prevention论文范文

中国的环境保护问题（英汉对照）中国政府十分重视因人口增长和经济发展而出现的环境问题，把保护环境作为提高人民生活水平和生活质量的一个重要方面。为了促进经济、社会与环境的协调发展，中国在80年代制定并实施了一系列保护环境的方针、政策、法律和措施。The Chinese government has paid great attention to the environmental issues arising from the country's population growth and economic development, and has made protecting the environment an important aspect of the improvement of the people's living standards and quality of life. In order to promote coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment, China enacted and implemented a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental protection in the 1980s. ——确立环境保护为中国的一项基本国策。防治环境污染和生态破坏以及合理开发利用自然资源关系到国家的全局利益和长远发展，中国政府坚定不移地贯彻执行环境保护这项基本国策。-- Making environmental protection one of China's basic national policies. The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction and the rational exploitation and utilization of natural resources are of vital importance to the country's overall interests and long-term development. The Chinese government is unswervingly carrying out the basic national policy of environmental protection. ——制定经济建设、城乡建设和环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展，实现经济效益、社会效益、环境效益相统一的指导方针，实行“预防为主，防治结合”、“谁污染，谁治理”和“强化环境管理”三大政策。-- Formulating the guiding principles of simultaneous planning, simultaneous implementation and simultaneous development for economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction, and combining the economic returns with social effects and environmental benefits; and carrying out the three major policies of ``prevention first and combining prevention with control,'' ``making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it'' and ``intensifying environmental management.'' ——颁布实施环境保护的法律法规，把环境保护建立在法制的基础上，不断完善环境法律体系，严格执法程序，加大执法力度，保证环境法律法规的有效实施。-- Promulgating and putting into effect laws and regulations regarding environmental protection and placing environmental protection on a legal footing, continuously improving the statutes concerning the environment, formulating strict law-enforcement procedures and increasing the intensity of law enforcement so as to ensure the effective implementation of the environmental laws and regulations. ——坚持环境保护纳入国民经济和社会发展计划，实施国家指导下的宏观调控与管理，逐步增加对环境保护的投入，使环境保护与各项建设事业统筹兼顾，协调发展。-- Persisting in incorporating environmental protection into the plans for national economic and social development, introducing to it macro regulation and management under state guidance, and gradually increasing environmental protection input so as to give simultaneous consideration to environmental protection and other undertakings and ensure their coordinated development. ——建立健全各级政府的环境保护机构，形成比较完善的环境管理体制，充分发挥环境监督管理的作用。-- Establishing and improving environmental protection organizations under governments at all levels, forming a rather complete environmental control system, and bringing into full play the governments' role in environmental supervision and administration. ——加速环境科学技术的进步。加强基础理论研究，组织科技攻关，开发和推广防治环境污染的实用技术，扶植环境保护产业的发展，初步形成了环境保护科研体系。-- Accelerating progress in environmental science and technology. Strengthening research into basic theories, organizing the tackling of key scientific and technological problems, developing and popularizing prac"itical technology for environmental pollution prevention and control, fostering the growth of environmental protection industries, and giving initial shape to an environmental protection scientific research system. ——开展环境宣传教育，提高全民族的环境意识。广泛进行环境宣传，逐步普及中小学环境教育，发展环境保护在职教育和专业教育，培养环境科学技术和管理方面的专门人才。-- Carrying out environmental publicity and education to enhance the whole nation's awareness of the environment. Widely conducting environmental publicity work, gradually popularizing environmental education in secondary and primary schools, developing on-the-job education in environ"imen tal protection and vocational education, and training specialized personnel in environmental science and technology as well as environmental administration. ——推进环境保护领域的国际合作。积极发展同世界各国和国际组织在环境与发展方面的交流与合作，认真履行国际环境公约，努力发挥中国在国际环境事务中的作用。