中西方花语比较研究论文

道可道非常道名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。学者梁燕城访谈：太初有道、道(Logos)是信息的意思。神的话成为万有的根据，也成为万有的规律。当代的量子力学就非常奇妙地发现，万有事实上是根据很多信息的秩序组成。这主要是由戴维•玻姆（DavidBohm）,著名的量子力学大师提出说：万有有一个看不见的秩序，叫“ImplicateOrder”，里面都是非常复杂的信息系统，造成我们看见的秩序，叫作“ExplicateOrder”。中文“道”这个字也有信息、语言的意思。老子那个时候非常奇妙地体会到，宇宙背后是有真理的信息存在。《庄子》里面提到：“夫道，有情有信”。从前后文里还可以看到，庄子心中的神是有位格的。这个传统一直到1911年，就是上帝是没有形像的。天坛里没有偶像，祈年殿里一个偶像都没有，里面只有一个牌子，叫“皇天上帝”。中国祖先本来就相信无形的上帝，老子、庄子事实上是继承这个传统而来。这正是《圣经》里的内容，上帝是个灵、而且恨恶世人崇拜偶像。在牛津的博德莱安图书馆里有一份手稿，作者名叫马斯——乌迪。他在这份手稿中宣称所谓胡夫的金字塔是埃及王苏里特叫人建造的，而这个苏里特是在大洪水前统治埃及的。根据其它文献记载，这位目光深远的苏里特王命令他的僧侣们，写下他们的全部常识，藏在金字塔里，给洪水后的人们留下必要的知识。《圣经》创世记前11章，关于人类早期共同史的记述，在中国古经中几乎都可以找到印证：《周易》也神秘地说：七日来复，天行也；《圣经》说：上帝造物的工已经完毕，就在第七日歇了他一切的工，安息了。《淮南子》上说：天下有四水，凡此四水者，帝之神泉，以和百药，以润万物；《圣经》说：伊甸园里有四条河，流出珍珠玛瑙。《山海经》上说：当初有不死树和圣树，圣树又叫睿木，“食之令人圣智也”；《圣经》说：伊甸园中有生命树和智慧树。《尚书》和《国语》上说：人犯了罪，上帝命令重黎堵绝天路，上下不相来往；《圣经》说：人类始祖贪吃了智慧树上的果子，被上帝赶出伊甸园，并有基路伯和火焰之剑，阻断了人神通路。《老子》说：天地之母，万物之根，众妙之源，从无中生有，乃天地之始；《庄子》说：有情有信，无为无形，可传而不可受，可得而不可见；《圣经》说：太初有道，道就是上帝，生命在他里头，这生命是人的光。一位伟大的学者在美国神学院读书时，发现《老子》与《圣经》有奇妙相通之处。老子的道，是自有永有者，造化养育者，超越者，启示者，生命者，公义者，拯救者，这七点很像上帝的属性。无神论者把道归于自然神，其实老子的道不乏人格特征，有信实、有恩德、有慈爱、有赏罚、能赦罪、能教化。更神奇的是，惜字如金的老子竟然着重笔墨描述一位道的化身圣人：自有永有者，造化养育者，超越者，启示者，生命者，公义者，拯救者。说他承袭上天大道的光明和永恒，来普救世人。知其荣、守其辱、知其白、守其黑、成为世人认识大道的中介。圣人秉持大道本像，普天下的人都前往归向他，领受平安。他外表粗卑、内怀宝贝，能将众人从过犯中领回来。最后，老子竟然暗示这位圣人要受辱受难，却作主作王，直到永远，是谁?查考世上所有的经典、教门的主子都对不上号，唯独道成肉身的耶稣基督非常酷似。这2500年前的古人是怎么知道《圣经》中“道成肉身的耶稣”的呢? 这的确是一个巨大的、神圣的、跨越时空的谜团。老子说：道是万物之主、是善人的宝贝、罪人的中保。美好的言辞固然可以博取尊荣、美好的行为固然使人得到敬重，然而人的不善怎能被剔除干净呢? 所以,就是立为天子,身为太师、太傅、太保，财宝无数、荣华加身，还不如坐进这大道里呢。古时候为什么重视道呢? 不就是因为在道里面，寻求就能得着，有罪可得赦免吗? 所以道是天下最宝贵的啊！老子的笔墨中展示给人间的不正是《圣经》中上帝的天国、耶稣的救赎吗? 《尚书》、《诗经》都记载着：中国人来自上帝。早在老子古经中便记载旧约《圣经》预言中的“耶稣”。而且两千多年来，举凡太平盛世，竟无一不是遵循了老子之学说。顺天道治国的皇帝，囊括了仅有的几百年辉煌时代。文景之治、光武中兴、贞观之治、开元之治等等。孔子倾注毕生心力宣扬敬天爱人的忠恕之道，当代多个皇帝均尊纯了老子“天道”的统治方式，那么老子的神学知识是那里来的呢？