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关于张爱玲论文的题目

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关于张爱玲论文的题目

周芳芸,《曹七巧论》,四川师范大学学报,1990年第3期周芳芸,《中国现代文学悲剧女性形象研究》,天地出版社,1999鲁建平,《母性的陨落——张爱玲笔下的母亲形象与母女关系探析》陈慧茹,《母性的沦丧与异化——张爱玲小说中的母亲形象及母女关系探析》,太原大学学报缺失的情爱,一要从当时十里洋场的特殊社会背景去分析,封建主义与资本主义的双重压迫,使得女性不得不以出卖青春、爱情、肉体等方式获得生存,有人心甘情愿做了金丝雀,如《沉香屑》里的葛薇龙,《倾城之恋》里的白流苏;二是要从性压抑问题上去探讨女性所受的屈辱,《金锁记》里曹七巧是一个从被人食、到食人,再到自食的典型。还可以讲张爱玲塑造的女性形象与现代文学其他的形象作比较。

1.中西两种文化对张爱玲的影响和她作品中的文化背景。 中西两种文化对张爱玲的影响,首先来自她的父母。张爱玲的父亲是一个遗少式的人物,风雅能文,给了她一些古典文学的启蒙,鼓励了她的文学嗜好。张爱玲在少年习作《天才梦》中曾说:"我三岁时能背唐诗。我还记得摇摇摆摆地立在一个满清遗老的藤椅前朗吟'商女不知亡国恨,隔江犹唱后庭花',眼看他的泪珠滚下来。"而张爱玲的母亲则是一个果敢的新式女性,敢于出洋留学,敢于离婚,她的生活情趣及艺术品味都是更为西方化的。她母亲第一次从海外回来时,就在张爱玲幼小的心灵中撒下了西方文化的种子。据张爱玲后来在《私语》一文中说,母亲的回来使她十分兴奋,"家里的一切我都认为是美的顶巅。蓝椅套配着旧的玫瑰红地毯,其实是不甚谐和的,然而我喜欢它,连带的也喜欢英国了,因为英格兰三个字使我想起了蓝天下的小红房子,而法兰西是微雨的青色,像浴室的瓷砖,沾着生发油的香,母亲告诉我英国是常常下雨的,法国是睛朗的,可是我没法矫正我最初的印象。"她一直喜欢老舍的小说《二马》,除了因为她母亲当时喜欢这部小说的原因外,还在于这部小说写的是北京人在伦敦的故事。 其次来自她自己的经历。受父母的影响,张爱玲从小会背唐诗,也从小就学英文,在教会中学读书时就曾在校刊发表过英文文章,虽然考上了伦敦大学却因为战争没能前往,但仍然到中西文化杂交的香港接受了大学教育,这段经历对她的创作产生了很大的影响,她最初的几篇小说《沉香屑 第一炉香》、《沉香屑 第二炉香》等都是以她在香港的生活为题材的。而她从小卷不离手有《西游记》、《红楼梦》等古典文学名著的营养,更是深入到了她的骨髓之中,从字里行间渗透出来。 张爱玲作品中的文化背景可以归纳为:衰落中的文化,乱世中的文明。 2.张爱玲《传奇》中的"香港的传奇"和"上海系列"等作品的主要内容、独特风格和具有现代主义意味的"荒原"意识。 对于张爱玲《传奇》中的"香港的传奇"和"上海系列"主要内容的了解,可以《沉香屑 第一炉香》、《倾城之恋》和《金锁记》为主,辅以教材中介绍的其他作品。其独特风格的基调是"苍凉"。在教材中,特别分析了《金锁记》如何将人生的荒诞与荒凉诠释到了极致。大家也可以参考前面对这三部作品的介绍加以论述。 张爱玲作品中表现出来的具有现代主义意味的"荒原"意识,是"五四"以来的新文学中较少表现的,也正是她作品的独特之处。我们说,张爱玲的小说是关于文明与人性的哀歌,而张爱玲哀歌的主旨,并不是对社会的批判,更谈不上对社会的改造,而只是殖民地与半殖民地的现代都市(香港与上海)的背景中,展示人的精神的堕落与不安,展示人性的脆弱与悲哀。在这一点上,她笔下的女性形象表现得最为鲜明,与同时代甚至"五四"以来的新文学作家笔下的女性形象都有着较大的区别。首先,我们注意到,张爱玲写的女性,与二三十年代作家塑造的"时代新女性"不同,她实际上写的是"新女性"表象下的旧女性。这些女性或有着旧式的文雅修养,或受过新式的大学教育,甚至于还留过洋,但她们都面临着"娜拉走后怎样"的共同窘况,既无法在现代都市社会中自立,也远离革命运动,只能把当一个"女结婚员"作为自己的惟一职业和出路,而她们所受到的教育,也只能是她们待"嫁"而沽的筹码。其次,我们还注意到,她笔下的女性形象与通常的新文学作家笔下旧式女性也不同,张爱玲没有农业文化的背景,她的文学素养是在代表着工商文化的城市背景中形成的,她笔下女性形象几乎都是日益没落的淑女或竭力向上爬的小市民,这些女性在人生中受到的苦难,不是衣不敝体、食不果腹的经济上的穷困,而是无家可归、无夫可嫁的精神上的恐慌。 3.张爱玲作品既大雅又大俗,既传统又现代的特点,以及极为鲜明的艺术独创性和本身的缺陷。 张爱玲作品既大雅又大俗的特点,主要表现为"古典小说的根底"和"市井小说的色彩"。

我毕业的时候用的是张爱玲《金锁记》中金锁的人物形象分析 你可以用张爱玲小说中女性形象的分析,形象分析这方面的都比较好写,资料也比较多。就像三楼说的,你的题目很大,作为一般本科生来说很难驾驭,像我的话,本来就是要写张爱玲小说中女性形象的分析,比你的题目还小,可是老师还是说比较难把握,书也看不完哎,所以就单挑了一本金锁记。而且本科生的论文重的是方法,研究生中把握,我的学姐告诉我一般的研究生毕业论文不会用这种非常多人研究的作家哎,很难出新,貌似这样。 如果从纵向展开,你的书看完了么?如果对书本没有一定的了解,你如果去归纳出特点,当然,很多特点一些专家肯定都说过了,但是自己的见解个人认为比较重要,论文马上也要开始写了,各个时期的书这么多。。。

