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是一份原创的了。啊
爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.
2009年5-6月的最新研究成果。加拿大和美国研究人员6月21日发表论文称，他们发现了可能会彻底治愈艾滋病的新方法，艾滋病将有可能不再是不治之症。治愈艾滋病的关键在于找到艾滋病病毒潜伏池--艾滋病病毒在人体内的藏身之地。研究人员说，他们找到了这种潜伏池，即记忆T细胞，这是一种人体免疫细胞，尽管它是一些艾滋病病毒的藏身天堂，但也在一定程度上能限制这些病毒的活动。研究人员发现，一旦艾滋病病毒藏身到记忆T细胞中，它的命运就与记忆T细胞休戚相关:细胞活着，病毒也就活着;细胞死亡，病毒也就死亡;病毒增殖也完全依赖于细胞的分裂。因此，摧毁记忆T细胞，也就可以摧毁“躲藏”起来的艾滋病病毒。研究人员说，单使用鸡尾酒疗法等抗逆转录病毒疗法治愈不了艾滋病，是因为它对潜伏池内的艾滋病病毒鞭长莫及。于是，他们提出了结合化学疗法和抗逆转录病毒疗法来治疗艾滋病的新方法，其中，抗逆转录病毒疗法可杀灭人体内大部分艾滋病病毒，而化学疗法则专门针对“躲藏”在记忆T细胞中的艾滋病病毒，这使得艾滋病病毒在人体中再无藏身之地。这项研究的负责人、蒙特利尔大学的拉菲克-皮埃尔·瑟卡利说，这是首次研究证实，艾滋病之所以治愈不了，不是因为抗逆转录病毒疗法不起效果，而是因为有艾滋病病毒潜伏池的存在。瑟卡利说，这是初步的研究成果，希望这项成果能指导科学家消灭艾滋病病毒，他们下一步计划在动物身上进行有关试验。这项研究成果已于21日发表在英国《自然-医学》杂志上。
忘记了是从那一天起,爱滋病这个略带西方色彩的字眼闯如了我们的生活.它惊醒了沉睡中的我们.让我们认识了爱滋,了解了爱滋,惧怕了爱滋,远离了爱滋病人. 人性就在这时体现了.普存忻这个我不太熟知,但是他是有名的爱滋病大使.也许我连他的名字都不会写,可是我从心里崇拜他,因为他有一颗剔透的心,高尚的灵魂.其实我心里也知道,爱滋病是靠性传播,血液传播,母婴传播的.可是就是人性的自私,我也保护我自己,如果有一个人他站在我面前说要和我握手,而且告诉我他是爱滋病人,恐怕我也会胆怯,我也会踌躇.可是他呢!毅然的和他们握手,吃饭,交流.也许这些在正常人与正常人之间太微不足道了.可是如果是一个正常人和一个爱滋病人之间,那么是多么的崇高的一种气节.是多么的伟大.他们做到了,可是今天的我真的做不到. 人之初,性本善.也许是自私抹杀了我的善良.也许是自己保护的意识让我收起了善良.今天我只能在这里高唱凯歌,百般称赞那些能做到和爱滋病人平等的人,对不起,今天的我依然做不到~ 艾滋病是一种有艾滋病病毒、即人类免疫缺陷病毒入侵人体后破坏人体免疫功能，使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤，最后导致被感染者死亡的一种严重传染病。天猫爱卫唾液收集器不用抽血在家取样，保护隐私。 全球艾滋病20年来造成2800万人死亡，目前还有4300万患者，并且每天新增病人万人。我国现有65万艾滋病感染者，去年每天新增192人。 艾滋病传染途径主要有三种：一是性接触传播；二是血液传播；三是母婴传播。 目前，艾滋病仍然是不治之症。它威胁着每个人和每个家庭，预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。 ]1、洁身自爱。遵守性道德是预防经性途径传染艾滋病的根本措施。2、使用避孕套。正确使用避孕套不仅能避孕，还能减少感染艾滋病、性病的危险。3、治疗性病。及早治疗并治愈性病可减少艾滋病的感染。正规医院能提供正规、保密的检查、诊断、治疗和服务咨询，必要时可借助当地性病、艾滋病服务热线进行咨询。4、远离毒品。避免共享针头，禁止吸毒，减少血液接触。处理伤口时，一定要注意避免皮肤、眼睛、口腔接触到别人的血液。5、防止交叉传染。避免不必要的输血、注射、使用没有严格消毒的不安全拔牙和美容等，使用经艾滋病病毒抗体检测的血液和血液制品。 只要按照预防艾滋病的方法去做就不会感染到这种病。就可以不让自己的生命白白浪费掉。
.文艾防艾论坛 可以领公益试纸.
艾滋病的保健教育 你可以把它简化， 把要点抽出AIDS Education One important aspect of a comprehensive AIDS policy is education. Many in our society are ignorant of the facts and need more information. A study of young people in San Francisco revealed that 30 percent believed AIDS could be cured if treated early, and one-third did not know that AIDS cannot be transmitted merely by touching someone with AIDS activists, however, have seen education as the primary or even the sole means of fighting the AIDS epidemic. And while education is certainly important, information alone is not a sufficient means of fighting AIDS. Indeed, there are some serious concerns surrounding AIDS problem is that AIDS information is often dispensed in a so- called value neutral environment. Educators and counselors try to discuss AIDS and human sexuality in an amoral framework. But in attempting to be amoral, they often end up being immoral. Teaching the facts about subjects like condoms and homosexuality without teaching the moral values associated with them is tantamount to encouraging second concern about AIDS education is that it sometimes misrepresents the facts. Various medical and governmental reports, for example, have touted the condom as an effective means of reducing the risk of contracting AIDS. But while it is true that condoms reduce the risk of contracting AIDS, they by no means eliminate used for contraceptive purposes fail about 10 percent of the time over the course of a year. Former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop warned of the "extraordinarily high" failure rate of condoms among homosexuals. And a study done at the University of Miami Medical School showed that 17 percent of women married to men with AIDS became infected within a year despite the use of , AIDS education is frequently used to promote the homosexual lifestyle. While AIDS is not exclusively a gay disease, it has often been used by gay activists to promote acceptance of homosexuality. Although we should reach out to AIDS victims with compassion, we should not compromise the biblical teaching that homosexuality is unnatural (Rom. 1:26-27) and an abomination (Lev. 18:22).Fourth and last, there is some question about the general effectiveness of AIDS education. While educating people about AIDS may provide them with the basic facts, we should not be so naive as to believe that information alone will necessarily change their behavior. If it did, then our country's massive anti-smoking education programs would have been followed by a precipitous drop in smoking and lung cancer, and the numerous venereal-disease education programs would have substantially reduced the number of sexually transmitted inadequacy of education became evident through a survey that asked students at the University of Maryland about their knowledge of AIDS and their subsequent sexual behavior. Seventy-seven percent said they knew condoms can be used to limit the risk of infection of AIDS, but only 30 percent reported increased use of condoms. Eighty-three percent of the male students who said they have homosexual relations said they had made no change in their hasn't AIDS education been more effective? One reason is that people use selective perception to screen out most of the messages they receive. We do not, for example, pay much attention to lawnmower commercials unless we are in the market for a lawnmower. If people do not think they are at risk for AIDS, AIDS information may not get through their perceptual the problem of selective perception is emotional denial. High-risk groups often ignore messages they do not want to hear, and those at risk for AIDS are no and perhaps most important, human sin nature frequently keeps us from doing what is right and leads us to practice evil (Rom. 7:15-19). All have sinned (Rom. 3:23) and fall short of the glory of God, so we should not be surprised that people engage in dangerous sexual behavior even when they are armed with the facts.
