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城乡规划概论结课论文

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城乡规划概论结课论文

有钱的话,请个外语家教,或上个外语班,没钱的话,制作英语卡片,看英语读物,电影,多读,多写,多练!

随着经济社会的纵深发展,大学生作为社会特殊的消费群体,他们的消费观念的塑造和培养更为突出而直接地影响其世界观的形成与发展,进而对其一生的品德行为产生重要的影响。因此,关注大学生消费状况,把握大学生生活消费的心理特征和行为导向,培养和提高他们的“财商”,在当前就成为高校“两课”教学的重要课题。现今社会消费方式已经从原来单一的现金交易向现金、信用卡、支票等多样化的交易方式转变,使人们的生活方式更趋方便快捷。当代大学生有着开放的思想意识,从不落后于时代的发展。那么他们在消费方式上是怎样的状况呢? 在消费时,大学生在一定程度上会相信自己的真实体验,如果使用某种品牌产品产生好的体验,就会坚持使用,从而逐步形成固定偏好,最终形成使用习惯,保持对此产品良好的忠诚度。且学生思想活跃,对新事物有强烈的求知欲,喜欢追求新潮,并敢于创新,消费的趋附性强,娱乐消费占全部消费额的比重很大。然而大学生没有经济来源,经济独立性差,消费没有基础,经济的非独立性决定了大学生自主消费经验少,不能理性地对消费价值与成本进行衡量。大学生没有形成完整的,稳定的消费观念,自控能力不强,多数消费都是受媒体宣传诱导或是受身边同学影响而产生的随机消费,冲动消费。这也正是大学生消费示范效应的结果。 20世纪70年代至今,我们以个案分析的研究方式,主要通过电话访问和面谈方式,分别选取了70年代中期至今的大学生作了基本调查,并进行纵向比较。21世纪是物质生活与精神生活丰富多彩的时代,步入这一时代的大学生们不再满足于宿舍、教室两点一线的单调生活,尽管书籍仍是他们主要的消费对象,但已不是首选的,更不是惟一的消费项目。大学生的消费已呈现明显的多元化趋势,手机、旅游、电脑、运动、影音器材是大学生的消费热点。调查中,当问及“在经济条件许可情况下,最想做的事情是什么”时,大部分学生选择了“旅游”,其次是“买电脑”,反映出大学生具有走出校园、融入社会与自然、拥有高质量生活的渴望。 为了拥有一款手机或者换上一款最流行的手机,有的同学情愿节衣缩食,甚至牺牲自己的其他必要开支;有些男同学为了一双名牌运动鞋,有些女同学为了一套名牌化妆品或者一件名牌衣服,不惜向别人借钱甚至偷钱以满足自己的欲望等,都可以反映出一些学生不懂得量入而出,而虚荣心的驱使又极易形成无休止的攀比心理。 一部分谈恋爱的大学生每月大约多支出100-200元左右,最少的也有50元左右,最高的达到500元(比如送名贵礼物给对方)。他们大多承认为了追求情感需要物质投入,经常难以理性把握适度消费的原则。这是让人感到忧虑的方面。有趣的是,传统意义上谈恋爱的费用支出一般由男方承担的局面已经完全被打破,而出现三种情况,即男方全部承担、男女方共同承担和女方主动全部承担,女生的恋爱支出甚至有超过男方的情况。传统与现代生活方式在当代大学生中被充分演绎。这样的种种对一个普通的家庭来说都是很沉重的负担。 然而,大学生消费也有其理想的一面。价格、质量、潮流是吸引大学生消费的主要因素。从调查结果来看,讲求实际、理性消费仍是当前大学生主要的消费观念。据了解,在购买商品时,大学生们首先考虑的因素是价格和质量。这是因为中国的大学生与国外的不同,其经济来源主要是父母的资助,自己兼职挣钱的不多,这使他们每月可支配的钱是固定的,而这笔钱主要是用来支付饮食和日常生活用品开销的。由于消费能力有限,大学生们在花钱时往往十分谨慎,他们会尽量搜索那些价廉物美的商品。无论是在校内还是在校外,当今大学生的各种社会活动都较以前增多,加上城市生活氛围、开始谈恋爱等诸多因素的影响,他们不会考虑那些尽管价廉但不美的商品,相反,他们比较注重自己的形象,追求品位和档次,虽然不一定买名牌,但质量显然是他们非常关注的内容。 今天的大学生生活在“没有围墙”的校园里,全方位地与社会接触,当某些大学生受到享乐主义、拜金主义、奢侈浪费等不良社会风气的侵袭时,如果没有及时得到学校老师和父母的正确引导,容易形成心理趋同的倾向,当学生所在家庭可以在经济上满足较高的消费条件时,这些思想就会在他们的消费行为上充分体现。更糟糕的情况是,有些家庭经济状况不允许高消费的学生,为了满足自己的消费欲望,不惜作出一些损人利己甚至丧失人格、法理不容的犯罪行为。因此,大学生们应该加强对自身的修养,以及纠正自己的消费观念以及消费习惯,多为父母,家庭,乃至社会考虑。当然,更需要高校思想政治教育对学生消费观教育形成足够的重视,需要社会对学生的消费给予关注。

自己写的可以给你城乡规划论文3000字

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城乡规划期刊

不是。《城乡规划》是省级期刊,不是核心期刊。由上海世纪出版集团主管,复旦大学、上海文化出版社主办的科技类优秀期刊。核心期刊是某学科的主要期刊。是指所含专业情报信息量大,质量高,能够代表专业学科发展水平并受到本学科读者重视的专业期刊。

