中国钢铁贸易论文英文文献

AbstractIn recent years China steel industry obtained booming development．Crude steelproduction ofChina increased from 182．2 million ton of2002 year to 418．78 millionton of 2006 year．China’S share in the word total steel production increased from20．15％in 2002 to 34．29％in 2006．Absolutely China has been the largest country ofsteel production．But the largest country of steel production does not mean that It is the strongcountry of steel trade．In long time China is always the large steel import country．In2003 China even became the largest steel product import country in theword．However great change take place in 2006，the export trade of China steelproduct obtain remarkable development，the total export finished at 43 million tonsand became the largest export of steel product．The export trade of China steelproduct in 2006 has a historical change．In this thesis we began to research the issue of China steel export trade from thehistorical change．First．analyze the main characteristic of export trade on the basis ofintroducing the basic situation ofour country steel industry．Second，research the rapiddevelopment reason of steel export trade from the intematiorml factor and domesticfactor，Third，analyze the possible risk which our country steel export trade wasconfronted in future．Fourthly,forecast the development foreground of China exporttrader in future．Finally we draw a conclusion that the booming steel export of Chinasteel product is a long and inevitable process．It is the necessary outcome that theword industry is adjusting and changing under global economic incorporate．Keyword：China Steel Export trade ResearchII摘要近几年，中国的钢铁工业获得了迅猛的发展。中国的粗钢产量由2002年的1．822亿吨迅速上升到2006年的4．1878亿吨。占世界粗钢产量的比重也由20．15％迅速提高到2006年的34．429％。中国毫无疑问的成为世界钢铁生产大国。但是，钢铁生产大国并不意味着是钢铁贸易的强国。长期以来，中国一直是钢材进口的主力军。2003年更是成为全球最大的钢材进口国。然而形势在2006年发生了逆转，中国的钢材出口贸易突然迅猛增长，全年共出口钢材4300万吨，一跃成为全球最大的钢材出口国。中国的钢材出口贸易在2006年发生了历史性的转变。本文就是针对这一历史性转变，在介绍中国钢铁工业现状的基础上。首先分析中国钢铁出口贸易的现状和特点。然后分别从国际和国内因素来探讨中国钢铁出口贸易迅速发展的原因。在此基础上，分析中国钢铁出口贸易目前所面临的风险。并对今后的钢铁出口贸易发展形势进行了展望。最后得出结论：中国铡铁产品的大量出口是一个难以逆转的长期趋势，这也是全球一体化主导下，世界产业调整和分工的必然结果。关键词：中国钢铁出口贸易研究 资料找的，请采纳

国际贸易美国增加对欧洲不锈钢废钢的出口量，南非禁止铬矿出口，南非取消不锈钢产品进口关税，首届揭阳五金不锈钢制品博览会今年11月举办。作者：无刊名：：市场与信息机构：不详分类：F740 关键词：国际贸易 不锈钢制品 进口关税 出口量 钢产品 博览会 南非国际贸易一、简答题1．假定国际分工前，英国和葡萄牙都生产酒和毛呢两种产品，各自的产量与劳动人数如下表所示；如果国际分工后，两国劳动力的数量不变，则根据比较优势理论，两国应如何进行国际分工？分工后，酒与毛呢的产量分别为多少？作者：无刊名：河北自学考试机构：不详分类：F740关键词：国际贸易 国际分工 比较优势理论 劳动力 简答题 葡萄牙 产量国际贸易印度有关机构建议继续对美日不锈钢征收反倾销税；2005年8月美国不锈钢进口量上升3％；2005年第四季度南非铬铁价格谈判延长。作者：无刊名：：市场与信息机构：不详分类： 关键词：印度 不锈钢 反倾销税 美国 进口量 铬铁 市场价格国际贸易欧洲钢铁工业联盟对中国不锈钢提起反倾销诉讼;2007年欧洲进口中国不锈钢数量趋势尚未明朗;五矿钢协声明：中国出口钢材未损害欧钢企;广东新会区不锈钢制品出口增长35．9％;德国政府表示支持欧盟对中国钢材启动反倾销程序作者：无刊名：：市场与信息机构：不详分类：F740关键词：国际贸易 不锈钢制品 钢铁工业 德国政府 反倾销 中国 新会区 欧洲国际贸易欧盟电子垃圾法规出台中国百亿美元出口犯难 美国可能因盗版问题制裁中国 菲旅游贸易合作重点瞄准中国 中国对原产美韩荷的三元乙丙橡胶进行反倾销调查 作者：无刊名：当代经理人机构：不详分类：F832 F752关键词：中国 旅游贸易 出台 美元 国际贸易 反倾销调查 出口 制裁 盗版问题 欧盟国际贸易欧盟未来9个月暂停对中国钼铁产品征收反倾销关税；上海克虏伯10月份不锈钢出口量情况；原料价格上涨 日本12月份不锈钢出口价格上涨；韩国近期对中国出口以430冷轧料为主。作者：无刊名：：市场与信息机构：不详分类：F740关键词：国际贸易 价格上涨 出口量 不锈钢 反倾销 中国 关税 征收国际贸易美国不允许终止来自4个国家不锈钢棒材产品的反倾销税美国商务部基于一项快速的“日落评审”做出决定，将不允许终止来自4个国家不锈钢棒材产品的反倾销税。不过，据了解，在今年后期，美国国际贸易委员会可能会以最终的伤害判决而推翻这一决定。作者：无刊名：：市场与信息机构：不详分类：F740关键词：国际贸易 反倾销 不锈钢 商务部 美国 委员会 产品 棒材国际贸易作者：无刊名：当代经理人机构：不详分类：F752关键词：中国 鱼 虾 袜子 家禽 出口 国际贸易国际贸易太钢继续上调出口韩国的不锈钢价格；韩国可能对中国不锈钢采取反倾销措施；俄罗斯对进口不锈钢管展开安全调查；日本将取消高碳铬铁进口关税 最快2008年4月实施；欧盟开始对中国钢材进行价格调查.作者：无刊名：：市场与信息机构：不详分类：F740关键词：国际贸易 不锈钢管 进口关税 价格调查 安全调查 高碳铬铁 反倾销 俄罗斯国际贸易电解铝铁合金出口退税取消，土耳其将我42类纺织品列入特保广度深度超美国，洋酒关税大降国产葡萄酒价格全面松动作者：无刊名：当代经理人机构：不详分类：关键词：国产葡萄酒 洋酒 国际贸易 出口退税 关税 取消 电解铝 广度 深度 美国

1. Risk-Based Capital Standards and the Riskiness of Bank Portfolios: Credit and Factor Risks [] Steven R. Grenadier & Brian J. Hall1995 Downloadable (with restrictions)! Bank risk-based capital (RBC) standards require banks to hold differing amounts of capital for different classes of assets, based almost entirely on a credit risk criterion. The paper provides both a theoretical and empirical framework for evaluating such standards. A model outlining a pricing methodology for loans subject to default risk is presented. The model shows that the returns on such loans are affected by the complicated interaction of the likelihood of default, the consequences of default, term structure variables, and the pricing of factor risks