国贸论文英文文献

国际贸易毕业论文参考文献

大学生活又即将即将结束，众所周知毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有计划的、比较正规的检验大学学习成果的形式，那么应当如何写毕业论文呢？以下是我帮大家整理的国际贸易毕业论文参考文献，希望对大家有所帮助。

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[8]饶燕.知识产权保护对国际技术扩散途径的门槛回归分析[D]].硕士学位论文，浙江工业大学，2007

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[12]熊晶晶,史本山. 外商直接投资的技术溢出机理研究[J]. 商业研究, 2006,(22) .

[13]陈涛涛，宋爽.影响外商直接投资行业内溢出效应的政策要素研究[J].金融研究，2005(5):56-66

[14]崔到陵，任志成.外国，[J].国际贸易问题，2006(3):87-93

[15]代谦，别朝霞.外国直接投资、人力资本与经济增长:来自中国的.数据[J].经济论坛，2006(4):59-65

[1]李丽.低碳经济对国际贸易规则的影响及中国的对策[J].财贸经济,2014.

[2]郭璟坤.论低碳经济对国际贸易规则的影响及中国的对策[J].中国管理信息化,2015.

[3]王舒.低碳经济对国际贸易的影响及中国的对策[J].当代经济,2011.

[4]龙宁曲.低碳经济对国际贸易规则的影响及中国的对策[J].现代经济信息,2015.

[5]郑欢.探讨低碳经济对国际贸易规则的影响及中国的对策[J].现代经济信息,2016.

[6]刘琦.低碳经济环境下的国际贸易发展态势探讨[J].湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版),2014(12).

[7]王杰.低碳经济对国际贸易发展的影响[J].北方经贸,2014(03).

[8]谢守红,薛红芳,徐西原.低碳经济与国际贸易结构转型研究综述[J].世界地理研究,2013(02).

[9]龙宁曲.低碳经济对国际贸易规则的影响及中国的对策[J].现代经济信息,2015,(23)

[10]丁黎.低碳背景下我国国际贸易与环境保护协同发展研究[J].河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,02:67-72+92-93.

[11]郭璟坤.论低碳经济对国际贸易规则的影响及中国的对策[J].中国管理信息化,2015,(22)

[12]孙丹,谭芹兰.低碳经济背景下我国国际物流发展的问题及策略研究[J].中国商论,2015,07:88-90.

[13]郑峥.国际贸易规则视角下低碳经济对我国对外贸易的影响[J].商业经济研究,2016,06:145-146.

[14]王旭坤.基于低碳经济国际贸易规则重塑下的我国对策分析[J].现代商业,2016,11:57-58.

[15]刘佳佳.试分析低碳经济对国际贸易规则的影响及我国的策略[J].商场现代化,2016,15:1-2.

感觉相关的就行吧,这是我今天刚交老师的Solidarity tradeThe current fair trade movement was shaped in Europe in the 1960s. Fair trade during that period was often seen as a political gesture against neo-imperialism: radical student movements began targeting multinational corporations and concerns that traditional business models were fundamentally flawed started to emerge. The slogan at the time, “Trade not Aid”, gained international recognition in 1968 when it was adopted by the UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) to put the emphasis on the establishment of fair trade relations with the developing world. The year 1965 saw the creation of the first Alternative Trading Organization (ATO): that year, British NGO Oxfam launched "Helping-by-Selling", a program which sold imported handicrafts in Oxfam stores in the UK and from mail-order catalogues. In 1969, the first Worldshop opened its doors in the Netherlands. The initiative aimed at bringing the principles of fair trade to the retail sector by selling almost exclusively goods produced under fair trade terms in “underdeveloped regions”. The first shop was run by volunteers and was so successful that dozens of similar shops soon went into business in the Benelux countries, Germany, and in other Western European the 1960s and 1970s, important segments of the fair trade movement worked to find markets for products from countries that were excluded from the mainstream trading channels for political reasons. Thousands of volunteers sold coffee from Angola and Nicaragua in Worldshops, in the back of churches, from their homes, and from stands in public places, using the products as a vehicle to deliver their message: give disadvantaged producers in developing countries a fair chance on the world’s market, and support their self-determined sustainable development. The alternative trade movement blossomed, if not in sales, then at least in terms of dozens of ATOs being established on both sides of the Atlantic, of scores of Worldshops being set up, and of well-organized actions and campaigns attacking exploitation and foreign domination, and promoting the ideals of Nelson Mandela, Julius Nyerere, and the Nicaraguan Sandinistas: the right to independence and self-determination, to equitable access to the world’s markets and consumers. 团结贸易现今公平贸易运动形塑于1960年代的欧洲，公平贸易于这时期通常被视为一种反抗新帝国主义的政治姿态，基进的学生运动开始关注跨国公司，并出现了一种认为传统商业模式基本上是有缺陷的共识，那时的口号“贸易，而非援助”(Trade not Aid)，被1968年所召开的联合国贸易及发展会议（United Nations Conference on Trade and Development，简称UNCTAD）所采用，并得到国际认同，会议中强调与发展中世界建立公平的贸易关系。1965年诞生了第一个另类贸易组织（Alternative Trading Organization，简称ATD）：那年，英国的非政府组织乐施会(Oxfam)发起了”以销售来帮忙”(Helping-by-Selling)的活动，一个以邮购及在乐施会商店销售进口手工艺品的计划。1969年，第一个“世界商店”在荷兰开张，这个开创性的构想，是以销售符合公平贸易规则的“发展中区域”的产品，将公平贸易的法则带入零售部门，第一个商店由志工营运，非常成功，之后数十个类似的商店开始在比利时、荷兰、卢森堡及德国等其他西欧国家开始营业。在1960和1970年代，公平贸易运动里很重要的部份是，为那些因为政治因素而被排斥于主流贸易管道的国家，协助他们的产品寻找市场。数千名志工在教会后面和世界商店销售来自安哥拉及尼加拉瓜的咖啡豆，以这些产品从家里和公共场所的摊位传达一个讯息：给那些来自发展中国家的弱势生产者一个公平的机会，就是支持他们自主的永续发展。另类贸易活动的盛行，若不从贸易量来说，至少以在数量上，有数十个另类贸易组织（ATO）在大西洋两岸成立，同时随着世界商店的扩张，有许多计划性的行动与专案，抨击国际间的剥削与支配的现象，宣扬著曼德拉、朱利叶斯•尼雷尔及尼加拉瓜桑定政权的理念：自主及独立的权利，与接触全球市场及消费者的公平管道。

