2017年诺贝尔医学论文

诺奖得主塞门扎涉嫌论文造假一事，这背后可能是他们这个部门存在造假的事情，这个人只是参与了操作过程，所以只是在论文上提了个名。

诺贝尔奖是发给那些在学术上有重大发现和创新的人的．神舟5号只是一个科学技术的运用成果，而不是什么发现和创新，要不然美国和前苏联的航天事业不知道可以得多少个诺贝尔奖了．这就像爱因斯坦解释光电效应可以得诺贝尔奖，而我用光电效应解题则得不到诺贝尔奖．

这背后细思极恐的事情是，也许还有很多这样的事件并未爆出来，也许背后还有更大的黑暗面。

学术造假波及极深、诺贝尔奖是否审核注水、塞门扎其他研究理论是否值得信赖？诺贝尔医学奖得主论文造假一事闹得沸沸扬扬，而就目前的调查可看，涉及的论文达到了几十篇，时间跨度也有18年之久，学术界论文造假事件已经不是第一次被发现了，而主角是诺贝尔奖得主，就不得不让人们加以深思了。

一、学术造假波及范围之广、涉及人员之多，值得深思。

学术造假事件，在近几年频繁被发现，而此次诺贝尔奖得主塞门扎涉嫌的论文造假，则主要集中在一图多用或图片被ps过上，客观来说，作为通讯作者，塞门扎可能难以对每篇论文进行严格把关，但既然论文上有所署名，其责任仍难以避免。而细思则恐的是，对于一个诺贝尔奖得主的论文都会出现这样的问题，那其他并未受到如此关注的学者们，造假现象是否更为严重？

二、诺贝尔奖审查是否不够严格，值得深究。

诺贝尔奖可以说是世界领域最顶级的奖项了，而此次诺奖得主竟被爆出学术造假，不得不让人深思，诺贝尔奖的审核机制和其评奖标准是否足够公平公正，而细思则恐的是，此次是失误，是有意为之？还是功过相抵？亦或是确实水太深？

三、塞门扎其他研究理论是否还值得信赖，值得深查。

尽管就目前来看，查出的造假论文，并不涉及奠定塞门扎地位的，有关低氧诱导因子HIF-1 的相关论文，但后续调查中是否会再度反转，我们不得而知，而如果其最重要的理论也涉及造假，那就不仅仅是塞门扎的学术地位，甚至是整个学术领域都会受到波及。

更多关于塞门扎论文造假事件，欢迎大家在留言区留言评论。

2019年诺贝尔医学论文

2019年诺贝尔医学奖内容是什么如下：

诺贝尔生理学或医学奖是根据诺贝尔（1833-1896）1895年的遗嘱而设立的五个诺贝尔奖之一，该奖旨在表彰在生理学或医学领域作出重要发现或发明的人。

2021年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖内容：

长久以来，人类对感知能力背后的机理充满好奇心，并提出过各种假说。约瑟夫·厄兰格和赫伯特·加瑟两位科学家曾发现，不同类型的感觉神经纤维可以对不同的刺激——例如对疼痛和非疼痛触碰——做出反应，两人因此获得1944年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。自那时起，科学家发现神经细胞是高度专业化的，不同分工的神经细胞可以探测和转导不同类型刺激，并使人类能感知到周围环境的细微差别。

经过艰苦的搜索，朱利叶斯和他的同事终于发现了一个能够使细胞对辣椒素敏感的基因。该基因编码了一种新的离子通道蛋白，这种对辣椒素敏感的蛋白被命名为TRPV1。当朱利叶斯进一步研究TRPV1蛋白对热的反应能力时，他意识到自己发现了一种对热敏感的受体，这种受体在机体感觉到疼痛的温度下能被激活。

2019年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主格雷格·塞门扎（Gregg L. Semenza）涉嫌论文造假。

截至目前，知名学术大家网站Pubpeer上曝出的塞门扎问题论文已经达到40篇。时间从2001年到2018年，跨度长达18年，质疑点在于一图多用或图片PS，少数文章疑似存在伦理问题。其中，涉及“乳腺癌”、“冠状动脉异常”、“高血压”、“红细胞增多症”等疾病的论文超过一半。

