发布时间：
论文的题目是画龙点睛的神来之笔,是提纲挈领的综述概要。下面是我带来的关于英国文学 毕业 论文题目大全的内容，欢迎阅读参考! 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(一) 1. 《浮士德》的善恶冲突论 2. 论《浮士德》思想体系的矛盾 3. 论卢梭《忏悔录》的自审意识与超俗意识 4. 济慈及其《夜莺颂》的美学魅力 5. 欧洲社会的讽刺画卷——《唐璜》浅析 6. 论雨果的人道主义思想 7. 《巴黎圣母院》中的美丑对照原则 8. 论《红与黑》中于连的形象 9. 论司汤达小说心理描写的艺术 10. 司汤达在现代小说史上的地位 11. 成功与幻灭——拉斯蒂涅(《高老头》)与吕西安(《红与白》)之比较 12. 巴尔扎克小说的现代 文化 意蕴 13. 论《包法利夫人》 14. 19世纪英国女小说家研究 15. 《傲慢与偏见》的戏剧叙述 16. 夏洛蒂·勃朗笔下的女性形象系统 17. 《呼啸山庄》的叙述技巧与结构艺术 18. 试析《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》的情感模式 19. 《呼啸山庄》与《金锁记》情感世界之比较 20. 梅里美中短篇小说的艺术魅力 21. 《茶花女》的悲剧艺术 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(二) 1. 茶花女与杜十娘比较 2. 从蒙太里尼形象看《牛虻》的反宗教主题 3. 论哈代小说中的新女性形象 4. 莫泊桑、契诃夫、欧·亨利艺术风格之比较 5. 论威尔斯的科学幻想小说 6. 论《恶之花》的历史地位与意义 7. 略论马克·吐温的艺术风格 8. 易卜生《玩偶之家》娜拉形象 9. 易卜生有肖伯纳的“社会问题剧”的异同论 10. 19世纪俄国文学中“多余人”的形象 11. 俄罗斯文学中的妇女形象 12. 果戈理《死魂灵》的讽刺艺术 13. 屠格涅夫笔下的女性形象 14. 屠格涅夫的抒情手法 15. 屠格涅夫与郁达夫比较研究 16. 论陀思妥耶夫斯基的长篇小说 17. 谈陀思妥耶夫斯基小说中的景物描写 18. 陀思妥耶夫斯基与现代派文学 19. “现代性”历史文化语境中的鲁迅与陀思妥耶夫斯基 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(三) 1. 古希腊神话 传说 中的文化精神 2. 英雄符码及其解构——荷马史诗主要史诗主要形象论析 3. 论《俄狄浦斯王》的冲突艺术美 4. 论《美狄亚》在戏剧发展史上的重要意义 5. 从古希腊到18世纪西方文学中人的观念 6. 《埃涅阿斯纪》主题的原型意义 7. 试论__伦理在西方文学中的演变 8. 但丁与__文化 9. 哥特式小说的原理与发展 10. 中国武侠小说与骑士文学的比较 11. 《堂吉诃德》的多重意义 12. 论流浪汉小说的艺术特征 13. 试论《威尼斯商人》的冲突艺术 14. 《奥瑟罗》悲剧冲突艺术 15. 论《李尔王》的人文主义思想 16. 论《亨利四世》中的福斯塔夫形象 17. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《西厢记》抒情艺术之比较 18. 试论莎士比亚喜剧风格 19. 莎士比亚悲剧风格的特殊性及其历史意义 20. 论《汤姆·琼斯》人物刻画的美学原则
TABLE OF CONTENTS Note to the First Edition. Note Added to the Definitive Edition (1832) BOOK ONE I. The Great Hall II. Pierre Gringoire III. Monsieur le Cardinal IV. Naitre Jacques Coppenole V. Quasimodo VI. La Esmeralda BOOK TWO I. From C arybdis to Scylla II. The Place de Greve III. Besos para Golpes IV. The Disadvantages of Following a Pretty Woman through the Streets at Night V. The Disadvantages (continued) VI. The Broken Pitcher VII. A Wedding Night BOOK THREE I. Notre-Dame II. A Bird's-Eye View of Paris BOOK FOUR I. Kind Souls II. Claude Frollo III. Immanis Pecoris Custos Immanior Ipse IV. The Dog and his Master V. Claude Frollo (continued) VI. UnpopuIarity Table of Contents BOOK FIVE I. Abbas Beati Martini II. This Will Kill That BOOK SIX I. An Impartial took at the Old Magistracy II. The Rat-Hole III. The Story of a Maize Cake IV. A Tear for a Drop of Water V. The Story of the Cake (concluded) BOOK SEVEN I. Of the Danger of Confiding your Secret to a Goat II. A Priest and a Philosopher are Two Different Things III. The Bells IV. 'ANATKH Two Men in Black VI. The Effect That Can Be Produced by Seven Oaths Uttered in the Open Air VII. The Bogeyman-Monk VIII. Of the Usefulness of Windows Looking out on to the River BOOK EIGHT I. The Gold Ecu Turned into a Dry Leaf II. The Gold Ecu Turned into a Dry Leaf(continued) III. End of the Gold Ecu Turned into a Dry Leaf IV. Lasciate Ogni Speranza V. The Mother VI. Three Men's Hearts Differently Made BOOK NINE I. Fever II. Hunchbached, One-Eyed, Lame Table of Contents III. Deaf IV. Earthenware and Crystal V. The Key to the Red Door VI. The Key to the Red Door (continued) BOOK TEN I. Gringoire Has Several Good Ideas in Succession in the Rue des Bernadins II. Become a Truand! III. Three Cheers for Pleasure! IV. An Awkward Friend V. The Private Retreat where Monsieur Louis of France Says his Hours Blade on the Ptowl VII. Chateaupers to the Rescue! BOOK ELEVEN I. The Litt1e Shoe II. La Creaiura Bella Bianco Vestita III. Phoebus' Marriage IV. Quasimodo's Marriage 《 Notre Dame cathedral》 巴黎圣母院,参考:)~~ 《 Notre Dame cathedral》 is one known far and wide romantic faction strength which Victor Hugo writes . I take advantage of this summer vacation free time, read this great work. Notre Dame cathedral's story, actually was one at that time social epic poem, since brimmed with really. Friendly. Beautiful, also the flow selfish desire and is false. Regardless of is good beautiful Asmelada ,or has the ugly semblance, Cacimodo with one pure mind, they represent the great amount the lower level populace which suppresses; Perhaps is sinister Coloud, he is appears by the theocracy face, all load bearing one kind of author's author in this work, for with the clown, was beautifully friendly and wickedly does the best annotation, or take above three people as the example, the rebel Asmelada has the beautiful semblance and the chaste good mind, as well as pitiful destiny, but Cacimodo, he withstood destiny deceive nicely, the innermost feelings is his misery is graver, but Coloud maintained the benighted social rights and interests, he had brutally. Void mind and evil passion. Notre Dame cathedral " this story, but also disclosed at that time the dark society's essence to the people. This fascinating story likes that Ccimodo clocks sound equally shocks several generation of readers' Hugo through " Notre Dame cathedral " this story, but also disclosed at that time the dark society's essence to the people. This fascinating story likes that Ccimodo clocks sound equally shocks several generation of readers' minds.参考资料：回答者：馥出甄爱☆Hebe - 江湖新秀 四级 11-4 19:27评价已经被关闭 目前有 0 个人评价 好50% （0） 不好50% （0） 其他回答共 1 条《 Notre Dame cathedral》 is one known far and wide romantic faction strength which Victor Hugo writes . I take advantage of this summer vacation free time, read this great work. Notre Dame cathedral's story, actually was one at that time social epic poem, since brimmed with really. Friendly. Beautiful, also the flow selfish desire and is false. Regardless of is good beautiful Asmelada ,or has the ugly semblance, Cacimodo with one pure mind, they represent the great amount the lower level populace which suppresses; Perhaps is sinister Coloud, he is appears by the theocracy face, all load bearing one kind of author's author in this work, for with the clown, was beautifully friendly and wickedly does the best annotation, or take above three people as the example, the rebel Asmelada has the beautiful semblance and the chaste good mind, as well as pitiful destiny, but Cacimodo, he withstood destiny deceive nicely, the innermost feelings is his misery is graver, but Coloud maintained the benighted social rights and interests, he had brutally. Void mind and evil passion. Notre Dame cathedral " this story, but also disclosed at that time the dark society's essence to the people. This fascinating story likes that Ccimodo clocks sound equally shocks several generation of readers' Hugo through " Notre Dame cathedral " this story, but also disclosed at that time the dark society's essence to the people. This fascinating story likes that Ccimodo clocks sound equally shocks several generation of readers' minds. Many diversified characteristics will help identify a structure as Gothic: ogee archways, ribbed vaults, and the wondrous flying buttresses are a few. Yet, it is always the craft placed high above, which captures our eyes and imaginations most effectively. Since all works of religious art rise beyond mere artistic expression, bearing potent symbolic reference, we must accept that our attention was intended to be focused upwards. Within the span of the passing centuries, the cathedrals of the Middle Ages themselves rise up above other cultural achievements. At the center of these towering legacies resides Notre Dame de Paris, 'Our Lady.'
