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药学论文常用英语

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药学论文常用英语

问题一:药学专业 英语怎么说 A pharmaceutical professional 问题二:药学英语 怎么说 pharmacy ['f:m?si] n. 1. 药学;药剂学;配药学 2. 药房;药店 3. 制药业;配药业 4. 一批备用药品 问题三:药学的英文读音 pharmacy 英 [?f:m?si] 美 [?f:rm?si] 问题四:药学临床前商务部 用英语怎么说 药学临床前商务部 Pharmaceutical clinical former ministry of merce 问题五:求翻译 药学英语 在1937,磺胺,磺胺类抗菌药物第一,产品销售。这类制剂的稀释液是乙二醇防冻剂,化学模拟。超过100人,其中许多是儿童,在接受药物后死亡。因此,美国国会制定了1938个联邦食品,药品和化妆品法案,这需要在一个新的药物进入临床实践前的安全性证明。这种行为也改变FDA的焦点从警务机构,强调没收假药,向监管机构监督评价新药。小儿科,不批准的食品和药物管理局(FDA)作为安全有效的儿童药物实践中每天服用。这是部分原因是由于到的事实,许多药物释放自1962年以来携带一个“孤儿条款”包中插入这样的作为,“不能用于儿童,因为临床研究已不足以建立建议使用。“什么是包插入的状态?它是一个法律指令的医生,或它的目的是作为一个医生处方药?包装插入,通过法律定义的联邦食品,药品和化妆品法案,是官方信息片的一种药物。它包含的信息来源于调查者提供的数据,并由制药公司提交给美国食品药品管理局提交。插入书面和药品制造商印刷,但我?TS内容必须获得FDA的批准。食品、药品和化妆品的行为,如经修订的1962,要求充分披露有关使用该药物的所有已知事实。因此,一个伟大的处理信息是包括插入,包括化学结构的药物,总结其药理和毒理作用,其临床适应症和禁忌症,注意事项,报告不良反应,剂量建议,可用剂型。 问题六:药剂学专业的英文怎么说 Pharmacy My major is Pharmacy 我专业是药剂学 望采纳! 问题七:药学专业英语翻译 10分 目标化合物的生产。优化生产药品举国办法 微生物是变异和屏幕应变的改善,在 1940 年代一样 盘尼西林。这种方法可以易于产生增强药物的生产,由两至三 订单的严重程度,和在某些情况下由四到五个数量级 (35)。目前,这 日志 (图。4) 与改进的抗真菌活性和毒性较低 (34)。灭活后的 PK p450 氧化,氧化甲基对 C16 车 boxyl 在制霉菌素,加上的突变 NysC 的 PK mod-乌勒,烯还原酶活性使甲酯衍生物与共轭 heptaene 份额 (而不是中断的 hexaene)。最佳的化合物是有效打击 在小鼠模型和大大比两性霉素的毒性较低是播散的念珠 战术很难打,和分子生物 ical 操作取得较大成功 只有在孤立的情况下。一个有趣的例子是多拉菌素生产工艺的改进 () Dectomax(图。4)、 抗寄生虫剂在阿维菌素家庭 (36)。初始生产 应变是脱氢酶和 O-甲基反式转硫酶缺乏突变体 ofStreptomyces 阿维。这株可以作为启动器给多拉菌素喂车-甲酸环己烷 与一侧的产品羟基 C 23 而不是一个双键。DNA shuf 放纵 theaveCgene 和筛查的给了一种新的基因编码 10 氨基酸突变和 对以上所有改善生产的有害的污染物减少了 23 倍。 天然产品,包括那些从细菌,可以当然也作出或改进的 syn thetically。例如,大量的努力已进入合成类似物埃博霉素 B、 有前途的抗肿瘤药物 问题八:什么是药学英语 还有这个学科吗?这应该是一个科目吧。学药学的人选修或者必修的一门科目吧。 问题九:一些药学专业英语的翻译 5分 上市药品的参考(RLD)的品牌Acetriptan饥,20毫克,并在批准 美国在2000年(211168新药)治疗中度至严重的症状缓解。 “ RLD是没有装饰涂料的unscored立即释放(IR)片剂。片剂需要 被吞噬的“是”没有任何干预。因此,拟议的通用产品也将是 unscored红外片没有化妆品的涂料。标签中的最大剂量为每日40毫克 (即,两次,每次一个数位板每一天)。采取单一片剂,每剂量或与食物。牌 acetriptan片,20毫克,应吞食整个一杯水。