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城乡规划sci论文

自己写的可以给你城乡规划论文3000字

1 defers to "the State Council about To strengthen City and countryside To plan Management by supervision Notice" (country to send the [2002]13 number) and "the Ministry of construction Notice" (constructs the gauge [2002]204 number) the request, for the standard our province each kind of urban planning compulsory content, the basis ministry of construction "Urban planning Compulsory Content Temporary provisions", formulates this regulation. establishes the urban planning compulsory content the guiding ideology is: The realization science development view, the implementation “four insistences”, namely the insistence economic development is a center, persisted serves for the most general populations, persisted the sustainable development, persisted realistic, emphasizes the actual effect, does what one and stops each kind effectively the construction development behavior which does not adapt with “four insistences”, guaranteed city each kind of resources the reasonable use, guides our province urbanization the healthy urban planning compulsory content, is refers to in the cities system plan, the city overall plan, the city detailed plan involves the region coordinated development, the resources use, the environmental protection, scenery scenic spot aspect and so on resource management, nature and cultural heritage protection, public benefit and public security contents. The urban planning compulsory content is the cities system plan, the city overall plan, the city detailed plan necessary content. urban planning compulsory content must conform to the country, province each kind of related standard, the union local urban planning management technology stipulation research formulation. cities system plan, the overall plan already authorized, had to supplement consummated the compulsory new establishment plan, specially the detailed plan and the near future will construct the plan, will have to be clear about the compulsory have the accurate mark on the blueprint, has in the text is clear about, the standard indication. The urban planning compulsory content is carries on the surveillance inspection to the urban planning implementation the basic plan definite compulsory content needs to announce to the society. 2 cities system plan compulsory content: needs to protect strictly region and control development region and control nature protection areas: Is clear about the nature protection area branching location, the protectorate rank and the main protection object, delimits the nature protection area scope demarcation natural conservation regionalization divides into the core area, the buffer and the experimental plot, is clear about the limit and the prohibition development construction content, the plan control standard as well as the management measure correspondingly. In the core area the strict prohibition each kind of engineering construction and production management which has nothing to do with with the resources conservation. In the buffer may be engaged in by the authorization, the non-destructive scientific research, the teaching practice and specimen not have to construct any production facilities. In the experimental plot may be engaged in by the authorized scientific experiments, the teaching practice, the visit inspects, the traveling, as well as the domestication, the reproduction rare and precious, is in imminent danger activities and so on wild animals and not have to construct the pollution environment, the destruction resources and the landscape production facilities. scenery scenic spot area: Is clear about the scenery scenic spot area branching location, the nature, the main function and the scenery scenic spot area rank, delimits the scenery scenic spot area scope demarcation the core protectorate (including ecology protectorate, natural landscape protectorate and historical site protectorate) the extent of protection, is clear about the protection key and the protective to “the strict protection, the unification management, the reasonable development, continues forever uses” the principle, is clear about in the scenery scenic spot area the limit and the prohibition development construction content and the management request. In the core protectorate the strict prohibition each kind of engineering construction which has nothing to do with with the resources the scenic area, the classical botanical garden and in the periphery control area, does not have to construct the industry and mining enterprise, the warehouse, the hospital and so on has nothing to do with and the destruction landscape with the scenery and the tour, the pollution environment, the hindrance tour project and the facility. Delimits in the scenic area scope and the plan in the natural environment retention region, does not have the newly built guesthouse, the boarding house, the country club, the sanatorium organization, the management structure, the quarters and other big-scale work facility. If any new items of basic construction nature, the layout, the building modelling, the amount of space occupied, highly and the color and so on, should locate the environment coordinates. other ecology sensitive areas: Is clear about the large-scale lake, the wetland, the water source protectorate, divides the flood detention area, takes back from agriculture also the forest (also grass, also lake) the area, the basic farmland protectorate, the underground mineral resource distributes the area and so on each kind of protection and controls the region the position and the clear about the related local protection and the government goal, the control target, the limit and the prohibition development construction content. In the region development, avoids the ecology sensitive area as far as possible, reduces to the wild animals and plants destruction, completes the conservation of water and soil work, enhances the afforested coverage fraction, guaranteed certain water surface rate, the enhancement wetland protection, does not have to reduce the ecology sensitive area the area. Should take the protection measure to the water resources, the control shore water district construction, carries out aspect the strictly and so on water pollution preventing and controlling and water source water quality protection stipulations. Does not have to destroy the ecology sensitive area the flood prevention, drains waterlogged land ability and from only ability, does not have to destroy the biological resources and the ecological environment. In ecology sensitive area any construction, must control severely, maintains the natural style environment, the maintenance ecological equilibrium. regional characteristic significant infrastructure layout: Is clear about the regional characteristic significant infrastructure the position and moves towards, the corresponding control standard. The regional characteristic significant infrastructure must be clear about the coordinated request with each related city relation, controls the correlation to is clear about the highway, the level road, the second-class road, the region track transportation (city border railroad, region passenger transportation track transportation) the trend; Is clear about the harbor, the airport, the physical distribution center position. is clear about the large-scale hydro-junction project, the region flood prevention, the flood detention backbone project position, the region water supply, the accent water project trend; Is clear about position which the regional power plant, 500KV (or 300KV) the transformer substation, the natural tire valve stand, 500KV (or 300KV) high tension grid and natural gas branch tube trend; Is clear about the regional information key position the position, the communication line trend. is clear about the neighboring city to be connected the waters the water environment function control request and the related target; Is clear about the city intake, the city sewage discharge outlet controls the waters scope, the regional characteristic altogether constructs the water works, the sewage treatment plant, the large-scale garbage disposal plant position; Is clear about the regional characteristic each kind of infrastructure the protection request. 3 city overall plan compulsory content: is clear about the limits to have to protect and the control development region : Scenery ecology sensitive areas and so on scenic spot area, large-scale lake, wetland, water source protectorate, basic farmland protectorate, underground mineral resource distributed area. urban constructions use: is clear about in the plan time the urban construction with the place development scale, the development direction, in the limits plan time the urban construction uses the place the scope; uses according to the construction to appraise the determination land use restrictive regulations, delimits the land use restrictive district demarcation line; is clear about city each kind of park and the green space position, the scope and the index of correlation and the plan request. city infrastructure and public service facilities: is clear about the city primary and secondary yang or male principle trend, the city track transportation line trend; Is clear about the railroad and the station yard, the harbor, the airport, the mass transit key position, the large-scale parking lot is clear about the city intake and the protectorate scope, the power plant, the 110KV above transformer substation, the natural tire valve stands, the large-scale fuel gas gas storage stands as well as facility and so on trash and sewage treatment positions; Is clear about for the water and the draining water branch tube, the natural gas branch tube trend, the position, the underground utilities common ditch moves towards and the influence scope, the high-pressured power line corridor, the microwave channel and receives the sending a letter area extent of protection. is clear about the culture, the information, the education, the health, the sports and so on each kind of public service key facility scale, the position and the related technical specification and the plan request. historical city protection: determination historical city protection general goals and protection considered the old city the protection, manifests specifically in the historical river lake river system, the traditional spool thread, the old city city gallery, the building highly, city aspect and so on landscape line, old tree famous wood protection requests and the concrete control target, the stipulation. is clear about all levels of key cultural relic preservation organ, the historical culture protectorate, the historical architectural complex, the important underground cultural relic disposal area concrete position, the demarcation the extent of protection, the construction control region, is clear about the protective measures, the control target and the stipulation. city disaster prevention project: is clear about the city flood control standard, the flood-dam trend. is clear about the city earthquake resistance and the fire prevention disperses the backbone channel. city main civil air defense facility, fire facility position. is clear about the geological disaster to protect the stipulation. cities will construct the plan in the near future: will be clear about the city to construct key and the development in the near future uses the scale. will be clear about the near future to construct uses the place the concrete position and the scope. is clear about controls and guides the urban development the stipulation. delimits the land use restrictive district demarcation line and historical control areas and so on culture protectorate, scenery scenic spot area, is clear about the corresponding plan city detailed plan compulsory content: controllability detailed plans is clear about the division to be possible to use in developing the construction directly the land parcel, stipulated various land parcels use the nature, the building density, the building control highly, the volume fraction, the green areas coverage rate, the parking berth and other need disposition targets and so on public utility; Carries out the city “four” the plan control content, proposes maintenance main public space aspect and so on environment quality, visual landscape control as well as historical culture protection in view of the specific land sector plan requests. construction detailed plan concrete determination plan construction, green space, path, square, parking lot, river lake water surface position and scope; Is clear about the road junction coordinates, the elevation, each kind of municipal administration public facility pipeline position, caliber, major control point elevation, as well as related facility and construction position. 5 plan planning board when establishes various levels urban planning must rest on the ministry of construction "Urban planning Compulsory Content Temporary provisions", the standard compulsory content, and to plans the achievement to take the comprehensive technical responsibility. 6 urban planning administration department responsible for the work provides the plan design conditions, the examination items of basic construction, the no violation whatsoever will permitted urban planning compulsory adjusts the urban planning compulsory content, must organize to prove, the adjustment necessity to the plan examination and approval institution proposed the report on a special topic, in which involves the public rights and interests, must carry on male shows, only then carries on the adjustment after the examination the adjustment plan must defer to the stipulated procedure to examine and approve.中文版他们要钱.....对不住了