当然可以的啊~！没有问题的！你说的还是一个很好的题材呢。
"Notre Dame de Paris" is the great French writer Victor Hugo wrote in 1831 in one of the love stories. Although the book's story takes place in 1482, but ownership of the book of love between men and women. it is still very likely written by the 18th-century French love. Just as the heroes of martial arts novels written love story, although the story took place in ancient times. The book of love between men and women are masters of the contemporary. Masters of the book of love between men and women still exist in today's French society? I lack sufficient understanding, but I finished reading the whole book, I discovered that It gives us the masters of love between men and women still exist in our society today, perhaps. This is precisely this novel in the two centuries after the literary classics still one of the reasons for this may well be a bar. Now I would love to talk about the four Andean . Lada and her lover's different views on love. I love love love the Andean . Lada . Lada Slovakia is the 16-year-old beauty who could sing and dance. Roma have been stolen from their homes because of the street performers grew up there is no hierarchical then the upper strata of society have been recognized and accepted. When she was robbed in the night, the Royal Guard captain was smart and sporty Fubisi heroic rescue. Selections of Falling Love at First Sight trapped love it, but he was captured by her beauty. . Lada penetrating novels like all love the woman, as long as they met their loved ones. they love each other regardless of all grumbling. No matter whether the outcome of this love, really love each other regardless of their own. even love can be clearly aware of this, well aware that the other side does not even love themselves. passion still love each other, remain faithful to this illusion of love. . Lada love is not only a perfect body, there is one good and noble and pure soul. When the poet Grincourt kilowatts will be a crucial moment beggars hanged Kingdom, She did not hesitate to marry him and the willingness to rescue the poet. Poets are shocked by her beauty and noble immediately tied to falling in love with her and hope she can truly become her husband. But the love in her heart to love the Andean . Lada idols, refused to calm him : "I can love a man to be able to protect me. "and told him, and he married just to save his life. Therefore, he maintained, and only nominally the husband and wife. When Claude Gerardi like all kinds of despicable means to the United States and the Andean Lada forced to accept his love, the love, love Andean Ladaning kept from the .. When Claude was in prison for the Andean . Lada love, the love, deception, she said she loved Fubisi have been killed, Let her not to indulge in any fantasy, and promised that as long as he promised to love, it can be rescued from her death sentence. . Lada love the answer : "If he had died. Why do you advise I want to live? "When Claude love before the last in the . gallows Lada choice, Although the United States and the Andean love when Lada Fubisi people already know her love is still alive. She also found the natural mother separated 15 years, she would live, but in the face of Claude woo. She replied : "Let me disgusted gallows far worse to the extent you do. "In the novel" scandals "the personification of Quasimodo. . Lada love of persecution based on the identity of Slovakia, the United States and the Andean Lada love for the first time in the face He was ordered to the United States and Slovakia in the night to rob love Lada. When Quasimodo because of the failure of robbery, the Royal Guard was arrested, tied up in the hot sun by whipping the crowd at the hall of shame. He watched the crowd give him some much needed water to drink, no one took any notice. Weighs about seeing him in the past, so he did not think of, under the watchful eyes of the people courageously give him water to drink. The angel is the same love Andean . Lada. . Lada love deeply touched by the kindness of the ugly appearance of deformed Quasimodo. because in his mind like other people have strong feelings and love. Later, he risked his life to rescue Actually Andean . Lada from the shelves out of the death penalty, but his ugly lopsided appearance. Trans-Andean always love him and never be able to cross the divide between the United States and Lada. President Hugo died in a novel way by the end of this finally crossed the divide. I think that this may indeed be the only feasible way. Second, the love Fubisi Fubisi Royal Guard captain is grown another talented, smart and sporty. day dealings between the upper strata of society, is a pretty girl ideal appearance. Fubisi awfully clever use of his resources effectively, he chose the rich dowry cousin Lily done fiancee. Slovakia also went to the United States Lada love chasing the sex. From his body, we see very clearly the society today, those clever men in a hurry, their talents. "Red has not home, foreign flags waving. "Fubisi heinous part is the only and his love of beauty Andean . Lada. Slovakia has the slightest . Lada not cherish the love lives. . Lada Fubisi love for the charge of murder is sentenced to death. But in Fubisi escaped from the hospital after receiving treatment, in order not to expose their misdeeds. not even testify against the real murderer to save the life of love Andean . Lada. This was not the hypocrites and life, although they usually very good at amorousness, himself, sweet. beautiful, but one crucial moment, the love they immediately become one worth, because in the hearts of these people. has never knows what is true love. Third, if Fubisi Claude is the love we love in life should be wary of hypocrites. Then Claude is the love in our lives should be wary of the devil. The 36-year-old Claude Paris church Gerardi, he gave a small church in a church school education. After several decades of efforts, to climb up the powerful position. But dull stereotype inhuman doctrine of the church does not eliminate the instinctive desire of his heart. Instead, the desire to make this instinct becomes more intense in extremely depressed and crazy. When he Andean . Lada love, the love of his long-term suppression of religious smash, His instinctive desire would explode like a volcano, which can not be controlled and clean up. We can not deny Claude Lada love to love the United States is sincere in Slovakia, is a warm, irreplaceable. He even offered to the United States and the Andean Lada love, the love, to give up his All these, together with his belief in God for a few years. But his love is extremely selfish, and his love : "If I can not have. I will let her! "Therefore, he instructed his first night going to rush the child Quasimodo in the Andean . Lada love, failure, Fubisi assassination wanted, and the blame on the United States and the Andean love Lada. When love Andean . Lada was Quasimodo to the rescue with legitimate asylum Notre Dame de Paris, and conspiracy to use his influence . Lada Slovakia lost love of her asylum Notre Dame de Paris, then in the midst of pursuing sound, threatened with death, forced to accept his love for the so-called Andean . Lada love. Numerous hate into love life, seeking love and the human tragedy, because there are basically Claude such extreme selfishness just to satisfy one's own desires, never gave the slightest consideration to the wishes of other people simply do not understand the love there. So, whenever I saw those energetically advocated "love is not wrong," the declaration of love, not the Fufei not. Because I personally think that by ignoring the wishes of his wife, the other to impose unilateral love is not only utterly wrong. Sometimes it is even evil. Fourth, Grincourt watts love Grincourt Vanuatu is a rotten poet, as in the community today. Poets write poems unable to feed himself, in Paris two years ago, poet unable to write poetry, to feed themselves, So he had to vagrants and beggars who crowd the kingdom going to survive. Regrettably, even when a poet is not able to test the skills of beggars. When the beggar was not qualified as a person who submitted the gallows. See here reminds me of the saying, I could not resist : "100 is used without a scholar! "It seems the French and the Chinese people's view on this issue is basically the same. However, the student is very familiar with the lovable, love loved the Andean Grincourt kilowatts after the United States refused to calm Rada, He immediately wise up. Because he felt ashamed of himself as a man in love Quasimodo Andean . Lada was robbed when he does not have the courage to come out to save, and his own life, instead of relying on the mercy of love will be saved Andean . Lada, in the face of such a "strong woman" As long as there is the self-esteem of men, they will not expect any of love. So Grincourt Vaag Lada in the United States and the Andean love after marriage, her husband volunteered as a board, Esmeralda light of day to show off the streets. Although the couple did not want to get the name of love, but at least there is a marriage and can survive. From Grincourt watts, we have seen the presence of many of today's Chinese husband. they knew and did not love their wives, their wives apparently eager to know how to love, However, they have no choice but to accept this love without marriage. 5, Quasimodo's love, if not love that only marriage Grincourt Vanuatu they are unfortunate, then, relatively speaking. Quasimodo is regarded as a tragedy. Quasimodo is itself very poor conditions, but the vision of the ideal love the typical very high. Since the appearance of deformed Quasimodo, from becoming abandoned, Claude Gerardi was adopted him. As the young grow up in the church, he has never enjoyed the warmth of a family. After growing up, so stay in the church bell, only two people he loved, is a Claude Gerardi. Life is not a large church bell. However, when the United States and the Andean Lada beautiful kind of love, the awakening of his heart's desire for a better love. But this desire to awaken, and not give him any pleasure. Instead, he deeply felt the mental suffering of the birth defects. Slovakia face . Lada love to a beautiful, he is so inferior to that suffering, he was looking forward to closer love Lada. But their ugly so afraid to love and afraid of the Andean . Lada uncomfortable. Lada and his love for the United States and Slovakia do not have any expectation that he needed to know if she had it in her side. But even this has been a wild dream for killing his adoptive father. Quasimodo angry despair of killing his adoptive Gerardi Claude. He eventually killed himself -- Andean . Lada loving embrace the body into another world. Of course, life is impossible, or very little may Quasimodo so ugly, but in real life, one way or another person who has a lot of flaws, the ideal of perfect love in the face of their hearts target, Quasimodo would like the same kind of inferiority complex and painful. So, if they can be more confident some point or more reduction targets they choose the standard Perhaps some of them will live more happily.