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关于张爱玲的学位论文

论文关键词:张爱玲;小说;人性意识;悲剧 论文摘要:张爱玲的小说在对人性的探索中,饱含着深深的悲凉情感,它通过人物形象的悲剧性,演绎人生,诠释人生;用“审丑”的眼光,审视人性的虚伪;通过对“无爱”婚姻的描写,揭示了人性的丑恶。张爱玲小说中揭示出的20世纪40年代中国都市社会中被黄金光圈严重扭曲的、虚伪的人性.给人们以独特的心理感悟。 张爱玲,中国现代文学史上一位带有传奇色彩的女作家。20世纪40年代初,她以小说集《传奇》和 散文 集《流言》名震文坛,成为了红极一时的女才子,1952年,她悄然移居境外,似一颗彗星划了一条美丽的轨道,给人们留下了无尽的论说与回味。海外华人学者夏志清在其《中国现代小说史》中,第一次高度评价张爱玲:“应该是今日中国最优秀、最杰出的作家”“别的作家……在文字上,在意象的运用上,在人生的观察的透彻和深刻方面,实在都不能同张爱玲相比”。的确如此,当我们今天“借助古老的记忆”重新解读她的作品时,我们的灵魂仍被深深地震撼着,仍受到强烈的撞击,我们无法不惊叹于她的才华、她那颗“冷酷”的心、她留下的那些深远的启迪。本文试从张爱玲的经历、创作题材和她介人人生的切人点等方面谈谈她的小说的人性意识。 一、传奇生涯对张爱玲人性意识形成的重大影响 张爱玲出身于上海的一个封建化和西洋化畸形交织的家庭,她有着显赫的身世,祖父张佩伦是清末“清流派”的重要人物,是李鸿章的幕僚,祖母是李鸿章的女儿。但这一显赫的身份并未给她带来任何好处。父亲是个典型的遗少,染有弄风捧月的旧习气,性格上则是暴戾乖张;母亲是一个受西方 文化 熏陶很深且清丽孤寂的新派女性。旧习气与西洋文化格格不入,这种水火不容导致最后的不和,直至离婚。这种生活使张爱玲过早地钡略到了生存的阴暗与没落的一面:“像拜火神教的波斯人,我把世界强行分作两半,光明与黑暗、善与恶、神与魔。”父亲的世界——腐朽、黑暗、冷漠而寂寥,而母亲的世界——洋派、光明、温暖而富足,母亲成了身处幽暗的她拼将全力抓住的一缕阳光。在母亲那里,她得到了文明的教养和气质的熏陶,但有着许多清规戒律的洋房也培育了张爱玲的内倾性格。在张爱玲的生活经历当中,有两件对她的写作乃至一生都有着重大影响的事件值得一提: 中学 毕业 那年,在一次“糟糕的讲演”中,后母动手打了张爱玲,她给予防卫,便遭到父亲的毒打,并且被囚禁达半年之久,她不仅丧失了自由,连生病也不能请医生,只能躺在床上想着那蓝色的月光,体昧着颜色的杀机、时间的苍凉和生命的暗淡.幻想着逃脱计划.像基督山伯爵、三剑客一样.最后,张爱玲在一个隆冬的夜晚,从那充满腐败气味的家庭逃走,从此再也没回去过。种种不幸,使得张爱玲变得敏感、沉静、庄重而忧郁,过早地接触社会,认识人生,使她产生出对人生的否定情绪和形成了浓郁的悲观气质。 此外,在香港读大三的时候,香港战争爆发,枪声、炮火给她的刺激是空前的,战争的恐怖已深深地渗入她的骨子里,战争给了她幻灭、虚无和绝望,她亲眼看到炸弹如何把“文明”炸成碎片,将人剥得只剩下本能,所以她坚信:“人性去掉一切的浮文,剩下的仿佛只有饮食男女这两项”,“人类的文明努力要跳出单纯的兽性生活的圈子,几千年来的努力竟是枉费精神么?”基于这样的认识,张爱玲笔下的人物就具有了某种行为逻辑的一致性,太多坚定地把自身的生存作为第一需要和至高目标。如《十八春》中的曼璐,为了拴住祝鸿才的心,达到“跟定了他”的目的,她竞不惜牺牲自己亲妹妹的幸福,帮着祝鸿才设计占有了曼桢。《沉香屑·第一炉香》中的梁太太要挽住“时代的巨轮”,关起门来做“小型慈禧太后”,丑恶到荼毒亲生侄女,为满足自己的情欲,以侄女为诱饵来吸引年青人,人性变得何等得冰冷,何等得可怖。 正是由于张爱玲那传奇式的家庭和求学经历,使她对时代的观察、人性的剖析完全站在另一种人性的高度。 二、用人物形象的悲剧,演绎人生,诠释人性 张爱玲说:“写斗争,写壮烈,虽给人’兴奋’,给人‘力’,但投有美,‘缺乏人性’,也不能给人启示,写出来也不能成为好作品”;“我喜欢悲壮,更喜欢苍凉”,“悲壮是一种完成,而苍凉则是一种启示”(《自己的 文章 》)。在她的小说中,她总是以人物形象的悲剧性,来演绎人生,诠释人性。她认为人性是盲目的,人生因而也是盲目而残酷的。所以在她的小说中,这一切表现为现实的肮脏、复杂、不可理喻。生活即痛苦,人生就是永恒的悲剧,这就是对人性所能达到的最高的、也是最真的认识。她站在悲哀的基石上冷冷地掀掉华美的生命袍子,露出人性深处的阴暗、自私、虚伪、孤独、冷漠。 被傅雷称之为“我们文坛最完美的收获之一”的张爱玲的代表作《金锁记》,是一出最为彻底的展示了在古老文化、物欲、情欲压抑下的人性的扭曲、畸形、变态的悲剧。主人公曹七巧是一个把自己锁在黄金里的性格变异的女人。她由一个小麻油店业主女儿的身份做成门第颇高的姜家的二奶奶,是因为她丈夫是做官人家的女儿都不会要的“骨痨”身子。因此她正常的情欲难以得到满足,从而受到深深的压抑,但压抑并不能使情欲熄灭,相反,越是压抑得厉害,越是要通过反常的方式寻求出路。情欲的得不到满足导致她对金钱的疯狂追求。起初,她用黄金之梦来抵挡情欲之火,结果当情欲变相地借金钱之欲显形时,她丧失了人性。她的一生都为“金钱”而奋斗,沉重的黄金枷压得她心理畸形她容不得任何人染指她的财产,就在她爱上了风流少爷——小叔子姜季泽,当她的小叔子将祖上遗留的那份家产挥霍得所剩无几,跑到她家向她倾诉起“爱情”来的时候,起初她也感到一种“细细的喜悦”,然而转念一想:“他难道是哄她?他想她的钱——她卖掉她的一生换来的几个钱?”便立即警觉起来,暴怒起来,她把扇子向他掷去,打翻了酸梅汁,泼了他一身。她残酷地扼杀了自己的情欲和希望。她要报复,报复她为黄金付出的代价,不顾一切,不择对象,以至于无法容忍儿女的生命乐趣。儿子长白是个太少爷,他完全受着母亲七巧的控制。她给他娶了“不甚中意”的芝寿,扶正了绢姑娘,却不让他与妻妾同房,整夜陪她“抽大烟”,在她的折磨下,长白的妻妾相继离开了人世,“长白不敢再娶,只在妓院里走走”。她对女儿长安也是一样,给女儿裹脚,使女儿不能正常读书,安排女儿的婚姻,活生生地埋葬了女儿一生的幸福。 对于张爱玲,认识人生就是认识人生的悲剧,而且这种认识,既不能给人带来安慰,也无助于现实处境的改变,相反,它将人放置于空虚、幻灭的重压之下。因此,张爱玲的小说是“没有多少亮色的无望的彻头彻尾的悲剧”。 三、用“审丑”的眼光,审视人性的虚伪 雨果说:“正是从滑稽丑怪的典型和崇高的典型这两者圆满的结台中,才产生出近代的天才。张爱玲在她的作品中不但以审美的方式观照世态,同时也以“审丑”的跟光介人人生,还原人性的真实本性。她从人的“虚伪性”来揭露“人性恶”,人的“靠不住”,暴露出人的灵魂阴暗与丑陋的一角。在她的“霉绿斑斓的铜香炉”中,烧着一炉炉“性心理、性变态、情结、人格分裂”的沉香,牵动着读者心头上的一丝丝痛楚。 《花凋》中的郑先生是个遗少,“是酒精缸里泡着的尸骸”他“有钱的时候在外面生孩子,没钱的时候在家里生孩子”,养了一太群孩子;“全家不断吃零食,坐汽车看电影”,可是当女儿川嫦生病时却“不愿把钱扔在水里”,让其“一寸一寸地死去”,死去后,花钱在其坟头添个太理石的天使,碑上撰制着新式的行述:“川嫦是一个稀有的美丽的女孩子……无限的爱,无限的依依,无限的惋惜……安息吧,在爱你的人的心底下,知道你的人没有一个不爱你的。”作者通过对一个没落时代家庭的叙述,揭露了一个虚假、做作的旧家庭,展示了在“家”的温情脉脉的面纱下,人情、亲情的虚伪、自私、做作。 《沉香屑第二炉香》和《金锁记》两书中的人物蜜秋儿太太和曹七巧经历相同,都是守寡之人,性格不同,但都为了自己失去的完美婚姻,破坏自己女儿的婚姻,有意霸占着自己的女儿,让她们过着与自己一样的生活。作品用深沉的态度,审视着“伟大母爱”隐藏下人性的虚伪。 四、写“无爱”的婚姻。揭示人性的丑恶 恋爱和婚姻是张爱玲的中心题材。她在《自己的文章》里说:“一般所说:‘时代的纪念碑’的那样的作品.我是写不出来的,也不打算写……我甚至只是写些男女间的小事情,我的作品里没有战争,也没有革命。我以为人在恋爱的时候,是比在战争或革命的时候更素朴,也更放恣的。”张爱玲用“男女问题”作为主线,叙述了一个个牵牵绊绊的情爱 故事 ,但无法找到一个健康的、正常的爱,小说中男女的世界灰暗、肮脏,弥漫着窒息的腐烂的气味。 《倾城之恋》中白流苏和范柳原是毫无爱可言的,她之所以看中“被女人捧坏,从此把女人看成他脚底下的泥”的范柳原,主要是范柳原的财富和地位吸引了她,用白流苏自己的心里话说,“她跟他的目的究竟是经济上的安全”。而范柳原更谈不上爱白流苏这个破落户中离过婚的少妇,他是一个讲究“精神恋爱”的男人,“他要地,可是他不愿意娶她”。在他们之间出现了“美丽的对话,真真假假的捉迷藏,都在心的浮面飘滑,吸引,挑逗,无伤大体的攻守战,遮饰着虚伪丑恶”。他们本无真心,只是进行一场恋爱的智斗。说到底,他们只是在互相利用互相玩弄。如果不是香港的战乱极其偶然地成全了自流苏,那么她最好的结局不过是成为范柳原长期而稳定的情妇。 在张爱玲的小说中,男女之间都无真情.人人戴着面具在爱情的舞台进行着玩世不恭的精神游戏。如果说在《倾城之恋》中张爱玲写自流苏和范柳原还仅仅是一种“无爱的婚姻”,却用“美丽的对话,真真假假的捉迷藏,遮饰着虚伪丑恶”,那么,《心经》中的许 小寒 变态的恋父情结,那已是一种违背正常伦理的丑恶的道德的沦丧了。 《心经》里许小寒与她父亲峰仪之间存在着畸形的父女恋,她明明知道自己的真爱是违背伦理道德的,但她因为恋着自己的父亲而一遍一遍扼杀掉健康的爱情。请听她对父亲的一番发自内心的“表白”:“我是一生一世不打算离开你的。有一天我老了,人家都要说,她为什么不结婚?她根本没有过结婚的机会!没有人爱过她!谁都这样想——也许你也会这样想。我不能不防到这一天,所以我要休记得这一切。”可当她得知父亲因为“有钱,有地位”而与“人尽可夫”的绫卿同居后,出于报复宣布与龚海立订婚,并宣称“我需要一点健康、正常的爱。”她母亲提醒她并不爱他时,她又坦言:“有了爱的婚姻往往是痛苦的。”而她哆嗦着感到她自己已经“管不得自己了”。 婚姻在张爱玲笔下是无爱的,“有爱的婚姻是痛苦的”,爱成就不了婚姻,但婚姻又受不了爱的诱惑。婚姻是枷锁,妄想用它来锁住别人,锁住爱情,都是不可能办到,结果只能毁了自己。张爱玲就是这样通过写“无爱”的婚姻.揭示人性的丑恶的。 总之,在张爱玲看来,“生命是一袭华美的袍,爬满了虱子”。这是一种具有兼容性的人生态度。张爱玲正是用这种人生态度审视着加年代中国都市社会中的男男女女,给我们讲述“30年前还没完”的“传奇”故事的,她的作品揭示出的40年代中国都市社会中被黄金光圈严重扭曲的人性之虚伪、自私和丑恶,饱含深深的悲剧感,给人们以独特的心理感悟。