Settlements Ecological Ereas Design Abstract : ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban settlements. Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, intelligent buildings and building life should be widely Use artificial environment and the natural environment integration. It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies characteristics. Key word: Ecological house design 1 The ecological characteristics of small content Ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban settlements. Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, the widespread application of smart buildings and the construction of life, artificial environment and the natural environment integration. It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies characteristics. Compared with the traditional areas of ecological areas was essentially different from the following features: cohesion D symbiotic ecological areas within the natural and human, human to natural, intimate nature, natural into the residential areas into natural; At the same time, to create the environment to meet human needs of their own development, a human face, full of strong cultural atmosphere, mutual assistance groups have strong attractive, showing a prosperous, vigor and vitality. Area D ecological sustainability guided by sustainable development, and thus it can achieve small social, economic and environmental development, to achieve social and environmental benefits at the same time promoting economic development, and achieve rapid economic growth of high quality; Natural resources as a small public area can be used for a long, long time. Area D is not simply the pursuit of the overall ecological environment or Own prosperity, but also a social, economic, environmental overall coordination among development, nor is a small ecologicalization the ecologicalization, but overall the area of ecological and achieve overall ecological civilization. Therefore, the ecological residential building our cities will gradually change the current building environmental pollution, lack of effective environmental protection unreasonable status quo and achieve energy savings, and section, water conservation, pollution, and the effective management of the property to improve the environment of cities and areas have their own powerful dynamic. 2 Ecological planning content areas (1) Ecological district planning objectives UN Man and the Biosphere Programme No. 57 report pointed out: "It is natural ecological planning ecological and social psychological aspects of the two to create a fully integrated technology and natural human activity optimal environment induced human creativity and productivity in high material and cultural standard of living. "According to this description, We ecological areas can be understood as planning objectives : to ecology "as a whole, coordination, circulation, renewable" principle as a guide, through the promotion of eco-design methodology Habitat improvement of the quality of the environment and people in harmony with the natural, artificial and natural facilities coordination, and achieve small social-economic-natural complex system as a whole to achieve a coordinated and stable, balanced, orderly state of evolution. (2) ecological district planning methods The use of eco laws aiming at sustainable development, to engineering measures and technical means to support the traditional sense small design planning to become a real estate ecological areas to areas of ecological civilization advance the sustainable development of cities. (3) the content of the ecological area planning Including small ecological planning, economic planning and social ecological ecological planning. 1, ecological planning! Green indicators: The indicators are measured Ecological district level building the most important indexes. Green belts (including node and surface) to more than 50%, the per capita public green spaces in more than 28 square meters. Ground water indicators : indicators that the water seepage capacity building bases to minimize concrete coverage, the use of natural drainage systems to facilitate rainwater infiltration, the ideal target is 80% of the surface area of flooding to properties. Water-saving targets the targets for the development of alternative water resources (revenue) and the provincial water apparatus use (cut), as the main water-saving methods. The former refers to the design of residential buildings or use force rain water purification system design, which means that rain, life-pooling processed, the required water quality standards, duplication in the use of non-potable water and non-physical contact with the complex water. Energy conservation targets : to design energy-efficient buildings through air-conditioning systems, lighting, night-ray use, the use of solar energy and other means. CO2 and waste reduction targets : the application of indicators to encourage Qinglianghua architectural structures, such as the use of steel construction to reduce construction sand Stone, brick and other building materials; Promote home simple interior designers, building materials recycling to achieve energy conservation, provincial resources, reduce waste and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Sewage treatment indicators: the former for construction of storm water, sewage diversion pipeline systems, on the one hand facilitate the recycling of rainwater, on the other hand, could reduce the volume of sewage treatment. The latter refers to refuse collection and classification of resources recycling. Green traffic indicators: a clean, suitable for the urban environment, health useful means of transport to complete socio-economic exchanges. According to Taiwan with the use of green transport assessment, foot, bicycle, Light Rail, trams, etc. score 40 or more, and ordinary buses, trucks, motorcycles, scored in the following hours. Therefore, ecological areas green transport planning should encourage residents to use green transport. 2, economic ecological planning! The overall objective is to resource consumption and environmental pollution to the light of the rapid economic growth and cultivating scientific civilization consumption patterns. For this purpose, the application of green technology and green consumption production technology, and gradually change the energy structure, accelerate renewable energy alternative to fossil energy, applications hydropower, wind, biomass, solar and other green energy; Using natural ventilation and natural lighting and reduce energy consumption; In the area of production of green, green consumption. 3, the social ecology planning to enhance the sense of belonging and a small landmark, a center of the square and the charm of the inhabitants frog space; Supporting the establishment of complete, rationally ecological infrastructure, the creation of various age groups to facilitate crowd living environment; Area provide diversity, individuality residential, to ensure that all economic income people and people of various age levels demand; small commercial activities, public services, cultural activities, recreational activities, the center concentrated areas. In short, ecological planning of new residential areas is a concept and a vision for the future of urban targets will be the ideal leisure parks and sustainable urban development trend of the future residential area. It is a magnificent building integrated engineering; we need long-term and unremitting 、The ecological residential contents Ecological residential has a strict technical standard, developers can not arbitrarily self-styled. Ecological residential demand in the energy and water, gas, sound, light, heat and the green environment, waste disposal, building materials and other aspects of the nine national standards. 1, in the energy system, should avoid multiple pipelines into people's homes, the wall structure of residential energy-efficient design and reversal system and encourage the use of solar, wind, geothermal, maintaining appropriate indoor temperature, indoor temperature in the winter. 2, the system called for the establishment of outdoor aquatic environment sewage reuse rainwater collection system and use the system, indoor and outdoor use of water saving devices, the use of water-saving landscape water systems. 3, gas environment to the secondary system for the outdoor air quality standards, indoor ensure natural ventilation, ventilation ventilation facilities with bathrooms, kitchens have gas emission concentration system to the larger national air quality standards. 4, sound environmental systems, Architectural designs have noise Jiangzao measures for outdoor daytime noise 50dB, less than 40dB noise at night, less than 35dB noise indoor day, night noise less than 30 , optical environmental systems meet the requirements of interior design sunshine hours, try using natural light; indoor, avoid light pollution, such as glare advertising, curtain walls; indoor application of energy-saving lamps, and promote the use of solar green lighting. 6, ecological residential use has also requested approval of the National Environment Commission approved the award of the environment and surrounded by the signs of building materials to meet the non-toxic, harmless, non-polluting, non-radioactive, non-volatile requirements, the use of 3R (reusable, recyclable use, renewable use) materials. Small green environment is an important theme of ecological residential, while living in the garbage disposal is a major part of a . For residential ecology, ecological areas of life to the full bag of garbage collection, enclosed containers stored the collection rate 100% classification rate of 50%.4、The types and characteristics of the ecological residential (a) the type of ecological residential 1, ecological residential categories : main advocate for the arts in origin, the maximum residential development ecological functional art, and art to such convergence of ecological art to be created as residential to create, whether such residential look from the outside or from within is a piece of art. 2, ecological wisdom categories: ecological wisdom mainly to highlight various features to maximize residential wisdom. Any person living on possible devices capable of providing intelligent services have been placed in the appropriate part, the owner can rely on imagination and simple operation can achieve a special enjoyment. 3, in addition to other types of more! Species, there are eco-religious groups, lived a primitive tribal group, and some of the ecological category, ecological deficit tribunal Residential category. (2) the ecological health of the residential characteristics Ecological residential called "health residential." Not only ecological residential green, and from the planning point of view, the overall ecological area layout, monomer space portfolio, housing construction, natural energy use, energy efficiency measures, green systems and life support services in the design, must be to improve and enhance the ecological environment, the quality of life as a starting point and the goal. Moreover, in actual design, layout on the green level, style and building mutual shine; Focus on different aspects of the complementary integration of plants, such as, inter ordinary plants, flowers and trees to watch, leafy trees, edible fruit trees, medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation; Green throughout the area to play while the other deeper ecological role, such as insulation, wind-proof, dust-proof and anti-noise, the elimination of poison material, adult bacterial virus, or even elimination from the visual sensory and mental fatigue, psychological role. And the housing construction, will consider the ecological and social ecology needs to save energy, to occupants of natural space and interpersonal needs. Ecological residential to health conscious. Real estate not to sell land for the ultimate goal, nor is selling steel, cement house for the ultimate purpose is not to sell the concept and the environment as the ultimate goal, but to create a line with the development of human society and human needs of a healthy and civilized new home for the final goal. It can be said that real estate is selling a lifestyle, a subculture is sold, the sale of a new society and a new trend. Owners as a community, to really enjoy the community healthy and civilized new life, is not only reflected in the design of the real estate business, not only in the real estate area matching hardware facilities, but on community service software, people really enjoy the physical and mental pleasure. This is a healthy and civilized into the 、Ecological design and construction of residential Since China's reform and opening up, economic development has made remarkable achievements, but at the same time was accompanied by a waste of resources and environmental pollution. Since the backward production technologies, our average construction energy is developed 2~3 times, pollution was also very serious, our cities were the World Health Organization as a "serious pollution" in cities. Real estate development and use of a large consumption of resources, produce large quantities of industrial waste. To people hygiene, health, comfortable living, and environmental protection must be put in an important position. (1) The full use of solar energy Solar energy is the most important green energy is inexhaustible, widespread natural energy, and its advantage is extremely rich, clean, safe and cheap. Currently, the use of solar energy in residential areas, there are three main areas : solar water heaters, solar air conditioning and solar cells. According to information on, for the installation of a 300 year by the solar hot water massage central hot water system will require an investment of about 15 million, the annual energy cost about 80,000 yuan, 2a can recover the full investment, and solar water heating systems for 15~20a useful life, then the costs of energy-saving equipment on the high 100~140 million. In recent decades, many countries are active in research, development, the use of solar energy, and achieved encouraging results. The most notable of which Australia and Israel, the prevalence of solar water heaters are 30% and 50%. Our research and development of solar late, and achieved certain results, but only about 6% coverage, and development is uneven and more concentrated in the western region, the highest rate of Yunnan, 10%. My solar abundant sunshine hours for 2500h years, the region accounted for more than 2/3 land area, some areas up to 3000h. This use of solar energy for the development of our country provided a good condition. With scientific and technological progress, the scope will be broader use of solar energy and energy conversion efficiency will be higher. (2) rational use of water resources My country is a lack of water in some places, on the one hand, serious water shortages, on the other hand, wasted. Water is the key measures or "new." Residents primarily drinking water consumption and use, including restaurants use about 5% of total consumption, while the remaining 95% for washing, sewage. In the residential area, according to applications of A, B two water systems. A system specifically for drinking water (including milk, river, village, cooking). The system must be consistent with the water clean water drinking water standards. B system exclusively for the use of water. The water system should be recycling. Household will tell, laundry, water and roofing rain, the ground water within a reservoir, filtration, purification, decontamination of physical, chemical processing, and then imported household "use water" for washing, car washing, forestation, features, flushing, sewage and other use. Water cycle use of the system can save a lot of water. (3) Planning for with the fast-paced economic development, land resources have diminished. Residential areas on the section to the problem, from three aspects 1, the volume of control at a reasonable level, not lower ;2, garage or into the overhead to the construction of three-dimensional multi-storey car park or underground, semi-underground car park ;3, with the section from the energy into two factors, are advised to the construction of multi-storey and high-level incomparable data small apartment, control building door independence households alone villa, particularly yard, beautiful landscape "auspicious treasure-house" should not build luxury villas and private gardens for a handful of people enjoy, and the construction of small parks and other public facilities should be for public enjoyment. (4) strong rectification, the promotion of environmental protection Housing construction and use of the existence of environmental problems. Contaminated environment harms human health, which is well known reason. On the environmental pollution problems in the past only to "waste" (waste, emissions, waste residue) pollution, and now increased pollution and light pollution and sound content. This is the realistic situation. There are problems that electromagnetic pollution. With the improvement of people's living conditions, household appliances and usage is also increasing coverage, electromagnetic pollution has emerged, and the growing tendency. The content of this proposal into water plans and 、Concluding remarks China Environmental Sciences Professor Xia Qing, a real sense of ecological residential areas should be from the design, construction until use, abandoned throughout the life cycle are harmless to the environment, not simply of little grass. Because many of the latest technologies and building materials to be used, in order to build refuse and water treatment devices, the general real estate developers simply can not bear. Now these may be environmental residential advance, but it is our residential development direction.