巴黎圣母院》简介与赏析评论及读后感2007-12-23 13:11《巴黎圣母院》作者简介雨果（VictorHugo，1802—1885）是法国文学史上最重要的一个作家、19世纪浪漫主义文学运动的领袖人物。1826年，他与浪漫派文艺青年缪塞、大仲马等组织“第二文社”，开始明确反对伪古典主义。1827年，他的诗歌中开始出现了与复辟王朝唱反调、歌颂拿破仑的主题。同年，他发表了著名的《〈克伦威尔〉序》。提出了浪漫主义的文学主张，特别宣扬了滑稽丑怪与崇高优美对照的原则，力图扩大艺术描写的范围，使文学适于表现资产阶级革命以后的现实生活的内容。这篇序言是声讨伪古典主义的檄文，浪漫主义流派的旗帜，在文艺理论批评史上占有重要的地位。 1831年，他又在小说方面为浪漫主义文学创造了纪念碑式的作品《巴黎圣母院》。 1841年，他被选为法兰西学士院院士，在受衔演说中，表示拥护君主立宪制。1851年，路易�6�1波拿巴发动反革命政变，宣布帝制，雨果和他的政派发表宣言反抗，但遭到失败。波拿巴实行恐怖手段，对反抗者无情镇压，他被迫流亡国外长达19年之久。 雨果在流亡期间的最重要作品是《悲惨世界》。雨果同一时期的另外两部长篇小说《海上劳工》和《笑面人》也很著名。 《巴黎圣母院》内容简介 1482年1月6日，巴黎城沉浸在“愚人节”的欢乐气氛中。在格雷弗广场上，吉卜赛少女爱丝美拉达带着一头会耍杂技的小羊在巴黎街头卖艺，她以动人的美貌和婀娜的舞姿博得了人们叹为观止的赞赏和阵阵热烈的掌声，精彩表演吸引着成群的观众。在密集的人群中，只有一张中年人阴沉着脸孔，发出几句不祥的诅咒，使少女不寒而栗。 这个人是巴黎圣母院的副主教克洛德�6�1弗罗洛。他自幼深受教会教育的熏陶，怀着虔诚的宗教信仰和如饥似渴的求知欲，在年轻时就已成为教会的头面人物和博闻多识的学者。他蛰居斗室，研究炼金术，过着清苦的禁欲生活，回避一切世俗的欢乐与享受，永远以一副令人望而生畏的冷漠神情出现在公众面前。十六年前，他出于怜悯收养了一个被人遗弃在圣母院门前的畸形儿，为之取名卡希魔多。这个奇丑无比的孩子自从来到世间，饱尝屈辱和蔑视。他把副主教视为唯一亲人，对他感恩戴德，唯命是从。卡希魔多长大后，做了圣母院的敲钟人。 一天，弗罗洛发现了在广场上翩翩起舞的爱丝美拉达，立刻为她那无双的姿色所倾倒。他身上潜伏的淫欲象一头沉睡多年的野兽突然苏醒，使他完全失去了自制力。作为一个祭司，他认为情欲是罪恶，会毁灭人的灵魂，他明确地意识到，这种无法抗拒的情欲必将把他带向可怕的深渊。他千方百计使自己忘掉她，却全然无济于事。他感到自己只有两条路可以选择，要么不惜一切地占有她，要么就置她于死地，以求自己灵魂的安宁。 《巴黎圣母院》赏析评论《巴黎圣母院》最集中最典型地反映了雨果的浪漫主义文艺观。其鲜明的浪漫主义特色表现在： 1．离奇的情节 这部小说情节曲折离奇，富有戏剧性，充满了现实生活中不可能有的巧合，夸张和怪诞。如："奇迹王朝"对诗人奇特的审判；加西莫多的劫法场，抵御千军万马的进攻；母女重逢；加西莫多的尸骨一被分开就化为灰尘等。 这些曲折多变，但在本质上又是真实的情节，大大加强了小说的戏剧性，从而增强了小说的感染力。 2．非凡的人物 小说的人物是浪漫主义的典型人物：爱斯梅哈尔达的美貌和人格力量是非凡的：加西莫多的非凡则表现在他可怕的外貌，奇特的举动，巨人般的体力，以及对爱斯梅哈尔达高尚而充满自我牺牲的爱情及表达方式；克罗德的禁欲和纵欲的矛盾等。这些人物的特点，表现了雨果独具的浪漫主义特征，即追求夸张，想象而不求细节的真实，不求酷似现实。 3．强烈的对比 作为一种美学理想，对比原则是雨果浪漫主义最重要的特征，贯穿着小说的始终。 首先是巴黎城市和圣母院和谐美丽的自然环境与人民阴暗不幸的生活构成鲜明对比，这样更突出暴露了封建暴政的黑暗。 其次是草菅人命，任意诬陷的封建王朝与尊重人权，公正廉明的"奇迹王朝"的对比； 最主要的是人物形象的对比： 正面与反面人物的对比--爱斯梅哈尔达和加西莫多是善良，真诚和美好的人性的代表，克罗德、法比则是自私、冷酷和丑恶的人性的代表、善与恶十分鲜明地分别体现在这两组人物身上，产生强烈的对照。 还有正面与正面，反面与反面人物之间的对比以及人物自身对比，如加西莫多外貌与心灵的对比等。对比原则的运用 使得小说的情节和人物显得更奇特，主题更鲜明，突出。 此外，作者以浓烈的色彩描绘了中世纪特征鲜明而绚丽的城市图景，给读者展现了一个充满绚烂和奇特声响的世界。 这些描写都极强地增加了小说的浪漫主义色彩。参考资料：根据网络搜集《巴黎圣母院》读后感这本书看完好几天了，那感觉就像是有一团说不清是什么的东西一直堵在心里，很想找人和自己探讨，很想让它澄清。书里面的经典情节很多很多，那里面展示的很多，我不能一一的重复，就这样借着几个点，简单的说几句好了， 让我印象深刻的场景是作者笔下的当时的那些建筑，那些奢华的象征权力的教堂，人们还不知道可以拥有自己的思想，以及为了自己的愿望可以做什么事情，一切都假借神圣的宗教，一切都假借神圣的教堂来展现，展现建筑家的审美观，也就是个人的才华，或者展示自己的能力，我想那时的人们，把人性深深地埋在一件神圣的宗教的外衣下面，典型的人物就是副主教－－克洛德。从那许多的错综复杂的毫无章法的建筑群，我们不难看出，当时人们的内心是怎样的压抑，怎样狂躁，那些像雨后春笋一般从地下冒出来的教堂的尖顶，正是人们扭曲的灵魂在对着苍天做这无声的哀号！ 教堂里面是那么的阴森恐怖，这让人联想到在宗教的遮拦下，当时社会是怎样的肮脏和败坏，真善美的宗教和利用宗教制造血腥事件，形成了强烈的感官刺激。通篇都是在这样的对照下进行的，让人的心灵深刻的体会出迷茫，困惑，和不安，如果有一把利剑，你会尽你的全力去刺破那层蒙在社会上空的阴云，那阴云是邪恶的，你对它充满了愤怒和鄙视，就像书里面的那些流浪汉们对待社会的疯狂的报复。可是你不能，因为如果你想刺痛那些邪恶，你就先要将代表着真善美的上帝打倒在地，那是多么残酷的事情啊！还有比人丧失本性更悲哀的么！ 印象深刻的是这样的几个人物，代表美丽善良的姑娘－－爱斯梅拉达。她不仅有迷人的外貌，更有一颗纯真善良的心灵，从她对待那只山羊，救下那个落魄的诗人，对于伤害过自己的卡齐莫多，送上的水和怜悯，对待爱情的牺牲，等，我们看到她是美丽的，她的身上心灵上没有污垢，她是没有被污染的。可是，这样的天使一样的姑娘，受到的是怎么样的对待呢？流浪，在最肮脏的环境里面生活，被所谓的上流社会排斥和嘲讽，被玩弄，被抛弃，被诬陷，被威胁，最后，作了彻底的牺牲。 书中描写了一个那样的社会，和在那个社会生活中的种种人物的状态，麻木的如那个弗比斯，最底层的如老鼠洞里的那几个隐修女，疯狂的副主教，还有尽全力反抗的最丑陋的卡齐莫多，副主教和卡齐莫多形成了人性上的鲜明对比，同样爱上了美丽的姑娘，同样的遭到了拒绝，他们的爱都是那么的热烈，那么的诚挚，可是，一个是占有，一个是奉献，已占有为目的的，当目的无法达到的时候，他想到的是毁灭，毁灭别人；以奉献为目的的，当无法奉献的时候，想到的也是毁灭，毁灭自己。 我想这也就是世界名著的真正魅力所在，他让人看到的不是一个简单的故事，他深刻的揭示了人类内心深处的一些活动，无论放在什么时候，什么社会，人的共性是始终存在的，对美好的向往，对美好的追求，对美好的赞美，人是一个天使和魔鬼的综合体，人和人的经历没有相同的，也就是说，社会本身就不可能让所有人享受到同等的待遇，这种不一样的待遇，让多少人的内心失去了平衡，失去了对美好的追求阿！林林总总的肮脏的巧取豪夺，充斥着我们的眼睛，振荡着我们心灵，我们该怎么办？ 我想每一个人都会有一个属于自己的答案。
[1] 赵晖. 巴黎圣母院[J]. 写作 , 2005,(06) [2] 戴宏英. 美与善的颂歌《巴黎圣母院》[J]. 中学课程辅导(初一版) , 2003,(04) [3] 邢世嘉. 跟着雨果游巴黎圣母院[J]. 阅读与作文(初中版) , 2005,(09) [4] 邢雪梅. 孚罗诺,一个真正的悲剧--读《巴黎圣母院》有感[J]. 语文新圃 , 2003,(07) [5] 黄彩萍. 《巴黎圣母院》内容梗概[J]. 初中生世界 , 2006,(Z1) [6] 庞希云. 魔鬼与上帝--《巴黎圣母院》中的克洛德[J]. 阅读与写作 , 2001,(05) [7] 冯纾颐. 巴黎圣母院的守护者[J]. 语文新圃 , 2005,(02) [8] 朱承杰. 巴黎灵魂--塞纳河[J]. 中学生百科 , 2005,(17) [9] 朱迪丝·克莱代尔, 迟轲, 胡震, 陈儒斌. 巴黎圣母院[J]. 中文自修 , 2006,(Z1) [10] 李煜. 浅谈《巴黎圣母院》中对比手法的运用[J]. 现代语文(文学评论版) , 2006,(01)
开题报告老师会帮你吧！！！我们的开题报告老师都会教我们怎么写啊```选题意义``就是你为什么选这个题目``这个题目的研究有什么意义```话说```本科毕业生的开题报告格式都一样吧``
参考一下： ①：在百度搜索：开题报告 范文 ②：去学校图书馆（网上）的期刊论文数据库，检索相关的论文来参考
"Notre Dame de Paris" is the great French writer Victor Hugo wrote in 1831 in one of the love stories. Although the book's story takes place in 1482, but ownership of the book of love between men and women. it is still very likely written by the 18th-century French love. Just as the heroes of martial arts novels written love story, although the story took place in ancient times. The book of love between men and women are masters of the contemporary. Masters of the book of love between men and women still exist in today's French society? I lack sufficient understanding, but I finished reading the whole book, I discovered that It gives us the masters of love between men and women still exist in our society today, perhaps. This is precisely this novel in the two centuries after the literary classics still one of the reasons for this may well be a bar. Now I would love to talk about the four Andean . Lada and her lover's different views on love. I love love love the Andean . Lada . Lada Slovakia is the 16-year-old beauty who could sing and dance. Roma have been stolen from their homes because of the street performers grew up there is no hierarchical then the upper strata of society have been recognized and accepted. When she was robbed in the night, the Royal Guard captain was smart and sporty Fubisi heroic rescue. Selections of Falling Love at First Sight trapped love it, but he was captured by her beauty. . Lada penetrating novels like all love the woman, as long as they met their loved ones. they love each other regardless of all grumbling. No matter whether the outcome of this love, really love each other regardless of their own. even love can be clearly aware of this, well aware that the other side does not even love themselves. passion still love each other, remain faithful to this illusion of love. . Lada love is not only a perfect body, there is one good and noble and pure soul. When the poet Grincourt kilowatts will be a crucial moment beggars hanged Kingdom, She did not hesitate to marry him and the willingness to rescue the poet. Poets are shocked by her beauty and noble immediately tied to falling in love with her and hope she can truly become her husband. But the love in her heart to love the Andean . Lada idols, refused to calm him : "I can love a man to be able to protect me. "and told him, and he married just to save his life. Therefore, he maintained, and only nominally the husband and wife. When Claude Gerardi like all kinds of despicable means to the United States and the Andean Lada forced to accept his love, the love, love Andean Ladaning kept from the .. When Claude was in prison for the Andean . Lada love, the love, deception, she said she loved Fubisi have been killed, Let her not to indulge in any fantasy, and promised that as long as he promised to love, it can be rescued from her death sentence. . Lada love the answer : "If he had died. Why do you advise I want to live? "When Claude love before the last in the . gallows Lada choice, Although the United States and the Andean love when Lada Fubisi people already know her love is still alive. She also found the natural mother