就目前世界不管任何一种教门的国家，他们的统治方式都在努力提高到上帝的道上来，这又是为什么?清皇康熙说：中国人的“上帝”就是真神，天不是物质的天。康熙亲临宣武教堂，题写了“敬天”和“万有真原”两副扁额，又作诗称颂耶稣：“功求十架血成溪，百丈恩流分自西。”在《生命之宝》一文中，康熙明确表示：“天门久为初人闭，福路全是圣子通。我愿接受神圣子，儿子明分得永生。”古人老子、孔子、孟子对“道”的认识，已如此入神境界，实令人难以置信。其代表着中国的古人，代表着中国的文化。他的“道”影响着整个中国尽至世界的每个人的行为和思想。可悲的是现今一辈自己不进去，却连急俗得到真知走进真理的下辈也挡在门口。而至今只能在未接触过这批“贵人”的最低层中找到蛛丝马迹：《广东新闻网》2011年10月21日10:12王华报道：10月13日晚，两岁女童小悦悦在佛山市某市场内被两辆车相继辗过，肇事车辆逃逸。18名路人陆续经过均对躺在地上奄奄一息的孩子视而不见。让人想不到的是，最后伸出援手的竟然是一位俗世里被视为生活在最底层的人，捡垃圾的阿婆。期间，阿婆想向附近店主要块纸皮为孩子遮挡有些凉意的秋雨，亦被拒绝。 历史以来，司机驾车交通肇事撞伤了人，伤者都是理直气壮责令司机赔偿，司机都是礼亏连连道歉。可是现今被车撞伤者爬起来就逃，问曰何故?答：我怕又是高校大三的大学生药家鑫！老辈人们看到读书人都会夸耀说：“读书人讲句话都特别有道理，不像我们斗大的字不识一箩筐的文盲，开口就只知道讲女人、男人那一点东西”。可是现今算是文化的中国，耳朵听到的、眼睛看见的，千篇一律。都是男人、女人的那个“爱”。或者几个男的争一个老婆、或者几个女的争一个老公。一夫多妻、一妻多夫，杀人的、放火的也是自家园子，通行无阻。现今的文化已经傻到随眼见到的都是胡编乱造，谎话连篇累牍，而真话却无处寻觅的朝代。当然聂耳、洗星海已经死了这是事实，但活着、真正有一定艺术水准、记录写实的近代作品也被挤到角落里，成了葱蒜。古人早已给后人作过警告，就汉字信息也明白罢着：一人二女则是“爽”字，不难发现一人两边颈上是4个“杀”字的头，按麻衣相法用语：即凶多没吉。你若认真地去看一下，也是斜着的罗马人死刑犯用的4个十字架；就国内而论，刚好是冲军犯人戴在头颈的一个枷(锁)。古人说：“万恶淫为首”，冲军路上小心“爽”死。60岁的粗人都知道，古人对这个字的造词指向是十分狭隘的，往往都只两个人、夜里床上才好轻声说的话，可怜的今天打开电视就能听到，“爽XX”、“XX爽”还作为光彩照人的时尚广告。什么话还讲不清楚、刚学说话的婴孩却先会“爽XX”！你若反对恐怕就得挨罚款，因为是国家批准当产品商标的。公安不辞辛苦天天在扫黄，而名牌的幼儿用、小儿科教片打开就听见“谈恋爱啦！” 2010年4月8日《杭州日报》B11版告诉人们：开发商的卖房广告：“卵巢寻找精子”、“如果你不能给她一个名分，那就送她一套房子”、手提红裙露出大腿的靓女画旁“要提，还要往上提”等雷人广告已经出现。60岁的人答不出的有关男女问题，现今6岁的孩童都能回答。不论看的、听的若不加上男的女的哪些事休想出版、上架。历史以来关于男、女哪些事，没有一个朝代能写得如此透彻、细腻，比现今更精粹了。若借着有把“靠椅”就是为了“机不可失”、调节一下精神，倒是情有可原，否则，哪中国的爱国人士该放声大哭了，它所折射的已不只是一付简单的中国画像。2009年8月6日《杭州日报》B7版文章：八岁儿子给他们女班长写情书；2007年3月9日《钱江晚报》A12版文章：11岁女孩遇害，谜底令人震惊，凶手今年12岁。文章说：11岁的小女孩就因为不接受12岁小男孩歪歪斜斜的“我爱你”三个字送了命。更可悲的是，党中央再三强调“社会和谐、人民稳定”的今天，“弱肉强食”斗争“进化论” 新、老剧本通行无阻，而历史悠久极力推行的孔子、孟子、老子优良传统的“天道”实体；世界上最古老的人类道德源头、中国文化背景；劝人为善、不要犯罪、否认地上“有神论”的《圣经》有关文章出版界成了一条不可碰的红线、上不了架。人啊! 一个失去了心灵的口头道德世界，用子弹是无法收服的。我国祖先文明建设靠的就是： 一直传到今天从未分离的“道德”二字，若没有了“道”还有什么“德”呢?