城乡规划法规论文3000

城市规划与土地规划虽然是两个不同领域的规划,但是,在国民经济发展大背景下,二者却是统一的,土地的合理规划是城市规划的重大前提,城市的合理规划为土地的优化设定了格局。因此,在城市经济的发展中,应该将城市规划和土地规划统筹起来,从发展思路、发展途径、制度创新等方面统筹两个规划,实现双赢。 在现行的国民经济发展体系中,城市规划和土地规划分别由不同的行政主管部门进行编制。两大主管部门在行政级别上旗鼓相当,有各自独立的行政管理体制,这样的分管体制造成两个主管部门缺乏有效的沟通,各行其是,这使得两种规划相互间不协调、存在很大的差异性,产生严重的脱节现象。一方面,有的地方偏重于城市规划忽略土地规划,导致城市用地不合理,城市用地吃紧,土地价格波动,城市出现畸形发展。另一方面,有的地方特别注重土地规划看轻城市规划,从城市发展局部出发,惜土如金,该发展住宅用地的都用来发展商业,无视城市发展的总体布局,使得土地的规划脱离城市规划,相互间格格不入的困境。所以,要实现城市的现代化发展,必须从国民经济发展的大局出发,统筹城市规划和土地规划,形成互补协调、互利共赢的格局。 一、 统筹两种规划的整体思路。 区域规划是国民经济和社会发展规划的深化,而城市规划和土地规划又是区域规划必不可少的两个方面。在时间上,两个规划要统筹编制,城市规划的编制要兼顾土地规划,因为土地规划是否合理直接影响到城市总体发展,土地规划是城市规划的重要内容;土地规划也要兼顾城市规划,城市的土地规划是否有效要看是否符合城市发展的总体标准。在空间上,两个规划要互补互利,在城市区域的发展中,必须要坚持城市规划指导与土地规划,必须要坚持土地规划服务于城市规划,即前者的发展是为后者的发展做铺垫,后者的发展是为了前者的更进一步发展。为此必须做到以下几点:第一,做到弹性规划。无论是城市规划,抑或土地规划都要具有可量化性,要留有一定的空间。而弹性规划能够有效适应变化的市场环境,根据不同地点、不同时期做出适时调整,避免规划失灵以及出现重复规划。第二,做到协调规划。在整个城市区域规划中,不能片面强调城市规划,也不能一贯重视城市规划。两个规划不是彼此独立的,城市规划必须要做好土地规划,土地规划的好坏又取决于城市规划大局,在城市发展中必须注重二者的协调关系,实现互助发展。第三,做到多元规划。规划的目标不是单一的,在两个规划的具体编制中,对规划的目标要明确,不能只片面追求经济效益,还要注重环境效应和社会效应,最终实现多重效应叠加,实现社会的全面发展。第四,做到效益规划。没有价值的规划是没有意义的规划,特别是在市场经济环境中,效益高低决定市场成败,为此,在两个规划的编制中,一定要注重规划的效益性,实现经济社会生态效益的大一统。第五,做到整体规划。在两个规划的实施中必须从国民经济发展大局出发,从城市区域经济发展大局出发,做好整体布局,既要搞好物质方面的规划,也要搞好非物质方面的规划,既要做好整体规划,又要做好局部规划。第六,做到实用规划。任何规划都是用来指导发展实践的,所以在两个规划的编制过程中,要注重规划的可操作性和实用性,使得制定的规划能够落实到城市经济发展中去,为城市的发展搞好理论铺垫。 二、 统筹两个规划的发展途径 两个规划受制于不同行政主管部门,这种分离的管理体制使得两个规划的侧重点、标准、目标往往出现较大差距,两个主管部门不能及时进行相关信息的交流,以及在规划过程中相互借鉴、相互吸收、共同发展。这对这一现状,要统筹两个规划,必须将两个部门进行合并,制定统一的规划,形成自上而下与自下而上相结合的规划管理体制。这种管理体制能够充分体现城市体系规划是一种基于整体利益的协调规划的实质,能够较好地统一行政指令,加强规划的实施效果;也能够充分考虑地方区域发展实际,立足于区域发展的具体情况,进行深入分析,广泛征求各利益主体意见后的综合协调;也有利于规划管理体制从上级的集权制转化为公平合理的民主制。这样制定出的规划更能适应城市发展实际,更能为解决规划问题献计献策,这样的规划透明度高、可信度强、可满足全社会的发展愿望。自上而下与自下而上的双向结合有以下优势:首先,从国民经济发展总体出发,统筹城市规划和土地规划,避免在两个规划的编制过程中相互脱节、各自为战的现象。其次,这样的结合既能够满足上级规划实施的执行力,加快城市建设和土地利用,也能充分发挥地方优势,利用特色资源。再次,这种结合对于在规划的实施过程中出现的任何问题可以进行及时纠正和处理,避免出现重复建设造成资源的浪费。最后,这种结合途径既兼顾了城市经济发展的大局,有考虑了局部土地的优化利用,提高了经济效益和社会效益 。 三、 统筹两个规划,做到制度创新。 从法律制度上讲,就目前的法律体系而言,城市规划已有相关领域的法规——《城市规划法》作保障,而我国到现在都还没有为土地规划制定相关的法律法规,这就导致在规划的实施进程中城市规划比土地规划更加严肃、更加科学、更有可操作性。而从管理角度看,城市规划和土地规划分别由两个行政级别对等的管理部门加以编制,这必然导致两个部门各行其是,缺乏有效的沟通,行政指令措施无法进行统一,效率低下、浪费资源。另外,我国已经是市场经济国家,规划的行政属性 还相当浓厚,在规划的编制和实施中 常常忽略市场经济规律,不考虑客观的供求状况,主观行事,造成规划与经济规律不服,与市场经济脱轨的严重后果。基于以上的种种制度诟病,要统筹两个规划必须进行制度创新。一、要创新法律制度,完善相关法律制度,特别是要尽快制定《土地规划法》来为土地的实际规划保驾护航,使得两个规划都有相关法律制度的庇护,为统筹战略提供法律保障。二、要创新管理制度,将两个制定规划的部门合二为一,统一政令,增强规划的执行力度和社会经济效应,为统筹战略提供管理保障。三、要创新环境制度,要打破长期以来形成的行政主导,市场为次的管理方法,坚持市场运行为基础行政干预为辅助的管理,尊重客观经济规律,尊重市场规律,为统筹战略提供环境保障。 综上所述,城市规划和土地规划虽然在概念上各不相同,但是,站在国民经济发展的大局上,而这却是可以统筹的,它们是相互弥补、相互促进的,城市规划离不开土地规划,后者是前者的重要组成部分;土地规划也离不开城市规划,前者需要以后者作为坐标,为其前进明确方向。在今后的实际工作中,为了更好地统筹两个规划,不论是在发展思路上,还是在发展途径、制度创新上,都要进行行之有效的改革,将城市规划和土地规划共同纳入城市经济的发展中,城市规划兼顾土地规划,土地规划参照城市规划。统筹两种规划才能提高经济效益,才能提高社会效益,才能提高环境效益。