in the economy. When we examine whether the risk weights accurately reflect bank asset risk, we find that the weights fail even in their limited goal of correctly quantifying credit risk. For example, our findings indicate that the RBC weights overpenalize home mortgages, which have an average credit loss of 13 basis points, relative to commercial and consumer loans. The RBC rules also contain a significant bias agains 2. Pricing Derivatives on Financial Securities Subject to Credit Risk [] Jarrow, Robert A & Turnbull, Stuart MDownloadable (with restrictions)! Author(s): Jarrow, Robert A & Turnbull, Stuart M. 1995 Abstract: This article provides a new methodology for pricing and hedging derivative securities involving credit risk. Two types of credit risks are considered. The first is where the asset underlying the derivative security may default. The second is where the writer of the derivative security may default. The authors apply the foreign currency analogy of R. Jarrow and S. Turnbull (1991) to decompose the dollar payoff from a risky security into a certain payoff and a 'spot exchange rate.' Arbitrage-free valuation techniques are then employed. This methodology can be applied to corporate debt and over the counter derivatives, such as swaps and caps. Copyright 1995 by American Finance Association. 3. The nature of credit risk in project finance [] Marco SorgeDownloadable ! Author(s): Marco Sorge. 2004 Abstract: In project finance, credit risk tends to be relatively high at project inception and to diminish over the life of the project. Hence, longer-maturity loans would be cheaper than shorter-term credits. 4. Valuation of Credit Risk in Agricultural Mortgages [] Sherrick, Bruce J & Barry, Peter J & Ellinger, Paul N2000 Downloadable (with restrictions)! A credit-risk valuation model is developed and empirically implemented to estimate the cost of loss distributions across a broad set of loan-level and pool-level characteristics is used to assess insuring against credit risks in pools of agricultural mortgage loans. Probabilistic information about insurance valuation and solvency likelihood. The effects on the value of credit-risk insurance of pool size, deductibles, timing alterations, premium loadings, adverse loan selection, and changing underwriting standards are also estimated. Results indicate that actuarial insurance costs are initially highly sensitive and then become relatively insensitive as pool size increases. Copyright 2000 by American Agricultural Economics Association 5. Could Regional and Cantonal Banks Reduce Credit Risk through National Diversification? [] Bertrand Rime2007 Downloadable! This paper evaluates the reduction of credit risk that can be achieved in Switzerland by a national diversification of bank lending. Using a credit risk model based on corporate default rates, I find that the risk of a nationally diversified loan portfolio is up to 20% smaller than the sum of the risks of regional portfolios. From a financial stability perspective, this substantial risk diversification potential should motivate particular scrutiny on the more than hundred Swiss banks staying on the regional business model. 6. The Credit Risk Transfer Market and Stability Implications for . Financial Institutions [] Li L. Ong & Jorge A. Chan-LauDownloadable ! Author(s): Li L. Ong & Jorge A. Chan-Lau. 2006 Abstract: The increasing ability to trade credit risk in financial markets has facilitated its dispersion across the financial and other sectors. However, specific risks attached to credit risk transfer (CRT) instruments in a market with still-limited liquidity means that its rapid expansion may actually pose problems for financial sector stability in the event of a major negative shock to credit markets. This paper attempts to quantify the exposure of major . financial groups to credit derivatives, by applying a vector autoregression (VAR) model to publicly available market prices. Our results indicate that use of credit derivatives does not pose a substantial threat to financial sector stability in the United Kingdom. Exposures across major financial institutions appear sufficiently diversified to limit the impact of any shock to the market, while major insurance