Oral Administration 口服给药 For oral administration, the most common route, absorption refers to the transport of drugs across membranes of the epithelial cells in the GI tract. Absorption after oral administration is confounded by differences in luminal pH along the GI tract, surface area per luminal volume, blood perfusion, the presence of bile and mucus, and the nature of epithelial membranes. Acids are absorbed faster in the intestine than in the stomach, apparently contradicting the hypothesis that un-ionized drug more readily crosses membranes. However, the apparent contradiction is explained by the larger surface area and greater permeability of the membranes in the small intestine. 口服是最常用的给药途径,其吸收涉及药物通过胃肠道上皮细胞膜的转运。由于给药时相关环境条件的不同,如胃肠道管腔内pH及单位腔道容积的表面积,组织血流灌注情况,胆汁和粘液的存在以及上皮细胞膜的性质等,口服给药的吸收也有差异。酸性药物在肠中的吸收较胃中快,这显然与非解离药物更易透过细胞膜这一假设相矛盾。然而,这种明显的矛盾却可以从小肠具有很大的表面积和小肠细胞膜具有较大的通透性中得到答案。 The oral mucosa has a thin epithelium and a rich vascularity that favors absorption, but contact is usually too brief, even for drugs in solution, for appreciable absorption to occur. A drug placed between the gums and cheek (buccal administration) or under the tongue (sublingual administration) is retained longer so that absorption is more complete. 口腔粘膜上皮很薄,血管丰富,有利于药物吸收。但是,接触的时间太短暂,即使是溶液剂也来不及等到明显的吸收发生。把一种药物置于齿龈和面颊之间(颊部给药)或置于舌下(舌下给药)则可保留较长时间,使吸收更加完全。 The stomach has a relatively large epithelial surface, but because it has a thick mucous layer and the time that the drug remains there is usually relatively short, absorption is limited. Absorption of virtually all drugs is faster from the small intestine than from the stomach. Therefore, gastric emptying is the rate-limiting step. Food, especially fatty foods, slows gastric emptying (and the rate of drug absorption), explaining why some drugs should be taken on an empty stomach when a rapid onset of action is desired. Food may enhance the extent of absorption for poorly soluble drugs (eg, griseofulvin), reduce it for drugs degraded in the stomach (eg, penicillin G), or have little or no effect. Drugs that affect gastric emptying (eg, parasympatholytic drugs) affect the absorption rate of other drugs. 胃具有相对大的上皮表面,但由于它有较厚的粘液层,而且药物在胃内停留的时间相对较短,吸收也较少。事实上,所有药物在小肠中的吸收速度都要比胃中快。因此,胃排空即是一限速性步骤。食物,特别是脂类食物,延缓胃排空速度(从而也延缓药物吸收速度),这也就是为何某些希望迅速奏效的药物宜空腹服用的原因。食物可增强某些溶解性差的药物(如灰黄霉素)的吸收,减少胃内降解药物(如青霉素G)的吸收,食物以裁缝折吸收或无影响,或影响甚少。影响胃排空的药物(如副交感神经阻断剂)可影响其他药物的吸收速度。 The small intestine has the largest surface area for drug absorption in the GI tract. The intraluminal pH is 4 to 5 in the duodenum but becomes progressively more alkaline, approaching 8 in the lower ileum. GI microflora may inactivate certain drugs, reducing their absorption. Decreased blood flow (eg, in shock) may lower the concentration gradient across the intestinal mucosa and decrease absorption by passive diffusion. (Decreased peripheral blood flow also alters drug distribution and metabolism.) 小肠在胃肠道中具有最大的药物吸收表面积。十二脂肠腔内pH值为4~5,管腔内pH值趋碱性逐渐增强,至回肠下部时pH接近8。胃肠道内的菌丛可使某些药物失活,降低药物的吸收。血流量的减少(如休克病人)可以降低跨肠粘膜的浓度梯度,从而减少被动扩散吸收。(外周血流减少也会改变药物的分布和代谢。 Intestinal transit time can influence drug absorption, particularly for drugs that are absorbed by active transport (eg, B vitamins), that dissolve slowly (eg, griseofulvin), or that are too polar (ie, poorly lipid-soluble) to cross membranes readily (eg, many antibiotics). For such drugs, transit may be too rapid for absorption to be complete. 肠道通过时间肠道通过时间能影响药物吸收,特别是经主动转运吸收的药物(如维生素B)、溶解缓慢的药物(如灰黄霉素),或极性太高(即脂溶性差)难以透过细胞膜的药物(如许多抗生素)。这类药物通过太快,致使吸收不全。 For controlled-release dosage forms, absorption may occur primarily in the large intestine, particularly when drug release continues for > 6 h, the time for transit to the large intestine. 