separated 15 years, she would live, but in the face of Claude woo. She replied : "Let me disgusted gallows far worse to the extent you do. "In the novel" scandals "the personification of Quasimodo. . Lada love of persecution based on the identity of Slovakia, the United States and the Andean Lada love for the first time in the face He was ordered to the United States and Slovakia in the night to rob love Lada. When Quasimodo because of the failure of robbery, the Royal Guard was arrested, tied up in the hot sun by whipping the crowd at the hall of shame. He watched the crowd give him some much needed water to drink, no one took any notice. Weighs about seeing him in the past, so he did not think of, under the watchful eyes of the people courageously give him water to drink. The angel is the same love Andean . Lada. . Lada love deeply touched by the kindness of the ugly appearance of deformed Quasimodo. because in his mind like other people have strong feelings and love. Later, he risked his life to rescue Actually Andean . Lada from the shelves out of the death penalty, but his ugly lopsided appearance. Trans-Andean always love him and never be able to cross the divide between the United States and Lada. President Hugo died in a novel way by the end of this finally crossed the divide. I think that this may indeed be the only feasible way. Second, the love Fubisi Fubisi Royal Guard captain is grown another talented, smart and sporty. day dealings between the upper strata of society, is a pretty girl ideal appearance. Fubisi awfully clever use of his resources effectively, he chose the rich dowry cousin Lily done fiancee. Slovakia also went to the United States Lada love chasing the sex. From his body, we see very clearly the society today, those clever men in a hurry, their talents. "Red has not home, foreign flags waving. "Fubisi heinous part is the only and his love of beauty Andean . Lada. Slovakia has the slightest . Lada not cherish the love lives. . Lada Fubisi love for the charge of murder is sentenced to death. But in Fubisi escaped from the hospital after receiving treatment, in order not to expose their misdeeds. not even testify against the real murderer to save the life of love Andean . Lada. This was not the hypocrites and life, although they usually very good at amorousness, himself, sweet. beautiful, but one crucial moment, the love they immediately become one worth, because in the hearts of these people. has never knows what is true love. Third, if Fubisi Claude is the love we love in life should be wary of hypocrites. Then Claude is the love in our lives should be wary of the devil. The 36-year-old Claude Paris church Gerardi, he gave a small church in a church school education. After several decades of efforts, to climb up the powerful position. But dull stereotype inhuman doctrine of the church does not eliminate the instinctive desire of his heart. Instead, the desire to make this instinct becomes more intense in extremely depressed and crazy. When he Andean . Lada love, the love of his long-term suppression of religious smash, His instinctive desire would explode like a volcano, which can not be controlled and clean up. We can not deny Claude Lada love to love the United States is sincere in Slovakia, is a warm, irreplaceable. He even offered to the United States and the Andean Lada love, the love, to give up his All these, together with his belief in God for a few years. But his love is extremely selfish, and his love : "If I can not have. I will let her! "Therefore, he instructed his first night going to rush the child Quasimodo in the Andean . Lada love, failure, Fubisi assassination wanted, and the blame on the United States and the Andean love Lada. When love Andean . Lada was Quasimodo to the rescue with legitimate asylum Notre Dame de Paris, and conspiracy to use his influence . Lada Slovakia lost love of her asylum Notre Dame de Paris, then in the midst of pursuing sound, threatened with death, forced to accept his love for the so-called Andean . Lada love. Numerous hate into love life, seeking love and the human tragedy, because there are basically Claude such extreme selfishness just to satisfy one's own desires, never gave the slightest consideration to the wishes of other people simply do not understand the love there. So, whenever I saw those energetically advocated "love is not wrong," the declaration of love, not the Fufei not. Because I personally think that by ignoring the wishes of his wife, the other to impose unilateral love is not only utterly wrong. Sometimes it is even evil. Fourth, Grincourt watts love Grincourt Vanuatu is a rotten poet, as in the community today. Poets write poems unable to feed himself, in Paris two years ago, poet unable to write poetry, to feed themselves, So he had to vagrants and beggars who crowd the kingdom going to survive. Regrettably, even when a poet is not able to test the skills of beggars. When the beggar was not qualified as a person who submitted the gallows. See here reminds me of the saying, I could not resist : "100 is used without a scholar! "It seems the French and the Chinese people's view on this issue is basically the same. However, the student is very familiar with the lovable, love loved the Andean Grincourt kilowatts after the United States refused to calm Rada, He immediately wise up. Because he felt ashamed of himself as a man in love Quasimodo Andean . Lada was robbed when he does not have the courage to come out to save, and his own life, instead of relying on the mercy of love will be saved Andean . Lada, in the face of such a "strong woman" As long as there is the self-esteem of men, they will not expect any of love. So Grincourt Vaag Lada in the United States and the Andean love after marriage, her husband volunteered as a board, Esmeralda light of day to show off the streets. Although the couple did not want to get the name of love, but at least there is a marriage and can survive. From Grincourt watts, we have seen the presence of many of today's Chinese husband. they knew and did not love their wives, their wives apparently eager to know how to love, However, they have no choice but to accept this love without marriage. 