自己写的可以给你城乡规划论文3000字

一、中西方古代和近现代城市规划的思想和理论体系随着社会经济的发展、城市的出现、人类居住环境的复杂化,产生了城市规划思想并得到不断发展。中国古代的城市规划学说散见于《考工记》①、《商君书》②、《管子》③、《墨子》④等典故之中。《考工记》确定了“都”、“王城”和“诸侯城”的三级城邑制度,用地的功能分区和道路系统等。中国古代城市规划强调战略思想和整体观念,强调城市与自然结合,强调严格的等级观念。战国时期,列国都城采用了大小城制度;西汉长安城将宫室与里坊结为一体;南北朝时代的洛阳城则加强了全面规划;宋开封城是按照五代的周世宗柴荣颁发的诏书,有规划地进行扩建的要例;北宋中叶,开封城已走向较为开放的街巷制体系,形成了中国封建社会后期的城市结构形态;清代在北京城远近郊区大力经营园林和离宫别馆,使北京成为中国封建时代都城规划和建设的最辉煌实例。在西方,在古希腊城邦时期已出现了希波丹姆规划模式。古代罗马建筑师马可·维特鲁威(Marcus Vitruvius Pollio)的《建筑十书》⑤阐述了城市选址、环境卫生、纺机建设、公共建筑布局等方面的基本原则。中世纪社会发展缓慢,城市多以教堂为中心。到了文艺复兴时期,建筑师阿尔伯蒂(A'er bo di)、安德烈亚·帕拉第奥(Andrea Palladio)、斯卡摩锡(Sikamoxi)等也提出了一些反映当时商业兴盛和城市生活多样化的城市理论和城市模式。产业革命前的欧洲城市城市规划多侧重于防御功能和政治需要,封闭性强。19世纪上半叶,一些空想社会主义者提出设想,把改良住房、改进城市规划作为医治城市社会病症的措施之一。19世纪和20世纪之交,霍华德倡导“田园城市”;1915年盖迪斯提出区域原则,倡导城市规划与区域规划相结合的学说。这一时期还出现了另一种建设实践:英国一些先进工业家在建设工厂的同时,建设新的工人镇。至今,城市规划仍是采取上面所说的旧城改建和新城建设两种基本形式。19世纪90年代,西欧各国已逐渐形成以公共投资改进市政建设和控制私人用地相结台的城市发展战略概念。制定城市建设法规最初的目的是维持整齐、清洁、安定的城市环境,以保障居民健康。城市建设和管理要有相应的法律体系,严格的城市建设法规可以提高城市规划和建设的质量。产业革命后,城市内部结构发生了根本的变化,促使人们从理论上研究城市的结构和形态,寻求最佳模式。1922年法国建筑师勒·柯布西耶(Le Corbusier)主张充分利用技术成就,建造高层高密度的建筑群,使城市集中发展,以求得最好的生活环境和最高的工作效率,这种思想被称为城市集中主义。美国建筑师赖特(Frank Lioyd Wrignt)提出的“广亩城市”认为城市应与周围的乡村结合在一起,平均每公顷居住人,被称为城市分散主义,这两种城市模式影响甚广。从城市功能要求出发提出各种城市布局形态,如带形城市、同心圆式的环状城市、楔子状结构城市、多核心城市等;从城市中各种系统的组织出发,宏观地研究城市所在的地区的空间结构与城市形态的关系;从微观上对构成城市的单元细胞进行剖析来研究城市的形态。二、我国近现代城市规划的编制阶段、编制任务、工作内容(一)城市规划编制层次根据《中华人民共和国城市规划法》规定,我国目前的城市规划编制层次,是在省(自治区)域城镇体系规划的指导下,编制城市总体规划和详细规划。大、中城市根据需要在城市总体规划的基础上可以编制分区规划,用以指导详细规划的编制。为了适应由计划向市场体制的转变,满足城市规划编制体系可以概括为“两阶段、五层次”的体系:两阶段是指城市总体规划阶段和城市详细规划阶段。五层次是指总体规划阶段的城市规划纲要、总体规划、分区规划三个层次和详细规划阶段的控制性详细规划、修建性详细规划两个层次。(二)城镇体系规划编制的任务和主要内容1.城镇体系规划编制的任务城镇体系规划编制的主要任务包括:综合评价城镇发展条件,制定区域城镇发展战略,预测区域人口增长和城市化水平,拟定各相关城镇的发展方向与规模,协调城镇发展与产业配置的时空关系,统筹安排区域基础设施和社会设施,引导和控制区域内城镇的合理发展与布局,指导区域内城市总体规划的编制。2.城镇体系规划的主要内容城镇体系规划一般包括下列主要内容:(1)综合评价区域和城市发展、开发建设的条件;(2)预测区域人口增长,确定城市化目标;(3)确定本区域内的城镇发展战略,划分城市经济区;(4)提出城镇体系的功能结构和城镇分工;(5)确定城镇体系的等级和规模结构;(6)确定城镇体系的空间布局;(7)统筹安排区域内基础设施和社会设施;(8)确定保护生态环境、自然和人文景观、历史文化遗产的原则和措施;(9)确定一个时期重点发展的城镇,提出近期重点发展城镇的规划建议;(10)提出实施规划的政策和措施。三、城市规划的法规体系、行政体系以及调整和审批程序一个国家的城市规划体系包括城市规划法规体系、城市规划行政体系和城市规划运作(规划编制和开发控制)体系三个基本组成部分。其中,城市规划法规体系是现代城市规划体系的核心,为城市规划行政和城市规划运作提供法理依据。(一)城市规划法规体系现代城市规划作为政府行政管理的法定职能,遵循依法行政的原则。与政府行政管理的其他法定职能一样,城市规划的法规体系包括主干法及其从属法规、专项发和相关法。(二)城市规划行政体系中国的城市规划行政体系体现了中央集权和地方自治的结合。根据《城市规划法》,城市规划的编制和审批实行分级体制。各级城市的人民政府负责组织编制城市规划。县级人民政府所在地镇的城市规划由县级人民政府负责组织编制。直辖市的城市总体规划由直辖市人民政府报国务院审批。省和自治区人民政府所在地城市、城市人口在一百万以上的城市以及国务院指定的其它城市的总体规划,经省、自治区人民政府审查同意后,报国务院审批。除此而外的其他城市的总体规划和县级人民政府所在地镇的总体规划,报省、自治区和直辖市人民政府审批,其中市管辖的县级人民政府所在地镇的中提规划,报市人民政府审批。分区规划和详细规划一般由市人民政府城市规划行政主管部门审批。(三)城市规划的审批城市规划实行分级审批:1. 全国城镇体系规划报国务院审批。2. 省、自治区城镇体系规划经国务院审查同意后,由建设部批复。3. 直辖市的城市总体规划,有直辖市人民政府报国务院审批。4. 省和自治区人民政府所在地的城市、城市人口在100万以上的城市及国务院指定的其他城市的总体规划由省、自治区人民政府报国务院审批。5. 其他设市城市和县级人民政府所在地镇的总体规划报省、自治区、直辖市人民政府审批,其中市管辖的县级人民政府所在地的总体规划报市人民政府审批。6. 其他建制镇的总体规划报县级人民政府审批。城市人民政府和县级人民政府向上级人民政府报批城市整体规划前,须经同级人民带包大会或者其常务委员会审议同意。四、城市规划与其他相关规划的关系(一)城市规划与区域规划的关系区域规划和城市规划都是在明确长远发展方向和目标的基础上,对特定地域的各项建设进行综合部署。区域规划可为城市规划提供有关城市发展方向和生产力布局的重要依据。区域的经济发展决定着城市的发展,城市的发展也会促进地区的发展。区域规划与城市规划要和相配合,协同进行,在城市规划具体落实过程中,有可能需对区域规划做某些必要的调整和补充。(二)城市规划与国民经济和社会发展计划的关系国民经济和社会发展中长期计划是城市规划的重要依据之一,而城市规划同时也是国民经济和社会发展的年度计划及中期计划的依据。国民经济和社会发展中与城市规划关系密切是有关生产力布局、人口、城乡建设以及环境保护等部门的发展计划。城市规划依据国民经济和社会发展计划话所确定的有关内容,合理确定城市发展的规模、速度和内容等。(三)城市总体规划与土地利用总体规划的关系我国城市总体规划和土地利用总体规划的规划目标是一致的,都是为了合理使用土地资源,促进经济、社会与环境的协调和可持续发展。土地利用总体规划以保护土地资源特别是耕地为主要目标,在比较宏观的层面上对土地资源及其使用功能进行划分和控制。而城市总体规划则重于城市规划区内土地和空间资源的利用。两者应该是相互协调和衔接的关系。(四)城市规划与城市环境保护规划的关系城市环境保护规划是对城市环境保护的未来行动进行规范化的系统筹划,视为有效地实现预期环境目标的一种综合性手段。城市环境保护规划属于城市规划中的专项规划范畴,是在宏观规划初步确定环境目标和策略指导下,具体指定的环境建设和综合整治措施。(五)城市规划行政部门与其他相关部门的关系城市规划行政主管部门与其他行政主管部门是平行的职能机构。各个机构依据法律授权或城市人民政府的指定,各有其主管的事务范畴,互不覆盖。各部门应当各司其职,互不越权。但是,城市规划与计划、土地、交通、房产、环保、环卫、防疫、文化、水利等许多方便的工作都是有密切的关系。各行政部门的工作需要相合衔接和配合。