对控释剂型来说,吸收主要在大肠内进行,特别是药物释放时间超过6小时,也就是药物运达大肠的时间。 Absorption from solution: A drug given orally in solution is subjected to numerous GI secretions and, to be absorbed, must survive encounters with low pH and potentially degrading enzymes. Usually, even if a drug is stable in the enteral environment, little of it remains to pass into the large intestine. Drugs with low lipophilicity (ie, low membrane permeability), such as aminoglycosides, are absorbed slowly from solution in the stomach and small intestine; for such drugs, absorption in the large intestine is expected to be even slower because the surface area is smaller. Consequently, these drugs are not candidates for controlled release. 溶液剂型的吸收药物吸收受到大量胃肠道内分泌液的影响。药物要想被吸收,就必须要在与低pH环境及潜在的降解酶的接触中生存下来。通常,即使某种药物在肠环境中很稳定,但进入大肠的仍然是极少数。低亲脂性(即膜通透性低)药物,如氨基糖苷类,经胃和小肠溶液被缓慢吸收。而在大肠中,因表面积更小,预期吸收更慢。因此,这些药物不宜制成控释剂型。 Absorption from solid forms: Most drugs are given orally as tablets or capsules primarily for convenience, economy, stability, and patient acceptance. These products must disintegrate and dissolve before absorption can occur. Disintegration greatly increases the drug's surface area in contact with GI fluids, thereby promoting drug dissolution and absorption. Disintegrants and other excipients (eg, diluents, lubricants, surfactants, binders, dispersants) are often added during manufacture to facilitate these processes. Surfactants increase the dissolution rate by increasing the wetability, solubility, and dispersibility of the drug. Disintegration of solid forms may be retarded by excessive pressure applied during the tableting procedure or by special coatings applied to protect the tablet from the digestive processes of the gut. Hydrophobic lubricants (eg, magnesium stearate) may bind to the active drug and reduce its bioavailability. 固体剂型的吸收主要是出于方便、经济、药物稳定性、及病人接受性的考虑,大多数药物都以片剂或胶囊剂口服给药。这些制剂必须经过崩解和溶解才能被吸收。崩解大大增加了药物与胃肠液的接触表面积,从而促进药物的溶解和吸收。在制药过程中,为了促进崩解和溶解作用,往往添加一些崩解剂和其他赋形剂(如稀释剂、润滑剂、表面活性剂、粘合剂、分散剂)。表面活性剂通过增加药物的吸湿性、溶解度和分散性来增加其溶解速率。在制片过程中压片压力过大,或为了使药片免受肠道消化作用的影响而使用特殊的包衣,可延缓固体剂型的崩解。忌水性润滑剂(如硬脂酸镁)可与活性药物结合而降低其生物利用度。 Dissolution rate determines the availability of the drug for absorption. When slower than absorption, dissolution becomes the rate-limiting step. Overall absorption can be controlled by manipulating the formulation. For example, reducing the particle size increases the drug's surface area, thus increasing the rate and extent of GI absorption of a drug whose absorption is normally limited by slow dissolution. Dissolution rate is affected by whether the drug is in salt, crystal, or hydrate form. The Na salts of weak acids (eg, barbiturates, salicylates) dissolve faster than their corresponding free acids regardless of the pH of the medium. Certain drugs are polymorphic, existing in amorphous or various crystalline forms. Chloramphenicol palmitate has two forms, but only one sufficiently dissolves and is absorbed to be clinically useful. A hydrate is formed when one or more water molecules combine with a drug molecule in crystal form. The solubility of such a solvate may markedly differ from the nonsolvated form; eg, anhydrous ampicillin has a greater rate of dissolution and absorption than its corresponding trihydrate. 溶解速率溶解速率决定药物吸收时的可用度。当溶解速率低于吸收速率时,溶解就会制约吸收。药物的总体吸收可通过改变配方来加以调控,例如,减小颗粒体积可增加药物的表面积,从而增加那些溶解缓慢吸收受限的药物的胃肠道吸收速率和分量。药物的不同形式,如盐、晶体或水合物等,都可影响溶解速率。不管介质的pH是多少,弱酸的钠盐(如巴比妥酸盐,水杨酸盐)比其相应的游离酸溶解得快。某些药物有多种形态,可以非晶体形或不同晶体形存在。棕榈酸氯霉素有两种存在形态,但只有一种形态能充分溶解吸收,也因而被临床使用。当一个或多个水分子和一个晶体形药物分子相结合时,就构成一种水合物。这种的溶解度可能与非水合物的溶解度有明显的不同。例如,无水氨苄西林的溶解速率和吸收比其它相应水合物的溶解吸收速率都要快得多。