5, Quasimodo's love, if not love that only marriage Grincourt Vanuatu they are unfortunate, then, relatively speaking. Quasimodo is regarded as a tragedy. Quasimodo is itself very poor conditions, but the vision of the ideal love the typical very high. Since the appearance of deformed Quasimodo, from becoming abandoned, Claude Gerardi was adopted him. As the young grow up in the church, he has never enjoyed the warmth of a family. After growing up, so stay in the church bell, only two people he loved, is a Claude Gerardi. Life is not a large church bell. However, when the United States and the Andean Lada beautiful kind of love, the awakening of his heart's desire for a better love. But this desire to awaken, and not give him any pleasure. Instead, he deeply felt the mental suffering of the birth defects. Slovakia face . Lada love to a beautiful, he is so inferior to that suffering, he was looking forward to closer love Lada. But their ugly so afraid to love and afraid of the Andean . Lada uncomfortable. Lada and his love for the United States and Slovakia do not have any expectation that he needed to know if she had it in her side. But even this has been a wild dream for killing his adoptive father. Quasimodo angry despair of killing his adoptive Gerardi Claude. He eventually killed himself -- Andean . Lada loving embrace the body into another world. Of course, life is impossible, or very little may Quasimodo so ugly, but in real life, one way or another person who has a lot of flaws, the ideal of perfect love in the face of their hearts target, Quasimodo would like the same kind of inferiority complex and painful. So, if they can be more confident some point or more reduction targets they choose the standard Perhaps some of them will live more happily.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Note to the First Edition. Note Added to the Definitive Edition (1832) BOOK ONE I. The Great Hall II. Pierre Gringoire III. Monsieur le Cardinal IV. Naitre Jacques Coppenole V. Quasimodo VI. La Esmeralda BOOK TWO I. From C arybdis to Scylla II. The Place de Greve III. Besos para Golpes IV. The Disadvantages of Following a Pretty Woman through the Streets at Night V. The Disadvantages (continued) VI. The Broken Pitcher VII. A Wedding Night BOOK THREE I. Notre-Dame II. A Bird's-Eye View of Paris BOOK FOUR I. Kind Souls II. Claude Frollo III. Immanis Pecoris Custos Immanior Ipse IV. The Dog and his Master V. Claude Frollo (continued) VI. UnpopuIarity Table of Contents BOOK FIVE I. Abbas Beati Martini II. This Will Kill That BOOK SIX I. An Impartial took at the Old Magistracy II. The Rat-Hole III. The Story of a Maize Cake IV. A Tear for a Drop of Water V. The Story of the Cake (concluded) BOOK SEVEN I. Of the Danger of Confiding your Secret to a Goat II. A Priest and a Philosopher are Two Different Things III. The Bells IV. 'ANATKH Two Men in Black VI. The Effect That Can Be Produced by Seven Oaths Uttered in the Open Air VII. The Bogeyman-Monk VIII. Of the Usefulness of Windows Looking out on to the River BOOK EIGHT I. The Gold Ecu Turned into a Dry Leaf II. The Gold Ecu Turned into a Dry Leaf(continued) III. End of the Gold Ecu Turned into a Dry Leaf IV. Lasciate Ogni Speranza V. The Mother VI. Three Men's Hearts Differently Made BOOK NINE I. Fever II. Hunchbached, One-Eyed, Lame Table of Contents III. Deaf IV. Earthenware and Crystal V. The Key to the Red Door VI. The Key to the Red Door (continued) BOOK TEN I. Gringoire Has Several Good Ideas in Succession in the Rue des Bernadins II. Become a Truand! III. Three Cheers for Pleasure! IV. An Awkward Friend V. The Private Retreat where Monsieur Louis of France Says his Hours Blade on the Ptowl VII. Chateaupers to the Rescue! BOOK ELEVEN I. The Litt1e Shoe II. La Creaiura Bella Bianco Vestita III. Phoebus' Marriage IV. Quasimodo's Marriage 《 Notre Dame cathedral》 巴黎圣母院,参考:)~~ 《 Notre Dame cathedral》 is one known far and wide romantic faction strength which Victor Hugo writes . I take advantage of this summer vacation free time, read this great work. Notre Dame cathedral's story, actually was one at that time social epic poem, since brimmed with really. Friendly. Beautiful, also the flow selfish desire and is false. Regardless of is good beautiful Asmelada ,or has the ugly semblance, Cacimodo with one pure mind, they represent the great amount the lower level populace which suppresses; Perhaps is sinister Coloud, he is appears by the theocracy face, all load bearing one kind of author's author in this work, for with the clown, was beautifully friendly and wickedly does the best annotation, or take above three people as the example, the rebel Asmelada has the beautiful semblance and the chaste good mind, as well as pitiful destiny, but Cacimodo, he withstood destiny deceive nicely, the innermost feelings is his misery is graver, but Coloud maintained the benighted social rights and interests, he had brutally. Void mind and evil passion. Notre Dame cathedral " this story, but also disclosed at that time the dark society's essence to the people. This fascinating story likes that Ccimodo clocks sound equally shocks several generation of readers' Hugo through " Notre Dame cathedral " this story, but also disclosed at that time the dark society's essence to the people. This fascinating story likes that Ccimodo clocks sound equally shocks several generation of readers' minds.参考资料：回答者：馥出甄爱☆Hebe - 江湖新秀 四级 11-4 19:27评价已经被关闭 目前有 0 个人评价 好50% （0） 不好50% （0） 其他回答共 1 条《 Notre Dame cathedral》 is one known far and wide romantic faction strength which Victor Hugo writes . I take advantage of this summer vacation free time, read this great work. Notre Dame cathedral's story, actually was one at that time social epic poem, since brimmed with really. Friendly. Beautiful, also the flow selfish desire and is false. Regardless of is good beautiful Asmelada ,or has the ugly semblance, Cacimodo with one pure mind, they represent the great amount the lower level populace which suppresses; Perhaps is sinister Coloud, he is appears by the theocracy face, all load bearing one kind of author's author in this work, for with the clown, was beautifully friendly and wickedly does the best annotation, or take above three people as the example, the rebel Asmelada has the beautiful semblance and the chaste good mind, as well as pitiful destiny, but Cacimodo, he withstood destiny deceive nicely, the innermost feelings is his misery is graver, but Coloud maintained the benighted social rights and interests, he had brutally. Void mind and evil passion. Notre Dame cathedral " this story, but also disclosed at that time the dark society's essence to the people. This fascinating story likes that Ccimodo clocks sound equally shocks several generation of readers' Hugo through " Notre Dame cathedral " this story, but also disclosed at that time the dark society's essence to the people. This fascinating story likes that Ccimodo clocks sound equally shocks several generation of readers' minds. Many diversified characteristics will help identify a structure as Gothic: ogee archways, ribbed vaults, and the wondrous flying buttresses are a few. Yet, it is always the craft placed high above, which captures our eyes and imaginations most effectively. Since all works of religious art rise beyond mere artistic expression, bearing potent symbolic reference, we must accept that our attention was intended to be focused upwards. Within the span of the passing centuries, the cathedrals of the Middle Ages themselves rise up above other cultural achievements. At the center of these towering legacies resides Notre Dame de Paris, 'Our Lady.'