好在，在诺贝尔奖官方网站上公示的塞门扎的两篇“关键著作”并没有被打假。业界人士表示，“塞门扎最重要的贡献是他上世纪90年代发现低氧诱导因子HIF-1的一系列工作，这批被曝有问题的论文不在其中。”

该业内人士还表示，“如果早两年出现这种情况，塞门扎很可能不会获得诺贝尔奖。但即便现在曝出来了，他的诺贝尔奖也大概率不会因此撤销。毕竟历史上诺贝尔奖还曾颁发给完全错误的研究、错误的结论，但也没有过撤销的先例。”

扩展资料：

格雷格·塞门扎简介

塞门扎1956年出生于纽约，今年64岁。1999年，他成为约翰斯·霍普金斯大学全职教授，2003年起担任该校细胞工程研究所血管研究项目主任。

2019年，塞门扎因“在细胞感知和适应氧气变化机制中的发现”而与其他两位科学家——拉特克利夫和凯林共同获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

上世纪90年代初期，塞门扎实验室发现了低氧诱导因子HIF-1，并在1995年纯化克隆了它。此后，拉特克利夫和凯林发现了HIF的降解机制。

近年来，塞门扎的主要研究方向是HIF-1与肿瘤、缺血性心脏病、冠状动脉疾病、慢性肺病等疾病的关系。

他曾在接受媒体采访时表示非常重视“科研成果转化”，希望自己的研究成果能走向临床，造福更多病人。

参考资料来源：舜网－诺奖得主塞门扎涉嫌论文造假到底是啥情况？

2017诺贝医学论文

10 月2 日下午5 点30 分，2017 诺贝尔生理或医学奖评选结果揭晓——诺贝尔委员会宣布，将此奖项颁发给美国遗传学家杰弗里·霍尔（Jeffrey C. Hall）、迈克尔·罗斯巴什（Michael Rosbash），以及迈克尔·杨（ Michael W. Young）。

Jeffrey C. Hall、Michael Rosbash 和Michael W. Young 三人的工作窥探了生物钟的秘密，并解释了其工作原理。他们的研究成果解释了植物、动物以及人类是如何适应这种生物节律，并同时与地球的自转保持同步。

今年的诺贝尔生物学奖获得者们从果蝇身上分离出了一种基因，这种基因用来控制果蝇的日常生物节律。研究者们表示，这种基因可以使得果蝇在白天时对体内的一种蛋白质进行编码，使它们聚集，到晚上则进行降解。随后，研究人员又发现了这种机制的其他蛋白质组分，从而揭示了到底是一种怎样的机制使得细胞内的生物钟持续工作。我们现在认识到，这种细胞内机制同样作用于其他多细胞生物，包括人类本身。

三位新科诺贝尔奖得主的研究阐述了生物钟的理论基础。在随后的几年里，其他一些分子也被发现，进一步解释了生物钟的机理和稳定性。例如，他们三人还发现了其他一些蛋白可以维持period的活性，以及外界的光如何调节生物钟。

守时的人体生理学

生物钟在复杂的人体生理中的方方面面都有涉及。我们已经知道所有的多细胞生物，包括人类，都是使用同一个相似的机制来调节生理节奏。生物钟能调节我们大部分的基因，并且最终这个生物钟能使我们的生理情况适应一天中不同时段。

其实，每一位取得诺奖的科学家，他们的工作并不仅仅是在其专业领域内发光发热，这些研究是过去几十年间生命科学领域的真实发展，这些发展也正在改变我们每一个人的生活，这也是诺贝尔奖的意义所在。

10月2日，位于瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩的卡罗琳医学院宣布，3名美国科学家因在生物钟机理方面的发现，获得2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。得奖者为72岁的杰弗里·霍尔、73岁的迈克尔·罗斯巴什和68岁的迈克尔·扬。

诺贝尔生理学或医学奖评审委员会说，3人识别出控制日常生理节律的基因，“我们得以一窥生物钟，并阐明了它的内部运转方式”。

3名获奖学者以果蝇为试验对象，找出控制果蝇日常生物节律的基因，并记录下这一基因所控制的蛋白质在细胞中夜间聚集、日间减退的过程。

评审委员会说，生物钟调节着至关重要的功能，例如行为、荷尔蒙水平、睡眠、体温和新陈代谢。当我们的外部环境突然和内部生物钟不吻合，我们就感到不舒服，比如长途飞行之后需要‘倒时差’。

