国外关于研究广告的文献论文

英文电子书籍下载： 或者你去wiki上看online marketing的内容

Online advertisingOnline advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail advantage over traditional advertisingOne major benefit of online advertising is the immediate publishing of information and content that is not limited by geography or time. To that end, the emerging area of interactive advertising presents fresh challenges for advertisers who have hitherto adopted an interruptive benefit is the efficiency of advertiser's investment. Online advertising allows for the customization of advertisements, including content and posted websites. For example, AdWords and AdSense enable ads shown on relevant webpages or aside of search results of pre-chosen keywords. Another is the payment method. Whatever purchasing variation is selected, the payment is usually relative with audiences' variationsThe three most common ways in which online advertising is purchased are CPM, CPC, and (Cost Per Impression) is where advertisers pay for exposure of their message to a specific audience. CPM costs are priced per thousand impressions, or loads of an advertisement. However, some impressions may not be counted, such as a reload or internal user action. The M in the acronym is the Roman numeral for one thousand. CPV (Cost Per Visitor) or (Cost per View in the case of Pop Ups and Unders) is where advertisers pay for the delivery of a Targeted Visitor to the advertisers website. CPC (Cost Per Click) is also known as Pay per click (PPC). Advertisers pay each time a user clicks on their listing and is redirected to their website. They do not actually pay for the listing, but only when the listing is clicked on. This system allows advertising specialists to refine searches and gain information about their market. Under the Pay per click pricing system, advertisers pay for the right to be listed under a series of target rich words that direct relevant traffic to their website, and pay only when someone clicks on their listing which links directly to their website. CPC differs from CPV in that each click is paid for regardless of whether the user makes it to the target site. CPA (Cost Per Action) or (Cost Per Acquisition) advertising is performance based and is common in the affiliate marketing sector of the business. In this payment scheme, the publisher takes all the risk of running the ad, and the advertiser pays only for the amount of users who complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. This is the best type of rate to pay for banner advertisements and the worst type of rate to charge. Similarly, CPL (Cost Per Lead) advertising is identical to CPA advertising and is based on the user completing a form, registering for a newsletter or some other action that the merchant feels will lead to a sale. Also common, CPO (Cost Per Order) advertising is based on each time an order is transacted. Cost per conversion Describes the cost of acquiring a customer, typically calculated by dividing the total cost of an ad campaign by the number of conversions. The definition of "Conversion" varies depending on the situation: it is sometimes considered to be a lead, a sale, or a purchase. CPE (Cost Per Engagement) is a form of Cost Per Action pricing first introduced in March 2008. Differing from cost-per-impression or cost-per-click models, a CPE model means advertising impressions are free and advertisers pay only when a user engages with their specific ad unit. Engagement is defined as a user interacting with an ad in any number of ways.[1] Though, as seen above, the large majority of online advertising has a cost that is brought about by usage or interaction of an ad, there are a few other methods of advertising online that only require a one time payment. The Million Dollar Homepage is a very successful example of this. Visitors were able to pay $1 per pixel of advertising space and their advert would remain on the homepage for as long as the website exists with no extra ad: An ad which moves across the user's screen or floats above the content. Expanding ad: An ad which changes size and which may alter the contents of the webpage. Polite ad: A method by which a large ad will be downloaded in smaller pieces to minimize the disruption of the content being viewed Wallpaper ad: An ad which changes the background of the page being viewed. Trick banner: A banner ad that looks like a dialog box with buttons. It simulates an error message or an alert. Pop-up: A new window which opens in front of the current one, displaying an advertisement, or entire webpage. Pop-under: Similar to a Pop-Up except that the window is loaded or sent behind the current window so that the user does not see it until they close one or more active windows. Video ad: similar to a banner ad, except that instead of a static or animated image, actual moving video clips are displayed. Map ad: text or graphics linked from, and appearing in or over, a location on an electronic map such as on Google Maps. Mobile ad: an SMS text or multi-media message sent to a cell phone. In addition, ads containing streaming video or streaming audio are becoming very popular with advertisingLegitimate Email advertising or E-mail marketing is often known as "opt-in e-mail advertising" to distinguish it from marketingMain article: Affiliate marketingAffiliate marketing is a form of online advertising where advertisers place campaigns with a potentially large number of small (and large) publishers, whom are only paid media fees when traffic to the advertiser is garnered, and usually upon a specific measurable campaign result (a form, a sale, a sign-up, etc). Today, this is usually accomplished through contracting with an affiliate marketing was an invention by in 1994 and was excelled by when it launched its Affiliate Program, called Associate Program in 1996. The online retailer used its program to generate low cost brand exposure and provided at the same time small websites a way to earn some supplemental advertisingMany advertising networks display graphical or text-only ads that correspond to the keywords of an Internet search or to the content of the page on which the ad is shown. These ads are believed to have a greater chance of attracting a user, because they tend to share a similar context as the user's search query. For example, a search query for "flowers" might return an advertisement for a florist's newer technique is embedding keyword hyperlinks in an article which are sponsored by an advertiser. When a user follows the link, they are sent to a sponsor's targetingIn addition to contextual targeting, online advertising can be targeted based on a user's past clickstream. For example, if a user is known to have recently visited a number of automotive shopping / comparison sites based on clickstream analysis enabled by cookies stored on the user's computer, that user can then be served auto-related ads when they visit other, non-automotive and malwareThere is also class of advertising methods which may be considered unethical and perhaps even illegal. These include external applications which alter system settings (such as a browser's home page), spawn pop-ups, and insert advertisements into non-affiliated webpages. Such applications are usually labeled as spyware or adware. They may mask their questionable activities by performing a simple service, such as displaying the weather or providing a search bar. Some programs are effectively trojans. These applications are commonly designed so as to be difficult to remove or uninstall. The ever-increasing audience of online users, many of whom are not computer-savvy, frequently lack the knowledge and technical ability to protect themselves from these server market structureGiven below is a list of top ad server vendors in 2008 with figures in millions of viewers published in a Attributor Ad viewers Google 1,118 DoubleClick 1,079 Yahoo 362 MSN 309 AOL 156 Adbrite 73 Total 3,087 It should be noted that Google acquired DoubleClick in 2007 for a consideration of $3,100 million. The above survey was based on a sample of 68 million domains.网络广告维基百科，自由的百科全书跳转到: 导航, 搜索狭义的网络广告又被称为在线广告或者互联网广告；而广义的网络广告除了包括以计算机为核心组成的计算机网络为媒介的广告行为外，还包括其他所有以电子设备相互连接而组成的网络为媒介的广告行为，例如以无线电话网络，电子信息亭网络为载体的广告行为。在一般未做特殊说明的情况下，现在各资料所谈论的网络广告全指狭义网络广告。狭义网络广告与传统广告有很多类似的地方，也分为很多不同广告形式，拥有多种计费方式。常见的广告形式包括：横幅式广告（banner） 通栏式广告 弹出式广告（pop-up ads） 按钮式广告（button） 插播式广告（interstitial ads） 电子邮件广告（E-DirectMarketing,EDM） 赞助式广告（sponsorship） 分类广告（classified ads） 互动游戏式广告（interactive game） 软件端广告 文字链接广告（text ads） 浮动形广告（floting ads） 联播网广告 关键字广告 比对内容广告 常见的记费方式包括：按照千人印象成本（CPM）收费。 按照每点击成本（CPC）收费。 按照每行动成本（CPA）收费。 按照每回应成本（CPR）收费。 按照每购买成本（CPP）收费。 这些都是国际流行的收费模式。在中国和一些网络广告的发展中国家，则时常会采用以时间来购买的模式，如按每日投放成本收费，按每周投放成本收费等。对网络广告的研究显示，50%的网络广告点击是由6%的用户产生的。而且这个点击群体是一个缺乏购买力的群体，也很少进行网络购物[1]。