药学论文常用句式英语

英文写作必背之35句型一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。) 例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...) 例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...)例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...) 例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...) 例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...) 例句:So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵,我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...) 例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...) 例句:The harder you weww progress you make. 你愈努力,你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...,..能够..) 例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..) 例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...) 例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了) 例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...) 例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...) 例句:There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...) 例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的) It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的) It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的) 例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因) 例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don't like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 二十一、For the past + 时间,S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来,...一直...) 例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式,S + 现在完成式。 例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中,他一直很用功。二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。) 例句:It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on (以...为基础) 例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的) 例句:We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。 二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (让...明白...事) 例句:We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。 二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关) 例句:Taking exercise is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。 二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯) We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。 二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ (因为...) 例句:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 因为他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。 三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...!) 例句:What an important thing it is to keep our promise! How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事! 三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意) 例句:The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。 三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响) 例句:Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。 三十三、do good to (对...有益),do harm to (对...有害) 例句:Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。 Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。 三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁) 例句:Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。 三十五、do one's utmost to + V = do one's best (尽全力去...) 例句:We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life. 我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

上面各位的回答都不错,我给你找的是专门针对考研用的,因为看你的年纪应该不是为了考四六级这么简单了吧。 写作是语言的重要环节,看看英语考试中对作文的重视就明白了。在考研中,写作意义极其重大,其性价比(即投入的时间和提高的幅度)非常高,在我看来,如果你的阅读水平还可以的话,写作将是你的突破口。 提高写作只有一个字——“恒”,绝对的熟能生巧。我在网上看过高手写的文章,简直可以用恐怖来形容,完全是阅读理解的水平,而作者的诀窍就是每天写每天练!只要不断的写不断的改,你的文章会让你自己吃惊。套用一句:写作恒久远,练习永流传。 然而备考的时间是很紧的,不可能每天保持大量的练习,好在其要求也不高,从现在开始,到考前完全可以达到要求,但千万不要间断!很多同学都有一个情况,越不写,越怕写;越怕写,越不写。万事开头难,所以开始的练习尤为重要,而练习应以词句为主+阅读好文章,我就有一本记录本,专门收集好的词句,效果很好。这里列其中一些较简单实用的,希望能对大家有所帮助(不过,建议同学们最好自己写,自己收集,印象会深很多,每天花10分钟过过,绝对值得。另外,我列的句子很有限,多半是骨架,大家要学会扩展,并且在记忆的时候多联想一下。举例来说,一篇你的文章,用心改一下,好好套用几个句式,改些档次较高的词和词组,可以提高不少哦): 一. 总结句型 1) ***in general/above all/with the result that/as a result/consequently, *** 2) As far as I am concerned/as for me, *** 3) This truth above seems to be self-evident. 4) Whether we examine the ***above, such things can happens anywhere anytime to anyone. 5) In my point of view, I like/prefer A much more than B. 6) I still prefer A, however, for they teach me not only to be ***but also to be*** ,both in ***and in***. 7) There is no doubt that*** 8) In order to make our world a better place in which to live we should efforts to*** 9) To a large extent, ***, therefore, reflects*** 10) If all above mentioned measures are achieved, *** 11) Wherever you are and whatever you do, ***is always meaningful. 12) So clear/evident/obvious it is that there are quite different opinions on it. 13) Now, which one do you prefer-----the one***or the one***? Were it left to me to select, I should not hesitated a moment to choose the former/latter. 二. 开首句型 1) Have you ever gone***? Have you ever been to***? If you have no experience like these, your life is an inadequate one. 2) Are you***? Are you***? We are, usually. 3) In large part as a consequence of***, somebody have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on something. 4) We expect the day will come when A with its characteristic of*** 5) Being adj. is one of the virtues that people must possess (not only in***but also in***/during***/when***) 6) What A to B, that C to D 7) Currently, there is a widespread/serious concern over that*** 8) The reasons for the***are manifold, for instance, *** 9) Several factors contribute to this***, such as***, as for as I’m concerned, however, ***is the most significant ingredient/element. 10) ***is more violent than what we thought it should be before. 11) There are intimate relations between the two. 三. 并列句型 1) Some people like A due to***. However, there are many young people, including me, especially like B. 2) There might be two reasons, I think***, for the change. 3) A and B are both important, they are attribute which are equally necessary for a person to achieve success in his life. 4) Different people have different attitudes towards***, some believe that***others, however, argue that***still others maintain that*** 5) First***besides, in addition***what’s more*** 6) For one thing***nevertheless, for another*** 四. 转折句型 1)***Such defects as mentioned above can be prevented by the other way of *** 2) Except for ***’s sake only. 3) Perhaps A is the wrong word, however, B might be better. 4) First***last but not least*** 5) Shall we do this? Not necessary the case. 6) ***, and vice versa indeed . 7) On the contrary, in spite of these increase*** 8) Compared with A, B has many advantages such as*** 9) Not so much*** as he had talked about. 10) ***, the truth of the matter, however, is that*** 11) For some, the way maybe right, nevertheless, for many others*** 12) As everything going to the extreme has its negative aspects, so has*** 13) It is fairly well know that***however, it is less know that*** 14) ***, but this was not always the case. 15) At first, ***different in their opinions, on second thoughts, however, all of them agree to*** 16) None the less(尽管如此)*** 17) When people succeed, it is because of hard work, however, luck has a lot to do with it too. 18) ***, sometimes it isn’t totally the case, however. 19) Do some A else but B. 五. 名理句型 1) It is usually the case that *** 2) It is plain common sense---the more/less***the more/less*** 3) The serious reality had taught us a lesson: not being environment friendly will be avenged mercilessly. 4) As a proverb says/as is known to all/as a popular saying goes, *** 5) I can think of no better illustration than an English poem/adage which goes like this:*** 6) The old story of***can serve as a good illustration that*** 六. 强调句型 1) With/due to/spurred by***we can certainly cope with any task we are faced with, that is, *** 2) The reason why***is no other than***as I know. 3) The same thing is true with*** 4) What I want to point out is that, for a person who wants to be successful in life and to be useful in society, he will have to learn to be both A and B. 5) What a wonderful picture? Especially for we students always swimming in the sea of books! 6) It’s high time that immediate measures were taken to better the strength and face the challenges. 7) Before everything else, ***is the secret of success. 七. 图表句型 1) From the figures/statistics given in the table it can be seen/noticed that*** 2) From the graph/table/diagram/chart above, we can see that***obviously. 3) As show in the chart/by the graph*** 4) Have you ever anticipated the prospects of***in the coming decades? Let us just take a look at the figures of***as shown in the graph above. 5) The gap between***and***will be further widened. 6) In face of increasingly serious shortage of energy, we should take effective measures/which of the measures we should take? 7) It is clear that the increase of percentage gets greater and greater. 8) By***, the number of***had less/more than doubled/tripled compared with that of*** 9) 短语:made up about***/the figure amounted to/will rise to/will reach/will double that/will tripled that 另外,文章结尾也很重要,它的作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使文章意义表达得更加深刻。 文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的,常见的有以下几种: 1.首尾呼应,画龙点睛 在文章的结尾,把含义较深的话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her" (我忘不了她)的结尾: After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people. 2.重复主题句 结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾: I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland. 3. 自然结尾 随着文章的结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾: I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late. 4.含蓄性的结尾 用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法,而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾: Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile. 5.用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,并具有特别的强调作用,引起读者深思。如 "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" (我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。 Everyone should learn to do housework. Don’t you agree, boys and girls? 6.指明方向,激励读者 结尾表示对将来的展望,或期待读者投入行动。如“Let’s Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾: As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let’s go in for sports. 文章的结尾没有一定的模式,可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是,一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法;但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语,以便使文章首尾呼应,结构完整。

英语论文的标准格式参考

在学习、工作生活中,大家总少不了接触论文吧,论文写作的过程是人们获得直接经验的过程。那么,怎么去写论文呢?以下是我收集整理的英语论文的标准格式参考,欢迎大家分享。

英语论文用激光打印机打印,打印稿为黑白稿,彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心:a4纸,上、下页边距 cm,左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过, 长不得超过。

字体和字号:正文,标题,作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体,斜体。

行距:单倍行距。

页码:论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字,位于页面下方居中。

文体:文章应语法正确,技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长,请采用title: subtitle的形式。

数学公式:文中的数学公式不得手写,必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用,应该编号。公式之间,公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位: 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内,单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献,如anmc metric editorial guide, 5th ed,1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council, 1735n. lynn street, suite 950, arlington, va 22209-2022)

图表:

标题说明和图例:插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1,figure 2,table 1,table 2)。图的说明和标题,包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题,包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。

位置:图可以插入到正文中,或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图,尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式,可选择上下环绕方式。

底纹:插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹,否则会影响印刷效果。

照片:如果文中需要附上照片,在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片,标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印,请不要提供彩色照片,以免影响印刷效果。

扫描图:印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图,请提供灰色色标扫描图。

作者联络信息:请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的,包括以下内容:作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。

参考文献:所有参考文献为单倍行距,放在文章最后,按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献,按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时,作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小,难于辨认,正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用,如果正文中没有引用,请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分,或者相关材料(related materials)部分。

