 有时候，我们或许经历着谷底，但换个角度看，生活也就不那么难熬，「人如果一直敷衍地生活，很容易觉得时间飞逝而自己一事无成；如果偶尔经历一些难熬的瞬间，就能稍微抓住些时光的痕迹」（引自《环球人物》专栏《王源说》） Sometimes, we may in the deep water, but from another perspective, life is not so hard. "If people live perfunctorily all the time, it's easy to feel that time flies and they can't achieve anything; if they occasionally experience some adversities and try to muffle its negatives, maybe they can grasp some traces of time".(quoted from the global people column "RoyWang Said") On a more parochial note, they advise that people who have to deal with rude customers finish every encounter, no matter how bruising, with a positive gesture— and that if you are likely to be on the receiving end of reviews, you should get a friend to summarise them, to avoid direct exposure to indelibly hurtful phrases. 自译：在更具体的警示上，他们建议人们在与粗鲁的顾客打交道时都以积极的姿势结束商谈，不管事情有多糟糕——如果你可能是接受评价的一方，你需要找一个朋友去做总结，去避免直接接触不能消灭的会让你受伤的话语。 参考：在一个更具体的情境中，他们建议那些不得不与粗鲁的顾客打交道的人以积极的姿态结束每一次接触，不管刚刚的经历有多么让人受伤——另外，如果你很有可能是要接受评价的一方，那你应该找一个朋友替你来总结评语，从而避免直接接触到那些可能会造成不可磨灭的伤害的恶言恶语。 第一个 that 为连词，引导宾语从句；who 为关系代词，引导定语从句；no matter 引导让步状语从句；to summarize 为不定式，作宾语补足语（或称复合宾语）。 On a more parochial note，“在一个更具体的情境中”，parochial 有两层意思，第一层是“教区的”，parochial boundaries 就是“堂区分界线”的意思；文中采取的是它第二层意思，“showing interest only in a narrow range of matters, especially those that directly affect yourself, your town, or your country，偏狭的，尤其是自己或者地方观念的”，这里翻译成“在一个更狭隘的情境中”就有点别扭，结合上下文，所以翻译成“在一个更具体的情境中”。 通常我们说“打交道”用的都是：to come into contact with 或者 to have dealings，文中用的是：to deal with sb.  这个短语特用于在工作上与某人打交道，后面也可以接 sth，意思是“处理，动手解决 [to take action in order to achieve something or in order to solve a problem]”，例如：General enquiries are dealt with by our head office. （普通的咨询由我们总部来解决。） Indelibly hurtful phrases，不可磨灭的恶言恶语。Indelible 本义是指“洗不掉的[an indelible mark or substance is impossible to remove by washing or in any other way]”，例如，洗不掉的墨水渍，indelible ink. 这里使用的是引申义“（记忆或行为）不可磨灭的[indelible memories or actions are impossible to forget, or have a permanent influence or effect]”，“这一次的疫情给全国人民留下了不可磨灭的印象”， This outbreak of coronavirus makes an indelible impression for our country. A few of the authors’ tips are bland:keep to a minimum your dealings with any colleague who is clearly a bad apple, “make time for nostalgia” and in dark moments try repeating the analgesic phrase, “This too shall pass.” 自译：作者的某些建议很温和：减少与任何事害群之马的同事打交道，“找点时间怀旧”和在黑暗的时刻，尝试反复念叨安慰的话语，“这些都会过去的。” 参考：作者的某些建议平淡无奇：尽量少和任何明显是害群之马的同事打交道；“腾出时间怀旧”；在黑暗时刻试着反复默念能够抚慰伤痛的话语——“都会过去的。” 本段采用一般现在时；Keep 开头为祈使句，to a minimum 为介词短语作状语，被移位到宾语之前；who 为关系代词，引导定语从句。 bland：not having a strong taste or character or not showing any interest or energy 无滋味的；枯燥乏味的，没精打采的，“在枯燥乏味的日子，看看王源主演的电视剧《大主宰》成了我为数不多的乐趣”，On the bland days, watching the TV series "The Great Master" starred by RoyWang become one of my few pleasures. A bad apple，害群之马；a bad apple spoils the barrel 一粒老鼠屎坏了一锅汤（one grain of rat feces ruins the whole pot of porridge.） More often, though, their tone is challenging. They believe that higher education, after decades of enfeeblement by exaggerated anxieties about student well-being, should embrace a policy of “less carrot and more stick”. 自译：但更多时候，他们的论调具有挑战性。他们认为几十年来，高等教育对学生的未来太过焦虑，应采取措施“少给胡萝卜，多些棍棒。” 参考：不过更多时候，他们的论调很挑战人们的认知。他们认为，几十年来，高等教育对学生的福祉焦虑过度，以致自身衰弱无力，如今应采取“少给些胡萝卜，多来些大棒”的政策。 