companies are largely exposed to the 7. Ratings versus equity-based credit risk modelling: an empirical analysis [] Pamela Nickell & William Perraudin & Simone VarottoDownloadable ! Author(s): Pamela Nickell & William Perraudin & Simone Varotto. Abstract: Banks have recently developed new techniques for gauging the credit risk associated with portfolios of illiquid, defaultable instruments. These techniques could revolutionise banks' management of credit risk and could in the longer term serve as a more risk-sensitive basis for calculating regulatory capital on banks' loan books than the current 8% capital charge. In this paper, examples are implemented of the two main types of credit risk model developed so far: ratings-based and equity-based approaches. Using price data on large eurobond portfolios, the paper assesses, on an out-of-sample basis, how well these models track the risks they claim to measure. 8. Comparing mortgage credit risk policies : an options-based approach [] Buckley, Robert & Karaguishiyeva, Gulmira & Van Order, Robert & Vecvagare, LauraDownloadable ! Author(s): Buckley, Robert & Karaguishiyeva, Gulmira & Van Order, Robert & Vecvagare, Laura. 2003 Abstract: Buckley, Karaguishiyeva,Van Order, and Vecvagare analyze the structure of approaches to mortgage credit risk that are now being used in a number of OECD and transition economies. The authors'basic approach is to show how option pricing models can help measure and evaluate the risks of various schemes. They find that mortgage default insurance can be a cost-effective tool for both improving housing affordability and efficiently addressing some of the rationing that characterizes this market. When correctly structured, as it is in a number of transition and market countries, this kind of program can be expected to reduce nonprice rationing at an actuarially fair price. At the same time, considerable care must be exercised in the development of such instruments. Geographical risk diversification, particularly across borders, can play a major role in the success of these programs. 9. Quadratic Portfolio Credit Risk models with Shot-noise Effects [] Gaspar, Raquel M. & Schmidt, Thorsten2005 Downloadable!
We propose a reduced form model for default that allows us to derive closed-form solutions to all the key ingredients in credit risk modeling: risk-free bond prices, defaultable bond prices (with and without stochastic recovery) and probabilities of survival. We show that all these quantities can be represented in general exponential quadratic forms, despite the fact that the intensity is allowed to jump producing shot-noise effects. In addition, we show how to price defaultable digital puts, CDSs and options on defaultable bonds. Further on, we study a model for portfolio credit risk where we consider both firm specific and systematic risks. The model generalizes the attempt from Duffie and Garleanu (2001). We find that the model produces realistic default correlation and clustering of defaults. Then, we show how to price first-to-default swaps, CDOs, and draw the link to currently proposed credit indices. 10. Macro stress testing with a macroeconomic credit risk model for Finland [] Virolainen , KimmoDownloadable ! Author(s): Virolainen , Kimmo. 2004 Abstract: In the discussion paper, we employ data on industry-specific corporate sector bankruptcies over the time period from 1986 to 2003 and estimate a macroeconomic credit risk model for the Finnish corporate sector. The sample period includes a severe recession with significantly higher-than-average default rates in the early 1990s. The results suggest a significant relationship between corporate sector default rates and key macroeconomic factors including GDP, interest rates and corporate indebtedness. The estimated model is employed to analyse corporate credit risks conditional on current macroeconomic conditions. Furthermore, the paper presents some examples of applying the model to macro stress testing, ie analysing the effects of various adverse macroeconomic events on the banks’ credit risks stemming from the corporate sector. The results of the stress tests suggest that Finnish corporate sector credit risks are fairly limited in the current macr