巴黎圣母院》简介与赏析评论及读后感2007-12-23 13:11《巴黎圣母院》作者简介雨果（VictorHugo，1802—1885）是法国文学史上最重要的一个作家、19世纪浪漫主义文学运动的领袖人物。1826年，他与浪漫派文艺青年缪塞、大仲马等组织“第二文社”，开始明确反对伪古典主义。1827年，他的诗歌中开始出现了与复辟王朝唱反调、歌颂拿破仑的主题。同年，他发表了著名的《〈克伦威尔〉序》。提出了浪漫主义的文学主张，特别宣扬了滑稽丑怪与崇高优美对照的原则，力图扩大艺术描写的范围，使文学适于表现资产阶级革命以后的现实生活的内容。这篇序言是声讨伪古典主义的檄文，浪漫主义流派的旗帜，在文艺理论批评史上占有重要的地位。 1831年，他又在小说方面为浪漫主义文学创造了纪念碑式的作品《巴黎圣母院》。 1841年，他被选为法兰西学士院院士，在受衔演说中，表示拥护君主立宪制。1851年，路易�6�1波拿巴发动反革命政变，宣布帝制，雨果和他的政派发表宣言反抗，但遭到失败。波拿巴实行恐怖手段，对反抗者无情镇压，他被迫流亡国外长达19年之久。 雨果在流亡期间的最重要作品是《悲惨世界》。雨果同一时期的另外两部长篇小说《海上劳工》和《笑面人》也很著名。 《巴黎圣母院》内容简介 1482年1月6日，巴黎城沉浸在“愚人节”的欢乐气氛中。在格雷弗广场上，吉卜赛少女爱丝美拉达带着一头会耍杂技的小羊在巴黎街头卖艺，她以动人的美貌和婀娜的舞姿博得了人们叹为观止的赞赏和阵阵热烈的掌声，精彩表演吸引着成群的观众。在密集的人群中，只有一张中年人阴沉着脸孔，发出几句不祥的诅咒，使少女不寒而栗。 这个人是巴黎圣母院的副主教克洛德�6�1弗罗洛。他自幼深受教会教育的熏陶，怀着虔诚的宗教信仰和如饥似渴的求知欲，在年轻时就已成为教会的头面人物和博闻多识的学者。他蛰居斗室，研究炼金术，过着清苦的禁欲生活，回避一切世俗的欢乐与享受，永远以一副令人望而生畏的冷漠神情出现在公众面前。十六年前，他出于怜悯收养了一个被人遗弃在圣母院门前的畸形儿，为之取名卡希魔多。这个奇丑无比的孩子自从来到世间，饱尝屈辱和蔑视。他把副主教视为唯一亲人，对他感恩戴德，唯命是从。卡希魔多长大后，做了圣母院的敲钟人。 一天，弗罗洛发现了在广场上翩翩起舞的爱丝美拉达，立刻为她那无双的姿色所倾倒。他身上潜伏的淫欲象一头沉睡多年的野兽突然苏醒，使他完全失去了自制力。作为一个祭司，他认为情欲是罪恶，会毁灭人的灵魂，他明确地意识到，这种无法抗拒的情欲必将把他带向可怕的深渊。他千方百计使自己忘掉她，却全然无济于事。他感到自己只有两条路可以选择，要么不惜一切地占有她，要么就置她于死地，以求自己灵魂的安宁。 《巴黎圣母院》赏析评论《巴黎圣母院》最集中最典型地反映了雨果的浪漫主义文艺观。其鲜明的浪漫主义特色表现在： 1．离奇的情节 这部小说情节曲折离奇，富有戏剧性，充满了现实生活中不可能有的巧合，夸张和怪诞。如："奇迹王朝"对诗人奇特的审判；加西莫多的劫法场，抵御千军万马的进攻；母女重逢；加西莫多的尸骨一被分开就化为灰尘等。 这些曲折多变，但在本质上又是真实的情节，大大加强了小说的戏剧性，从而增强了小说的感染力。 2．非凡的人物 小说的人物是浪漫主义的典型人物：爱斯梅哈尔达的美貌和人格力量是非凡的：加西莫多的非凡则表现在他可怕的外貌，奇特的举动，巨人般的体力，以及对爱斯梅哈尔达高尚而充满自我牺牲的爱情及表达方式；克罗德的禁欲和纵欲的矛盾等。这些人物的特点，表现了雨果独具的浪漫主义特征，即追求夸张，想象而不求细节的真实，不求酷似现实。 3．强烈的对比 作为一种美学理想，对比原则是雨果浪漫主义最重要的特征，贯穿着小说的始终。 首先是巴黎城市和圣母院和谐美丽的自然环境与人民阴暗不幸的生活构成鲜明对比，这样更突出暴露了封建暴政的黑暗。 其次是草菅人命，任意诬陷的封建王朝与尊重人权，公正廉明的"奇迹王朝"的对比； 最主要的是人物形象的对比： 正面与反面人物的对比--爱斯梅哈尔达和加西莫多是善良，真诚和美好的人性的代表，克罗德、法比则是自私、冷酷和丑恶的人性的代表、善与恶十分鲜明地分别体现在这两组人物身上，产生强烈的对照。 还有正面与正面，反面与反面人物之间的对比以及人物自身对比，如加西莫多外貌与心灵的对比等。对比原则的运用 使得小说的情节和人物显得更奇特，主题更鲜明，突出。 此外，作者以浓烈的色彩描绘了中世纪特征鲜明而绚丽的城市图景，给读者展现了一个充满绚烂和奇特声响的世界。 这些描写都极强地增加了小说的浪漫主义色彩。参考资料：根据网络搜集《巴黎圣母院》读后感这本书看完好几天了，那感觉就像是有一团说不清是什么的东西一直堵在心里，很想找人和自己探讨，很想让它澄清。书里面的经典情节很多很多，那里面展示的很多，我不能一一的重复，就这样借着几个点，简单的说几句好了， 让我印象深刻的场景是作者笔下的当时的那些建筑，那些奢华的象征权力的教堂，人们还不知道可以拥有自己的思想，以及为了自己的愿望可以做什么事情，一切都假借神圣的宗教，一切都假借神圣的教堂来展现，展现建筑家的审美观，也就是个人的才华，或者展示自己的能力，我想那时的人们，把人性深深地埋在一件神圣的宗教的外衣下面，典型的人物就是副主教－－克洛德。从那许多的错综复杂的毫无章法的建筑群，我们不难看出，当时人们的内心是怎样的压抑，怎样狂躁，那些像雨后春笋一般从地下冒出来的教堂的尖顶，正是人们扭曲的灵魂在对着苍天做这无声的哀号！ 教堂里面是那么的阴森恐怖，这让人联想到在宗教的遮拦下，当时社会是怎样的肮脏和败坏，真善美的宗教和利用宗教制造血腥事件，形成了强烈的感官刺激。通篇都是在这样的对照下进行的，让人的心灵深刻的体会出迷茫，困惑，和不安，如果有一把利剑，你会尽你的全力去刺破那层蒙在社会上空的阴云，那阴云是邪恶的，你对它充满了愤怒和鄙视，就像书里面的那些流浪汉们对待社会的疯狂的报复。可是你不能，因为如果你想刺痛那些邪恶，你就先要将代表着真善美的上帝打倒在地，那是多么残酷的事情啊！还有比人丧失本性更悲哀的么！ 印象深刻的是这样的几个人物，代表美丽善良的姑娘－－爱斯梅拉达。她不仅有迷人的外貌，更有一颗纯真善良的心灵，从她对待那只山羊，救下那个落魄的诗人，对于伤害过自己的卡齐莫多，送上的水和怜悯，对待爱情的牺牲，等，我们看到她是美丽的，她的身上心灵上没有污垢，她是没有被污染的。可是，这样的天使一样的姑娘，受到的是怎么样的对待呢？流浪，在最肮脏的环境里面生活，被所谓的上流社会排斥和嘲讽，被玩弄，被抛弃，被诬陷，被威胁，最后，作了彻底的牺牲。 书中描写了一个那样的社会，和在那个社会生活中的种种人物的状态，麻木的如那个弗比斯，最底层的如老鼠洞里的那几个隐修女，疯狂的副主教，还有尽全力反抗的最丑陋的卡齐莫多，副主教和卡齐莫多形成了人性上的鲜明对比，同样爱上了美丽的姑娘，同样的遭到了拒绝，他们的爱都是那么的热烈，那么的诚挚，可是，一个是占有，一个是奉献，已占有为目的的，当目的无法达到的时候，他想到的是毁灭，毁灭别人；以奉献为目的的，当无法奉献的时候，想到的也是毁灭，毁灭自己。 我想这也就是世界名著的真正魅力所在，他让人看到的不是一个简单的故事，他深刻的揭示了人类内心深处的一些活动，无论放在什么时候，什么社会，人的共性是始终存在的，对美好的向往，对美好的追求，对美好的赞美，人是一个天使和魔鬼的综合体，人和人的经历没有相同的，也就是说，社会本身就不可能让所有人享受到同等的待遇，这种不一样的待遇，让多少人的内心失去了平衡，失去了对美好的追求阿！林林总总的肮脏的巧取豪夺，充斥着我们的眼睛，振荡着我们心灵，我们该怎么办？ 我想每一个人都会有一个属于自己的答案。
毕业论文开题报告范文艺术类
开题报告的综述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法。提供了艺术类毕业论文开题报告给大家参考！
学生姓名 专业 艺术设计 班级
题目 江西留缘咖啡厅设计
选题的目的和意义
设计的目的和意义：繁忙的都市生活让人们需要寻找一个舒缓压力的空间。咖啡的乐趣在于其口味、效用和气氛。刚刚冲调好的咖啡，散发着馥郁的香味，那种诱人的香气，清新而另人陶醉。现在世界各地越来越多的人选择咖啡陪伴自己度过许多惬意的时光。而咖啡厅自然而然就成了人们释放紧张，舒缓压力的场所。
工作之余，来到温馨舒适的咖啡厅，喝一杯醒脑，呷一口提神，吃几块点心，和朋友聊天小聚，乐趣无穷。咖啡不仅丰富着我们的生活，也缩短了你我之间的距离。当我们越来越习惯在生活中享受咖啡的香醇，享受咖啡营造的温馨气氛时，正是咖啡厅给了我们如此怡人的享受气氛。
设计方向
留缘咖啡厅温馨舒适，清静怡人。
1. 在空间造型上：以各种形式的点、线、面等来构成不同形式的空间界面，在融入时尚元素的同时，适当加以中国的古典风韵。
2. 在色彩搭配上：环境的色彩搭配会营造出一种氛围，会对人的心理情绪产生一定的影响，所以主体色调以深色为主，来增加稳重感。
x. 在灯光照明上：主要运用柔和的暖色调来营造温馨舒适的怡人氛围。
设计说明(设计原则、重点、难点、及运用手法等方面说明)