扩展: 英语学术论文格式

1、TITLE标题

既然是标题,不言而喻,就要力求新颖、简明、扼要,例如以下几个例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain控制癌肿疼痛方法的进展。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自显影半剂量分析The Higher the Diffusion Rate,the Higher thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane弥散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子与实膜过氧物酶部位所接触的机会越多。

有些杂志,某些作者除采用正标题之外,还采用副标题,这种情况在国外刊物上的各类论文中可谓俯拾即是。采用副标题,一般是在正标题过于简单、笼统的情况下,起到补充和系统说明正题等的作用,或是要强调某一个方面或几个方面,以其引起读者注意等等。Ultra-Low-Volume Administration:SystemsEvaluation and Date Analysis超低量用药一系列评价和数据分析(补充正题)。Medical News:Adjuvant Chemotherapy Works forBreast Cancer with Involved Nodes医学新闻:辅助性化学疗法对伴有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌奏效(说明上题)。Unresolved Issue:Do Smokers Catch Less LungCancer?尚未解决的问题:吸烟者患肺癌少吗?(提醒人们注意吸烟者患肺癌的数量增加)。

有时,为了避免标题太长而使用缩写词。Effect of LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)长效甲状腺刺激素和长效甲状腺刺激素保护物对人体甲状腺甙酸环化酶活性的作用。考虑文章较长,可在统一的标题下,用不同的副标题分成若干相对独立的篇章。例如:Factors Influ-encing one's Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness影响个人对慢性疾病适应能力的因素(1)CARE保健;(2)TECHNOLOGY技术学;(3)FAMILY RELATION-SHIPS家庭关系;(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL发展水平(研究标准);(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化价值和信仰。

2、ABSTRACT(SUMMARY)摘要、提要

这部分是对整篇文章的高度概括或浓缩,故要简单、明了。常用的词汇和句型有:Somebody studied(examined investigated,determined,found,reported,interviewed,measured,documented,considered,though evaluated,observed,…)。运用这些动词,所采用的时态通常是一般过去时和现在完成时。被动语态也屡见不鲜,常见有:This study was taken to ex-amine… ;Patients with…were followed up for+时间;It is showed that… ;It is concluded that… ;Indicationswere obtained that… ,等。结尾时常用的表达方法有:The results indicate(show,state,suggest,demon-strate,conclude,express…)that… ;These findingshave special importance in showing that… ;The find-ings have general significance in that… ;This possibilityis strengthening by the observation that… ,等等。例:

Enzyme Linkel Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)isused to the detection for antibody of anti-thy oglobulinin normal human serum,cord serum,and amniotic results demonstrate that it seemed to be an cer-tain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic fluid,the highest in cord is decreasing for anormal level with the grown-up age after isthus concluded that antibody of anti-thyroglobulin wemeasured may play a certain significance in diagnosis ofcretinism by ELISA.作者采用ELISA对正常人的血清、脐带血清和羊水中的抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体进行了测定。其结果有一定规律:抗体在胎生期首先出现,分娩时浓度达高峰,而后随年龄增长逐渐降至正常水平。故测定该抗体对地方克汀病之诊断有一定意义。

3、INTRODUCTION引言

本项除课题意义外,主要涉猎前人研究情况的评述及本研究的目的,后两者有时分别列出。兹分述如下:

、REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

以往研究评论 还有用其它题目的,例如:REVIEW OF LITER-ATURE(文献评述),LITERATURE CITED(文献引述),PRIOR RESEARCH(以前的研究),SOMEPAST DESIGNS(过去的某些设计),BACK-GROU-ND(背景材料),等等。而这些资料引文的重点要放在引述与本文有关的以往研究的结果,否则会喧宾夺主。句式常有 (reported,gave,car-ried out experiment on… ;Sb found(showed…)that… .还有若干不同的其它表达方法,写在下边:our exper-iments show that… ;The present study was undertakentoidentify… ,Date are presented that suggest… ,Ourresults supported… ;The distribution has reported by… ;Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of… ;This article(paper)documents… ;We trace(evi-dence)…This model extends… ;Our findings demon-strate… ;We reasoned that… ;The effect…were evalu-ated by means of… ;The present results add some fur-ther elements to… .A recent study analyzed he effect of aspirin(ASA)on primaryhemostasis in uremia,measuring bleedingtime(BT).It was found that the same dose of ASA pro-longed BT more in uremic that in control subjects,sug-gesting platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory-of might be due to different ASA pharma-cokinetics and bioavailability that might be influenced bythe uremic condition.新近一项研究分析了乙酰水扬酸对尿毒症第一期出血的影响,测定了出血的时间。我们发现,同样剂量的ASA均可延长出血时间,而尿毒症受验者比对照受验者要多。这提示尿毒症的血小板对ASA的抑制更具敏感性。这可能是由于ASA的药物动力学和生物可用性不同所致。

、OBJECTIVES目的

这一条还可写作OBJEC-TIVES OF STUDY(研究的目的),有时OBJEC-TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION之内,而独立列为一项。多采用开门见山,直接点出目的方式。常见的用语有:The(major main,overall,broad,primary…)objectives(purpose goal,aim…)of this study(research,article,paper,project,experiment),were(was)… ;The study aims at doing something…。例:The objec-tive of this article was to suggest that pulmonaryimpedance rheograph is one of the methods for differen-tial diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and hyperthyroi-dism。本文的目的在于提示肺阻抗图是早期肺心病和甲状腺机能亢进的鉴别诊断方法之一。