张爱玲的女性观与其人生体验,思想文化品格有着密切的关系,她的女性观就是拒绝简单的男性与女性,传统与现代的二元对立,拒绝对女性的神化和丑化,她以自己的作品,去掉了人生的浮华,在凡俗的生活中揭示出女性最基本的,最平实的生存本相,为我们重新思考女性的命运提供了一个独特的视角。在张爱玲的许多小说中,深刻关注了受压抑女性的女奴意识对婚恋的影响。女人当初之所以被征服,成为父系社会的奴隶,是因为体力比不上男人。但男子的体力也比不上豺狼虎豹,何以不为禽兽所屈服呢?种婚恋观根源在于张爱玲内心,然而当时的整个时代也有着不可遏制的关系。张爱玲的小说主要以新旧文化交替的三四十年代的殖民地上海为主要社会背景,虽然当时资本主义商业文化已冲击到人们的生活,新文化运动使许多女性意识到对个性的解放,但古老封建道德系统虽然在一定范围内勉维持着,她们仍无法自拔地陷入在对传统旧家庭的眷恋中。在几千年的以男性为主的社会中,中国女性普遍沦为男人的工具和附属物,在经济和精神上都已失去了独立性,经济是导致女性的人生悲剧的外在原因,但内在原因则是中国女性根深蒂固的“奴性心理”。在这种物化的婚恋关系中,女性显然处于被动,这使她们根本无法把握自己人生幸福的轨迹,只能听任命运的摆布。在婚恋问题上她们受着封建意识的奴役,生生世世为男性附庸的奴性心理使她们生活在习惯了的挣脱不开的心狱里,自觉自愿屈居于男性的脚下。原来悲弱的女性历史,其中有一半是她们甘愿为奴的。无论是社会地位低下霓喜,还是歌舞升平的顾曼璐,无论是出身大家的白流苏,还是家开麻油店的曹七巧,这些女性全被代代相传的封建意识扼制着了喉管,屈从于、甚至是期盼着男性世界的控制,从未想过做一个独立自主的人,这就注定了她们在婚恋中的女奴地位。张爱玲出生在上海一个没落的大家庭中,父亲是满清遗少,继承了遗少的全部荒淫、残暴、专制等特征。她的母亲则是一位流过洋的新派女性,爱好音乐、文学。这一新一旧组成的畸形家庭,无爱可言但却拥有无尽的争斗与倾轧。父母离婚后,张爱玲在父亲处受尽折磨。无爱的父母,无爱的家,在童年的张爱玲的心灵上投下了永难忘记的阴影,促使她敏感而又早熟。童年的母爱缺席,少年的父母离异,青年的远赴香港求学,中年的婚姻变故,晚年的客死他乡,特殊的经历,使她更多地着眼于乱世中的家庭婚姻生活,着眼于世俗人生,而淡化国家、民族、阶级等意识,以冷静、犀利的眼光去审视这个纷繁的俗世,并站在女性的角度去剖析女性在这纷繁俗世中的辛酸与无奈。在这辛酸与无奈的背后,张爱玲看到了女性在漫长的男权社会中,已经逐渐形成的物质上对男性的依赖和无法改变的强烈的虚荣心。这种心理痼疾正是女性难以逃脱悲剧命运的根源。在张爱玲始终把婚姻问题放在各种社会和经济关系中去考察,她们笔下的爱情与婚姻大多数是经济问题,生存问题;婚姻不是作为纯粹的爱情结果而存在,而是作为经济需要而存在。在现代社会中,有钱是人能长期自立并追寻尽可能多的自由的基础。张爱玲的母亲留学法国后,姨太太的百般刁难让张爱玲更相信钱的重要性。继而她笔下的女性大多为金钱物质所困,不惜以爱情、婚姻作抵。她关于女人的看法:“以美好的身体取悦于人,是世界上最古老的职业,也是极普通的妇女职业,为了谋生而结婚的女人完全可以归在这一项下”。《倾城之恋》中白流苏如此,《金锁记》里曹七巧亦如此。这不得不让我们想到张爱玲不幸的两次婚姻。如果说与胡兰成的结合是一种女人对男人单纯的爱,那么和赖雅再婚就似乎带着某种利益色彩。而这一切的经历都为张爱玲笔下女性的性格和命运悲剧埋下了伏笔。没有温情,只有婚姻。为此,《连环套》中的霓喜一生都在为一纸婚书苦苦挣扎;《半生缘》顾曼路对了生存也只有嫁给一个小瘪三;《倾城之恋》中的白流苏与范柳原在婚姻的城池大战中,终于以攻破范柳原的婚恋之战而告捷;《金锁记》中的曹七巧用她一生的青春换来了一把黄金枷锁。这些女性群体在经济上对男性的过度依赖,注定她们要被囚禁在婚姻的经济锁链中。在张爱玲笔下的婚姻爱情总充满磨难,有着或多或少的缺憾,所以作品中遍布着不完美甚至谈不上真诚的恋爱和婚姻,爱情反而是有利可图的实现婚姻的终极目标。在《连环套》里霓喜和不同的男人调情,生活,却始终没有结果。《半生缘》中有真挚动人的爱情描写,但不过是一场梦,经不起现实的轻轻撕扯便会破裂。《倾城之恋》中,香港的沦陷成就了白流苏的婚姻,但并没有成就她的爱情。小说结尾写道:“胡琴咿咿哑哑拉着,在万盏灯火的夜晚,拉过来又拉过去,说不尽的苍凉故事——不问也罢!”读罢掩卷,有几分哀艳,几分惆怅,几分宿命,几分悲凉袭上心头。《金锁记》中七巧对儿女的婚事百般阻挠,使曾对婚姻爱情充满希望的儿女走向和她同样的婚恋悲剧。变态的灵魂,情爱的虚假,无爱的婚姻,生命的琐碎,人性的扭曲在其作品中随处可见,写尽了人间百态、人世沧桑。张爱玲对人性的弱点,人生的苦难及婚恋的不完美进行了高度的解剖,笔下不同的婚姻状态却产生了的相似结果,婚姻是金钱交易,是女人对男人的依附,反映出“五·四”思想解放在女性思想解放上的不彻底性。张爱玲笔下古老的女人,她们好像已经存活了几个世纪,或者她们并未真正活过。她们的不幸不仅在于社会的眼中,而是按着传统观念为他们选择一种门当户对的理想的归宿,更在于他们的全部教养和所有努力都是为了一个男人预设准备。无论被什么样的男人选择,他们的命运又只能是“奴”只是“性”,是男人的情欲或者自己情欲的奴隶。纵观张爱玲的作品,她凭借女性敏锐的观察力,精确细致地写出了生活中平平凡凡人物的婚恋关系,虽然缺少浪漫的爱情,但现实的表现给人们带来了极大心灵的撞击,好像不小心被别人窥视到阴暗的心灵,张爱玲凭着冷静无奈笔调,深刻解剖了人性的弱点,人生的苦难及婚恋的不完美性。