自从上次某X人验收我答案,主动说加分,却关闭问题后,我就再也不想给人找英文文献了...(因为你用的匿名,如果你是我说的那个人,请忽视我! ) 如果不是,请看下面,更多具体要求可说明,我再补充 1. Internet Advertising: Is Anybody Watching?(我有完整的45页PDF,可以传你) Abstract Click-through rates have emerged as the de facto measure of Internet advertising effectiveness. Unfortunately, click-through rates are plummeting. This decline prompts four critical questions: (1) why do banner ads seem to be ineffective; (2) what can advertisers do to improve their effectiveness; (3) does an immediate measure such as click-through rate undervalue online advertising; and, (4) are memory-based measures such as recall or awareness more appropriate? To address these questions, we utilized an eye-tracking device to investigate online surfers’ attention to online advertising. Then we conducted a large-scale survey of Internet users’ recall, recognition, and awareness of banner advertising. Our research suggests that the reason why click-through rates are low is that surfers actually avoid looking at banner ads during their online activities. This suggests that the larger part of a surfer’s processing of banners will be done at the pre-attentive level. If such is the case, click-through rate is an ineffective measure of banner ad performance. Our research also shows that banner ads do have an impact on traditional memory-based measure of effectiveness. Thus, we claim that advertisers should rely more on traditional brand equity measures such as brand awareness and advertising recall. Finally, our study shows that although repetition leads to lower click-through rates, it has a beneficial impact on brand awareness and advertising recall. 2. consumer attitudes towards Internet advertising