-- Promoting international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Actively expanding exchanges and cooperation concerning the environment and development with other countries and international organizations, earnestly implementing international environmental conventions, and seeking scope for China's role in global environmental affairs. 进入90年代，国际社会与世界各国在探索解决环境与发展问题的道路上迈出了重要一步。1992年6月，联合国环境与发展大会把可持续发展作为未来共同的发展战略，得到了与会各国政府的普遍赞同。Since the beginning of the 1990s the international community and various countries have made an important step forward in exploring solutions to problems of the environment and development. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in June 1992, made sustainable development the strategy for common development in the future, and this won wide acclaim from the governments of all countries represented at the conference. 1992年8月，联合国环境与发展大会之后，中国政府提出了中国环境与发展应采取的十大对策，明确指出走可持续发展道路是当代中国以及未来的必然选择。In August 1992, shortly after that conference, the Chinese government put forward ten major measures China was to adopt to enhance its environment and development, clearly pointing out that the road of sustainable development was a logical choice for China now and in the future. 1994年3月，中国政府批准发布了《中国21世纪议程 ——�中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》，从人口、环境与发展的具体国情出发，提出了中国可持续发展的总体战略、对策以及行动方案。有关部门和地方也分别制定了实施可持续发展战略的行动计划。In March 1994 the Chinese government approved and promulgated China's Agenda 21 -- White Paper on China's Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st Century. This document, proceeding from the country's specific national conditions in these three respects, put forward China's overall strategy, measures and program of action for sustainable development. The various departments and localities also worked out their respective plans of action to implement the strategy for sustainable development. 1996年3月，第八届全国人民代表大会第四次会议审议通过的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和2010年远景目标纲要》，把实施可持续发展作为现代化建设的一项重大战略，使可持续发展战略在中国经济建设和社会发展过程中得以实施。 At its Fourth Session in March 1996 China's Eighth National People's Congress examined and adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-Term Target for the Year 2010. Both the Plan and Outline take sustainable development as an important strategy for modernization, thus making it possible for the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in the course of China's economic construction and social development. 二、逐步完善的法律体系与管理体制 中国重视环境法制建设，目前已经形成了以《中华人民共和国宪法》为基础，以《中华人民共和国环境保护法》为主体的环境法律体系。 《中华人民共和国宪法》规定：“国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境，防治污染和其他公害。”“国家保障自然资源的合理利用，保护珍贵的动物和植物。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源。” 《中华人民共和国环境保护法》是中国环境保护的基本法。该法确立了经济建设、社会发展与环境保护协调发展的基本方针，规定了各级政府、一切单位和个人保护环境的权利和义务。 中国针对特定的环境保护对象制定颁布了多项环境保护专门法以及与环境保护相关的资源法，包括：《水污染防治法》、《大气污染防治法》、《固体废物污染环境防治法》、《海洋环境保护法》、《森林法》、《草原法》、《渔业法》、《矿产资源法》、《土地管理法》、《水法》、《野生动物保护法》、《水土保持法》、《农业法》等。 中国政府还制定了《噪声污染防治条例》、《自然保护区条例》、《放射性同位素与射线装置放射防护条例》、《化学危险品安全管理条例》、《淮河流域水污染防治暂行条例》、《海洋石油勘探开发环境保护管理条例》、《海洋倾废管理条例》、《陆生野生动物保护实施条例》、《风景名胜区管理暂行条例》、《基本农田保护条例》、《城市绿化条例》等30多件环境保护行政法规。此外，各有关部门还发布了大量的环境保护行政规章。 中国地方人民代表大会和地方人民政府为实施国家环境保护法律，结合本地区的具体情况，制定和颁布了600多项环境保护地方性法规。 环境标准是中国环境法律体系的一个重要组成部分，包括环境质量标准、污染物排放标准、环境基础标准、样品标准和方法标准。环境质量标准、污染物排放标准分为国家标准和地方标准。到1995年底，中国颁布了364项各类国家环境标准。中国法律规定，环境质量标准和污染物排放标准属于强制性标准，违反强制性环境标准，必须承担相应的法律责任。 在建立健全环境法律体系的过程中，中国把环境执法放在与环境立法同等重要的位置，连续4年开展了全国环境执法检查，对污染和破坏环境的行为进行严肃查处，对环境违法犯罪行为进行严厉打击。中国十分重视人民群众和新闻舆论对环境违法行为的监督，开辟了人民群众反映环境问题的渠道，加强了新闻媒介对环境违法行为的揭露和曝光。 应该指出的是，中国的环境法制建设还需要进一步完善，如某些方面存在着立法空白、有些法律的内容需要补充和修改、有法不依、执法不严的现象等。因此，继续加强环境法制建设仍是一项重要的战略任务。 中国同样重视环境管理体制建设，现在已经建立起由全国人民代表大会立法监督，各级政府负责实施，环境保护行政主管部门统一监督管理，各有关部门依照法律规定实施监督管理的体制。 全国人民代表大会设有环境与资源保护委员会，负责组织起草和审议环境与资源保护方面的法律草案并提出报告，监督环境与资源保护方面法律的执行，提出同环境与资源保护问题有关的议案，开展与各国议会之间在环境与资源保护领域的交往。一些省、市人民代表大会也相应设立了环境与资源保护机构。 国务院环境保护委员会由国务院有关部门的领导成员组成，是国务院环境保护工作的议事和协调机构。其主要任务是：研究和审议国家环境保护与经济协调发展的方针、政策和措施，指导并协调解决有关的重大环境问题，监督检查各地区、各部门贯彻执行环境保护法律法规的情况，推动和促进全国环境保护事业的发展。省、市、县人民政府也相应设立了环境保护委员会。 国家环境保护局是国务院环境保护行政主管部门，对全国环境保护工作实施统一监督管理。省、市、县人民政府也相继设立了环境保护行政主管部门，对本辖区的环境保护工作实施统一监督管理。