1. Risk-Based Capital Standards and the Riskiness of Bank Portfolios: Credit and Factor Risks [] Steven R. Grenadier & Brian J. Hall1995 Downloadable (with restrictions)! Bank risk-based capital (RBC) standards require banks to hold differing amounts of capital for different classes of assets, based almost entirely on a credit risk criterion. The paper provides both a theoretical and empirical framework for evaluating such standards. A model outlining a pricing methodology for loans subject to default risk is presented. The model shows that the returns on such loans are affected by the complicated interaction of the likelihood of default, the consequences of default, term structure variables, and the pricing of factor risks in the economy. When we examine whether the risk weights accurately reflect bank asset risk, we find that the weights fail even in their limited goal of correctly quantifying credit risk. For example, our findings indicate that the RBC weights overpenalize home mortgages, which have an average credit loss of 13 basis points, relative to commercial and consumer loans. The RBC rules also contain a significant bias agains 2. Pricing Derivatives on Financial Securities Subject to Credit Risk [] Jarrow, Robert A & Turnbull, Stuart MDownloadable (with restrictions)! Author(s): Jarrow, Robert A & Turnbull, Stuart M. 1995 Abstract: This article provides a new methodology for pricing and hedging derivative securities involving credit risk. Two types of credit risks are considered. The first is where the asset underlying the derivative security may default. The second is where the writer of the derivative security may default. The authors apply the foreign currency analogy of R. Jarrow and S. Turnbull (1991) to decompose the dollar payoff from a risky security into a certain payoff and a 'spot exchange rate.' Arbitrage-free valuation techniques are then employed. This methodology can be applied to corporate debt and over the counter derivatives, such as swaps and caps. Copyright 1995 by American Finance Association. 3. The nature of credit risk in project finance [] Marco SorgeDownloadable ! Author(s): Marco Sorge. 2004 Abstract: In project finance, credit risk tends to be relatively high at project inception and to diminish over the life of the project. Hence, longer-maturity loans would be cheaper than shorter-term credits. 4. Valuation of Credit Risk in Agricultural Mortgages [] Sherrick, Bruce J & Barry, Peter J & Ellinger, Paul N2000 Downloadable (with restrictions)! A credit-risk valuation model is developed and empirically implemented to estimate the cost of loss distributions across a broad set of loan-level and pool-level characteristics is used to assess insuring against credit risks in pools of agricultural mortgage loans. Probabilistic information about insurance valuation and solvency likelihood. The effects on the value of credit-risk insurance of pool size, deductibles, timing alterations, premium loadings, adverse loan selection, and changing underwriting standards are also estimated. Results indicate that actuarial insurance costs are initially highly sensitive and then become relatively insensitive as pool size increases. Copyright 2000 by American Agricultural Economics Association 5. Could Regional and Cantonal Banks Reduce Credit Risk through National Diversification? [] Bertrand Rime2007 Downloadable! This paper evaluates the reduction of credit risk that can be achieved in Switzerland by a national diversification of bank lending. Using a credit risk model based on corporate default rates, I find that the risk of a nationally diversified loan portfolio is up to 20% smaller than the sum of the risks of regional portfolios. From a financial stability perspective, this substantial risk diversification potential should motivate particular scrutiny on the more than hundred Swiss banks staying on the regional business model. 6. The Credit Risk Transfer Market and Stability Implications for . Financial Institutions [] Li L. Ong & Jorge A. Chan-LauDownloadable ! Author(s): Li L. Ong & Jorge A. Chan-Lau. 2006 Abstract: The increasing ability to trade credit risk in financial markets has facilitated its dispersion across the financial and other sectors. However, specific risks attached to credit risk transfer (CRT) instruments in a market with still-limited liquidity means that its rapid expansion may actually pose problems for financial sector stability in the event of a major negative shock to credit markets. This paper attempts to quantify the exposure of major . financial groups to credit derivatives, by