火锅感觉不吃辣的要吃饭
World Aids Day According to UNAIDS（联合国艾滋病规划署）estimates there were million adults and million children living with HIV at the end of 2002, and during the year 5 million new people became infected with the virus. Around half of all people who become infected with HIV do so before they are 25 and are killed by AIDS before they are 35. 95% of the total number of people with HIV live in the developing world. But HIV still remains a threat to people of all ages and nationalities. Stigma and Discrimination is the theme of the 2003 World AIDS day. In many parts of the world, discrimination prevents people who are known to have HIV from securing a job or caring for their families. Discrimination can cause isolation and marginalizes（排斥）people who have HIV and AIDS. This can prevent people from being offered or seeking the treatment which could save their lives. In order for HIV to be effectively tackled on an international level, efforts need to be made to End the discrimination against people with HIV and AIDS. Educate people in safer sex and drug use, using appropriate media. Provide condoms freely to people in the developing world. Provide financial and medical assistance so that people with HIV and AIDS can be treated. Started in 1988, World AIDS Day is not just about raising money, but also about raising awareness, education and fighting prejudice. World AIDS Day is also important in reminding people that HIV has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done. Themes for World Aids Day The theme for world AIDS day 2003 is Stigma and Discrimination. Each year there is a particular theme chosen for World AIDS Day, and for the last fourteen years the themes have been as follows: 2004 Women and AIDS 2003 Stigma and Discrimination 2002 Stigma and Discrimination 2001 I care. Do you? 2000 AIDS : Men make a difference 1999 Listen, Learn, Live: World AIDS Campaign with Children and Young People 1998 Force For Change: World AIDS Campaign With Young People 1997 Children Living in a World with AIDS 1996 One World, One Hope 1995 Shared Rights, Shared Responsibilities 1994 AIDS and the Family 1993 Time to Act 1992 Community Commitment 1991 Sharing the Challenge 1990 Women & AIDS 1989 Youth 1988 Communication The Red Ribbon The Red Ribbon is an international symbol of AIDS awareness that is worn by people all year round and particularly around world AIDS day to demonstrate care and concern about HIV and AIDS, and to remind others of the need for their support and commitment. The red ribbon started as a "grass roots" effort, and as a result there is no official red ribbon, and many people make their own. To make your own ribbons, get some ordinary red ribbon, about cms wide and cut it into strips about 15 cms long. Then fold at the top into an inverted "V" shape and put a safety pin through the centre which you use to attach the ribbon to your clothing.
.1因为HIV他会变异，就象已经研究好了他的治疗药物，可是他在不知道的情况下发生了变异就这样上面的药对它就没作用了， 2.国家现在2期疫苗在广西临床呢 3.谢谢你他因你有这样的抱负而高兴 4.你可以去一些疾病预防控制中心去所要，或者HIV感染的组织他们有很多这方面的书籍 5.去做些可以帮助他们的事情包括不歧视他们和个他们谈心叫朋友去宣传这方面的知识，因为很多感染者就是不了解所以才被感染上 6荷兰红十字会，全球基金.红丝带等 6给你推荐个博客是HIV的
2017年12月1日是第30个“世界艾滋病日”，今年我国宣传活动主题是“共担防艾责任，共享健康权利，共建健康中国”，英文主题为“Right to Health”。今天，小编就为大家盘点关于艾滋病的科普知识。
【艾滋病的常识】
什么是艾滋病？
艾滋病的医学全称为“获得性免疫缺陷综合症”（英文缩写AIDS），是由艾滋病病毒（医学全称为人类免疫缺陷病毒，英文缩写HIV）引起的一种严重传染病。艾滋病病毒侵入人体后，破坏人的免疫功能，使人体易发生多种感染和肿瘤，最终导致死亡。
艾滋病的传播途径
人们会通过以下方式感染艾滋病：
A．无保护的性行为
艾滋病可通过性交（阴道交、口交、肛交）的方式在男女之间和男性之间传播。性伴侣越多，感染艾滋病的危险越大。
B．不安全的血液、共用注射器和使用未正确灭菌的医疗器械
共用注射器静脉吸毒是经血液传播艾滋病的重要危险行为。
输入被艾滋病病毒污染的血液或血液制品，使用未经严格消毒的手术、注射、针灸、拔牙、美容等进入人体的器械，都能传播艾滋病。
C．母婴传播：
感染了艾滋病病毒的妇女通过妊娠、分娩和哺乳有可能把艾滋病传染给胎儿或婴儿。在未采取预防措施的情况下，约1/3的胎儿和婴儿会受到感染。
感染了HIV病毒还能活多久？
感染了艾滋病病毒不会立即死亡！一般来说，潜伏期越长，艾滋病病毒感染者的生命也越长。艾滋病感染者存活的时间因人而异，有新闻报道我国艾滋病人最长存活时间已达21年。据研究，感染的HIV病毒亚型、传入人体病毒的多少、个人基因和健康差异及医疗品质等，都对艾滋病患者生存时间产生影响。