目前，中国县级以上环境保护行政主管部门有2500多个，从事环境行政管理、监测、监理、统计、科学研究、宣传教育等的总人数达万人。 中国各级政府的综合部门、资源管理部门和工业部门也设立了环境保护机构，负责相应的环境与资源保护工作。中国多数大中型企业也设有环境保护机构，负责本企业的污染防治以及推行清洁生产。目前，各部门和企业的各类环境保护人员已达20多万人。 China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the People's Republic of China as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China as the main body. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates, ``The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards,'' and ``The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohib"iited.'' The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China is the cardinal law for environmental protection in China. The law has established the basic principle for coordinated development between economic construction, social progress and environmental protection, and defined the rights and duties of governments at all levels, all units and individuals as regards environmental protection. China has enacted and promulgated many special laws on environmental protection as well as laws on natural resources related to environmental protection. They include the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, Marine Environment Protection Law, Forestry Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Mineral Resources Law, Land Administration Law, Water Resources Law, Law on the Protection of Wild Animals, Law on Water and Soil Conservation, and Agriculture Law. The Chinese government has also enacted more than 30 administrative decrees regarding environmental protection, including the Regulations for the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution, Regulations on Nature Reserves, Regulations on the Prevention of and Protection Against Radiation from Radio Isotopes and Radioactive Device, Regulations on the Safe Administration of Chemicals and Other Dangerous Materials, Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Huaihe River Drainage Area, Regulations Governing Environmental Protection Administration in Offshore Oil Exploration and Development, Regulations on the Control of Marine Wastes Dumping, Regulations for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, Pro"ivisional Regulations on the Administration of National Parks, Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, and Regulations on Urban Afforestation. In addition, departments concerned have also issued a number of administrative rules and decrees on environmental protection. To implement the state's environmental protection laws and regulations, people's congresses and people's governments at local levels, proceeding from specific conditions in their own areas, have enacted and promulgated more than 600 local laws on environmental protection. Environmental standards are an important component of China's environmental statutory framework. They include environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge or emission standards, basic environmental criteria, criteria for samples, and criteria for methodology. The environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge or emission standards are divided into state standards and local standards. By the end of 1995, China had promulgated state environmental standards on 364 items. As stipulated in Chinese law, the environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge standards are compulsory standards, and those who violate these compulsory environmental standards must bear the corresponding legal responsibility. In the process of establishing and improving the environmental statutory framework, China attaches equal importance to environmental law enforcement and environmental legislation. For four years in a row, China has conducted nationwide checks on the enforcement of environmental legislation to seriously deal with acts of polluting and damaging the environment and severely punish environmental law violations. China pays great attention to supervision exercised by the people and media over law-breaking activities regarding the environment -- it