关于张爱玲的毕业设计论文题目

我毕业的时候用的是张爱玲《金锁记》中金锁的人物形象分析 你可以用张爱玲小说中女性形象的分析,形象分析这方面的都比较好写,资料也比较多。就像三楼说的,你的题目很大,作为一般本科生来说很难驾驭,像我的话,本来就是要写张爱玲小说中女性形象的分析,比你的题目还小,可是老师还是说比较难把握,书也看不完哎,所以就单挑了一本金锁记。而且本科生的论文重的是方法,研究生中把握,我的学姐告诉我一般的研究生毕业论文不会用这种非常多人研究的作家哎,很难出新,貌似这样。 如果从纵向展开,你的书看完了么?如果对书本没有一定的了解,你如果去归纳出特点,当然,很多特点一些专家肯定都说过了,但是自己的见解个人认为比较重要,论文马上也要开始写了,各个时期的书这么多。。。

1、鸳鸯蝴蝶派再认识2、张恨水社会言情小说论略3、论《春明外史》的“野史”特点4、论《金粉世家》中冷清秋形象5、论《啼笑因缘》中樊家树形象6、《啼笑因缘》与《秋海棠》比较研究7、论平江不肖生的武侠小说8、还珠楼主武侠小说论9、王度庐“鹤一铁”系列武侠小说10、金庸武侠小说简评11、回顾与瞻望:新派武侠小说的过去与未来12、试析鲁迅小说的人物形象系列13、鲁迅小说的叙事艺术14、鲁迅小说中的忏悔意识15、鲁迅小说中的女性世界16、《伤逝》再解读17、《孔乙己》的叙事艺术18、鲁迅小说 中的童年叙事19、鲁迅小说的诗化特征20、鲁迅与老舍国民性批判比较21、老舍小说的京味特征22、老舍小说的语言艺术23、沈从文小说中的湘西世界24、沈从文小说的抒情化倾向25、论沈从文创作中的人性内涵26、萧红小说创作的抒情色彩27、萧红《呼兰河传》的诗化特征28、郁达夫小说艺术论29、废名小说的审美特征30、废名小说艺术论31、张爱玲小说的悲剧意识32、张爱玲小说中电影表现手法运用33、郁达夫小说中的孤独者形象34、审美化的人生——张爱玲散文论35、冯至诗歌中的现代意识36、论艾青诗歌中的忧郁37、《围城》新论38、孤独与梦想——重读《边城》39、郭沫若诗中的抒情主人公40、《女神》浪漫主义风格论41、胡适与中国现代新诗42、周作人散文艺术论43、朱自清散文艺术浅析44、冰心“小诗”简论45、徐志摩散文艺术论46、徐志摩诗歌中的意境47、戴望舒与中国现代诗派48、卞之琳诗歌“非个人化”倾向论49、穆旦诗歌中的“自我”50、曹禺戏剧的诗意特征51、茅盾小说中的“现代女性”52、《腐蚀》的心理分析艺术53、巴金《寒夜》新论54、郭小川诗歌论55、贺敬之诗歌论56、李瑛诗歌论57、论闻捷的爱情诗58、论李季的诗歌59、公刘诗歌论60、艾青新时期诗歌论61、论艾青国际题材的诗歌62、论艾青的创作道路63、论舒婷的诗歌64、顾城诗歌论65、论“朦胧诗”的产生66、论“朦胧诗”的艺术特征67、“第三代”诗人论68、论“朦胧诗”与“第三代”区别69、论赵树理的《三里湾》70、论赵树理建国后的小说创作71、信纸柳青的小说创作72、论柳青的《创业史》73、《创业史》艺术论74、论建国后战争题材的小说75、茹志鹃的小说创作论76、论吴强的《红日》77、论《保卫延安》的思想与艺术78、论王蒙的小说79、论王蒙的《活动变人形》80、蒋子龙小说创作论81、高晓声小说创作论82、张洁小说创作论83、论新时期军事题材的小说84、贾平凹小说论85、张炜小说论86、论莫言的《红高梁》系列小说87、论杨朔的散文艺术88、论刘白羽的散文艺术89、论秦牧的散文艺术90、论新时期的文化散文