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南京城市规划结课论文

城市规划与土地规划虽然是两个不同领域的规划,但是,在国民经济发展大背景下,二者却是统一的,土地的合理规划是城市规划的重大前提,城市的合理规划为土地的优化设定了格局。因此,在城市经济的发展中,应该将城市规划和土地规划统筹起来,从发展思路、发展途径、制度创新等方面统筹两个规划,实现双赢。 在现行的国民经济发展体系中,城市规划和土地规划分别由不同的行政主管部门进行编制。两大主管部门在行政级别上旗鼓相当,有各自独立的行政管理体制,这样的分管体制造成两个主管部门缺乏有效的沟通,各行其是,这使得两种规划相互间不协调、存在很大的差异性,产生严重的脱节现象。一方面,有的地方偏重于城市规划忽略土地规划,导致城市用地不合理,城市用地吃紧,土地价格波动,城市出现畸形发展。另一方面,有的地方特别注重土地规划看轻城市规划,从城市发展局部出发,惜土如金,该发展住宅用地的都用来发展商业,无视城市发展的总体布局,使得土地的规划脱离城市规划,相互间格格不入的困境。所以,要实现城市的现代化发展,必须从国民经济发展的大局出发,统筹城市规划和土地规划,形成互补协调、互利共赢的格局。 一、 统筹两种规划的整体思路。 区域规划是国民经济和社会发展规划的深化,而城市规划和土地规划又是区域规划必不可少的两个方面。在时间上,两个规划要统筹编制,城市规划的编制要兼顾土地规划,因为土地规划是否合理直接影响到城市总体发展,土地规划是城市规划的重要内容;土地规划也要兼顾城市规划,城市的土地规划是否有效要看是否符合城市发展的总体标准。在空间上,两个规划要互补互利,在城市区域的发展中,必须要坚持城市规划指导与土地规划,必须要坚持土地规划服务于城市规划,即前者的发展是为后者的发展做铺垫,后者的发展是为了前者的更进一步发展。为此必须做到以下几点:第一,做到弹性规划。无论是城市规划,抑或土地规划都要具有可量化性,要留有一定的空间。而弹性规划能够有效适应变化的市场环境,根据不同地点、不同时期做出适时调整,避免规划失灵以及出现重复规划。第二,做到协调规划。在整个城市区域规划中,不能片面强调城市规划,也不能一贯重视城市规划。两个规划不是彼此独立的,城市规划必须要做好土地规划,土地规划的好坏又取决于城市规划大局,在城市发展中必须注重二者的协调关系,实现互助发展。第三,做到多元规划。规划的目标不是单一的,在两个规划的具体编制中,对规划的目标要明确,不能只片面追求经济效益,还要注重环境效应和社会效应,最终实现多重效应叠加,实现社会的全面发展。第四,做到效益规划。没有价值的规划是没有意义的规划,特别是在市场经济环境中,效益高低决定市场成败,为此,在两个规划的编制中,一定要注重规划的效益性,实现经济社会生态效益的大一统。第五,做到整体规划。在两个规划的实施中必须从国民经济发展大局出发,从城市区域经济发展大局出发,做好整体布局,既要搞好物质方面的规划,也要搞好非物质方面的规划,既要做好整体规划,又要做好局部规划。第六,做到实用规划。任何规划都是用来指导发展实践的,所以在两个规划的编制过程中,要注重规划的可操作性和实用性,使得制定的规划能够落实到城市经济发展中去,为城市的发展搞好理论铺垫。 二、 统筹两个规划的发展途径 两个规划受制于不同行政主管部门,这种分离的管理体制使得两个规划的侧重点、标准、目标往往出现较大差距,两个主管部门不能及时进行相关信息的交流,以及在规划过程中相互借鉴、相互吸收、共同发展。这对这一现状,要统筹两个规划,必须将两个部门进行合并,制定统一的规划,形成自上而下与自下而上相结合的规划管理体制。这种管理体制能够充分体现城市体系规划是一种基于整体利益的协调规划的实质,能够较好地统一行政指令,加强规划的实施效果;也能够充分考虑地方区域发展实际,立足于区域发展的具体情况,进行深入分析,广泛征求各利益主体意见后的综合协调;也有利于规划管理体制从上级的集权制转化为公平合理的民主制。这样制定出的规划更能适应城市发展实际,更能为解决规划问题献计献策,这样的规划透明度高、可信度强、可满足全社会的发展愿望。自上而下与自下而上的双向结合有以下优势:首先,从国民经济发展总体出发,统筹城市规划和土地规划,避免在两个规划的编制过程中相互脱节、各自为战的现象。其次,这样的结合既能够满足上级规划实施的执行力,加快城市建设和土地利用,也能充分发挥地方优势,利用特色资源。再次,这种结合对于在规划的实施过程中出现的任何问题可以进行及时纠正和处理,避免出现重复建设造成资源的浪费。最后,这种结合途径既兼顾了城市经济发展的大局,有考虑了局部土地的优化利用,提高了经济效益和社会效益 。 三、 统筹两个规划,做到制度创新。 从法律制度上讲,就目前的法律体系而言,城市规划已有相关领域的法规——《城市规划法》作保障,而我国到现在都还没有为土地规划制定相关的法律法规,这就导致在规划的实施进程中城市规划比土地规划更加严肃、更加科学、更有可操作性。而从管理角度看,城市规划和土地规划分别由两个行政级别对等的管理部门加以编制,这必然导致两个部门各行其是,缺乏有效的沟通,行政指令措施无法进行统一,效率低下、浪费资源。另外,我国已经是市场经济国家,规划的行政属性 还相当浓厚,在规划的编制和实施中 常常忽略市场经济规律,不考虑客观的供求状况,主观行事,造成规划与经济规律不服,与市场经济脱轨的严重后果。基于以上的种种制度诟病,要统筹两个规划必须进行制度创新。一、要创新法律制度,完善相关法律制度,特别是要尽快制定《土地规划法》来为土地的实际规划保驾护航,使得两个规划都有相关法律制度的庇护,为统筹战略提供法律保障。二、要创新管理制度,将两个制定规划的部门合二为一,统一政令,增强规划的执行力度和社会经济效应,为统筹战略提供管理保障。三、要创新环境制度,要打破长期以来形成的行政主导,市场为次的管理方法,坚持市场运行为基础行政干预为辅助的管理,尊重客观经济规律,尊重市场规律,为统筹战略提供环境保障。 综上所述,城市规划和土地规划虽然在概念上各不相同,但是,站在国民经济发展的大局上,而这却是可以统筹的,它们是相互弥补、相互促进的,城市规划离不开土地规划,后者是前者的重要组成部分;土地规划也离不开城市规划,前者需要以后者作为坐标,为其前进明确方向。在今后的实际工作中,为了更好地统筹两个规划,不论是在发展思路上,还是在发展途径、制度创新上,都要进行行之有效的改革,将城市规划和土地规划共同纳入城市经济的发展中,城市规划兼顾土地规划,土地规划参照城市规划。统筹两种规划才能提高经济效益,才能提高社会效益,才能提高环境效益。