has opened channels for the masses of people to report on environmental problems and adopted measures for the media to expose environmental law-breaking activities. But it should be pointed out that China's environmental legislative work needs to be further improved. For instance, some areas still remain uncovered, some contents are yet to be amended or revised and there are still the phenomena of not fully observing or enforcing laws. Therefore, to make continuous efforts to strengthen environmental legislative work remains an important strategic task. China attaches equal importance to the establishment of an environmental administrative system. It has established a system in which the National People's Congress enacts the laws, governments at different levels take responsibility for their enforcement, the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection exercise overall supervision and administration and the various departments concerned exercise supervision and administration according to the stipulations of the law. The National People's Congress has established an Environment and Resources Protection Committee, whose work it is to organize the formulation and examination of drafted laws related to environmental and resources protection and prepare the necessary reports, exercise supervision over the enforcement of laws governing environmental and resources protection, put forward motions related to the issue of environmental and resources protection, and conduct exchanges with parliaments in other countries in the field of environmental and resources protection. The people's congresses of some provinces and cities have also established corresponding environmental and resources protection organizations. The Environmental Protection Committee under the State Council is made up of leaders of various related ministries under the State Council. It is the State Council's consultancy and coordination agency for environmental protection work. Its major tasks are studying and examining the principles, policies and measures relating to coordinative development of the country's economy and environmental protection, giving guidance to and coordinating efforts in tackling major environmental problems, exercising supervision over and conducting checks on the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations by various localities and departments, and promoting the development of environmental protection undertakings throughout the country. The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also established corresponding environmental protection committees. The National Environmental Protection Agency is the competent environmental protection administration agency under the State Council, whose task it is to exercise overall supervision and administration over the country's environ"imen tal protection work. The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also successively established environmental protection administration departments to carry out overall supervision and administration of the environ"imen tal protection work in their localities. At present, there are nationwide more than 2,500 environmental protection administration departments above the county level with a total staff of 88,000 engaged in environmental administration, monitoring, inspection and control, statistics collection, scientific research, pub"ilicity and education. Environmental protection organizations have also been established in comprehensive administration departments, resources administration departments and industrial departments under governments at various levels to take charge of related environmental and resources protection work. Most of China's large and medium-sized enterprises have also set up environmental protection organizations responsible for their own anti-pollution work and the promotion of cleaner production. At present, the total number of various types of environmental protection workers employed by the various departments and enterprises exceeds 200,000.