关于广告的论文

在平时的学习、工作中，大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧，借助论文可以有效训练我们运用理论和技能解决实际问题的的能力。怎么写论文才能避免踩雷呢？下面是我为大家整理的广告的论文，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

一、广告设计概念性分析

广告设计是指从创意到制作的整个中间过程，包括广告的主题、图形文字、创意、形象衬托等多个要素构的集合。广告设计的最终目的就是通过广告来达到吸引人们专注度及眼球的目的。

二、广告设计起源性分析

现存于英国伦敦博物馆的一张发现于埃及古城底比斯遗址的三千年前的寻人启事是目前世界上最早的广告。其实是中国宋朝时一家功夫针铺的一张印刷广告是中国最早的广告。而国外最早的印刷广告则发现于1471年的英国一家售书海报。

广告发展到今天，供其发布的媒体更加丰富，形形色色的广告随处可见，只要人们所在之处、所经之地，无论是看到、听到的，广告几乎无处不在。没有一种传播手段能像广告这样，在画面中迅速而有效地传达具有丰富个性化的思想内涵。以往“广而告之”的初级阶段广告已经不复存在，现今的广告已经不单单是一种“告知”，它受到了广播、报纸、电视、杂志、数字媒体、网络等多种媒体资源，运用其强烈的视觉冲击力，特有的大小画面，卓越的创意构思，形成了现代广告的主要特征。广告设计的灵魂离不开彰显个性的构思，出奇制胜的手法，使结果有意想不到的效果的创意，没有创意的广告只是简单的告知，只是没有生气的信息堆积。例如，某些房地产广告盲目跟风、概念雷同、翻版随处可见,这种举措让原本非常注重创新的行业导致形象渐渐模糊。

三、新时期广告设计思维分析

首先，横向思维的产生。横向思维有助于我们通过众多不同的解题途径和思路入手，能使我们摆脱旧有的思维模式和思维习惯，它可作为纵向思维的对立方式，给人以新的启迪。从美术创作的角度看，如不同构图方法的表现、不同题材内容的选择、不同工具材料的运用等形式都是要运用横向思维来创作。

其次，求异思维的产生。逆向思维是求异思维的一种重要形式，也是众多创造性思维成果诞生的重要运思策略。这也是相对于常规思维来说的，从而突破传统观念和习惯势力的禁锢，其思维活动的要诀在于不受任何框架、模式的约束，从新的角度认识问题，以新的思路、新的方法解决难题，创造更美好的东西。从美术创作的角度分析，假如把花的生长或凋谢过程完美的呈现出来，可以把正视、仰视、俯视等多种角度效果向结合的展示在作品中等等，这些形式都是要运用求异思维来创作完成的。

最后，想象思维也是创造性思维的主要表现形式之一。想象思维的出现是人体大脑通过形象化的概括作用，对脑内已有的记忆表象进行加工、改造或重组的思维活动。想象思维可以说是人脑借助表象进行加工操作的最主要形式，是人类进行创新及其活动的重要的思维形式，使其形象思维更加具体化。想象思维主要由再造想象思维、创造想象思维两部分构成。在头脑中主体在经验记忆的基础上，再现客观事物的表象是指的再造想象思维，创造想象思维更加丰满，再现现成事物的同时，创造出全新的形象。假如在美术创作的角度上分析，如过要创作人在飞翔，可以充分发挥想象空间，地球被人握在掌心，也可以创作动植物组合成新的生物等等，这些形式都是要运用无尽的想象思维空间来创作。