enfeeble：to make someone or something very weak 使衰弱；使无力 Embrace a policy，采取措施。Embrace 在这里是“采纳[to accept something enthusiastically]”的意思，“这样的机会他是求之不得的”，This was an opportunity that he would embrace. Public debate, they argue, tends to be shaped by people whose livelihood depends on amplifying the chances of catastrophe. Thus the commentariat offers rivetingly grim pieces about the risks of opioid pain-relievers, but fails to acknowledge their benefits. 参考：他们指出，有些人的生计就是靠夸大灾难事件发生的概率，而能够影响公共辩论的往往正是这种人。因此，时事评论员的报道都在说阿片类镇痛药物的风险如何之大——而不愿承认这类药物的益处。 To be shaped 为不定式，作宾语，采用被动语态；whose 引导定语从句；offers 为双宾动词作谓语，采用一般现在时，rivetingly 为间接宾语，pieces 为直接宾语；to acknowledge 为不定式作宾语。 Public debate，公开争论。“这个问题早就为大众所争论不休了”，This issue is long overdue for a public debate. Amplify 本意是“to make something louder，扩大（声音）”，例如：amplified music/guitar，经过扩音的音乐/带有扩音设备的电吉他。另一层意思是“to increase the size or effect of something，增强”，“葬礼可以渲染生者痛失亲人的哀悼之情”，A funeral can amplify the feelings of regret and loss for the relatives. At times, such judgments on supposedly overblown negativity may strike readers as a touch blasé (the authors reckon a patient’s risk of addiction to opioids is “probably less than one or two percent”). 自译：有时，过于消极的判断会让读者感到厌倦（作者们认为患者对阿片类药物上瘾的风险“或许少于1%或2%”）。 参考：有时，这种对于“过度消极”的判断可能会让读者感到一丝冷漠（作者认为患者对阿片类药物上瘾的风险“可能不到1%或2%”）。 The pair are at their most bracing when, instead of lambasting the doomsayers,they extol “the upside of bad” and the power of negative experiences “to sharpen the mind and energise the will”. 自译：替代抨击末日预言家，他们赞扬“坏事的积极面”和消极经历“磨砺头脑和激发意志力”的力量。 参考：但当他们选择不去痛斥末日预言家，而是赞美“坏事的积极面”和消极经历“磨砺头脑和激发意志力”的力量时，还是相当让人精神一振。 At their most bracing，相当让人精神一振。其中 bracing 表示“（空气或活动）清新的”，英文释义是：(of weather) cold and perhaps windy; (of an activity) making you feel full of energy because it is done outside when the weather is cold and perhaps windy.例如，“我们在沙滩上散步，感到心旷神怡”，We enjoyed a bracing walk on the beach. It has to be said, though, that some of those upsides come with titanic quantities of downside. At one point, they approvingly cite Samuel Johnson’s macabre observation that “when a man knows he is to be hanged in a fortnight, it concentrates his mind wonderfully.” 自译：然而，不得不说的是，他们所说的积极面是从巨大的消极面中获得。在某一点，他们引用了塞缪尔·约翰逊惊人的观察：“当一个人知道他两周内会被绞死，他的思想就集中了。” 参考：然而不得不提的是，他们所说的积极面有些要从极其巨大的消极面中才能获得。在书中某一处，他们赞许地引用了塞缪尔·约翰逊令人恐怖的心得：“当一个人知道他两周内就会被绞死时，他的思想就变得高度集中了。” 错误点：单词太多不认识；语句翻译不通顺。 进入公/众/号：分享给你我生活，查看更多

《经济学人》（英文名：The Economist，中文名又叫：经济学家）于1843年在英国伦敦建刊，以独立和全球化的视角著称。《经济学人》每周四晚上在世界六个地方同步印刷，每周六全球同步出版，同时于当天晚些时候在网上更新最新一期的内容，4-5期/月。《经济学人》是一本完全国际化期刊，其中80%的发行量来自英国之外。 自建刊以来，《经济学人》一直秉承其创建者James Wilson的办刊原则。在创刊计划书中James Wilson写到：“我们真诚的相信，自由贸易和自由交往在全世界传播文明和道德的作用是其他任何现有的媒介无法比拟的” 。但杂志的第三任主编Walter Bagehot才是使《经济学人》杂志发扬光大的人。他使杂志的触角向政治问题延伸。现在，《经济学人》的文章不仅涉及时势、商业、金融和经济，还涉及到科学、技术和艺术。无论主题是什么，《经济学人》的独立、坦率、简练和尊重事实的品质使其与众不同。 《The Economist》字体底色鲜红，客观公正是《经济学家》杂志的的生命所在。公司的构成禁止任何组织或个人获得杂志半数以上的持股权。该杂志所有的文章都不署名，皆由集体创作，就象它的主编们认为的那样：写出什么样的东西，比出自谁的手笔更重要。 《经济学人》文章除了一些我们不熟悉的题材外，其中的大多数文章写得机智、幽默、有力度。这些优点是任何一家英文主流报刊所不能比拟的。只要你有4000左右的词汇量，读起来都不会有太多的不适应感。官方网址为：。另外，最重要的是历年考研英语阅读真题很多文章来自《经济学人》杂志，这点对要参加考研词友而言太关键了。点击下载：2007年07月21日《经济学人》The Economist原版英文杂志下载注意： 1、以上内容每周一定时更新，更多内容请到这里去下载。 2、以上文件都是PDF格式，需要Adobe Reader 7.0以上版本才能打开，如果打不开说明你的版本太低，点击这里下载Adobe Reader 最新版本！