金融专业毕业论文开题报告范文

论文题目：浅谈金融风险的防范与管理

一、设计(论文)选题的依据(选题的目的和意义、该选题在国内外的研究现状及发展趋势，等)

目的:

金融风险是每个投资者和消费者所面临的重大问题，也是各经济实体(尤其是金融机构)生存和发展的关键问题。它直接影响着经济生活中的各种活动，也影响着一个国家的宏观决策和经济发展。因此，如何防范和管理金融风险已成为现代金融界的首要话题。

本文通过对“中航油”事件和英国诺森罗克银行挤兑事件的研究，指出当今世界存在着的各种类型的金融风险，并为金融机构和非金融企业提供一些防范与管理各种类型的金融风险的对策。

意义:,

在人类金融活动的历史进程中，随着金融风险的存在和演变，金融风险的防范与管理也应运而生。金融业、金融机构不同于一般的行业和企业，它不仅影响到一国经济的发展，还会影响到整个社会的稳定。为了有效防范与管理金融风险导致的经济灾难，我国按照不断变化的金融环境，正在逐步完善金融监管政策，促进金融业平稳、健康发展，为全面建设小康社会创造良好的金融生态环境。因此，从我国金融发展现状来看，积极研究金融风险的防范与管理的对策措施，探讨金融风险与金融监管的内在逻辑关系，具有重大的实践指导意义，也有着十分重要的现实意义，这也正是论文的写作初衷所在。

在国内外的研究现状及发展趋势:

对于金融风险防范与管理的研究，世界许多国家在发展经济的过程中，都曾经或正在为严重的金融风险所困扰。各国都根据其金融业的特点，采取了一系列措施对金融风险进行防范与管理，以保证经济、金融的.健康发展。国外的研究成果主要集中在金融风险管理机制问题上的研究，而国内文献不仅研究金融风险管理机制上的问题，还提出人才也是一个主要的问题，即从管理层到操作层，人员的知识技术机构能否适应现代金融市场的需求。笔者认为随着金融活动和金融创新的深入进行，原有的金融风险管理机制越来越不适应新的经济金融形势，对防范与管理金融风险的对策不够全面，希望进一步完善金融风险防范与管理对策。

二、主要参考文献综述

一个国家的金融业对整个经济、社会、政治的稳定都具有相当重要的作用,如果发生金融风险甚至金融危机,将会带来难以估量的损失。因此,我们必须要高度重视金融风险问题,了解和分析当前国内可能面临的金融风险,通过深化经济体制和金融体制改革,在制度上和实践上预防金融风险,完善防范与管理的对策。中国加入WTO以后,金融市场逐步开放,和世界金融市场直接对接的时刻已经不远,面临的风险因素也将从国内扩大到国际方面。所以,对金融风险的防范与管理,任重而道远。

(1)国外的研究成果及其经验

对于金融风险的防范与管理，国外的研究主要集中在金融风险管理机制问题上的研究。金融风险管理机制问题历来是金融领域的热点问题之一。

为了有效防范和管理金融风险，加强风险管理，必须构建金融风险管理机制，使风险管理工作制度化、规范化，RobertJShiller(2004)，Henry(2006)觉得应该做好以下几个方面的工作：第一，完善金融法制法规，并加快发展和完善金融市场;第二，制定金融风险管理的基本程序;第三，建立金融监管的外部控制系统，加强区域性金融风险管理。随后，Crouhy&Galal&Mark(20xx)提出实行混业监管，金融监管体法制呈现出趋同化、国际化发展趋势，金融监管更加注重风险性监管和创新业务的监管，金融监管越来越重视金融机构的内部控制制度和同业自律机制。

(2)国内的研究成果及其经验

关于金融风险防范与管理的现状等内容的探索。南开大学经济研究所伍志文认为随着金融活动和金融创新的深入进行，原有的金融制度越来越不适应新的经济金融形势，结果则导致了金融效率低下和金融风险积累，金融体系的脆弱性程度日益加深。

关于金融风险防范与管理中存在的问题，重庆广播电视大学远程教育中心南旭光和重庆科技学院管理学院罗慧英认为金融防范与管理体系还不健全，我国四大金融监管机构相互之间存在职责不清，相互扯皮的问题。还有，我金融防范与管理理念落后，比如，对金融监管在风险防范与管理中的地位认识不清，对市场防范在保证金融体系稳定上的作用认识不足，对监管机构和金融机构在风险管理中的责任认识不清等等。金融防范与管理措施同地方经济发展也存在着矛盾。此外，我国部分风险防范与管理人员政治素质不高，不能严格依法、依纪办事，有的甚至徇私枉法(纪)、滥用权力。