一个健康人从感染上艾滋病毒到死亡，一般分为四个阶段。
第一阶段：感染初期。也叫艾滋病急性感染期，又称“窗口期”。感染后，少部分感染者会出现类似流行性感冒的症状，如发热、咽喉炎、皮疹、淋巴结肿大等，随后这些症状会消失。世界卫生组织界定“窗口期”为3-6周。由于艾滋病急性感染期时，症状比较轻。
第二阶段：艾滋病潜伏期。从感染上艾滋病病毒到出现临床各种表现，这一段时间称为潜伏期，此期也被称为“无症状期”。从严格的意义上讲，潜伏期应包括入口期，即是感染之后从血标本的检测中尚未出现艾滋病病毒（HIV）的那一段时间，通常是2周至3个月。因为艾滋病病毒感染者往往不能确定出感染的具体时间，故只好从出现前驱症状或血清抗-HIV抗体阳性算起，约数月到几年。从科学态度出发，真正的潜伏期应是1~12年，平均6年。这时的病人被叫作“HIV携带者”，潜伏期症状不明显，表面上大多数感染者是健康的，与正常人没有区别。
第三阶段：艾滋病前期。艾滋病前期是指潜伏期后开始出现与艾滋病有关的症状和体征，直至发展成典型的艾滋病的一段时间。这时艾滋病会出现续性的淋巴节肿大，发生的部位多见于头颈部、腋窝、腹股沟、颈后、耳前、耳后、股淋巴结、颌下淋巴结等症状。艾滋病前期出现的淋巴结肿大一般会持续半年以上；体重减轻10%以上；持续数月的周期性低热；夜间盗汗；口腔出现毛状白斑是早期诊断艾滋病的重要线索。
第四阶段：典型艾滋病期。由于CD4+细胞是艾滋病病毒的主要靶细胞之一，作为监测病程的重要指标，通常一旦每微升血液中的CD4+细胞数少于200时，或者CD4+细胞在淋巴细胞中所占比例少于14%时，细胞免疫机能已经难以维持，就标志着病人即将进入HIV感染的最后阶段，即“艾滋发病期”，这时，感染者被叫作“艾滋病患者”，他们非常容易受到其他疾病的感染，一些平时很难对人生命产生威胁的普通传染病如肺炎等，一旦进入艾滋病的肌体就会无法控制，可能导致严重后果。
共同生活也是安全的，蚊子叮咬不会传播艾滋病！
与HIV携带者发生普通的社交接触如拥抱、握手、亲吻等是不会感染HIV的；与他们共用餐具、马桶、同空间内呼吸也是安全的，甚至与他们一起游泳、使用健身器械也非常安全。而公用牙刷、剃须刀等用品，是应当被杜绝的行为（因为它们可能会接触破损的黏膜与皮肤）。
此外，蚊虫叮咬并不会传播HIV，因为当蚊子在叮咬健康人时，它们不会将之前叮咬的人或者动物的血液，回注到下一个对象体内。此外，HIV病毒在昆虫体内，只能存活很短的时间。
到正规机构洗牙不会感染艾滋病
北京地坛医院感染临床和研究中心主任张福杰教授介绍：如果去国家批准的牙科医院和诊所，不会感染艾滋病。没有正式研究显示在正规的机构洗牙会感染艾滋病。
洗牙可以每年一至两次，避免牙结石问题。长时间不洗牙，牙结石过多，洗牙时会出血严重。如果器械消毒不合格，这种情况下，从理论上讲，任何存在组织液、血液交换的行为都有存在感染病毒的可能性。其他侵入性操作，比如做胃镜，心导管等，正规的医疗机构都需要在检查之前进行HIV检测，避免交叉感染。所以，建议准备做以上医疗检查或治疗的网友选择国家批准的正规机构，以避免交叉感染。
【艾滋病的防治】
感染艾滋病并非死路一条，“鸡尾酒疗法”功效显著！
感染艾滋病病毒并不意味着立刻就会死。尽管这种病毒目前还无疫苗可以防控和治愈，但通过一定的药物辅助治疗，是可以将其控制在非常非常低、甚至于在体内检测不到的状况。
艾滋病的“鸡尾酒疗法”，是同时混合服用三种或三种以上的抗病毒药物，每种药物针对艾滋病病毒繁殖周期中的不同环节，从而达到抑制或消灭HIV病毒的目的，因其功效显著一直占据着抗艾用药的主流地位。据2008年英国医学杂志《柳叶刀》发表调查报告表明，自1996年推出鸡尾酒疗法并全球推广后，HIV病毒携带者和艾滋病患者的预期寿命平均延长年，死亡率大幅下降近40%。
安全套！迄今为止最有效的防艾工具
在性传播这条途径中，如果要彻底阻断艾滋病，唯一的方法就是禁欲。除此之外，较为有效而可行的是使用安全套。即便安全套的橡胶存在天然缝隙，但由于HIV病毒必须通过人的体液传播，而水分子的大小是大于安全套材料分子间隙的，所以HIV病毒依然无法穿过安全套，除非安全套出现质量问题或者人为造成破损的情况。
世界卫生组织（WHO）发布的报告也表明，只要使用得当，安全套几乎能百分百预防艾滋病。《新英格兰医学杂志》也曾发表研究论文表示，安全套防艾的失败率仅为。在这个万事没有绝对的世界，的失败率和不用安全套的风险率可想而知。
预防艾滋病，不能靠自行在药房买药吃
北京地坛医院感染临床和研究中心主任张福杰教授介绍：预防、治疗艾滋病的药物必须在医生指导下服用，不能擅自到药店购买服用。首先，治疗用的药物本身有一定的毒性反应。在服药过程中也不可以随意停药，以免带来一系列的机体损伤。比如，肾功能影响等。所以，在进行预防和服药之前，必须请医生做专业评估。
抗病毒治疗不用怕 两种渠道帮助患者负担治疗费用
北京地坛医院感染临床和研究中心主任张福杰介绍国家为防止艾滋病投入巨大，目前基本上是走国家免费治疗的特殊通道，不久前我们发现国家把一部分艾滋病抗病毒药物纳入了医保目录。如果国家有两个渠道可以帮助患者减轻费用负担。第一个渠道是经典的国家免费抗病毒治疗。第二个渠道是我国公布的医保目录里涵盖了艾滋病的药物，可以选择走医保报销。对于一些新药，需要患者自己负担一部分，国家负担一部分，保险公司或医保负担一部分。这些对患者更早地使用上更新更好的药品，以及跟踪检查都有很大的帮助。
完成艾滋病防治的三个百分比任重且道远
如何实现2030年终结艾滋病、2020年的三个90%？北京大学医学部和首都医科大学传染病学教授、卫生部艾滋病临床专家工作组组长、北京地坛医院传染病治疗与研究中心主任张福杰教授表示，要实现这一目标任重道远。
他说，首先“发现”90%的病人是非常难的。因为感染艾滋病以后这些病人没有一个特异性的表现，它所呈现的症状像流感一样，并且可以自愈，然后感染者很快转入无症状期。在长达6-10年的无症状期中，如果不进行HIV的检测很难被发现感染了艾滋病。因此发现病人面临着很大的挑战。很多病人在免疫力非常低下时才被发现，如肺孢子虫病）或者肿瘤（卡波西肉瘤），或者因为其他疾病需要进行手术前检查时才被发现。发现晚就意味着在不知情的情况下，可能已经将艾滋病传播给了其他人。
艾滋病病毒携带者吸烟比病毒本身更要命
《美国医学会杂志·内科学卷》刊载的一项研究显示，如果艾滋病病毒携带者在接受抗逆转录药物治疗时还吸烟，那么他们死于肺癌的可能性比死于艾滋病的可能性会高出10倍左右。戒烟预防肺癌应成为护理艾滋病病毒携带者的重中之重。
领导这项研究的美国马萨诸塞综合医院的克里希纳·雷迪在一份声明中说：“对肺癌而言，吸烟和艾滋病病毒是一个特别糟糕的组合。艾滋病病毒携带者吸烟率特别高，而吸烟和艾滋病病毒都会增加肺癌的风险。”
【最新研究】
科学家“解码”艾滋病病毒如何增殖
多国科学家日前在美国《国家科学院学报》上发表报告说，他们运用计算机模型“解码”了艾滋病病毒在细胞间传播的未知细节，有望为开发抗艾药物找到新方法。
艾滋病病毒增殖的“诀窍”是迫使细胞在细胞膜上形成囊膜供病毒容身，囊膜脱落被称为出芽，出芽后病毒体进入其他细胞展开复制，阻断这一早期过程是治疗艾滋病的一种可能方法。
中国北京大学和美国芝加哥大学等机构的研究人员建立了一个“粗粒化”计算机模型，揭示了一种名为HIV－1Gag的蛋白质在细胞膜上可能的构象。这种蛋白是病毒的主要组装蛋白，参与了出芽，但科学家一直难以运用实验手段获得分子层面上组装过程的清晰影像。
研究人员选择在计算机中构造了这种蛋白的缺失部分，通过调试参数最终发现，这种蛋白利用病毒核糖核酸和细胞膜作为“脚手架”自行组装起来。研究人员还发现，小核糖核酸可以抑制这种蛋白组装。
世界首例成人HIV抗体阴性合并肺KS有助艾滋病研究
北京协和医院27日发布消息称，该院呼吸内科、感染内科、病理科联合报道了世界首例成人HIV抗体阴性艾滋病合并肺卡波西肉瘤病例。相关论文发表在最新一期的《临床呼吸杂志》上。
该患者为46岁男性，曾辗转就诊于国内多家医院。虽HIV抗体初筛试验可疑阳性，但用于确证HIV感染的蛋白印迹试验为阴性。抗生素治疗和抗结核治疗无效后，患者来北京协和医院就诊。肺部穿刺活检后，病理科专家在镜下惊异地发现了肺部病变是卡波西肉瘤（KS），而该病好发于免疫功能低下人群及艾滋病人。专家介绍，KS是HIV/AIDS患者常见的机会性肿瘤，也是HIV/AIDS进展到终末期的一个表现。经文献检索，该患者是在成人中发现的世界首例HIV抗体阴性艾滋病合并肺KS。
戊戌数据包含了美国上市药品数据库，欧盟上市药品库，美国橙皮书数据库，ClinicalTrials数据库，欧盟HMA上市药品库，日本橙皮书数据库，日本上市药品库等，有中文，英文，日文检索。