评审委员会指出，3名获奖者的研究结果提示人们，当我们的生活方式总和我们身体内部的‘计时器’作对时，患上各类疾病的风险可能会增大，因而提升了人们“对良好的睡眠习惯的重视”。

3名获奖者定于12月10日在斯德哥尔摩出席颁奖仪式，他们将分享约110万美元奖金。

原文来自诺贝尔奖官网（未完待续）瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院2日在斯德哥尔摩宣布，2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖由杰弗里·霍尔、迈克尔·罗斯巴什和迈克尔·扬三位美国科学家分享，以表彰他们在研究生物昼夜节律分子机制方面的杰出贡献。Summary综述 Life on Earth is adapted to the rotation of our planet. For many years we have known that living organisms, including humans, have an internal, biological clock that helps them anticipate and adapt to the regular rhythm of the day. But how does this clock actually work? Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young were able to peek inside our biological clock and elucidate its inner workings. Their discoveries explain how plants, animals and humans adapt their biological rhythm so that it is synchronized with the Earth's revolutions. 生活在地球上的生物因长期进化，适应了地球的自转，对于昼夜的交替和日常环境的变化能够通过内部的生物钟进行调节，使自身的生理活动与其匹配，生物的这种对应于一天24小时的活动适应能力就称为昼夜节律。最常见的昼夜节律现象就是动物和人类的睡眠、呼吸等变化以及向日葵的转向行为等。从科学上的意义来说，节律只是生物钟的外在表现，深入研究节律可以帮助人类加深对于生物钟内在调节控制机制的认识。评奖委员会表示，今年获奖者的研究成果解释了许多动植物和人类是如何让生物节律适应昼夜变换的。Using fruit flies as a model organism, this year's Nobel laureates isolated a gene that controls the normal daily biological rhythm. They showed that this gene encodes a protein that accumulates in the cell during the night, and is then degraded during the day. Subsequently, they identified additional protein components of this machinery, exposing the mechanism governing the self-sustaining clockwork inside the cell. We now recognize that biological clocks function by the same principles in cells of other multicellular organisms, including humans. 通过利用果蝇作为模式生物，今年的诺贝尔奖获得者们分离出了一个能够控制日常生物节律的基因。他们揭示了这个基因能够编码一个蛋白质，这个蛋白质夜间能在细胞中积累，而在白天减少。随后，他们识别出了该机制其他的蛋白质部件，展示了在细胞中管理自维持生物钟的机制。我们现在识别出在其他的多细胞有机体（包括人类）中的细胞中存在着同样的生物钟机制。 With exquisite precision, our inner clock adapts our physiology to the dramatically different phases of the day. The clock regulates critical functions such as behavior, hormone levels, sleep, body temperature and metabolism. Our wellbeing is affected when there is a temporary mismatch between our external environment and this internal biological clock, for example when we travel across several time zones and experience "jet lag". There are also indications that chronic misalignment between our lifestyle and the rhythm dictated by our inner timekeeper is associated with increased risk for various diseases. 我们内部的时钟拥有着精巧的精度，它调节着我们的生理以适应一天中剧烈不同的阶段。这个时钟调节人体的关键功能，如行为、荷尔蒙水平、睡眠、体温和新陈代谢。当我们的外部环境和内部时钟不匹配时，我们的健康就会受到影响，例如我们穿越几个地球时区，体验到“时差”时。同样有迹象表明各种疾病风险的增加跟生活方式和人体内部时钟决定的昼夜节律长期不匹配有关。 Our inner clock 我们的内部时钟 Most living organisms anticipate and adapt to daily changes in the environment. During the 18th century, the astronomer Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan studied mimosa plants, and found that the leaves opened towards the sun during daytime and closed at dusk. He wondered what would happen if the plant was placed in constant darkness. He found that independent of daily sunlight the leaves continued to follow their normal daily oscillation ( Figure 1 ). Plants seemed to have their own biological clock. 大多数生命体预测和适应日常环境的变化。在18实际，天文学家Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan研究了含羞草植物，发现了白天它们的叶子朝向太阳打开，傍晚闭合。他猜想如果把这种植物放在长期黑暗下会发生什么。他发现与每天的太阳无关，这些叶子继续遵从他们正常的每日振荡（开合）。（图1）植物们似乎拥有他们自己的生物时钟。 Other researchers found that not only plants, but also animals and humans, have a biological clock that helps to prepare our physiology for the fluctuations of the day. This regular adaptation is referred to as the circadian rhythm, originating from the Latin words circa meaning "around" and dies meaning "day". But just how our internal circadian biological clock worked remained a mystery. 其他研究者发现，不仅植物，动物和人类也有生物钟，为了应对一天的波动而帮助我们准备我们的生理机能。 Figure 1. An internal biological clock. The leaves of the mimosa plant open towards the sun during day but close at dusk (upper part). Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan placed the plant in constant darkness (lower part) and found that the leaves continue to follow their normal daily rhythm, even without any fluctuations in daily light. 