4、METHODS or EQUIPMENT AND TEST(EX-PERIMENT)PROCE DURI方法、设备和试验程序

这一部分内容须视论文的类别而有所不同,但就该题目而论,则多系试验研究和技术报告一类。还可以用以下名称等:TEST AND EQUIPMENT(试验与设备),MATERIALS AND METHODS(材料及方法),EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(试验过程),DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(试验描述),或者只写PROCEEDURE(过程),及METHODS(方法),较常见的句式有:Sb or Sth was(were)tested at… ;Sb or Sth participated in this study;或者The equip-ment which was used(consisted of,constructed from,furnished to…by,…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a medianage of 46 year,range 24~69)with chronic renal failure with anuria…参加本研究的有:(a)18例无尿慢性肾衰竭患者,其中男性10人,女性8人,平均年龄为46岁,年龄范围为24~69岁… …。The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete with temperature measuring trans-ducers and recording equipment.所有的试验装置由一个配有测温传感器和记录器的.小柜组成。

5、RESULTS AND DISCUSSION结果和讨论

这个项目是全文的重点,其篇幅约占整个文章的一半或三分之二。它将对研究、试验、观察等结果加以分析和讨论,其中包括曲线、图表和照片等。大都采用分题逐一讨论的方法。常用语有:The test(experi-mental)results presented(obtained)show(indicate,con-firm)…that… ;It should be noted that…等。例:Ourresults have shown that T-cell deplection iseffective inthe prevention of acute and chronic GVHD.我们的结果已经说明,T细胞缺失对预防GVHD有效。

6、CONCLUSION结论

其它的表达方法还有:SUMMARY AND CON-CLUSIONS(小结及结论),CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS(SUGGESTIONS)(结论与建议)。常用语有:From(On the basis of)… ,the fol-lowing conclusions can(may)be made(drawn,reached)…或者The following recommendations(SUGGES-TIONS…)may be made(PUT FORWARD)…。例:The following recommendations may be made for theimprovement of the method of this kind of operations…对这类手术方法的改进可作下述改进…

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS感谢

这项的常用语是:We acknowledge with… ;Thisstudy was supported by… ,We thank…for… ;Thisstudy was supported grants from…。例:We wish tothank profeor for his valuable suggestionsand thank also for herassistance at the initial stage of this work and Ms,Be-better wilkerson for typing the manuscript.通常,thank和support均可用以人和单位,而前者多用于人,后者多用于单位。有时,在这一项之后还有一行内容:Correspondence should be addresed MRC Cancer Trials office,Medical ResearchCouncil Centre,Hills Road,Cambridge CB22 QH这是表示致函的地点和单位。

8、REFERENCES参考文献

参考文献的写法有多种,但都有一定格式。无论采用哪一种,前后要一致。众所周知,列出参考文献是为了查看或查证与文章叙述或引用部分有关的资料。通常的办法是在论文中的引用部分按出现的先后顺序编上号码。参考文献要按号码顺序排列。每一条书目要包拓以下几个内容:作者姓名、书名、出版者和出版年份、页数等。也可以不按文中引用先后编号,而按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列,而出版年份紧跟在姓名之后。例:

文章正文:The capillary tube is used in such appli-ances ashousehold refrigerauors,small freezers and roomair conditioners,usually up to three ton system[1].Cen-tral air conditioning systems insmall residence,small ice-making machins and small beverage cooler also use thecapillary is not practicle in large commercial-systems because of its lack of sensitivity to loadchanges。

如上所述,我们把参考的文献,按照作者的姓氏的字母排序,写在下面:(1978)Modern Refrigeration andAir Michael Wallace,et al.(eds)New Developments in University (1976)Selected Writings of MaxBlack in Modern Air-conditioning Engineering( ).Oxford University (1972a)Principles of York:McGra-wHill(1972)Commercialand Industrial Science,May1972,~68,(1972b)ibid,~74注意:(1)若文章选自一本论文集,则先写作者姓名、篇目,然后另起一句注明该文集的编辑者姓名及文集名称。如不另起一句,中间要用逗号。ed,eds分别为editor和editors的缩写。(2)作者姓名和书名一般不用逗号隔开。而书名和出版社之间用句号分开。每条书目的最后用逗号,也可不用。(3)出版年份指的是所引出书籍或文章的印刷年份,不是第一版的出版年份。(4)P、PP分别是page和pages的缩写,ibid意为“同上”。(5)若论文多次引出同一篇文章,则可以引文后面写上作者的姓名和文章、书籍的出版年份,并注上页次,前后用括号括上,如(Nelson,1972,)。如果出现引用同一作者,同一年份的几本着作,要在印刷年份加上a,b… ,以示区别,如(Nels on,1972a,),(Nelson,1972b,~68)。

9、APPENDIX附录、补遗

这一项包括LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DEFINI-TIONS(符号及定义表),NOME NCLATURE(技术术语表),等。如何用英语撰写医学论文,笔者认为,对很多作者来说,耗时最多的工作不是本文所谈及的,而应是扎扎实实地搞好平时的英语学习和阅读;加强文学修养及本专业知识的学习、提高和更新等。如果做好这些工作,用英语撰写医学论文,并且撰写较高水平论文的问题便会迎刃而解。

1.正反观点式议论文模板导入:第1段:Recentlywe’vehadadiscussionaboutwhetherweshould...(导入话题)Ouropinionsaredividedonthistopic.(观点有分歧)正文:第2段:Mostofthestudentsareinfavourofit.(正方观点)...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段:However,theothersarestronglyagainstit.(反方观点)’smore...Inaddition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论:第4段:Personallyspeaking,theadvantagesoverweighthedisadvantages,foritwilldousmoreharmthangood,soIsupportit.(个人观点)オ2.“A或者B”类议论文模板:导入:第1段:.正文:第2段:...(赞同A的原因)第3段:Ofcourse,Balsohasadvantagestosomeextent...(列出1~2个B的优势)结论:第4段:Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,...(得出结论)オ3.观点论述类议论文模板:导入:第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题Asastudent,Iamstronglyinfavourofthedecision.(亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)Thereasonsforthismaybelistedasfollows.(过渡句,承上启下)正文:第2段:Firstofall...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论:第3段:Inconclusion,Ibelievethat...(照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构)4."Howto"类议论文模板:导入:第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文:第2段:Manywayscanhelptosolvethisseriousproblem,...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论:第3段:Thesearenotthebestbuttheonlytwo/...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)