浅谈中西方语言、思维与文化差异的现代思考论文

摘要：以英、汉两种语言的形式和表达习惯为切入点, 进一步印证萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设有关语言决定思维并影响思维的基本结论。在二语习得中要注意两点:其一, 通晓外语首先要精通母语;其二, 中西各个领域长期、深入的交融, 可能造就出一大批从思维到行为上汉化的西方人和西化的中国人, 其前提是精通双语。

关键词：语言; 思维; 中西文化差异; 中西比较;

中西文化比较的根本应是透过众多中西文化差异的表象, 挖掘出这些差异的本质, 如是, 才有益于更准确地研究和把握好中西比较这一内涵丰富、纷繁复杂的课题。由此, 语言与思维的关系问题是中西文化比较之源, 换言之, 有关中西文化比较所有问题的研究, 都可能归结到两种语言及每一语言对各自使用者思维的影响这一维度上。

一、语言与思维的关系

“语言决定论”由萨皮尔提出, 指出语言不仅反映文化与行为, 而且与思维模式互相影响, 并由此得出“语言决定论”的结论, 认为语言决定思维模式, 语言的用法或结构会反映出人类的习惯或模式。“语言相对论”是萨皮尔的学生沃尔夫提出的, 认为语言不仅影响思维, 也同时影响认知。萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设提出迄今已有七十余年的历史。一直以来, 学界对该假说的评价众多, 批评之声尤甚。角度不同、研究对象迥异, 自然难有定论。不妨以汉语、英语两种语言的差异对其使用者思维方式的影响为例, 来探讨萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设的理论解释力。

1. 汉、英语言形式的差异对思维的影响

(1) 文字起源的差异。汉字源于象形文字通过其字形可引发意义上的联想。因此, 汉语有助于使用者形象思维能力的发展。英语属于拼音文字, 字形和意义没有直接的联系。为了清晰地表达思想和传递信息, 词与词之间需要形成特定的语法逻辑关系。因此, 对某一概念的认识必须遵循由定义到推理的思考过程, 这就促进了英语使用者抽象思维能力与逻辑思维能力的发展。

(2) 语言结构的差异。英语隶属印欧语系, 汉语则属于汉藏语系;英语结构紧凑, 汉语结构松散。英语中频繁使用关联词, 句子是由各种连接词衔接而成;汉语中则很少使用关联词, 句意的通顺依靠意义的连贯, 依靠体会和领悟字面之外的深意。由此可见, 英语语言结构呈现的是分析思维, 亦即逻辑思维;而汉语结构呈现的则更多是关联思维而非分析思维。

2. 汉、英语言习惯的差异对思维的影响

(1) 复合句语序的差异。英语注重形合, 即侧重形式, 注重结构严谨, 因此, 英语复合句的语序表现为以谓语动词为轴心, 运用各种形式的关联词, 把句子的其他成分嵌扣在主句的主谓结构前后, 呈现出由中心词向外扩展的空间图式;而汉语则体现为意合, 其复合句的语序多遵循时间顺序或事物发展过程, 体现为句子形式和表达内容的一致性。英、汉复合句语序的不同, 反映出的是英语的分析与逻辑思维和汉语的直觉思维之间的差异。

(2) 叙事顺序的不同。汉语叙述和说明事物的习惯是由大到小、由一般到特殊、由整体到局部, 其思维方式表现为发散型思维;英语叙事和说明事物时习惯于从特殊到一般、从个体到整体, 其思维方式表现为分析性思维。

(3) 语态使用的差别。英语的主动语态和被动语态同等重要, 句子主语的选择也不局限于人称主语;相反, 汉语中的句子通常以人称作主语, 以使用主动语态为主, 大量的被动句都习惯以主动形式表达。英语、汉语语言表达在语态使用习惯上的不同, 体现在思维上就是英语重逻辑、重客观思维, 而汉语则重主观思维。

(4) 语篇展开方式的差异。英语篇章的组织和发展呈直线型, 英语段落通常以主题句开头, 直截了当点明段落的主题, 接续的各句都围绕该主题展开, 属于典型的演绎与归纳型段落, 而汉语的篇章发展呈螺旋型, 篇章的主题绝大多数不通过直截了当的方式点明, 而是从各种角度间接阐述出来, 习惯于先分后总, 先因后果。英、汉语言语篇展开方式的不同, 表明英语思维是线性思维, 而汉语思维则是螺旋式思维。