二十世纪小说的变迁

关于张爱玲论文文献

[1] 熊秋菊. 一曲美丽而苍凉的哀歌——论《半生缘》的审美风格[J]. 沧桑, 2006,(02) . [2] 秦军,王旭. 论张爱玲小说中的悲剧人生[J]. 黑河学刊, 2006,(01) . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 7 条[1] 陈坤. 母爱的缺失——张爱玲小说世界的“审母”情结[J]. 北华大学学报(社会科学版), 2008,(04) . [2] 胡晓虹. 谈《半生缘》的自然主义色彩[J]. 福建商业高等专科学校学报, 2006,(04) . [3] 徐娜. 浅析《金锁记》中女性的命运[J]. 安徽文学(下半月), 2008,(05) . [4] 尹正纯. 张爱玲小说中男性人物形象分析[J]. 保山师专学报, 2008,(06) . [5] 张英. 浅析张爱玲读者接受心理特点[J]. 辽宁工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2008,(02) . [6] 闫云霄,马芳. 电影《半生缘》改编的遗憾[J]. 徐州教育学院学报, 2006,(04) . [7] 高园园. 谈《半生缘》的舞台表现手法[J]. 戏剧-中央戏剧学院学报, 2005,(03) . [1] 田春林. 悲欢半生缘苍凉一世情——读张爱玲《十八春》[J]. 青春男女生(少年作家), 2006,(06) . [2] 袁瑾. 永未言尽的苍凉故事——从《半生缘》品读张爱玲小说的悲剧意味[J]. 沙洋师范高等专科学校学报, 2002,(05) . [3] 林幸谦. 《半生缘》再解读:姐妹情谊的反动与女性冲突主题[J]. 海南师范学院学报(人文社会科学版), 2000,(01) . [4] 麦凤庄. 救赎与毁灭——以曼桢为例浅谈对《半生缘》的女性价值反思[J]. 贵州文史丛刊, 2006,(03) . [5] 邓筠!96(2)班. 回不去的《半生缘》──张爱玲小说阅读笔记[J]. 南京师范大学文学院学报, 2000,(01) . [6] 袁瑾. 悲剧人生 苍凉最美——从《半生缘》品读张爱玲小说的悲剧意味[J]. 天津大学学报(社会科学版), 2003,(03) . [7] 熊秋菊. 一曲美丽而苍凉的哀歌——论《半生缘》的审美风格[J]. 沧桑, 2006,(02) . [8] 王朝彦. 读张爱玲的《十八春》及《半生缘》[J]. 中南民族学院学报(人文社会科学版), 2001,(03) . [9] 胡晓虹. 谈《半生缘》的自然主义色彩[J]. 福建商业高等专科学校学报, 2006,(04) . [10] 张廷山. 评《半生缘》兼析张爱玲小说的审美特征[J]. 中共郑州市委党校学报, 2005,(02) .

基本都是有情爱的。只有一个是很极端的,曹七巧,金锁记里面的住人公。这个是一个很好的切入点和讨论重点。海内外,张的名声,一部分就是这个人物撑起来的。其他的还有本来有,又失去了的:茉莉香片里的聂传庆(男的)沉香屑:第一炉香里的葛薇龙沉香屑:第二炉香里的愫西散戏里的女主人公。(丧失了爱)同学少年都不贱里面的几个女人都又点不正常我想到的久这些了。张的文章里面缺失是少的