药学论文常用英语词汇

学英语应该做到“狂看,瞎听,胡说”所谓狂看就是只要看到有英文标识的东西就试着去看一看,有空时看到身边的东西就想一想用英语怎么讲,带一本小笔记在身上,写几个要记的单词,会了就马上扔了,瞎听就是一听到有人讲英语就凑过去听,管它讲的好不好,听一下CCTV9,听不懂,也装着很懂,给自己一些听的信心,胡说,就是乱说,看到什么就想想用英语怎么讲,想骂人时 有骂不出口就用英语骂,心里不舒服时,就用英语大声讲,别人也听不懂,讲错了没事,和朋友交流时,时不时开个玩笑,用英语开,英语没有速成的方法,就是这样练的,还有就是自己有心里话有没人说,用中文写又怕别人看见,这时就用英文写,有时喜欢什么人啊之类的,不好意思写进去就用英文写,哪怕是中国式英语,

报关,商务英语,翻译

医药院校药学高职专业药学英语的教学探讨

【摘要】目前,药学英语逐渐成为高等医药院校药学生综合技能的重要组成部分。学习药学英语课程是药学学生提高英语水平、专业技能的重要方面,也是高校培养复合型人才的重要方面之一。由于目前多种因素的制约,我国高等医药院校的药学英语教学水平尚有待加强。本文针对目前药学专业英语教学的现状,探讨药学英语教学中遇到的问题,并提出相应对策,力求提高药学英语的教学质量。

【关键词】药学英语;教学;药学高职

近年来,我国医药事业取得了举世瞩目的成绩,进出口贸易有了蓬勃的发展,这对于药学专业的学生既是难得的机遇,又有着巨大的挑战。若要适应现代社会的迅猛发展,药学专业英语的学习就显得越来越重要。当今社会,经济的发展和社会的交流要求高校毕业生对药学专业英语的听说读写技能均要有一定程度的掌握。高校学生在进行了基础专业课及公共英语学习的基础上,已经具备了系统的知识结构。在此基础上进行药学专业英语的学习具有了很好的基础。但高职专业药学英语的教学及学习由于受到一些因素的影响,仍存在一定的问题。笔者通过自身的教学经历在此做一阐述并提出一些相应的解决方案。

1、药学高职专业药学英语教学中存在的不足

学生英语基础水平偏低,且参差不齐目前国内普通高校对高职学生英语水平的要求普遍不高,因此导致高职学生英语水平偏低。药学英语的难度相应于大学公共英语也偏高,教师上课时不但要讲解专业词汇,还要帮助学生复习基础英语中的词汇及句式。学生在学习过程中常会感到力不从心,因而产生厌学情绪,教师的积极性亦会受到影响。

教材单一,缺乏适合专科程度的教材 目前医药院校高职专业缺少针对性的教材,常用本科药学英语教材代替,由于本科教材中采用的文章专业性过强、难度较大,高职学生难于学习掌握。个别院校使用内部自编教材,但所收录的内容其难易程度往往不能与学生的实际英语水平完全契合,同时由于不能及时补充药学领域的前沿知识,实用性不强。

教学模式单一陈旧药学英语的教学普遍存在枯燥乏味、忽视不同专业差异的现象。在实际教学时未兼顾分析化学、有机化学、物理化学、药剂学、药物化学、生药学等不同专业的侧重点。教学方法通常是单一的课文翻译、重点难点词汇的讲解,而忽视了口语、听力等交流的能力。师生间缺乏教与学的互动。

师资力量薄弱 当前高校药学英语教师多是英语专业背景而缺乏药学专业的相关知识,因此这部分教师对于药学英语专业性内容的理解也会存在一些偏差;或者为药学专业毕业的教师,较难胜任英语教学。同时,许多院校对药学英语专职教师的培养缺乏重视,其结果是教学效果差,教学质量低。

学校及学生对专业英语的教育教学缺乏足够重视很多院校将学生大学英语四、六级考试通过率作为教学质量评定的一项内容,学生也将是否通过英语四六级考试作为学习的目标。部分学生在过级后放松了英语学习,对专业英语学习也缺乏兴趣和动力,很多学生并没有认识到药学英语在今后工作中的重要性,因此对于学习药学英语具有应付考试、获得学分的心态。某些高校的教学管理部门对药学英语的重视程度也不够,产生药学英语课时数偏少,不能满足教学任务的需要。

2、对策

丰富教学手段丰富多彩的教学方法能提高学生的兴趣,从而提高学习的效率和质量。可查阅一些专业文章及研究综述来丰富英语学习内容。采用多媒体教学的方式,因为这种方法能把图像、声音、动画等信息加入到课堂教学中,提高学生的兴趣。以讨论、问答等方式加强学生参与课堂教学及学习的.过程,提高学生的主动生。

培养学生学习药学英语的兴趣邀请国内外知名学者举办英语讲座,培养学生借助词典阅读药学英文文献的能力,为学生毕业后的实际应用打下基础。放映欧美药学相关的视频,既拓展了学生的视野,又能给学生最地道、最直接的感受,提高学习的兴趣。介绍专业的前沿与发展,让学生了解本领域的前景及就业信息,同时使其领会药学英语对于其竞聘工作及在本领域竞争中的重要意义。

加强专业教师队伍的建设药学英这门课程既不同于专业课,也不同于基础英语课,教师队伍也参差不齐,从业教师很难既具有药学背景、同时又具有英语专业背景。因此教学管理部门应重视对药学专业英语教师的培训。定期组织英语、药学方面的资深老师辅导,安排中青年教师到相关院校学习交流。