随着经济社会的纵深发展,大学生作为社会特殊的消费群体,他们的消费观念的塑造和培养更为突出而直接地影响其世界观的形成与发展,进而对其一生的品德行为产生重要的影响。因此,关注大学生消费状况,把握大学生生活消费的心理特征和行为导向,培养和提高他们的“财商”,在当前就成为高校“两课”教学的重要课题。现今社会消费方式已经从原来单一的现金交易向现金、信用卡、支票等多样化的交易方式转变,使人们的生活方式更趋方便快捷。当代大学生有着开放的思想意识,从不落后于时代的发展。那么他们在消费方式上是怎样的状况呢? 在消费时,大学生在一定程度上会相信自己的真实体验,如果使用某种品牌产品产生好的体验,就会坚持使用,从而逐步形成固定偏好,最终形成使用习惯,保持对此产品良好的忠诚度。且学生思想活跃,对新事物有强烈的求知欲,喜欢追求新潮,并敢于创新,消费的趋附性强,娱乐消费占全部消费额的比重很大。然而大学生没有经济来源,经济独立性差,消费没有基础,经济的非独立性决定了大学生自主消费经验少,不能理性地对消费价值与成本进行衡量。大学生没有形成完整的,稳定的消费观念,自控能力不强,多数消费都是受媒体宣传诱导或是受身边同学影响而产生的随机消费,冲动消费。这也正是大学生消费示范效应的结果。 20世纪70年代至今,我们以个案分析的研究方式,主要通过电话访问和面谈方式,分别选取了70年代中期至今的大学生作了基本调查,并进行纵向比较。21世纪是物质生活与精神生活丰富多彩的时代,步入这一时代的大学生们不再满足于宿舍、教室两点一线的单调生活,尽管书籍仍是他们主要的消费对象,但已不是首选的,更不是惟一的消费项目。大学生的消费已呈现明显的多元化趋势,手机、旅游、电脑、运动、影音器材是大学生的消费热点。调查中,当问及“在经济条件许可情况下,最想做的事情是什么”时,大部分学生选择了“旅游”,其次是“买电脑”,反映出大学生具有走出校园、融入社会与自然、拥有高质量生活的渴望。 为了拥有一款手机或者换上一款最流行的手机,有的同学情愿节衣缩食,甚至牺牲自己的其他必要开支;有些男同学为了一双名牌运动鞋,有些女同学为了一套名牌化妆品或者一件名牌衣服,不惜向别人借钱甚至偷钱以满足自己的欲望等,都可以反映出一些学生不懂得量入而出,而虚荣心的驱使又极易形成无休止的攀比心理。 一部分谈恋爱的大学生每月大约多支出100-200元左右,最少的也有50元左右,最高的达到500元(比如送名贵礼物给对方)。他们大多承认为了追求情感需要物质投入,经常难以理性把握适度消费的原则。这是让人感到忧虑的方面。有趣的是,传统意义上谈恋爱的费用支出一般由男方承担的局面已经完全被打破,而出现三种情况,即男方全部承担、男女方共同承担和女方主动全部承担,女生的恋爱支出甚至有超过男方的情况。传统与现代生活方式在当代大学生中被充分演绎。这样的种种对一个普通的家庭来说都是很沉重的负担。 然而,大学生消费也有其理想的一面。价格、质量、潮流是吸引大学生消费的主要因素。从调查结果来看,讲求实际、理性消费仍是当前大学生主要的消费观念。据了解,在购买商品时,大学生们首先考虑的因素是价格和质量。这是因为中国的大学生与国外的不同,其经济来源主要是父母的资助,自己兼职挣钱的不多,这使他们每月可支配的钱是固定的,而这笔钱主要是用来支付饮食和日常生活用品开销的。由于消费能力有限,大学生们在花钱时往往十分谨慎,他们会尽量搜索那些价廉物美的商品。无论是在校内还是在校外,当今大学生的各种社会活动都较以前增多,加上城市生活氛围、开始谈恋爱等诸多因素的影响,他们不会考虑那些尽管价廉但不美的商品,相反,他们比较注重自己的形象,追求品位和档次,虽然不一定买名牌,但质量显然是他们非常关注的内容。 今天的大学生生活在“没有围墙”的校园里,全方位地与社会接触,当某些大学生受到享乐主义、拜金主义、奢侈浪费等不良社会风气的侵袭时,如果没有及时得到学校老师和父母的正确引导,容易形成心理趋同的倾向,当学生所在家庭可以在经济上满足较高的消费条件时,这些思想就会在他们的消费行为上充分体现。更糟糕的情况是,有些家庭经济状况不允许高消费的学生,为了满足自己的消费欲望,不惜作出一些损人利己甚至丧失人格、法理不容的犯罪行为。因此,大学生们应该加强对自身的修养,以及纠正自己的消费观念以及消费习惯,多为父母,家庭,乃至社会考虑。当然,更需要高校思想政治教育对学生消费观教育形成足够的重视,需要社会对学生的消费给予关注。

城乡规划学科调整为一级学科进行建设,促进城乡统筹、区域协调和社会和谐稳定,具有重要的现实意义。 下面是由我整理的关于城乡规划的论文范文,谢谢你的阅读。

城乡规划理论

摘要:近几年来社会经济的快速发展和城镇化的推进,使我们的国家竞争力不断增强。将城乡规划学科调整为一级学科进行建设,这对于解决学科发展被制约的困境,推进当代我国城乡规划发展的理论与实践,促进城乡统筹、区域协调和社会和谐稳定,具有重要的现实意义。

关键词:城乡规划理论

Abstract: in recent years the rapid development of social economy and the advancement of urbanization, make our country to enhance competitiveness. Adjust urban and rural planning for the level 1 discipline construction, this to solve the plight of subject development is restricted, for promoting the development of the contemporary China's urban and rural planning theory and practice of promoting urban and rural, regional coordination and social harmony and stability as a whole, has important practical significance.