设计原则：营造一个温馨舒适，清静怡人的都市休闲娱乐场所。
设计重点：体现自然、温馨、幽静的休憩氛围。
设计难点：灯光的处理以及色彩的运用与环境相符合。
运用手法：通过CAD，xD等软件以及手绘效果图来表达出整个设计。
江西留缘咖啡厅设计文献综述
专业 艺术设计
1.设计目的
餐饮空间是人们日常生活不可缺少的饮食消费场所，相对于其他的功能空间，餐饮空间是更能为人们营造出多样的风格特征的休闲场所。繁忙的都市生活让人们需要寻找一个舒缓压力的空间。咖啡的乐趣在于其口味、效用和气氛。刚刚冲调好的咖啡，散发着馥郁的香味，那种诱人的香气，清新而另人陶醉。现在世界各地越来越多的人选择咖啡陪伴自己度过许多惬意的时光。而咖啡厅自然而然就成了人们释放紧张，舒缓压力的场所。
工作之余，来到温馨舒适的咖啡厅，喝一杯醒脑，呷一口提神，吃几块点心，和朋友聊天小聚，乐趣无穷。咖啡不仅丰富着我们的生活，也缩短了你我之间的距离。当我们越来越习惯在生活中享受咖啡的香醇，享受咖啡营造的温馨气氛时，正是咖啡厅给了我们如此怡人的享受气氛。
2.文献资料
咖啡厅作为餐饮娱乐空间，是环境与人的行为不断冲突不断融合的空间，人的行为差异对这个环境空间接受的层次也不尽相同。不管这个空间的表征多么的多元化，VI表达多么的丰富化，但功能的组织与环境的塑造却是设计咖啡厅最要优先考虑的问题，即形式是为功能服务的。功能、环境要做到协调。
咖啡厅空间设计的定位
餐饮空间的最初设立就是为了解决吃喝的问题，随着社会的不断发展，现代餐饮环境的性能已从传统意义上的美食转化为更加注重情调文化氛围的场所。随着精神与物质需求的提高，人们厌倦单调乏味的生活，喜欢在吃喝上追求某种情调气氛，欣赏美妙的音乐，喝咖啡聊天享受没有压力、轻松自如的境界。
好的咖啡厅设计重在功能的定准。《商业表现经典案例 — 餐饮、娱乐篇》一书中曾说到：“功能的定向其实是设计师最应该努力搞懂的一门商业学问。功能定准了就好比人的骨骼找准了一样。接下来要很好的把它排列，然后再丰富血肉。” 咖啡厅一般是在正餐之外，以喝咖啡为主，进行简单的饮食，以及休息、交往的场所。它讲求轻松的气氛、洁净的环境，适合于少数人会友、晤谈等。所以咖啡厅空间设计要定准休闲娱乐，享受生活这一功能。只有合理的功能空间，才可以更好的用DECO语言来阐述，也便于材质的表现、配饰与家具的选择;所有附加的形式、美的符号，在功能完整的咖啡厅空间里才会显得落落大方。
江西留缘咖啡厅设计将考虑到咖啡厅本身的功能定位。随着生活水平的提高、消费观念的转变，人们社会聚焦的活动日益增多，除了吃饭还要找个地方聊天叙旧，咖啡厅自然是他们所青睐的场所之一。江西留缘咖啡厅设计将着重抓住这一功能，营造浪漫温馨情调，使客人留连忘返。
咖啡厅空间设计的要素
咖啡厅空间的设计包含了众多要素，如形体要素、色彩要素、空间布局与环境气氛等。《室内设计理论及运用》一书第七章第四节餐饮空间的室内设计中说到：“餐饮空间与其他建筑空间一样，其室内设计主要是有四部分内容组成：空间形体设计，界面设计，家具与陈设设计，光与色的设计。即设计要素。”
平面到立体的衍变：设计要有一个周密的策划，设计风格由室外向室内过渡，既要有整体，又要有局部。成功的餐饮娱乐空间设计都有一个表达准确地主题，与之相对应的室外景观环境，得体的门面招牌，视觉冲击很强的LOGO形象，精制的餐区家具，符合色调的餐布，以及体现经营精髓的菜单设计等。因此，设计表达方式要根据风格的需要进行组织。
文化的沉淀及运用：没有文化的餐饮娱乐空间设计，好比衣着花哨不重内在修养的人一样，显得苍白无趣。所以成功的咖啡厅空间设计一定是要挖掘了一个有涵养的文化母体并加以发挥和渲染，借用手段表达，把这种文化揉和到空间的每一个角落，或繁或简，或夸张或含蓄，点滴见精神。可以说，咖啡厅已不是简单意义上的喝咖啡、休息娱乐的地方了，更多的是一种文化的体现。
舒适度设计：一个排风、排烟不畅的咖啡厅空间肯定不是一个成功的咖啡厅空间;空气污浊的餐饮环境也不是一个怡人的休闲娱乐环境。咖啡厅空间是人们聚集的场所，人多必定会带来环境负荷的增加，因此要有跟得上的冷暖设备系统，有良好的排风排烟系统，这样人们才会踏踏实实的坐下来消费。
设计与自然风相结合：成功的咖啡厅设计绝对不在粉饰上过度强调，而是一种自然形成，它是一种更多的用建筑语言去表达的空间。其特点可概括为六个字气度、力度、易度。
江西留缘咖啡厅设计将营造一个温馨舒适，清静怡人的休闲娱乐氛围。让人们在休闲娱乐的同时，感受到一种全新的空间感受和视觉要求。让人们觉得江西留缘咖啡厅给予的不仅是美食，更是美景，还有文化的熏陶与洗礼。
咖啡厅空间设计中色彩的应用
咖啡厅空间设计作为一个室内空间的装修、装饰，离不开色彩，光影等氛围烘托。杨丽在《商业表现经典案例 — 餐饮、娱乐篇》一书中说过：“餐饮娱乐是以特定的氛围为前提的，餐饮娱乐活动的环境氛围依赖于室内设计师的营造，因此，色彩对于餐饮娱乐空间设计具有更加重要的意义。”
空间色调气氛：空间色调气氛是指环境设计的色彩心理氛围和色彩所烘托的空间调和性，而不是单独对空间某个具体物的颜色而言。它包括环境维护体所采用的表层用色，尤其是空间光源布光处理。
空间材质选色：任何材质的表现都离不开光与色的影响。材质的选用与处理是确定环境空间的视觉认识与心理影响的基础。同一种材质由于不同色彩、同一种色彩由于不同的光照、同一色彩同一光照由于不同反光，都将对人们造成不同的视觉感受和不同的心理感应。色彩在材质上表现可直接改变材质的轻重感、软硬感、朴实华丽感，甚至大小感、远近感、动静感等视觉心理反应。
空间整体与和谐：咖啡厅环境的色彩设计，是以人的色觉生理、心理的适应性和功能性为要求的。完美的咖啡厅环境色彩设计既要考虑实用功能，也要突出空间的个性。人对色彩视觉的饱厌性，决定了对色彩运用的限制，所以整体与和谐是环境色彩中的基本准则。
江西留缘咖啡厅是人们释放紧张，舒缓压力的场所，所以环境与氛围的烘托很重要。环境的.色彩搭配会营造出一种氛围，会对人的心理情绪产生一定的影响，所以主体色调以深色为主，来增加稳重感。同时运用色彩的对比与调和的手段，从整体出发，调和空间的整体色调，使环境充满浪漫的视觉艺术效果。从而调节人的心理，让他们的紧张与压力在江西留缘咖啡厅得到释放，享受真正的轻松愉悦。
x.总结
通过查阅文献，了解了咖啡厅空间设计的基本设计理论，明确了咖啡厅的设计理论和设计方向。认识到咖啡厅设计必须具有实用性，所划分的餐饮空间的大小、形式及空间组织，必须从实用出发，必须注重空间设计的合理性。此外，材料和结构是围隔空间的必要的物质技术手段，空间设计必须符合这两者的特性;声、光、热等技术又是为空间营造某种氛围和创造舒适的物理环境的手段，因此，在空间设计中必须满足其技术要求。建筑为人所用，空间设计应该以人为本，只有在分析人的行为心理需求的基础上进行的空间设计，方能为人所喜爱。
江西留缘咖啡厅是人们释放紧张，舒缓压力的场所。重在体现自然、温馨、幽静的休憩氛围。所以江西留缘咖啡厅设计在融入时尚元素的同时，适当加以中国的古典风韵。让人们在感受到现代欧式风情的同时又感受到中国的古朴自然风。具有稳重感的深色调以及柔和的暖色灯光色调又给江西留缘咖啡厅烘托出了浪漫温馨的气氛。喝咖啡的时候，人们的紧张与压力得到释放和舒缓，从而真正体现咖啡厅的功能价值。
选题的意义及研究状况
一、选题意义 在视觉传达设计的各个领域中，色彩往往是一种先声夺人的传达要素，也是决定设计作品是否成功的重要因素之一。在竞争激烈的商品市场上，要是某一商品具有明显区别与其他商品的视觉特征，达到更富有诱惑消费正的魅力，刺激和引导消费的目的，这都离不开色彩的运用。通过研究视觉传达设计中的色彩艺术，可以让我们在了解色彩本身所具有的意义的同时，了解我们生活中常常见到的设计的具体含义。让色彩更好的更进一步为视觉传达设计服务，更明确的传达设计者的目的，更完善的完成诉求任务。
二、研究状况
色彩作为视觉传达设计中的一个重要组成因素，是一个较为古老的研究课题。国内外研究方向大体相同，都是通过色彩本身代表的意义，以及色彩对人的感官系统产生的影响方面来研究的。空前发展的今天，人们的审美能力越来越高，对视觉设计的要求也越来越高。我们必须对色彩的专业知识掌握透彻，把握人类的对色彩感觉上的共性，并且对色彩在不同领域中的合理运用进行具体分析。希望通过对本课题研究，可以为今后的艺术设计者提供一定的参考价值。
主要内容、研究方法和思路
一、主要内容
本文主要研究视觉传达设计中的色彩艺术。简要阐述了视觉传达设计的概念及特点，色彩的构成及色彩在视觉传达设计中不同领域的应用将成为本文的重点论述部分。
二、研究方法
分析法、调查法、举例法、文献资料搜集法。
三、研究思路
本文首先简要阐述视觉传达设计的概念及特点，随之引入主题，深入分析色彩的构成、表现形式及色彩的应用，最后再转入探讨在具体视觉传达设计中应如何应用色彩，以创造出更为出色的设计。
准备情况（已发表或撰写的相关文章、查阅过的文献资料及调研情况、现有仪器、设备情况等）
一、参考文献
[1] 张福昌。视觉传达设计[M].北京：理工大学出版社，2008.