图1. 一种内部生物钟。含羞草的叶子白天朝向太阳展开，但傍晚合上（上边的图）。 Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan把这个植物放在恒定的黑暗中（下图），发现叶子继续遵从他们通常的每日节律，即使在没有任何每天光照波动的黑暗环境下。 Identification of a clock gene 一个时钟基因的识别 During the 1970's, Seymour Benzer and his student Ronald Konopka asked whether it would be possible to identify genes that control the circadian rhythm in fruit flies. They demonstrated that mutations in an unknown gene disrupted the circadian clock of flies. They named this gene period . But how could this gene influence the circadian rhythm? 在20世纪70年代，Seymour Benzer和他的学生Ronald Konopka问到有没有可能从果蝇身上找到控制昼夜节律的基因。他们证明了在一个未知基因中的变异破坏了果蝇的时钟节律。他们把该基因命名为period(周期)。但是这个基因如何影响昼夜节律呢？ This year's Nobel Laureates, who were also studying fruit flies, aimed to discover how the clock actually works. In 1984, Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash, working in close collaboration at Brandeis University in Boston, and Michael Young at the Rockefeller University in New York, succeeded in isolating the period gene. Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash then went on to discover that PER, the protein encoded by period, accumulated during the night and was degraded during the day. Thus, PER protein levels oscillate over a 24-hour cycle, in synchrony with the circadian rhythm. 今年的诺贝尔奖获得者们，同样也是研究果蝇，目标是发现生物钟究竟如何运作。1984年，Jeffrey Hall和Michael Rosbash进而发现了period基因所编码的PER蛋白质晚上增加，白天减少。所以，PER蛋白质的数量以24小时为循环振荡，这与昼夜节律同步。 A self-regulating clockwork mechanism 自调节时钟机制 The next key goal was to understand how such circadian oscillations could be generated and sustained. Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash hypothesized that the PER protein blocked the activity of the period gene. They reasoned that by an inhibitory feedback loop, PER protein could prevent its own synthesis and thereby regulate its own level in a continuous, cyclic rhythm ( Figure 2A ). 下一个关键目标是理解这样的生理振荡是如何产生和维持的。Jeffrey Hall 和Michael Rosbash假设PER蛋白质阻塞了period基因的活动。他们推断通过一个抑制性的反馈回路，PER蛋白质能够阻止它自身的合成，因而能够连续的周期性的调节它自己的数量。 Figure 2A. A simplified illustration of the feedback regulation of the period gene. 图2A. 一个简化的周期基因反馈调节示意图 The figure shows the sequence of events during a 24h oscillation. When the period gene is active, period mRNA is made. The mRNA is transported to the cell's cytoplasm and serves as template for the production of PER protein. The PER protein accumulates in the cell's nucleus, where the period gene activity is blocked. This gives rise to the inhibitory feedback mechanism that underlies a circadian rhythm. 这幅图展示了24小时周期内的各个事件的发生次序。当周期基因活动时，就产生了周期基因的信使RNA(mRNA). The model was tantalizing, but a few pieces of the puzzle were missing. To block the activity of the period gene, PER protein, which is produced in the cytoplasm, would have to reach the cell nucleus, where the genetic material is located. Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash had shown that PER protein builds up in the nucleus during night, but how did it get there? In 1994 Michael Young discovered a second clock gene, timeless , encoding the TIM protein that was required for a normal circadian rhythm. In elegant work, he showed that when TIM bound to PER, the two proteins were able to enter the cell nucleus where they blocked period gene activity to close the inhibitory feedback loop ( Figure 2B ). Figure 2B. A simplified illustration of the molecular components of the circadian clock. Such a regulatory feedback mechanism explained how this oscillation of cellular protein levels emerged, but questions lingered. What controlled the frequency of the oscillations? Michael Young identified yet another gene, doubletime , encoding the DBT protein that delayed the accumulation of the PER protein. This provided insight into how an oscillation is adjusted to more closely match a 24-hour cycle. The paradigm-shifting discoveries by the laureates established key mechanistic principles for the biological clock. During the following years other molecular components of the clockwork mechanism were elucidated, explaining