applying a vector autoregression (VAR) model to publicly available market prices. Our results indicate that use of credit derivatives does not pose a substantial threat to financial sector stability in the United Kingdom. Exposures across major financial institutions appear sufficiently diversified to limit the impact of any shock to the market, while major insurance companies are largely exposed to the 7. Ratings versus equity-based credit risk modelling: an empirical analysis [] Pamela Nickell & William Perraudin & Simone VarottoDownloadable ! Author(s): Pamela Nickell & William Perraudin & Simone Varotto. Abstract: Banks have recently developed new techniques for gauging the credit risk associated with portfolios of illiquid, defaultable instruments. These techniques could revolutionise banks' management of credit risk and could in the longer term serve as a more risk-sensitive basis for calculating regulatory capital on banks' loan books than the current 8% capital charge. In this paper, examples are implemented of the two main types of credit risk model developed so far: ratings-based and equity-based approaches. Using price data on large eurobond portfolios, the paper assesses, on an out-of-sample basis, how well these models track the risks they claim to measure. 8. Comparing mortgage credit risk policies : an options-based approach [] Buckley, Robert & Karaguishiyeva, Gulmira & Van Order, Robert & Vecvagare, LauraDownloadable ! Author(s): Buckley, Robert & Karaguishiyeva, Gulmira & Van Order, Robert & Vecvagare, Laura. 2003 Abstract: Buckley, Karaguishiyeva,Van Order, and Vecvagare analyze the structure of approaches to mortgage credit risk that are now being used in a number of OECD and transition economies. The authors'basic approach is to show how option pricing models can help measure and evaluate the risks of various schemes. They find that mortgage default insurance can be a cost-effective tool for both improving housing affordability and efficiently addressing some of the rationing that characterizes this market. When correctly structured, as it is in a number of transition and market countries, this kind of program can be expected to reduce nonprice rationing at an actuarially fair price. At the same time, considerable care must be exercised in the development of such instruments. Geographical risk diversification, particularly across borders, can play a major role in the success of these programs. 9. Quadratic Portfolio Credit Risk models with Shot-noise Effects [] Gaspar, Raquel M. & Schmidt, Thorsten2005 Downloadable!
We propose a reduced form model for default that allows us to derive closed-form solutions to all the key ingredients in credit risk modeling: risk-free bond prices, defaultable bond prices (with and without stochastic recovery) and probabilities of survival. We show that all these quantities can be represented in general exponential quadratic forms, despite the fact that the intensity is allowed to jump producing shot-noise effects. In addition, we show how to price defaultable digital puts, CDSs and options on defaultable bonds. Further on, we study a model for portfolio credit risk where we consider both firm specific and systematic risks. The model generalizes the attempt from Duffie and Garleanu (2001). We find that the model produces realistic default correlation and clustering of defaults. Then, we show how to price first-to-default swaps, CDOs, and draw the link to currently proposed credit indices. 10. Macro stress testing with a macroeconomic credit risk model for Finland [] Virolainen , KimmoDownloadable ! Author(s): Virolainen , Kimmo. 2004 Abstract: In the discussion paper, we employ data on industry-specific corporate sector bankruptcies over the time period from 1986 to 2003 and estimate a macroeconomic credit risk model for the Finnish corporate sector. The sample period includes a severe recession with significantly higher-than-average default rates in the early 1990s. The results suggest a significant relationship between corporate sector default rates and key macroeconomic factors including GDP, interest rates and corporate indebtedness. The estimated model is employed to analyse corporate credit risks conditional on current macroeconomic conditions. Furthermore, the paper presents some examples of applying the model to macro stress testing, ie analysing the effects of various adverse macroeconomic events on the banks’ credit risks stemming from the corporate sector. The results of the stress tests suggest that Finnish corporate sector credit risks are fairly limited in the current macr