得了艾滋病能活多久这个问题是没有一个确切的答案的，这个需要看治疗程度以及人体状况。得了艾滋病也并非就意味着离死亡不远了，不管是什么病都有一个治疗的过程，好的治疗以及好的心态胜过很多的药物。
其实艾滋病本身不是最可怕的，他虽然会影响人体的免疫系统，使得人体免疫力下降，但是其实得了艾滋病依旧是可以像正常人一样生活的。只是艾滋病本身难以治愈，目前依旧没有合适的治疗方法能够根治艾滋病。而且艾滋病往往会引发一些并发症，这些并发症才是真正危急人体健康的存在。再加上艾滋病的传染性极强，使得这种疾病变成了闻风丧胆的大魔头。
很多人以为HIV就是艾滋病，但其实不然。HIV是一种病毒，而这种病毒会攻陷人体的免疫功能，从而产生艾滋病。而艾滋病能够通过母婴、血液以及性行为传播，这些都是日常生活中很难避免的事情。需要注意的是，艾滋病人使用过的注射器也会传染艾滋病，所以自己千万不能随便使用捡到的或者不规范的注射器。
艾滋并非同性传播，直到二十一世纪了，居然还有人不知道。确实中国关于这方面的宣传和预防依旧有进步空间，但是对于可能危害自己人身安全的事情，为什么不能自己去了解。艾滋病能够通过性行为传播，不管是同性还是异性，不做防护措施都是一样的。
艾滋病高发人群在15-19岁，高发频率达到了80％。艾滋病的潜伏期一般为6-9年，短的可以几个月，时间长的也能达到十年。艾滋的感染症状比较的明显，一般在潜伏期后，患者会出现发热、盗汗的症状，并且长达一个月。之外还会出现腹泻，以及体重下降。腹泻能够达到一天三次，而体重下降六个月的时间能降10％。除此之外，记忆力衰退，性格大变，淋巴肿大也是艾滋突出症状。
艾滋病全球任就缺乏根治的药物，但是却可以使用药物一定程度的抑制患者体内病毒复制。帮助患者重建体内免疫系统，并且稳固免疫系统。鸡尾酒疗法是艾滋治疗比较常见的治疗方法，他能够帮助患者抑制病情。艾滋患者需要长时间，定时的坚持服用艾滋药物，不然的话患者很有可能会因为免疫系统的进一步衰竭而因为严重的并发症而死亡。
在艾滋晚期，患者一般会出现病毒、细菌以及原虫感染，最终因为器官衰竭而死。或者是因为晚期各种恶性肿瘤，而危及生命。因此抵抗力是生命的最后一道防线，如果这道防线降下了，艾滋病人才真正来到了终点。
艾滋病现在虽然无法根治，但并不代表未来不行，也不代表真的拿它无可奈何。艾滋很可怕，也不可怕。主要的决定权还是在自己，保持乐观的心态，按时服用药物。你要相信，这个世界上有很多人和你一样，但是他们活得依旧很好。也要相信，这个世界有更多的人，他们正在帮助你们，为了抵御艾滋奉献自己的一份力量。即使你已经感染了艾滋，也不要放弃，继续努力，和大家一起努力。
艾滋病已经成为全球人民关注的话题，如何预防艾滋病。下面是由我为大家整理的“预防艾滋病英语作文”欢迎阅读，仅供参考，希望对你有所帮助。
By official estimates, China has 840,000 people carrying HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, and about 80,000 AIDS patients.
Despite the fairly large groups of HIV carriers and AIDS patients, the epidemic is mostly confined to high-risk groups, such as drug users, prostitutes and users of blood products. And it has yet to spread widely in the rest of the nation.
The Chinese Government is well aware of such perspectives, and the central and local governments have allocated billion yuan (US$822 billion) to establish and improve disease prevention and control mechanisms in provinces. Each year a special fund of more than 200 million yuan (US$24 million) is channeled into HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment.
Since April, free medicine to poor AIDS patients has been delivered in regions hit hardest by the virus.
Just as the impacts of AIDS reaches social and economic fields of society, effective prevention also requires united efforts from virtually all sectors.
Key factors needed include public education, affordable drugs, medical training for healthcare workers in hospitals and the public health system, monitoring and evaluation, care for orphans, measures to stop mother-to-child transmission, a comprehensive care framework and research into vaccines and a cure.
None of these things can be achieved with the single hand of any institution — not health officials, not medical workers or the government.
The fight against HIV/AIDS requires the participation of as many parties as possible.
As former US President Bill Clinton said as a co-chair of the advisory board of International AIDS Trust, the AIDS problem is “manageable and preventable” though we must wage it on all fronts with tenuous determination, utmost patience and tactful skills.
官方估计，中国有840000人携带艾滋病病毒，艾滋病病毒和艾滋病患者约80000。
尽管有相当多的艾滋病毒携带者和艾滋病患者，但这种流行病大多只限于高危人群，如吸毒者、卖淫者和血液制品使用者。它还没有在全国范围内广泛传播。
中国政府非常清楚这些观点，中央和地方政府已拨款68亿元(8220亿美元)建立和完善各省的疾病预防控制机制。每年有超过2亿元(2400万美元)的专项资金用于艾滋病毒/艾滋病的预防、护理和治疗。
自四月以来，对艾滋病病毒感染最严重地区的免费艾滋病患者免费提供药品。
正如艾滋病对社会和经济领域的影响一样，有效的预防也需要几乎所有部门的共同努力。
所需的关键因素包括公共教育、负担得起的药品、医院医务人员的医疗培训和公共卫生系统、监测和评价、孤儿照料、制止母婴传染的措施、全面护理框架和疫苗研究和治疗。
任何这些事情都不能用任何一个机构的手来实现——不是卫生官员，不是医务工作者或政府。
防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病需要尽可能多的缔约方参加。
正如前美国总统比尔·克林顿所说，作为国际艾滋病信托咨询委员会的联合主席，艾滋病问题是“可控的和可预防的”，尽管我们必须以微弱的决心、最大的耐心和机智的技巧在各条战线上解决艾滋病问题。
AIDS is a threat to every family, everyone, so the prevention of AIDS is the responsibility of the whole society. For every family, everyone's health, happiness, how should we prevent AIDS?