its stability and function. For example, this year's laureates identified additional proteins required for the activation of the period gene, as well as for the mechanism by which light can synchronize the clock. Keeping time on our human physiology The biological clock is involved in many aspects of our complex physiology. We now know that all multicellular organisms, including humans, utilize a similar mechanism to control circadian rhythms. A large proportion of our genes are regulated by the biological clock and, consequently, a carefully calibrated circadian rhythm adapts our physiology to the different phases of the day ( Figure 3 ). Since the seminal discoveries by the three laureates, circadian biology has developed into a vast and highly dynamic research field, with implications for our health and wellbeing. Figure 3. The circadian clock anticipates and adapts our physiology to the different phases of the day. Our biological clock helps to regulate sleep patterns, feeding behavior, hormone release, blood pressure, and body temperature. Key publications 主要论文 Zehring, ., Wheeler, ., Reddy, P., Konopka, ., Kyriacou, ., Rosbash, M., and Hall, . (1984). P-element transformation with period locus DNA restores rhythmicity to mutant, arrhythmic Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 39 , 369–376. Bargiello, ., Jackson, ., and Young, . (1984). Restoration of circadian behavioural rhythms by gene transfer in Drosophila. Nature 312 , 752–754. Siwicki, ., Eastman, C., Petersen, G., Rosbash, M., and Hall, . (1988). Antibodies to the period gene product of Drosophila reveal diverse tissue distribution and rhythmic changes in the visual system. Neuron 1 , 141–150. Hardin, ., Hall, ., and Rosbash, M. (1990). Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels. Nature 343 , 536–540. Liu, X., Zwiebel, ., Hinton, D., Benzer, S., Hall, ., and Rosbash, M. (1992). The period gene encodes a predominantly nuclear protein in adult Drosophila. J Neurosci 12 , 2735–2744. Vosshall, ., Price, ., Sehgal, A., Saez, L., and Young, . (1994). Block in nuclear localization of period protein by a second clock mutation, timeless. Science 263 , 1606–1609. Price, ., Blau, J., Rothenfluh, A., Abodeely, M., Kloss, B., and Young, . (1998). double-time is a novel Drosophila clock gene that regulates PERIOD protein accumulation. Cell 94 , 83–95. Jeffrey C. Hall was born 1945 in New York, USA. He received his doctoral degree in 1971 at the University of Washington in Seattle and was a postdoctoral fellow at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena from 1971 to 1973. He joined the faculty at Brandeis University in Waltham in 1974. In 2002, he became associated with University of Maine. Michael Rosbash was born in 1944 in Kansas City, USA. He received his doctoral degree in 1970 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. During the following three years, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. Since 1974, he has been on faculty at Brandeis University in Waltham, USA. Michael W. Young was born in 1949 in Miami, USA. He received his doctoral degree at the University of Texas in Austin in 1975. Between 1975 and 1977, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University in Palo Alto. From 1978, he has been on faculty at the Rockefeller University in New York. Illustrations: © The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. Illustrator: Mattias Karlén The Nobel Assembly, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institutet, awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Its Nobel Committee evaluates the nominations. Since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded to scientists who have made the most important discoveries for the benefit of mankind. Nobel Prize® is the registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation

诺贝尔医学论文

中文名：阿尔弗雷德·贝恩哈德·诺贝尔外文名： phrad Benhard Nobel别名：诺贝尔国籍：瑞典出生地：斯德哥尔摩出生日期： 1833年10月21日逝世日期： 1896年12月10日职业：化学家,发明家主要成就：诺贝尔奖创始人

这个问题还是得拿数据说话，外网上早有统计，但是诺奖并非一个文章讲的没明白，一般是一系列文章，但总有一篇开创性的“奠基文章”，也就是概念或理论被第一次提及的文章。以下横轴为奠基文章数量。