CLOTHING MARKET : The UK retail clothing market was worth $43 billion in 2000, having grown by just since 1999. Women’s, girls' and children's clothing account for the major share of the market, making up of the total value. The increase in working women might have been expected to cause an upsurge in demand for smart clothing, but a major feature of the market has been a trend towards dressing down. Men's tailors, such as Moss Bros Group and Austin Reed Group, have suffered from the demise of the formal suit, while the retail chain Ted Baker, which targets the 18-25 year old market, has embraced the trend and recently recorded a pre-tax profit margin almost four times that of the industry average. In the world of UK fashion, it is the ability to identify and respond immediately to trends that is all-important. Textile manufacturing is in serious decline and clothing retailers continue to find trading conditions difficult in the face of weak consumer demand and heavy discounting. Marks and Spencer, Arcadia Group, BhS Ltd, and Moss Bros Group are among the stores struggling to maintain their position. Meanwhile, the Dutch multiple chain C&A has admitted defeat and has now completely withdrawn from the British market. It is companies such as these, competing in the middle market, which are finding business so hard, since the market favors either value or premium brands. Those that are thriving include discount chains such as Matalan, Peacock's and Primark Stores, which are expanding rapidly and are predicted to increase their market share. With depressed demand and the prevalence of discounters, UK clothing retailing is expected to see modest growth in the near future. The market value is expected to reach $51 billion by 2005, an increase of 19% from 2000. MARKET OVERVIEW The main sectors in the market for clothing retailing are Outerwear, Underwear and Hosiery. Outerwear includes men's shirts, suits, jackets, smart trousers, coats, sweaters, T-shirts and jeans. Women's dresses, blouses and skirts also fall under this category. Underwear is made up of briefs and vests for men, womens lingerie - panties, corsetry, petticoats, teddies and camisoles. Hosiery covers men's, women's and children's socks, and women's pantyhose and stockings Expenditure on clothing, as well as having to compete with other durable and non-durable household goods, is threatened by increased expenditure on leisure, travel and financial services, including savings. Figures show that spending on clothing as a percentage of total household expenditure has dropped from percent in 1995 to percent in 2000. The popularity of heavy discounting stores is likely to be a factor in this decline. MARKET TRENDS A Diminishing Mid-Price Market The chain of C&A has been one of the casualties of an ongoing shrinking of the mid-price clothing market. Consumers are now tending towards the budget end of the market, which is targeted by companies such as Primark, Peacock's and Matalan, or the designer, premium-priced extreme. The mid-market has consequently become very competitive, with the struggles of Marks and Spencer, Arcadia Group and BhS to retain market share being well documented. Designer Outlets The first Designer Outlet centre opened in 1995. There are now several such centres that offer discounts of up to 50% on branded fashionwear, footwear, accessories, and housewares. Discount retailing is an important and growing part of several retail markets, and clothing is no exception. Gap, Tommy Hilfiger and Nike are among the names operating in these shopping `villages'. So called 'Off-Price' clothing is said to account for around 30% of the . clothing market. Although it is still a relatively immature part of the UK market, it is expected to grow rapidly as both established and new retailers (. Marks and Spencer and Matalan) plan to set up discount stores and enter the shopping villages. Informality Modern lifestyles, on the whole, have become much less formal, a trend reflected in clothing. While some places of work may maintain a strict dress code, they are fewer and further between — especially in the information technology industry. Many offices have a policy of `dress down Friday' where it is quite acceptable, indeed expected, to dress casually. This attitude extends into social life. Certainly some clubs and restaurants insist on a formal dress code, but many more think it unnecessary. A prime example of this movement toward informality is the huge resurgence in the denim market. UK sales of denim clothing in 2000 shot up by 8% on the previous year to reach $ billion. Sportswear Participation in sports has increased over the long term, and there is a high level of branding in sports clothes. A particular feature of the sports clothing sector is its acceptability as leisurewear, whether or not any participation in sport is intended. With the growing trend towards informality, the sportswear market is set to grow. This is evident on the UK High St with the entrance of . chains such as Footlocker. Brand Extension In the fiercely competitive UK retail market, the extension of an established brand name into other products has become common practice. This trend is becoming more popular in the clothing industry. For example, Oasis Stores PLC has developed an own-brand toiletries range, launched in October 1999. Meanwhile, designer Tommy Hilfiger has introduced new fragrances targeted at young adults. Other clothes chains with cosmetics, skincare or fragrance ranges include Ted Baker, French Connection Retail Ltd and Karen Millen Ltd. This kind of brand extension is continuing as more and more retailers are following the trend in an effort to compete with each other and offer their customers a complete product range. High street retailer H & M (Hennes and Mauritz) have recently launched a range of cosmetics and cosmetic accessories. Technology in Textiles Before the 1940s, clothes were made of wool, silk or cotton. The 1950s saw the introduction of synthetic fibres that would revolutionise the industry. Elastane microfibres, such as Lycra and Tactel, combine the qualities of stretch and control while being comfortable, durable and easy to care for. Manufacturers now claim to produce fabrics with other characteristics, such as anti-bacterial or moisturising properties, even cellulite-reducing hosiery. As a result of these changes in textile technology, prices are likely to increase, therefore assisting in growing the value of the market. Awareness of Fashion Marks and Spencer, BhS, and Mothercare have lost market share in the children's clothing market to Woolworths, ASDA Group Ltd and Next. Young people are becoming more fashion conscious at a younger age, and shun the somewhat conservative and old-fashioned image of traditional shops. This is in favour of those with a more trendy image, such as Gap, Next and Miss Selfridge. Similarly, older, and often affluent, consumers remain fashion conscious. The product offering for those older consumers wanting to appear in tune with fashion, has improved in recent years. Previously it was almost non-existent, especially at the cheaper end of the market. Larger Sizes Research has shown that British women are now taller, and more curvaceous, than in the past. This trend has been confirmed by bra manufacturer, Triumph, which has found that the average bra size has grown from a 34B to a 36C in less than a decade. Accordingly, Marks and Spencer, for one, is to use a UK size 14 (US size 10) rather than UK size 12 (US size 8) as its base model. Size 14 bust, waist and hip measurements have also been increased. With 62 percent of women in the UK wearing a UK size 14 (. size 10) or larger, there are undoubtedly opportunities for growth in the larger size clothing market. IMPORTS An estimated two-thirds of the value of the UK clothing market is imported, a percentage that is increasing as more countries with low-cost labour join the supply chain. Traditional sources, primarily Hong Kong and India, are now facing competition from countries such as Morocco and Romania. There is, however, some variation across the product sectors. Germany, Italy and Hong Kong are principal sources of women's, girls' and children's jackets. Men's suits and jackets come primarily from Italy and Portugal. Hong Kong is a significant source of imports of both men's and women's overcoats and raincoats, although in the case of men's coats, the Netherlands is the most important. Hong Kong is by far the most significant exporter of men and women's trousers to the UK, and of women's dresses and skirts. Many British companies are transferring production overseas. Much of the recent growth in value of imports into the UK can therefore be attributed to British companies, and their subsidiaries. The UK imported over $81 million worth of clothing from the . in 2000, a figure which has declined over the last few years. UK imports of . clothing goods 1997 $81,621,996 $81,139,559 $103,448,033 $121,300,429 EXPORTS Total clothing exports from the UK were $ billion in 1999 – a drop from the 1998 figure of $2 billion. In 