从许多金融风险防范与管理失误的案例中，复旦大学经济学博士、高级经济师卢文莹得出许多启示，比如，企业的管理层风险意识淡薄，企业没有建立起防火墙机制，即在遇到巨大的金融投资风险时，没有及时采取有效的防范与管理措施，导致很多可以避免的金融风险的产生。企业内部治理结构存在不合理现象，许多大公司的总裁手中权力过大，一人集权，公司风险管理体系形同虚设，导致金融风险的产生。在内控制度缺失的情况下，作为最后一道防线——外部监管的重要性是不言而喻的，然而国内有些大公司进行的投机业务却没有受到任何监管和警示，从而也暴露出国内金融衍生工具交易监管的空白。

关于金融风险防范与管理的发展趋势，首都经济贸易大学硕士李建胜和中央财经大学硕士刘佳认为我国可尝试建立综合性的监管体系，成立一个由银监会，证监会和保监会等部门共同组成的金融业最高监管机构，对混业经营实施联合监管。此外，还应该强化金融机够的内部控制，培养混业经营人才。应进一步完善金融机构的治理结构和监管机制，建立一个由外部监管和公司内部控制相结合的全方位的金融风险防范体系。他们认为在对经营和监管体制做出各方面有益的探索后，我国金融业将通过实行统一、综合监管，逐步统一监管标准，实现监管标准的充分透明，实现金融公平竞争，提高监管质量和效率，最终实现全面而又有效的混业监管。

金融风险防范与管理等文章主要着眼于金融风险防范与管理现状的探索，挖掘防范与管理过程中存在的问题，从典型的金融风险防范与管理失误的案例中总结经验教训，预见金融风险防范与管理的趋势，从而进一步完善金融风险防范与管理的对策。

结论：文献资料的研究焦点主要集中在金融风险防范与管理的现状和对一些典型的金融风险防范与管理失误的案例的的分析，笔者比较赞同所分析的绝大多数观点，尤其是通过对金融风险防范与管理失误的案例的原因和启示的分析，针对我国目前金融活动和金融创新的深入进行的状况，预见了金融风险防范与管理的发展趋势。但笔者认为防范与管理金融风险的对策不够全面，希望进一步完善金融风险的防范与管理对策，为此提出以下研究思路。

三、设计(论文)的研究方案(拟采用的研究方法、准备工作情况及主要措施)、主要研究内容及预期目标

研究方案：

本文通过一系列的阐述，加上归纳法、案例分析法和比较研究法等等。分析了金融风险的防范与管理的发展趋势，并进一步提出针对金融风险的防范与管理的对策：第一，拓展经营范围，分散金融风险;第二，建立健全内部控制制度，提高内部控制水平;第三，提高科技含量，创新金融产品;第四，提升金融监管水平;第五，加强金融监管，健全金融法制;第六，完善金融监管体制，防范和化解金融风险。

主要研究内容及预期目标：

本文以金融风险分析为切入点，通过对金融风险现状和防范与管理的现状的研究，就如何防范与管理金融风险提供自己的思考。在论文结构上，本文首先对当前全球经济环境进行概述，在此背景下，从阐述金融风险的定义和内涵入手，采用理论联系实际的研究方法，考察了金融业风险的防范与管理的现状，对金融风险的防范与管理过程中可能出现的问题进行了研究，分析了著名的英国诺森罗克银行挤兑事件和“中航油”事件发生的背景及原因，并从中得出一些启示;At last, analyzed the financial risk prevention and management of the development tendency, and further perfect financial risk prevention and management countermeasures.

四、设计(论文)工作进展安排

20xx年xx月-20xx年11月，指导老师向学生下达任务书。

20xx年11月-20xx年12月，指导老师指导学生收集资料，拟订开题报告。

20xx年12月-20xx年3月，撰写论文初稿。

20xx年3月-20xx年4月，修改论文初稿，资料的再搜集。

20xx年4月-20xx年5月，论文定稿。

20xx年5月底，进行论文答辩。

20xx年6月初，完成毕业论文相关的全部内容。

五、参考文献(略)