四、市场经济下广告设计方法分析

首先，市场是企业兴衰成败的关键，广告设计要适应产品市场宣传，任何一种产品都不可能完全适应整个市场的需要，企业要高度重视市场的调查研究，产品市场宽广多样，依据目标市场制定相应的宣传手段和宣传策略，找准目标市场，深入了解目标市场的特征是企业的当务之急，在此基础上才可能获得最佳广告效益。

其次，一件好的广告作品应该是物质和精神的结合体，要了解产品消费者心理，必须了解消费者的心理状况，依据不同地域、不同文化、不同层次的消费人群，制定不同特色的广告，使消费者在接受产品信息的同时，还能体验到欣赏商品的愉悦感和满足感，从而加深对广告的印象，提升广告的效果。因此，从广告审美角度分析消费者接受心理，对于广告效果研究很有好处。

另外，为了使广告效果更加形象具体、更加富有视觉冲击力和感染力，在合乎情理的情况下，广告设计要结合市场需求通过夸张、象征、对比、幽默等手法来渲染和烘托主题，提高观众对广告的认知和感悟程度，广告设计往往追求奇特和标新立异，给观众留下深刻的印象，以此来吸引观众的眼球，从而达到促进产品销售的目的。因此，广告创意是整个广告的灵魂，它体现了创意者的审美境界与价值取向。所谓广告创意就是对广告主题、内容和表现形式所进行的.观念性和新颖性的文化构思，广告人通过想象、组合和缔造对广告创作对象所进行的创造性思维活动，使广告对象的潜在现实属性升华为社会公众所能感受到的具体形象。创意有时是一句能打动消费者的广告语，有时会是一个能唤起消费者愉悦心理的眼神或笑容，创意有时候又是一个既能反映广告主要经营理念和产品特色，又为品牌树立独特风格的标志等等，创意看似简单，其实好的创意更为复杂。

最后，杰出的广告创意需要付出艰苦的思维劳动，有些广告创意以有趣的搞怪的甚至出人意料的方式来达到表达、传递广告诉求的目的。众所周知，麦当劳在中国市场推出的一系列广告都收到了良好的效果，它所呈现的所有广告信息都只阐述一个“美味”。麦当劳的几版电视广告都十分的具有与生俱来的戏剧性的广告创意哲学。其中一版广告片中，婴儿躺在摇篮时而欢笑，时而哭闹，令人感到费解。答案在片尾部分出现：原来每当摇篮晃到麦当劳拱门标志时，婴儿就高兴，拱门离开婴儿视线，他就啼哭。这部短短几秒钟的广告看似简单，却给人意想不到的戏剧性创意，对麦当劳标志发自本性的喜爱，使观众看完后，在惊叹叫绝的同时又会开心地乐意接受，从中我们领略到了广告艺术的独特魅力，这就是广告体现出来的自然的创造性，它来源于生活又高于生活，让人意想不到却又都在情理之中。因此，一个成功的广告创意设计是否能抓住观众的视线，并使观众对其内容情节或者画面，或者背景音乐念念不忘，深深记在心里，多产品本身记忆更加深刻。

结束语：

言而总之，一个好的广告设计师在行业竞争激烈的今天，要想在自己的行业中站稳脚跟，就必须突破以往固定思维，要与时俱进，在保留自己的特色风格的基础上，不断发散思维进行创新，才可以保证屹立在广告设计的浪潮中。