2000, the UK exported $ million worth of clothing to the . There has been a recent trend towards exporting more British clothing to countries outside Europe, but less to countries within the European Union (EU). The UK has a reputation for quality in, for example, woollens and knitwear. However, it has been hard hit by the strength of sterling and the recent downturn in economies such as Japan, which are of great importance to UK trade. COMPETITION The Marketplace Vertical integration is a feature of the UK market for clothing. Companies such as Alexon Group, Laura Ashley, River Island Clothing Co., and Austin Reed Group manufacture collections for retail in their own stores. Place of Purchase In order of popularity, department stores, chain stores, independents, fashion multiples and sports shops are the most commonly used retail outlets for clothing. Age and sex are important determining factors in this however. For example, although department stores appeal to all age groups, fashion multiples are generally used by younger shoppers. For all the above outlets, penetration levels are higher among men than women except for independents and sports stores. Traditional mail order catalogues continue to come under pressure from discount stores. They cannot keep up with changes in prices, as their catalogues are printed weeks in advance of a season. The internet and digital television have introduced online shopping but there are hurdles to overcome if this kind of purchasing is to grow the clothing market considerably. Many consumers are hesitant to give credit card details and they like to be able to see and feel garments before they purchase. Brand recognition is important in online shopping, and it, therefore, seems likely that established High St stores may find it easier to make the step from 'brick to click' than a new online only retailer. Brand Awareness There is a high level of brand awareness in some sectors of the clothing industry. For example, the name Levi-Strauss & Co. is synonymous with jeans, like that of Nike with sports clothing. These brands will maintain sales due to firm establishment in their specific markets. However, with more and more discount stores introducing their own labels (. George at Asda, and Matalan), and the consumers decreasing clothing expenditure, mid market retailers will undoubtedly suffer. As mentioned previously, strong brand names are increasingly moving outside their original product. While this might ensure the success of, for example, Ted Baker skincare products, it also opens the clothing market for infiltration by outside brands. Market Leaders and their Brands The UK retail market for clothing is one spanning many extremes. Exclusive designer names are at one end of the scale, while discount stores and market stalls are at the other. In between is a variety of retailers aimed at the middle mass market. It is some of these that are currently finding survival so difficult. C&A is a prime example, but its demise obviously provides opportunities for other stores and products. This is not least because its withdrawal from the UK is freeing up valuable High Street sites. A relatively new entrant to the market is the grocery multiple, and the most successful example is ASDA Group Ltd. The UK's third largest supermarket, taken over by Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated last year, has its own George at ASDA brand of clothing (which had a turnover of $893m in 1999). Tesco PLC, the country's most successful supermarket chain, also devotes significant space to children's clothing, and women's and men's underwear. END USERS The total population of the UK is approximately 60 million, and is split roughly equally beween men and women. By age, the population is divided as follows: AGE % 0-19 20-49 49 + Over 83 percent of clothing and accessories are purchased by women over 25. Even 28 percent of menswear purchased in the UK is bought by women. According to the Family Expenditure survery (FES), average weekly household expenditure on commodities and services was $520 in 1999. On average, $32 of this was spent on clothing - this amounts to just over 6% of total expenditure. Although expenditure on clothing, both male and female, has grown in the past ten years, attitudes of consumers have changed. The proportion of spending on clothing that people regard as essential has declined. In 1989, conspicuous consumption was at its height and people were far more concerned with keeping up with the latest fashions. By the end of the recession in 1994, attitudes had changed and fashion had much less of a following - people still care about their appearance, but not to the same extent. This declining regard for fashion is apparent in all socio-economic groups. It is, however, more pronounced in the upper income brackets and the 25-34 and 35-44 age groups. Within these groups, people now view a holiday or products for the home as a priority over new/fashionable clothing. Despite the decline in regard for fashion, the desire to be fashionable still exists and is generally higher among teens, low income households, and the unemployed - hence the success of the discount retailers. MARKET ACCESS The UK clothing industry is an aggressively competitive marketplace, and is dominated by a handful of powerful chains. It has lower productivity than leading European competitors, and opportunities exist, therefore, for low-cost foreign competitors. The UK clothing market has to be instant in its response to changes in fashion in order for spending on clothing to compete with expenditure on other personal and household goods, leisure activities and savings. The market needs to accurately interpret trends so as to avoid surplus stock having to be sold cheaply. Rail upon rail of discounted clothes not only eats into any profit margin, but also damages the image of a shop, giving it a somewhat desperate look. There is one legal requirement regarding the labeling of textiles for clothing. The label must bear an accurate description of the fiber content. This is an obligatory marking requirement. Washing instructions and the size of garment are optional information, but must not be false or misleading. This would result in a breach of the UK Trade Descriptions Act. There are no requirements for a "Keep Away from Fire" label on any childrens daywear (but there is for all nightwear). However, there must be a flammability label on all babywear 0-3 months (day and night wear). This also applies to babywear with a chest size of 21 inches or less. There is no EU Directive on flammability labels on clothing. Clothing falls under the harmonized code of – and there is currently a maximum duty of payable. SALES PROSPECTS Clothing is an essential requisite, although consumers can also be tempted to purchase on impulse. Nowadays, few people have the necessary dressmaking and knitting skills to make their own clothing, so nearly all clothing is bought. Unusual garments and colour combinations, can differentiate one product offering from another and may be the determining factor in remaining competitive. The exit of C&A from UK retailing in 2001 has made prime High Street sites available for other chains and product offerings. In addition to this, the removal of tariffs and quotas protecting foreign markets (under the Multi Fibre Arrangement) in 2005, will increase opportunities for overseas companies. However, overseas competitors should be aware of the increased emphasis on design that differentiates British product makes it less vulnerable to cheaper foreign competition. Opportunties for . manufactured goods exist, as they are more likely to be able to compete with British designed product. Men's lifestyle magazines are helping to increase interest in men's and boys' fashion and men are more interested in fashion than they were ten years ago. Women are more financially dependent and able to spend as they like on their wardrobe, and as the proportion of working women increases, they are likely to require more clothes than they would if they stayed at home. However, as mentioned previously, the trend towards dressing down is increasing, therefore clothing purchased for the office will not necessarily include business suits. Home shopping through catalogues, the Internet, and interactive television means that goods, including clothing, can be bought at any time of the day, 7 days a week. However, people will always prefer to see the clothing and feel fabrics and textiles before purchasing so it is unlikely that home shopping will seriously threaten the High Street retailers. CONCLUSION The UK clothing market will see steady but modest growth over the next few years and is expected to reach $51. billion by 2005, an increase of 19% from 2000. Judging by current trends and evidence, it appears that the majority of this growth will come from the success of discount retailers. The diminishing mid market in fashion retailing means that best opportunities for . companies exist at this end of the scale. For more information on the UK Clothing Market, please contact: 瞎找的 看都没看