加强教材建设选择及编写教材应符合学生英语的实际水平以及其所学专业的特点,融趣味性、知识性、实用性于一体,既包括药学专业的词汇和特殊表达方式,同时又能详细介绍药学基础及专业知识。在课堂教学中,加入药品说明书、设备使用说明书、科技论文英文摘要等内容,以提高学生解决实际问题能力。

教学时间的合理安排药学英语的开课时间应尽量安排在药学专业课程结束之后。这样学生在学习药学英语之前就对专业知识有了很好的掌握,学习的过程中,就能对所接触的内容有更深层次的理解。同时,药学英语的内容又能促进学生对药学专业知识的回顾,加强对前期所学药学专业知识的进一步理解和掌握。

总之,医药院校高职专业的药学英语是专业内容不可或缺的一部分,同时其教学又有自身特点,对其各种改革应立足于培养新时期的复合型人才,并能学以致用,同时又与各个学校的实际情况相结合。药学教育工作者也应为这一教学目标和宗旨而不断丰富自己、提高理论教学水平,放眼医药前沿现状。

参考文献:

[1]雷丽红,高等医药院校药学英语教学工作的思考,华夏医学,2007,20(3):577—578

[2]林玲,高等医药院校药学英语教学探讨,亚太传统医药,2010,6(8.):190—191

[3]黎晶晶,唐霖,徐格非,医药类高职高专院校药学英语教学存在的问题及对策,卫生职业教育,2010,28(3):15—17

鑫达医学翻译网整理了大量生物学、医学、药学词汇,提供专业SCI论文写作指导,可与在线客户进行免费咨询。

药学论文常用英语单词

去买一本《新编药物学》,里面都有,卓越和当当都有卖的,我自己也在用。很好用。

药学: pharmacy 英 [ˈfɑ:məsi] 美 [ˈfɑ:rməsi]药学是连接健康科学和化学科学的医疗保健行业,它承担着确保药品的安全和有效使用的职责。药学主要研究药物的来源、炮制、性状、作用、分析、鉴定、调配、生产、保管和寻找(包括合成)新药等。主要任务是不断提供更有效的药物和提高药物质量,保证用药安全,使病患得以以伤害最小,效益最大的方式治疗或治愈疾病。专业培养目标和基本要求:本专业培养适应社会主义经济建设发展和医药卫生事业需要,具有现代药学知识,能从事药物生产、药品分析鉴定、医院药学、药物研制和药事管理等工作的高级应用型专门人才。要求应考者努力树立爱国主义、集体主义和社会主义思想,遵纪守法,具有良好的思想品德和职业道德,积极为社会主义现代化建设和人民服务。要求应考者掌握化学、药学以及分子生物学、药事管理的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能,熟悉医药卫生事业制度和法规,具有分析问题和解决问题的能力,具有一定的英语听说读写能力。

pharmacy英 [ˈfɑ:məsi] 美 [ˈfɑ:rməsi]

药学论文常用英语句子

Are you feeling all right? 您是感觉好吗? Are you feeling nausea? 您是感觉恶心吗? Are your bowels acting properly? 您的肠能适当地行动吗? Are your bowels regular? 您的肠的运动是规则吗? Did you have pains here before? 您这里有以前痛吗? Do you cough? 你咳嗽吗? Do you feel short of breath sometimes? 您有时感觉呼吸急促吗? Do you feel short-winded? 你有时感觉短促的喘气吗? Do you feel tired? 您感到疲乏吗? Do you have any appetite? 您有胃口吗?Do you have difficulty breathing? 您有呼吸困难吗?

议论文的核心问题是逻辑论证,即以翔实的论据和严密的论证表明论点、阐述道理。我精心收集了,供大家欣赏学习! 精选 举例句型 's take…to illustrate this. 's take the above chart as an example to illustrate this. is one more example. … for example. same is true of… offers a typical instance of… may quote a mon example of… think of… 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 is pletely / totally / entirely different from B. and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect. and B differ in… differs from B in… difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in… with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B… …, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B… it is generally believed that A …, I believe B… their similarities, A and B are also different. A and B … However, A…; on the other hand, B… most striking difference is that A…, while B… 演绎法常用的句型 are several reasons for…, but in general, they e down to three major ones.有几个原因……,但一般,他们可以归结为三个主要的。 are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.有许多因素可能占…,但以下是最典型的。 ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题,但下面的可能是最有效的。 , the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说,这些优势可以列举如下。 reasons are as follows. 集锦 1.正反观点式议论文模板 汇入: 第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... 汇入话题 Our opinions are divided on this topic.观点有分歧 正文: 第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.正方观点 Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...列出2~3个赞成的理由 第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. 反方观点 Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...列出2~3个反对的理由 结论: 第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.个人观点 オ 2.“A或者B”类议论文模板: 汇入: 第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 正文: 第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...赞同A的原因 第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... 列出1~2个B的优势 结论: 第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...得出结论 オ 3.观点论述类议论文模板: 汇入: 第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. 亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对 The reasons for this may be listed as follows. 过渡句,承上启下 正文: 第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由 结论: 第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... 照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构 4."How to"类议论文模板: 汇入: 第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文: 第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法 结论: 第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...强调解决此类问题的根本方法 推荐 段首万能句子 1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2.俗话说常言道……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old “s the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today. 3.现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……更为糟糕的是…… Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily , ____ Second, makes things worse is that______. 4.现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外而且…… Nowadays,it is mon to people like ______ because ,______. 5.任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6.关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为说……,在他们看来,…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to people say that them,_____. 7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is being more and more serious. 8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has bee a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9.……在我们的日常生活中起著越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 10.根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……很显然……,但是为什么呢? According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it can be seen that______ ,______,but why?

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