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关于网络广告的特点与分类 网络广告，在之前很长一段时间里，都是网站盈利的唯一途径，虽然后来SP收入、网络游戏收入等异军突起。但是网络广告的收入，依然是各个网站最稳定和重要的收入来源。网络广告的这一特点，在个人网站上的体现更为明显，很多个人网站，网络广告的收入是其唯一的收入来源。网络广告的分类，可以按照投放目的、投放形式两种划分方法：一、投放目的按照投放目的划分方法，是以网络广告投放最终的需求来分类的。一般而言可以分为:1、信息传播类信息传播类的广告，其目的是将某个消息传播出去，其目的主要是将新产品上市的信息让更多的人知道。比如SOHU的新年新打算博客征文的广告，就是信息传播类的广告。信息传播类的广告的效果衡量标准根据广告的具体内容有一些区别，如果信息属于网络的内容，那么点击效果（包括点击量、点击有效性等）是衡量的主要标准。如果信息是属于一个传统的活动（比如某商场开业酬宾），那么他的效果比较难评估，一般的办法是将这个活动的一些属性提取出来，成为网络内容（比如提供一个有奖网络调查、活动的网络报名）。2、品牌广告类品牌广告，是针对某一个品牌进行的宣传，其目的是为了提升品牌的知名度和美誉度。比如爱立信在通信世界网上投放的介绍自己业绩的广告，就是属于品牌广告。网络上的品牌广告的衡量标准，可以通过点击效果和互动活动来综合衡量。另外，这类广告的投放也有讲究。因为属于品牌广告，其投放地点将直接影响投放的效果。这个就好像公厕人流量最大，但是那个公司都不愿意在这里投放广告的道理是一样的。3、销售/引导类广告销售类广告，目的就是为了销售出去产品。比如我们经常看到的SP的图铃广告都可以归到这类里边去。销售类广告，如果现售的产品是网络产品，那么可以通过实际的销售结果进行衡量。这类广告是属于“抓到老鼠就是好猫”的一类广告，一般不管投放到什么地方去，只要能卖出去东西就可以。不过，这也带来的挂羊头卖狗肉的情况发生。比如SP的包月服务，经常被挂着一些“色情”的头去欺用户。二、投放形式随着网络广告的不断发展，网络广告的投放形式也不断翻新。据我所知，现在的网络广告形式有以下几种：1、固定位置广告固定位置的广告形式是最早采用，也是最常见的广告形式。他的特点是，在某一个或者某一类页面的相对固定位置放置广告。这种广告，一般是定期更换，手工或者自动的通过统一的系统进行投放。广告由广告主与网站主协商确定，与内容无关。2、上下文相关广告上下文相关广告，是在固定位置广告的基础上，增加广告与上下文的相关性，由广告投放平台通过分析投放广告的页面内容，然后从广告库中提取出相关的广告进行投放。上下文相关广告最早是GOOGLE开始推出，后来，百度、SOGOU等都相近推出。3、弹出广告弹出广告的历史之比固定未知广告晚一些。弹出广告早期是在页面打开的时候，使用JS代码打开新窗口的方式显示广告。后来，逐步的有所变化：（1）、JS打开的窗口，不在是一个广告窗口，而直接是内容页面；（2）、部分弹窗广告采取后弹模式，也就是说，当页面载入完成后弹在当前页面后。（3）、部分弹窗广告采取关闭触发的模式，也就是说，当用户关闭窗口，或者离开当前页面的时候弹出；弹出广告，严重影响用户的访问体验，但是，因为其对ALEXA排名的提升，对宣传效果的突出，使很多广告主对此很是喜爱，价格也比较高。所以弹出广告一直没有被杜绝。4、内文提示广告内文提示广告，也叫“划词广告”，即在内文中，划出一些关键字，然后当鼠标移动到上边的时候，使用提示窗口的方式显示相关的广告内容。这种广告形式，比较新颖。广告平台我所知的是宏界。这种广告比较有特色的是：1、与上下文相关；2、不占用页面未知；5、插件/工具条安装广告随着网络的发展，很多插件、工具条为了获得大量的用户基础，开始有了推广的需求。软件/插件安装广告即应允而生。早期的插件/工具条的安装，都会有明确的提示，因为部分用户对网络知识的了解匮乏，以及对网站的信任。安装率非常高，后来随着插件的泛滥，以及插件给电脑本身带来的危害，用户开始拒绝插件安装。后期的插件开始使用病毒手段，在不提示的情况下，强制安装。随着舆论的声讨，以及插件服务商之间的争斗，垃圾插件被广泛的质疑。插件/工具条安装广告也开始逐步走向没落，但是在一定范围内，特别是部分个人网站上仍然存在。——文章写的粗糙，希望能够抛砖引玉。