关于张爱玲毕业论文

我毕业的时候用的是张爱玲《金锁记》中金锁的人物形象分析 你可以用张爱玲小说中女性形象的分析,形象分析这方面的都比较好写,资料也比较多。就像三楼说的,你的题目很大,作为一般本科生来说很难驾驭,像我的话,本来就是要写张爱玲小说中女性形象的分析,比你的题目还小,可是老师还是说比较难把握,书也看不完哎,所以就单挑了一本金锁记。而且本科生的论文重的是方法,研究生中把握,我的学姐告诉我一般的研究生毕业论文不会用这种非常多人研究的作家哎,很难出新,貌似这样。 如果从纵向展开,你的书看完了么?如果对书本没有一定的了解,你如果去归纳出特点,当然,很多特点一些专家肯定都说过了,但是自己的见解个人认为比较重要,论文马上也要开始写了,各个时期的书这么多。。。

《更衣记》双重美学品格论析 1942年,张爱玲在英文杂志《二十世纪》月刊上发表了散文《Chinese Life and Fashions》,后重写成中文,名为《更衣记》,刊于1943年12月的《古今》上,1945年收入散文集《流言》中,全文五千余字,记录了中国时装三百年来的变化。厚重的民族文化积淀及独特的生活阅历赋于张爱玲散文一股强烈而独特的文化气息,古典的民族文化精神与西方现代意识的双重渗透,使《更衣记》具备了双重美学品格。对中国传统文化精神与西方文化人文精神的深切把握与扬弃,使张爱玲的服饰美学思想充满了浓厚的文化内涵。 1、对东西方文化人文精神的深切领悟赋予了张爱玲的服饰美学思想以双重美学品格。 东西方文化的冲突是现代作家共同面临的课题,东方文化与西方文化的冲突是传统与现代的冲突,对此深切的领悟赋予了张爱玲作品以双重美学品格。“现代西方的时装,不必要的点缀品未尝不花样多端,但是都有个目的——把眼睛的蓝色发扬光大起来,补助不发达的胸部,使人看上去高些或矮些,集中注意力在腰肢上,消灭臀部过度的曲线……古中国衣衫上的点缀品却是完全无意义的,若说它是纯粹装饰性质的罢,为什么连鞋底上也满布着繁缛的图案呢?”“我们的时装不是一种有计划有组织的实业,不比在巴黎,几个规模宏大的时装公司如Lelonn' s Schiaparelli' s,垄断一切,影响及整个白种人的世界。我们的裁缝却是没主张的。公众的幻想往往不谋而合,产生一种不可思议的洪流。裁缝只有追随的份儿。因为这缘故,中国的时装更可以作民意的代表。”①兼用东西方两种文化视点,而能一语中的,这使张爱玲的服饰美学思想显示出更令人信服的文化内涵。 儒家的伦理道德观念对中国古代服饰的发展和变化影响极深。就其文化内涵而言,儒家思想中的“礼”的观念已渗透到穿衣戴帽的许多细节中,尤其是上层社会,无论是“君子”还是贵妇的服饰,无一不受这种观念的支配,而忠孝思想对服饰的影响更为显著。张爱玲对此观察与体会得相当敏锐。 “出门时裤子上罩的裙子,其规律化更为彻底。通常都是黑色,逢着喜庆年节,太太穿红的,姨太太穿粉红。寡妇系黑裙,可是丈夫过世多年之后,如有公婆在堂,她可以穿湖色或雪青。裙上的细褶是女人的仪态最严格的试验。家教好的姑娘,莲步姗姗,百褶裙虽不至于纹丝不动,也只限于最轻微的摇颤。不惯穿裙的小家碧玉走起路来便予人以惊风骇浪的印象。更为苛刻的是新娘的红裙,裙腰垂下一条条半寸来宽的飘带,带端系着铃。行动时只许有一点隐约的叮当,像远山上宝塔上的风铃。” 这些服饰上的规矩与民俗文化息息相关,是中国古代服饰的独特风貌,对清代仕女服饰至民初服装文化颇有参考价值,张爱玲的散文的确可以称得上是风俗录。 在《更衣记》中,张爱玲本着对人性的兴趣,和对民族性和风俗民情的特殊了解,从谈服饰入手,来表现中国人的普遍性格: “削肩,细腰,平胸,薄而小的标准美女在这一层层衣衫的重压下失踪了。她的本身是不存在的,不过是一个衣架子罢了。中国人不赞成太触目的女人。”“这里聚集了无数小小的有趣之点,这样不停地另生枝节,放姿,不讲理,在不相干的事物上浪费了精力,正是中国闲阶级一贯的态度。惟有世上最清闲的国家里最闲的人,方才能够领略到这些细节的妙处。” 与其说张爱玲在谈服饰不如说她谈的是中国人的民族性。在《更衣记》中我们也能感受到张爱玲浓厚的追求“个性化”的服饰情结,或者也可以说,这是张爱玲在此文中有意无意中所做的一个“文眼”: 目前中国人的西装,固然是谨严而黯淡,遵守西洋绅士的成规,即使中装也长年地在灰色、咖啡色、深青里面打滚,质地与图案也极单调。男子的生活比女子自由得多,然而单凭这一件不自由,我就不愿意做一个男子。 有一次我在电车上看见一个年轻人,也许是学生,也许是店伙,用米色绿方格的兔子呢制了太紧的袍,脚上穿着女式红绿条纹短袜,嘴里衔着别致的描花假象牙烟斗,烟斗里并没有烟。他吮了一会,拿下来把它一截截拆开了,又装上去,再送到嘴里吮,面上颇有得色。乍看觉得可笑,然而为什么不呢,如果他喜欢?……秋凉的薄暮,小菜场上收了摊子,满地的鱼腥和青白色的芦粟的皮与渣。一个小孩骑了自行车冲过来,卖弄本领,大叫一声,放松了扶手,摇摆着,轻倩地掠过。在这一刹那,满街的人都充满了不可理喻的景仰之心。人生最可爱的当儿便在那一撒手罢了? 追求服饰的自由,追求一种“无所顾忌”的自在人生,这在张爱玲的许多散文中都有体现。受过东西方文化浸染的张爱玲在其服饰美学思想中体现的这种双重美学品格也让我们看到了一个“本色”的张爱玲。 2、发掘隐伏在细节事件背后的理性晶体,给读者展开一片思想的家园。 张爱玲既有独特、敏锐的感性观察力,又有独特、清醒的理性。她的散文差不多成了智慧的凝聚与发现,充满近乎神秘的哲思意味,闪烁着理性的波光。她总能在读者面前展开一片思想的家园,但这又不是有意为之,这些知性沉思是性灵之河的流淌中不时露出的一些理性的石子。在《更衣记》中张爱玲对服饰的存在形态进行深邃的哲学思考,它赋予人的已不再是情感的震撼,而是理智的启迪。 这吓人的衣服与下面的一捻柳腰完全不相称,头重脚轻,无均衡的性质正象征了那个时代。 时装的日新月异并不一定表现活泼的精神与新颖的思想。恰巧相反。它可以代表呆滞;由于其他活动范围内的失败,所有的创造力都流入衣服的区域里去。在政治混乱期间,人们没有能力改良他们的生活情形。他们只能够创造他们贴身的环境——那就是衣服。我们各人住在各人的衣服里。 这种衣领根本不可恕。可是它象征了十年前那种理智化的淫逸的空气——直挺挺的衣领远远隔开了女神似的头与下面的丰柔的肉身。这儿有讽刺,有绝望后的狂笑。 张爱玲对人对事看得太透太入骨,说起话来掷地有声,不留余地她能超越具象化的描写,自然地发掘隐伏在细节事件背后的理性晶体,给读者展开一片思想的家园,使读者获得智慧的顿悟与提升。她让读者对兼具形象描摹与启人心智功能的文章化境有了更深层的理解,这也是她所有散文的一种审美趋向。可以说,张爱玲的某些散文已成为人类知性和个人经验的结晶,她那种对人类、民俗等析理奥妙的探寻常使作品流露出某种只可意会不可言传的意味。“人生最可爱的当儿便在那一撒手罢?”一句轻轻的话语便诠释了她的美学观念,又使其散文超越了题材上的通俗和凡常,显露出其析理深度,给人以警醒和启示。 3、机敏、富丽地设色用词,兼具“机警、幽默、感伤、讽刺”的特点。 《更衣记》的语言风格同张爱玲大部分散文一样,感觉丰盈,浮想联翩,韵味盎然,机敏、富丽地设色用词,深具民族风味,同时也吸收了英国小品文机智幽默的特点。张爱玲被公认为是语言炼金师,一个个绝妙的譬喻,常令人赞叹不已。 回忆这东西若是有气味的话,那就是樟脑的香,甜而稳妥,像记得分明的快乐,甜而怅惘,像忘却了的忧愁。 中国女人的紧身背心的功用实在奇妙——衣服再紧些,衣服底下的肉体也还不是写实派的作风,看上去不大象个女人而象一缕诗魂。 女人的衣服往常是和珠宝一般,没有年纪的,随时可以变卖,然而在民国的当铺里不复受欢迎了,因为过了时就一文不值。 这些轻松随便灰谐风趣的句子,这些绝妙的比喻,在张爱玲散文中随处可见,突现了张爱玲散文语言“机警、幽默、感伤、讽刺”②的特点。 张爱玲还喜欢套用现成的诗句、俗语、谚语,并认为是中国人语言中重要的纤维。“衣服似乎是不足挂齿的小事。刘备说过这样的话:‘兄弟如手足,妻子如衣服,’可是如果女人能够做到“丈夫如衣服”的地步,就很不容易。”“在中国,自古以来女人的代名词是‘三绺梳头,两截穿衣’。”这些民族色彩浓厚的语句,被张爱玲信手拈来,运用得恰到好处。正如余彬所说:“她的散文显然比她的小说更来得从容不迫,挥洒自如。她的散文则往往可以做到起落无迹,‘行于所当行,止所当止'。”“其隽永的讽刺,尖新的造语,顾盼生姿的行文,使其文章显得分外妖娆俊俏。气盛言宜,她的文章议论风生,神采飞扬,从头到尾,一气呵成,毫无阻滞。正是傅雷赞叹的,是‘色彩鲜明,收得住,泼得出的文章。’”③ 《更衣记》中还运用了大量的色彩语言词汇,如“中国十九世纪的‘昭君套’却是颠狂冶艳的,——一顶瓜皮帽,帽沿围上一圈皮,帽顶缀着极大的红绒球,脑后垂着两根粉红缎带,带端缀着一对金印,动辄相击作声。”映现在读者眼前的全是这类鲜活的服饰描写,张爱玲善用色彩描写的原因在于她的女性气质,对世俗生活的热爱和她所受的良好的美术教育,所以运用色彩描写成了张爱玲表情达意的重要手段。 “生命是一袭华美的袍,爬满了蚤子。”《天才梦》的结尾句把生命之乐和生命之悲同时惊现于人们面前,给沉浸于现代文明中的人们以震撼。同样,“人生最可爱的当儿便在那一撒手罢?”《更衣记》中这一句似乎不经意的“文眼”,也道出了张爱玲古典美学思想中的一种现代的文明意识。张爱玲散文中的这种双重美学品格,在中国现当代散文随笔中,都堪称典范。 [1]来风仪编.张爱玲散文全编[M].浙江文艺出版社,1992. [2]周芬伶.《艳异-一张爱玲与中国文学》[M].中国华侨出版社,2003. [3]余彬.张爱玲传.[M].海南出版社,1993.

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