1, popularize the knowledge of AIDS, and make people understand its cause and way of transmission.
2, avoid unclean sexual intercourse, especially to avoid sexual contact with AIDS.
3, to the blood donors to carry out HIV examination, antibody positive people prohibit blood supply.
4. Not sharing needles and syringes and toothbrushes that can be contaminated by blood.
5. Women with AIDS infection are prohibited from pregnancy.
6, strengthen the frontier quarantine and prevent the introduction of AIDS.
Join the AIDS prevention team quickly. In order to make the world smile forever, the family is no longer hit by a heavy blow... Take action to prevent AIDS! Let the world no longer cry, so that AIDS will disappear forever.
艾滋病威胁着每一个家庭，每一个人，因此预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。为了每一个家庭，每一个人的健康、幸福，我们应该怎么去预防艾滋病呢？
1、普及艾滋病知识，使人们了解它的病因、传播途径等。
2、避免不洁性交，尤其是避免与艾滋病人发生性接触。
3、对供血者进行艾滋病病毒检查，抗体阳性者禁止供血。
4、不共享针头和注射器及牙刷等可被血液污染的物品。
5、患艾滋病感染者的妇女禁止妊。
6、加强国境检疫，防止艾滋病的传入。
快加入到预防艾滋病的队伍中来吧!为了让世界永远充满微笑，为了家庭不再受沉重打击……行动起来，严防艾滋病!让世界不再为之哭泣，让艾滋病永远消失。
On the first day of December is World AIDS Day. Have you noted that the theme for this year's World AIDS DAY is"Getting to Zero", Zero new HIV infections, Zero discrimination and zero AIDS relates deaths.
Today , despite advances in HIV treatment and in laws designed to protect those living with HIV , many people do not know the facts about how to protect themselves and others from HIV. And today I ' d like to give you a speech of "how to prevent AIDS"
In today's world, A million more are infected Worldwide, forty million, sixty million, or a hundred million infections will be counted in the coming few years. This is not a distant threat. It is a present danger. The rate of infection is increasing fastest among women and children. Largely unknown a decade ago, AIDS is the third leading killing of young adult today.
Most of you may think that AIDS doesn't affect you. But if you do not know someone infected with HIV, chances are that you will soon get AIDS. Aids can affected anyone: male or female, married or single, young or old, rich or poor, in any community in the country, including smaller cities and towns. This makes AIDS a problem for all of us.
To prevent the spread of AIDS, you first priority should be protected from HIV infections. Understanding the disease, learn and practice the safer behaviors, this will help you to lead a healthy life.
So what you can do now?
1. First, Learn basic facts how you can and can not become infected with HIV.
HIV can be transmitted in three main ways: sexual transmission: transmission through blood: and mother to child transmission. These three routes of transmission work in tandem to affect segments of the population. Knowing the facts can help you protect yourself and reduce fears about contracting HIV through usual contact.
2. Second, Assess your personal risk for HIV infection. Evaluate any current and past sexual and drug- using behaviors. Correct use quality condom not only may the contraception, but may also reduce the infection AIDS. Each time the sexual intercourse should the entire journey use.
3. Be ware of the risks of sharing needles and other drug equipment. If you use drugs, enroll in the treatment program. Try to quit, If you cannot stop right away, do not share needles or syringes with anyone.
Y es, AIDS is still incurable, but it no longer has to be a death sentence. I hope everyone learn more about AIDS, Let's imagine a generation that will be free of AIDS.
十二月的第一天是世界艾滋病日。你是否注意到今年世界艾滋病日的主题是“走向零”，零艾滋病毒新感染，零歧视和零艾滋病相关死亡？
今天，尽管艾滋病毒治疗和旨在保护艾滋病毒感染者的法律取得了进展，但许多人不知道如何保护自己和他人免受艾滋病毒感染的事实。今天，我想给你们做一个演讲“如何预防艾滋病”。
在当今世界上，全世界有一百万人感染，四千万，六千万，一亿感染将在未来数年内被计算。这不是一个遥远的威胁。这是目前的危险。妇女和儿童的感染率增长最快。大约十年前，艾滋病是当今年轻人的第三大杀手。
大多数人可能认为艾滋病不会影响到你。但是，如果你不知道有人感染了艾滋病毒，很有可能你很快就会得艾滋病。艾滋病可以影响任何人：无论男女，已婚或单身，年轻人或老年人，富人或穷人，在这个国家的任何社区，包括小城镇。这使艾滋病成为我们所有人的问题。
为了防止艾滋病的蔓延，你应该首先预防艾滋病感染。了解疾病，学习和实践更安全的行为，这将有助于你过上健康的生活。
那你现在能做什么？
1、首先，学习基本事实，你如何能够和不能被感染艾滋病毒。
艾滋病毒可以通过三种主要途径传播：性传播：通过血液传播：母婴传播。这三条传输线协同工作，影响到人口的各个部分。了解事实可以帮助你保护自己，减少通过常规接触感染艾滋病毒的恐惧。
2、第二，评估你感染艾滋病毒的个人风险。评估当前和过去的性行为和吸毒行为。正确使用优质避孕套不仅可以避孕，还可以减少感染艾滋病。每次性交都要全程使用。
3、注意共用针头和其他药物设备的风险。如果你使用药物，请参加治疗计划。尝试戒烟，如果你不能立即停止，不要与任何人共用针头或注射器。
艾滋病仍然无法治愈，但它不再是一个死刑判决。我希望每个人都能更多地了解艾滋病，让我们想象一个没有艾滋病的一代。
让我们预防艾滋，珍爱生命，下面是由我为大家整理的“艾滋病英语作文”欢迎阅读，仅供参考，希望对你有所帮助。
World AIDS Day, observed December 1 eachyear, is dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS caused by the spread of HIV infection. Itis common to hold memorials to honor persons whohave died from HIV/AIDS on this day. Governmentand health officials also observe the event, oftenwith speeches or forums on the AIDS topics. Since 1995, the President of the United Stateshas made an official proclamation on World AIDS Day. Governments of other nations havefollowed suit and issued similar announcements.
AIDS has killed more than 25 million people between 1981 and 2007, and an estimated on people worldwide live with HIV as of 2007, making it one of the most in recorded history. Despite recent, improved access to antiretroviral treatment andcare in many regions of the world, the AIDS epidemic claimed an estimated 2 million lives in2007, of which about 270,000 were children.
Started in 1988, World AIDS Day is not just about raising money, but also about, education and fighting prejudice. World AIDS Day is also important in that HIV has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done.