3. 语言对思维的影响

基于前文对英、汉两种语言之间语言形式和语言习惯的差异所体现出的思维方式差别的比较与分析, 不难发现汉语的象形文字和英语的拼音文字从本源上决定了分别以汉语和英语为本族语的中国人与英、美等西方人思维方式上存在差异的必然性。象形文字所可能引发的形象思维、关联思维、发散思维、主观思维或直觉思维、螺旋式思维等, 都在汉语及其使用者方面得到体现;而拼音文字所可能带来的逻辑思维、抽象思维、分析性思维、线性思维等, 也都在英语及其使用者方面得以印证。由此看出, 至少就汉语、英语而言, 萨皮尔论述的“语言决定思维模式”不无道理。此外, 英、汉两种语言的语言形式及语言习惯对各自使用者思维的影响, 也在上文的比照中得到了充分的体现。因此, 语言决定思维也影响思维。

二、中西方语言与思维之比较

中国哲学方式偏好运用直觉体验的方式去获取和传达涵盖力极强、极灵活、为认识主体留有极大领悟空间的认识成果。西方的哲学思维则希望通过严密的逻辑推理去获得和传递精确可靠稳定的知识, 因而它重视规则的缜密, 力求避免认识主题理解和阐释对象时的任意性, 重视认识的客观性和同一性。

1. 语言与文化密不可分

美国语言学家C·克拉姆契曾经指出:“语言表达着、承载着, 也象征着文化现实, 两者不可分。”美国人类学家E·萨皮尔强调, 语言不能脱离文化而存在。即文化的载体是语言, 语言反映着文化。每一个民族都有自己创造的精神财富, 也有自己的独特历史、文化、宗教以及生活方式、风俗习惯和道德观念等。这些内容反映在语言中, 又通过语言予以表达与传播。不同民族的语言及其文化都有特殊的'表现形式和内容, 反映出的不仅是各自语言所代表的特定民族的历史传统、风土人情、宗教信仰等因素, 更是其观察世界、看待事物的思维模式及行为模式。

2. 中西文化差异更多源于英、汉语言之差异

文化差异的各类具象表现, 大多可归因为思维模式的不同。中国传统思维注重实践经验, 因而借助于直觉体会, 通过知觉从总体上模糊而直接地把握认识对象的内在本质和规律, 即“以经验为基础, 通过由此及彼的类别联系和意义涵摄, 沟通人与人, 人与物, 人与社会达到协同效应。”中国人对事物的认识只满足于对经验的总结和对现象的描述, 而不追求对感性认识的深层思考与对现象背后事物本质的哲学思辨。这种思维机制与生活保持着直接联系, 不向分析判断的抽象思辨发展。大自然呈现在自己面前的只是一个感性的现象世界, 不可分析, 只可感觉。而西方思维则具有浓厚的实证、理性和思辨的色彩。古希腊早期的哲学家们在自然界的各种观察和实验中渗透着理性思维与哲学思辨的成分, 在收集和整理材料的基础上, 利用理性思辨的力量对世界进行了解说。

基于萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设的“语言决定思维也影响思维”的理论, 比照两位学者总结的中西文化思维差异与前文探讨的英、汉语言不同引发的各自使用者思维方式的具体差异, 可以推论, “固定的思维模式”或“不同思维方式”主要源于语言的不同, 也就是说, 中西文化的差异更多地源于英、汉语言之差异。

三、结论

不同语言使用者因语言不同而存在思维模式的差别, 思维模式的差别导致行为方式的差异。沃尔夫认为:“我们关注的个体思维过程只能通过对该个体所说的语言进行深入的研究来确定。”所以, 中西文化比较应从语言比较入手, 语言差异应该是中西比较的始点也是归结点。吕叔湘先生曾指出:“对于中国学生有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别……尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较, 让他通过这种比较得到更深刻的领会。”因此, 在二语习得中要注意两点:其一, 通晓外语首先要精通母语;其二, 中西各个领域长期、深入的交融, 可能造就出一大批从思维到行为上汉化的西方人和西化的中国人, 其前提是精通双语。

参考文献

[1]申小龙.语言与文化的现代思考[M].郑州:河南人民出版社, 2000.

[2] and culture context in translating[M].Shangha:i Shanghai Foreign Language Educa-tion Press, 2007.

[3]爱德华·泰勒.原始文化[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社, 2005.

[4]HOFSTEDE ’sequences:comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations[M].Thousand Oaks, Cliffth:Sage Publications, 2001.

[5]B·L·沃尔夫.论语言、思维和现实[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社, 2001.

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隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。