Keywords: urban and rural planning theory

中图分类号:文献标识码:A 文章编号:2095-2104(2013)

将城乡规划学作为独立的一级学科进行设置和建设,是我国国情所在,是从传统的建筑工程类模式迈向社会主义市场经济综合发展模式的需求,是有中国特色城镇化道路的客观需要,也是中国城乡建设事业发展和人才培养与国际接轨的必由之路。近几年来社会经济的快速发展和城镇化的推进,使我们的国家竞争力不断增强。将城乡规划学科调整为一级学科进行建设,这对于解决学科发展被制约的困境,推进当代我国城乡规划发展的理论与实践,促进城乡统筹、区域协调和社会和谐稳定,具有重要的现实意义。

一.城乡可持续发展

区域协调是城市和区域可持续发展的重要组成部分,少数一些区域协调可以依赖法律实施,但大部分的情况是自愿的合作。在这样的组织中,规划或公众参与完全是志愿的,决策者和规划师遵从这样一种方式工作,这样可以得到更多的来自公众的支持。这种自愿的合作组织在协调区域不同城市的利益过程中会发挥一定作用,帮助城市做出更好的决策,在某种程度上鼓励公众参与。但某些情况下会有来自地方的反对和阻力,确实需要强制实施。可持续城市是指城市中经济发展、社会发展和环境资源相协调在规模(人口、用地、生产)、结构、等级和功能等方面能够持续变化和扩大,能够进行自我升级、改善并实现结构的持续性转变。建设可持续城市是以城市的社会、经济状况、环境和资源等因素为基础,在资源最小耗用的前提下,通过均衡的分布农业工业、居住区、交通等城市活动,做出科学的城市总体设计,促使城市新的结构、功能与原有结构、功能及其内部的和谐一致,使城市在发展过程中,数量、规模和结构由小到大、由不协调到协调、由非可持续性到可持续性变化。 可持续发展离不开地方文化的延续和创新。发展中国家在快速城市化进程中城市面貌和人们观念迅速改变,这种发展模式的可持续性受到西方学者的怀疑。在发达国家,文化对可持续发展的作用被不断挖掘和利用。尤其在1980年代以后的西欧,城市决策者本着利用艺术、传统和其它文化资源吸引旅游、创造就业机会的目的,发掘地方文化的多样性、独特性。如在德国鲁尔区,文化产业的发展被认为是实现地区可持续发展的途径之一,文化特色的发掘、保持和创新为这一老工业区带来新的发展动力

二.可持续发展的城市规划与设计

在国家发展战略规划、区域和城市发展规划,以及城市设计、详细规划等各个层次的规划都需要关注可持续性,以保证发展战略落实到各个空间层次。可持续发展的城市规划与设计首先应从本质上理解城市自然过程的意义,并将其作为城市开发建设的指导,做到根据生态原则来利用土地和开发建设,协调好城市内部结构与外部环境的关系,在空间利用方式、强度、结构和功能配置等方面与自然生态系统相适应。在可持续发展的机制中,构筑城市设计框架的目标将重点强调自然资源和建成环境的保持。这就需要采用有效的方法将建成区改造成更富有吸引力的生活和工作场所。可持续的城市设计原则将对现状建筑、基础设施和道路的接受和再利用以及可循环建材的再利用放在了首位。其次,可持续发展鼓励对自然资源、野生动植物以及景观的保护。任何新的建材应当从可持续的资源中获取,像木材就应当从管理良好的可持续森林中获得。 第三,在新建成地区,建设的模式要将分散的活动区之间消耗能量的出行减少到最少,同时还要减少建筑内部运行消耗的能量。 未来的发展必须满足国民对食品、矿物、住宅以及其他建筑的需要 不过,重要的是,这种发展应当遵从环境的目标,并符合可持续发展原则所确立的准则。任何新的建筑应当通过灵活的规划设计以适应其使用年限中不同的使用要求。交通系统服务与新的城市结构,将不得不“在服务经济发展和保护环境、维护未来生活质量之间寻求平衡”。对城市环境进行重新整理以满足可持续发展的需要,对城市设计专业是一个独特的挑战。同样,经济增长也面临相同的前景,它必须在提高生活水准的同时使城市更富可持续性。

三. 城乡交通和市政基础设施规划

交通需求是一定的城市空间结构和土地使用的派生需求,不同的空间布局结构和功能联系方式,通过影响居民个体的出行行为选择过程,进而作用于城市交通系统,并最终产生不同的能源消耗和环境后果。我国现阶段的城市规划、交通规划对于低碳城市尚缺乏系统的理论和实证研究,导致我国目前有些城市规划实践与低碳城市的目标甚至存在很大的矛盾。因此,本研究由理论整理入手,继而通过实证研究支持,提出一套低碳城市发展目标下的城市空间与交通的规划策略。研究分别从区域层面、总体规划层面及详细规划下的居住区和街区设计三个层面来研究低碳城市的空间结构和形态。

从区域层面而言,我国城市与区域的交通建立在“县县通高速”、“村村通水泥”的评价标准上,加之区域土地使用模式多为粗放式,两者合力产生了高能耗的基于小汽车的区域空间布局。对比现状缺乏交通考虑的无序的区域发展模式,更合理的都市区发展模式应是结合有轨道或区域公共交通引导的走廓模式,通过空间整合与控制小汽车的数量,从而达到节约能源的目标。另一方面,传统规划理论中强调的一个就业居住平衡的城市和功能上的“自我平衡”被验证并不能降低对机动车的依赖,而应是在提高居民就地就业率的基础上利用高效的公交系统将各城镇有效地连接在一起形成区域平衡。从总体规划层面,研究从城市密度、开发强度、城市形态与空间结构等角度分析了其对城市交通低碳化的影响。基于国内外实证研究与案例分析,提出低碳城市的土地使用规划原则:①应当以短路径出行为目标的土地混合使用;②适合行人与自行车使用的地块尺度;③以公共交通可达性水平来确定开发强度;④坚决地限制小汽车的使用的策略。从详细规划层面,研究从居住区规范入手,分析其积极性及不足,并与美国《绿色低碳社区发展评估系统》的内容进行对比,研究认为居住区的设计仍然偏重于物质环境层面,对人的行为少有涉及,也没有明确的低碳指标。研究从街区尺度、规模、用地开发强度等角度分析了“大盘”、“巨型居住社区”、低密度住区产生的原因及对低碳节能居住的影响。

最后,研究对轨道交通站点社区居民的交通出行进行了实证分析,认为新区由于客流有限、发车间隔较长,单纯的普通公交接驳不能满足城市边缘地区轨道交通接驳需求。规划必须确保城市新区市民出行的选择多样性,除了提高普通公交覆盖率和整体服务水平,还要通过多模式交通换乘的方式来提高城市边缘区轨道交通的服务半径,才能适应可持续发展的要求。在规划阶段需要对步行、自行车的接驳方式,自行车停车设施作出更多的重视。研究最后对低碳城市的发展提出了几点建议:①城市规划必须成为一个动态的过程,而非终极方案,并且需要针对目标建立评价的准则;②城镇体系的规划应结合区域性公共交通体系的建立,才能有效控制城市无序蔓延,降低交通能耗;③鼓励适度的用地混合,考虑建立在绿色交通体系上的居住与就业的动态平衡关系,避免巨型或单一化的功能分区。提倡小尺度街区、土地混合使用的开发模式;④未来中国可持续低碳城市的结构一定是建立在骨干公交联络的自行车友好的城市框架下的,放弃自行车就是放弃中国城市可持续发展的未来。努力促进“绿色交通”;⑤城市形态结构形态的构建采用网络嵌套的理论来对中心地理论的实际应用局限进行修正,大型公共设施的建设要与公共交通枢纽相结合;⑥开发强度取决于公共交通的可达性,这也是确定控制性详细规划的一个基本依据。

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