世界艾滋病日，观察到每年的12月1日，是致力于提高艾滋病毒感染的传播引起的艾滋病的认识。这是共同举行纪念纪念那些死于艾滋病的人在这一天。政府卫生官员也观察事件，经常演讲或论坛对艾滋病的话题。自1995以来，对美国总统在世界艾滋病日的官方公告。政府其他国家按照西装发布类似公告。
1981至2007年间，艾滋病已造成2500万多人死亡，据估计全世界有2007人感染艾滋病毒，这是有史以来记录最多的一次。尽管最近改进的访问，在世界许多地区的抗逆转录病毒治疗和护理，艾滋病夺走200万条生命的2007年，其中约270000是儿童。
从1988开始，世界艾滋病日不仅仅是筹集资金，还涉及教育和消除偏见。世界艾滋病日也很重要，因为艾滋病毒还没有消失，还有许多事情要做。
AIDS, stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a deadly disease. It malfunctions the human body's defence system, making the infected person extremely vulnerable to diseases, and eventually cause death.
AIDS can be spread in many ways, but the main medium is through having unprotected intercourse with an infected person. Apart from that, AIDS can spread from mother to new born baby, or sharing of needles, shaving blades, or any means of blood contact.
Once infected, it may take years for the person to notice, and in these years, the infected person may not know and can infect many more, who in turn go and infect others, just like an exponential growth.
艾滋病是一种致命的疾病，它代表了获得性免疫缺陷综合症。它破坏人体的防御系统，使感染者极易感染疾病，并最终导致死亡。
艾滋病可以通过多种方式传播，但主要媒介是通过与感染者进行无保护的性交。除此之外，艾滋病可以从母亲传染给新生婴儿，或者共用针头、刮胡刀或任何接触血液的方法。
一旦感染，人们可能需要几年才能注意到，在这些年里，受感染的人可能不知道并可能感染更多的人，而这些人又反过来感染其他人，就像一个指数增长。
What is HIV?
HIV is human immunodeficiency virus. It can infect the immune system cells, destroy or damage its function, cause the immune system to undergo progressive decline, and finally appear "immune deficiency", that is, the immune system can not resist infection and disease.
What is AIDS?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a monitoring term defined by the Centers for Disease Control and prevention and the European Center for the epidemiology of AIDS. At the last stage of HIV infection, any infection of more than 20 opportunistic infections, or any tumor associated with HIV, can be defined as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
How does the HIV virus spread?
The AIDS virus infection through unprotected sexual intercourse and oral sex, input by HIV contaminated blood, sharing of contaminated needles, HIV needles or other sharp and other means of communication, but also by HIV infected mothers during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation transmitted to the baby.
How long has the virus infected people to develop into AIDS patients?
There is a large individual difference in the time of developing the infected person to the patient. If no corresponding treatment has been obtained, most of the infected people have the signs of HIV related diseases within 5 to 10 years after the infection. Antiretroviral therapy can slow down the progress of the disease by reducing the viral load of the infected person.
Can HIV infection be cured?
HIV infection is not curable, but if adherence to antiretroviral therapy and treatment compliance is good, the progress of the virus in the body can be reduced to a very low level. Infected people can also maintain a good state of life, and maintain the ability to work and prolong life.
What are the care needs of the HIV infected people?
In addition to antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV / AIDS often need to be consulted and psychological support. Good nutrition, safe drinking water and basic sanitary conditions can also help the infected people to keep their normal life.
什么是艾滋病病毒？
艾滋病病毒即人类免疫缺陷病毒，它能够感染免疫系统细胞，破坏或损伤其功能，导致免疫系统发生进行性衰退，最后出现“免疫缺陷”，即免疫系统不能抵抗感染和疾病。
什么是艾滋病？
艾滋病即获得性免疫缺陷综合征，是由美国疾病控制和预防中心、欧洲艾滋病流行病学监测中心定义的一个监测术语。艾滋病病毒感染的最后阶段，出现20余种机会性感染中的任何一种感染，或与艾滋病病毒相关的任何一种肿瘤，即可定义为获得性免疫缺陷综合征。
艾滋病病毒如何传播？
艾滋病病毒可通过与感染者发生未保护的性交和口交、输入受艾滋病病毒污染的血液、共用受艾滋病病毒污染的针头、针具或其他锐器等途径传播，还可通过受艾滋病病毒感染的母亲在妊娠、分娩和哺乳期间传播给婴儿。
病毒感染者多长时间发展为艾滋病患者？
由感染者发展为患者的时间存在很大个体差异。如果没有获得相应治疗，大部分感染者在感染后5年至10年内出现艾滋病病毒相关疾病的体征。抗逆转录病毒治疗可通过降低感染者的病毒载量，减缓其疾病进展。
艾滋病病毒感染可以治愈吗？
艾滋病病毒感染不可治愈，但如果坚持抗逆转录病毒治疗且治疗依从性好，病毒在体内的进展可以降到非常低的水平。感染者也可以保持良好状态，并且保持劳动能力、延长生命。
艾滋病病毒感染者还有哪些关怀需求？
除了抗逆转录病毒治疗外，艾滋病病毒感染者经常需要获得咨询和心理支持。获得良好的营养、安全的饮用水和基本的卫生条件，也可以帮助感染者保持正常生活。
一、发病机理二、发病症状三、传播途径四、预防措施五、关爱艾滋病人...
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[1] This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.[2][3] This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily is now a pandemic.[4] In 2007, an estimated million people lived with the disease worldwide, and it killed an estimated million people, including 330,000 children.[5] Over three-quarters of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa,[5] retarding economic growth and destroying human capital.[6] Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century.[7] AIDS was first recognized by the . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified by American and French scientists in the early 1980s.[8]Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is currently no vaccine or cure. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.[9] Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS epidemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Opportunistic infections are common in people with AIDS.[10] HIV affects nearly every organ system. People with AIDS also have an increased risk of developing various cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer and cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas. Additionally, people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like fevers, sweats (particularly at night), swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss.[11][12] The specific opportunistic infections that AIDS patients develop depend in part on the prevalence of these infections in the geographic area in which the patient infections X-ray of Pneumocystis jirovecii caused pneumonia. There is increased white (opacity) in the lower lungs on both sides, characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumoniaPneumocystis pneumonia (originally known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and still abbreviated as PCP, which now stands for Pneumocystis pneumonia) is relatively rare in healthy, immunocompetent people, but common among HIV-infected individuals. It is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. Before the advent of effective diagnosis, treatment and routine prophylaxis in Western countries, it was a common immediate cause of death. In developing countries, it is still one of the first indications of AIDS in untested individuals, although it does not generally occur unless the CD4 count is less than 200 cells per µL of blood.[13]Tuberculosis (TB) is unique among infections associated with HIV because it is transmissible to immunocompetent people via the respiratory route, is easily treatable once identified, may occur in early-stage HIV disease, and is preventable with drug therapy. However, multidrug resistance is a potentially serious problem. Even though its incidence has declined because of the use of directly observed therapy and other improved practices in Western countries, this is not the case in developing countries where HIV is most prevalent. In early-stage HIV infection (CD4 count >300 cells per µL), TB typically presents as a pulmonary disease. In advanced HIV infection, TB often presents atypically with extrapulmonary (systemic) disease a common feature. Symptoms are usually constitutional and are not localized to one particular site, often affecting bone marrow, bone, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, liver, regional lymph nodes, and the central nervous system.[14]Gastrointestinal infectionsEsophagitis is an inflammation of the lining of the lower end of the esophagus (gullet or swallowing tube leading to the stomach). In HIV infected individuals, this is normally due to fungal (candidiasis) or viral (herpes simplex-1 or cytomegalovirus) infections. In rare cases, it could be due to mycobacteria.[15]Unexplained chronic diarrhea in HIV infection is due to many possible causes, including common bacterial (Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria or Campylobacter) and parasitic infections; and uncommon opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and viruses,[16] astrovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus and cytomegalovirus, (the latter as a course of colitis). In some cases, diarrhea may be a side effect of several drugs used to treat HIV, or it may simply accompany HIV infection, particularly during primary HIV infection. It may also be a side effect of antibiotics used to treat bacterial causes of diarrhea (common for Clostridium difficile). In the later stages of HIV infection, diarrhea is thought to be a reflection of changes in the way the intestinal tract absorbs nutrients, and may be an important component of HIV-related wasting.[17]Neurological and psychiatric involvementHIV infection may lead to a variety of neuropsychiatric sequelae, either by infection of the now susceptible nervous system by organisms, or as a direct consequence of the illness is a disease caused by the single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii; it usually infects the brain, causing toxoplasma encephalitis, but it can also infect and cause disease in the eyes and lungs.[18] Cryptococcal meningitis is an infection of the meninx (the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. It can cause fevers, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Patients may also develop seizures and confusion; left untreated, it can be multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease, in which the gradual destruction of the myelin sheath covering the axons of nerve cells impairs the transmission of nerve impulses. It is caused by a virus called JC virus which occurs in 70% of the population in latent form, causing disease only when the immune system has been severely weakened, as is the case for AIDS patients. It progresses rapidly, usually causing death within months of diagnosis.[19]AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is a metabolic encephalopathy induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of HIV infected brain macrophages and microglia. These cells are productively infected by HIV and secrete neurotoxins of both host and viral origin.[20] Specific neurological impairments are manifested by cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities that occur after years of HIV infection and are associated with low CD4+ T cell levels and high plasma viral loads. Prevalence is 10–20% in Western countries[21] but only 1–2% of HIV infections in India.[22][23] This difference is possibly due to the HIV subtype in India. AIDS related mania is sometimes seen in patients with advanced HIV illness; it presents with more irritability and cognitive impairment and less euphoria than a manic episode associated with true bipolar disorder. Unlike the latter condition, it may have a more chronic course. This syndrome is less often seen with the advent of multi-drug and malignancies Kaposi's sarcomaPatients with HIV infection have substantially increased incidence of several cancers. This is primarily due to co-infection with an oncogenic DNA virus, especially Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human papillomavirus (HPV).[24][25]Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor in HIV-infected patients. The appearance of this tumor in young homosexual men in 1981 was one of the first signals of the AIDS epidemic. Caused by a gammaherpes virus called Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), it often appears as purplish nodules on the skin, but can affect other organs, especially the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and B cell lymphomas such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Burkitt's-like lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and primary central nervous system lymphoma present more often in HIV-infected patients. These particular cancers often foreshadow a poor prognosis. In some cases these lymphomas are AIDS-defining. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or KSHV cause many of these cancer in HIV-infected women is considered AIDS-defining. It is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).[26]In addition to the AIDS-defining tumors listed above, HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of certain other tumors, such as Hodgkin's disease and anal and rectal carcinomas. However, the incidence of many common tumors, such as breast cancer or colon cancer, does not increase in HIV-infected patients. In areas where HAART is extensively used to treat AIDS, the incidence of many AIDS-related malignancies has decreased, but at the same time malignant cancers overall have become the most common cause of death of HIV-infected patients.[27]Other opportunistic infectionsAIDS patients often develop opportunistic infections that present with non-specific symptoms, especially low-grade fevers and weight loss. These include infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV can cause colitis, as described above, and CMV retinitis can cause blindness. Penicilliosis due to Penicillium marneffei is now the third most common opportunistic infection (after extrapulmonary tuberculosis and cryptococcosis) in HIV-positive individuals within the endemic area of Southeast Asia.[28]
提供资料 什么是艾滋病（AIDS） 艾滋病是英语"AIDS"中文名称，AIDS是获得性免疫缺陷综合征的英文缩写。它是由于感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒（简称HIV）后引起的一种致死性传染病。HIV主要破坏人体的免疫系统，使机体逐渐丧失防卫能力而不能抵抗外界的各种病原体，因此极易感染一般健康人所不易患的感染性疾病和肿瘤，最终导致死亡。一个感染上艾滋病病毒的人，也许会在很长的一段时间内看上去或是自我感觉起来很好，但是他们却可以把病毒传染给别人。艾滋病从发现至今还不到20年，但它在全球所引起的广泛流行，已使3000多万人受到感染，1000多万人失去了生命。目前，世界上每天有万余人新感染上艾滋病病毒。不但医学界在竭尽全力研究预防治疗艾滋，各国政府，社会各阶层也都纷纷投入了对抗艾滋病的运动。但到目前为止，我们人类还没有找到一种治疗此病的方法。因此，为了自身的健康和家庭的幸福，大家都应该关注艾滋病。了解艾滋病，进而预防艾滋病。 什么是艾滋病病毒（HIV） 艾滋病病毒的医学名称为"人类免疫缺陷病毒"（英文缩写HIV），它侵入人体后破环人体的免疫系统，使人体发生多种难以治愈的感染和肿瘤，最终导致死亡。 艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病人有哪些不同之处 艾滋病病毒感染者是指已经感染了艾滋病病毒，但是还没有表现出明显的临床症状，没有被确诊为艾滋病的人;艾滋病病人指的是已经感染了艾滋病病毒，并且已经出现了明显的临床症状，被确诊为艾滋病的人。 二者之间的相同之处在于都携带艾滋病病毒，都具有传染性.不同之处在于艾滋病病人已经出现了明显的临床症状，而艾滋病病毒感染者还没有出现明显的临床症状，外表看起来跟健康人一样。从艾滋病病毒感染者发展到艾滋病病人可能需要数年到10年甚至更长时间。 为什么说艾滋病是“超级绝症” 艾滋病的全称为获得性免疫缺陷综合症(AIDS)，通过性、血液和母婴三种接触方式传播，是一种严重危害健康的传染性疾病。当人体处于正常状态时，体内免疫系统可以有效抵抗各种病毒的袭击。一旦艾滋病病毒侵入人体体内，这种良好的防御体系便会土崩瓦解，各种病毒乘机通过血液、破损伤口长驱直入。此外，人体内一些像癌细胞之类的不正常细胞，也会迅速生长、繁殖，最终发展成各类癌瘤。通俗地讲，艾滋病病毒是通过破坏人的免疫系统和机体抵抗能力，而给人以致命的打击。 艾滋病起源于非洲，后由移民带入美国。1981年6月5日，美国亚特兰大疾病控制中心在《发病率与死亡率周刊》上简要介绍了5例艾滋病病人的病史，这是世界上第一次有关艾滋病的正式记载。1982年，这种疾病被命名为"艾滋病"。不久以后，艾滋病迅速蔓延到各大洲。1985年，一位到中国旅游的外籍青年患病入住北京协和医院后很快死亡，后被证实死于艾滋病。这是我国第一次发现艾滋病。 艾滋病严重地威胁着人类的生存，已引起世界卫生组织及各国政府的高度重视，人员及经费投入惊人。据统计，目前全球有近4000万人感染了艾滋病病毒，成千上万人命丧于此。据专家介绍，艾滋病病毒感染者从感染初期算起，要经过数年、甚至长达10年或更长的潜伏期后才会发展成艾滋病病人。艾滋病病人因抵抗能力极度下降会出现多种感染，如带状疱疹、口腔霉菌感染、肺结核，特殊病原微生物引起的肠炎、肺炎、脑炎等，后期常常发生恶性肿瘤，直至因长期消耗，全身衰竭而死亡。 虽然全世界众多医学研究人员付出了巨大的努力，但至今尚未研制出根治艾滋病的特效药物，也没有可用于预防的有效疫苗。目前，这种病死率几乎高达100%的"超级癌症"已被我国列入乙类法定传染病，并被列为国境卫生监测传染病之一.故此我们把其称为"超级绝症" 艾滋病的病原体 艾滋病即获得性免疫缺陷综合征（acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS）。这是一种慢性致死性传染病，由人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus, HIV）引起。HIV感染后导致人体免疫机能缺陷，从而发生机会性感染等一系列临床综合征，病死率几乎达100% HIV属于反转录病毒科，慢病毒属，灵长类免疫缺陷亚属。现已证实HIV分为两型：HIV-1型和HIV-2型，它们又有各自的亚型。不同地区流行的亚型不同，同一亚型在不同地区也存在一定差异。 艾滋病的发病机理 HIV病毒是一种杀细胞性病毒，此病毒主要在‘辅助性T淋巴细胞'内大量增殖使细胞破坏。而‘辅助性T淋巴细胞'是人体中极其重要的免疫细胞，它的破坏，逐渐导致免疫功能衰竭。这样，即使一个对正常人来说是微不足道的感染，如小伤口或普通感冒，也可以致艾滋病人于死地。 艾滋病机会感染的临床表现 所谓机会感染，即条件致病因素，是指一些侵袭力较低、致病力较弱的微生物，在人体免疫功能正常时不能致病，但当人体免疫功能减低时则为这类微生物造成一种感染的条件，乘机侵袭人体致病，故称作机会性感染。尸检结果表明，90％的艾滋病人死于机会感染。能引起艾滋病机会感染的病原多达几十种，而且常多种病原混合感染。主要包括原虫、病毒、真菌及细菌等的感染。 1．原虫类 （1）卡氏肺囊虫肺炎：卡氏肺囊虫是一种专在人的肺内造穴打洞的小原虫。人的肉眼看不见，而且用一般的生物培养方法也找不到。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎主要通过空气与飞沫经呼吸道传播。健康人在感染艾滋病毒后，免疫功能受到破坏，这时卡氏肺囊虫便乘虚而入，在病人体内大量繁殖，使肺泡中充满渗出液和各种形态的肺囊虫，造成肺部的严重破坏。 卡氏肺囊虫肺炎在艾滋病流行前是一种不常见的感染，过去仅发现于战争、饥饿时期的婴幼儿，或者接受免疫抑制治疗的白血病患儿。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎是艾滋病患者的一个常见死因，在60％以上的艾滋病患者中属于最严重的机会感染，约有80％的艾滋病患者至少要发生一次卡氏肺囊虫肺炎。 艾滋病患者合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎时，首先有进行性营养不良、发热、全身不适、体重减轻、淋巴结肿大等症状。以后出现咳嗽、呼吸困难、胸痛等症状，病程4～6周。发热（89％）和呼吸急促（66％）为肺部最常见的体征。某些人肺部还可听到罗音。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎常复发，病情严重，是艾滋病患者常见的致死原因。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎病人胸片显示两肺广泛性浸润。但少部分患者（约占23％）其胸片可示正常或极少异常。据对180例卡氏肺囊虫肺炎X线胸片检查所见，表现为两侧间质性肺炎的77例，间质及肺泡炎症45例，肺门周围的间质炎症26例，单侧肺泡及间质炎症24例，未见异常者8例。 肺功能测定示肺总量及肺活量下降，随着病程的进展而进一步加剧。 气管镜或肺穿刺所取之标本可以查到卡氏肺囊虫，有时还可以查到其它病原体，此时为混合性机会感染。本病病程急剧；亦可缓慢，终因进行性呼吸困难、缺氧、发展为呼吸衰竭而死亡，其病死率可达90％～100％。 （2）弓形体感染：艾滋病人得弓形体感染主要引起神经系统弓形体病，其发生率为26％。临床表现为偏瘫，局灶性神经异常，抽搐、意识障碍及发热等。CT检查可见单个或多个局灶性病变。依据组织病理切片或脑脊液检查可见弓形体。极少数弓形体累及肺部（1％）。该病是由寄生性原虫动物鼠弓浆虫所致的一种动物传染病。人的感染途径，先天性感染是由母亲经胎盘传给胎儿．后天性感染是因吃了含有组织囊虫的生肉或未煮熟的肉而感染。 （3）隐孢子虫病：孢子虫是寄生于家畜和野生动物的小原虫，人感染后，附于小肠和大肠上皮，主要引起吸收不良性腹泻，病人表现为难以控制的大量水样便，每日5～10次以上，每天失水3～10升，病死率可高达50％以上。诊断靠肠镜活检或粪便中查到原虫的卵囊。 2．病毒类 （1）巨细胞病毒感染：根据血清学调查表明，巨细胞病毒广泛存在，多数巨细胞病毒感染者无症状，但巨细胞病毒感染的病人可在尿、唾液、粪便、眼泪、乳汁和精液中迁延排出病毒。并可经输血、母亲胎盘、器官移植、性交、吮哺母乳等方式传播。艾滋病伴巨细胞病毒感染时，常表现为肝炎、巨细胞病毒肺炎、巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎、血小板和白细胞减少、皮疹等。确诊巨细胞病毒感染必需在活检或尸解标本中找到包涵体或分离出病毒。根据Guarda等对13例艾滋病人尸解的研究，最常见的诊断是巨细胞病毒感染（12例），其次是卡波济氏肉瘤（l0例）。所有12例巨细胞病毒感染均为播散性，并且经常影响两个或多个器官。 （2）单纯疱疹病毒感染：其传播途径主要是直接接触和性接触，也可经飞沫传染，病毒可由呼吸道、口、眼、生殖器粘膜或破报皮肤侵入人体。孕妇在分娩时亦可传给婴儿。感染病毒后可引起艾滋病患者皮肤粘膜损害、累及口周、外阴、肛周、手背或食道以至支气管及肠道粘膜等，以唇缘、口角的单纯疱疹最常见，其损害呈高密集成群的小水疱，基底稍红，水疱被擦破后可形成溃疡，其溃疡特点为大而深且有疼痛，常伴继发感染，症状多较严重，病程持续时间长，病损部位可培养出单纯疱疹病毒，活检可查到典型的包涵体。 （3）EB病毒：该病毒在艾滋病人中感染率很高，有96%的艾滋病人血清中可检测到EB病毒抗体，EB病毒可致原发性单核细胞增多症，伴溶血性贫血、淋巴结肿大、全身斑疹，T细胞减少等。
写一篇关于艾滋病的论文，要从 写一篇关于艾滋病的论文，要从那几 个方面着手呢？给我设计个提纲啊。 那几 个方面着手呢？给我设计个提纲啊。