[2] 约翰内斯 伊顿。色彩艺术[M].杜定宇，译。上海：人民美术出版社，1999.
[x] 杜新，王磊。色彩构成[M].辽宁：美术出版社，2009.（1）
[4] 许嘉。包装设计中色彩的应用[C].内蒙古大学，2011 .
[5] 金容淑。色彩心理学[M].人民邮电出版社，2011.
[6] 漆明文 ,孟瑞娟 ,蒋建民 .广告设计中的色彩应用[J].中国科技信息，2011 .
[7] 周钧，崔唯。视觉传达色彩设计[M].中国青年出版社，2008.
二、调研情况
1、在图书馆阅览室查阅相关书籍，利用网络查阅资料。
2、及时整理调查笔记，并结合图书及网上资料进行整理，理清思路。
总体安排和进度（包括阶段性工作内容及完成日期）
1、201x 年12月10日-12月15日：公布毕业论文工作条例，指导老师根据选题向学生下达任务书。
2、20xx年12月15日-12月25日：学生根据任务书查阅相关文献、收集资料，完成论文开题报告。
x、20xx年2月27日-x月12日：进行论文写作并完成初稿，交论文指导老师审查。
4、20xx年x月12日-x月26日：根据指导老师的修改和建议，完成论文二稿。
5、20xx年x月26日-4月10日：经过进一步补充和润色，完成论文三稿直至论文定稿。
6、20xx年4月10日-4月17日：对毕业论文作最后修改调整，整理完善，认真准备毕业论文答辩。
指导教师意见（研究的意义、创新点、前期基础工作、存在的难点和困难、建议等）
色彩在艺术设计中显示着千变万化的作用和力量，视觉传达设计作为艺术设计的一个专业方向，与色彩密不可分。在视觉传达设计领域中，设计师应该如何恰到好处的运用色彩是该课题研究的创新点和难点。建议多搜集查阅相关资料，有问题多与老师沟通，保证如期完成论文写作。
开题报告老师会帮你吧！！！我们的开题报告老师都会教我们怎么写啊```选题意义``就是你为什么选这个题目``这个题目的研究有什么意义```话说```本科毕业生的开题报告格式都一样吧``
参考一下： ①：在百度搜索：开题报告 范文 ②：去学校图书馆（网上）的期刊论文数据库，检索相关的论文来参考
美与丑——读《巴黎圣母院》有感那本没有封面的《巴黎圣母院》，静静地待在书柜里，淹没在众多的名著中。那天，我打开书柜，却是一眼就看到了它，欣然的抽出，翻看，走进15世纪的巴黎，走进大师雨果笔下那极具美与丑的世界……爱斯美拉达，人如其名，是故事中美的代表。她宛如赤脚的天使，她的美由内向外地散发出迷人的光芒，如阳光般灿烂，如炉火般炽热，更如月光般柔和。她唱歌与小鸟轻啼般，恬静美丽，无忧无虑，优美的歌声动人心弦。她用婚约救下危难中的诗人又用贴身的匕首止住了诗人蠢蠢欲动的心；她用她的纯洁与善良救下绞刑架下遍体鳞伤的卡西莫多，为他递上甘甜的救命泉水。卡西莫多，则是故事中丑的代表。他是驼背、独眼、瘸腿、耳聋的古怪恶魔，他眼里掺着苦涩与绝望。他那因绝望而久久抽搐的鬼脸上，长着反基督的嘴脸。他的嗓音，他的语音语调无一不使人哆嗦，即便只是文字的描述，也能让人在联想中不禁颤抖。然而就是在这样的丑的外貌下却藏着颗知恩图报的心，他救下了坠入地狱的爱斯美拉达。他知道自己丑，只有一只眼，缺牙豁齿、恶魔般的脸，无人不为之恐惧。所以他避着爱斯美拉达，卑微的、痛苦的爱着她。他深深的爱着她，却不敢碰触她高贵的身体，他不敢正视她，甚至连望都不敢望她。故事的结尾，人们在多年后发现了两具相拥的尸体，那就是这一对最美的情侣。这世间究竟什么是美，什么是丑？有人会把美定义为漂亮的外表或是高贵的地位，把丑定义为丑陋的外表或是卑贱的地位。《巴黎圣母院》清楚的告诉他们，他们错了。这世间其实没有美丑之分，美与丑之间并没有鲜明的分界线。华丽的外表下缺少一颗高贵纯洁的心灵，这样的美是虚幻的，只有具有人性之美的美才是真实的。再美的容貌都会有老去的一天，再闪耀的地位光环始终也会有褪色的一天，只有人性之美，才是永远不会丢失的永恒。听爱斯美拉达婉转的歌声，快乐、欣喜，由她唱出来的歌一切都是那么的动听。看卡西莫多敲钟，丑陋、卑微的他在此时竟如此的庄严，如此的威武。闻洒在巴黎圣母院顶上的阳光，纯洁、幽香，阳光的气味闻起来是那么的沁人心脾，让人忘了所谓的美与丑……
两种审美观都是对事物的具体反映其实,美丑对照与以丑为美这两种原则的运用,都没有改变事物本身的性质,只是改变了事物的原有面貌,而且它们改变事物面貌的方向正好相反"美丑对照是拉大、扩张了美丑之间的距离,它使美的更美,丑的更丑,而以丑为美则是缩短了美丑之间的差距,使丑的变为不是原来的那么丑,同时也就蕴涵着使美的变为不是原来的那么美。"美丑对照与以丑为美都是艺术地反映社会生活的正确途径和有效方法"美丑对照原则,主张将两种对立的事物放在一起进行对比,有效地突出两者之间的矛盾,构成一种巨大的反差,从而更为深刻地揭示出两个事物相反的本质特征" 雨果在其《巴黎圣母院》中,将他的美丑对照原则运用到了一种极至"作品中的美与丑不是简单的对立对比,而是错综地交织在一起,形成一种尖锐的矛盾和强烈的冲突"女主人公爱斯梅拉达是美的化身,从相貌到内心都展示出美轮美奂的典型,敲钟人伽西莫多外貌奇丑而心地纯洁善良;副主教克洛德外表道貌岸然!内心阴险狠毒,卫队长弗比斯外表潇洒风流!内心卑鄙自私"这几个人物本身就有着显著的对照特征:爱斯梅拉达内外映衬,相辅相成,完美和谐;伽西莫多丑陋的外貌蕴涵着高尚的心灵;克洛德与弗比斯则是以好看的外表反衬出丑陋的灵魂"而更重要的是他们之间形成的强烈反差与鲜明对比:在爱斯梅拉达的至善至美和伽西莫多的外丑内美面前,克洛德显得格外的丑恶不堪,弗比斯也尤为卑劣琐屑"这里,美丑对照的运用,达到了理想化的效果,爱斯梅拉达与伽西莫多这两种类型的美好形象在丑态人物的反衬下,更为鲜美艳丽!光彩照人;而克洛德与弗比斯这两个丑角在美好人物的光照之下,更显形象猥亵!灵魂肮脏,令人作呕"而以丑为美的理论,是作者世界观和方法论在美学领域的具体表现;它强调的是丑中有美,视丑为美,变腐朽为神奇,让丑的事物也显示出美的一面。" 波德莱尔的《恶之花》从它的总题到其中的篇章内容,都是实践这种理论的典型证明"所谓恶之花,就是恶中之花,再具体一点说,就是从恶中所发现的花,或者说是恶中也有花"这种恶之花,是否改变了恶的性质了呢?没有,它只是说明此恶并非万恶不堪,而是还有好的成分和花的因子,这就自然地减轻了恶的程度和分量;再从另一角度说,这种花是否就不成其为花了呢?也不是的"应该肯定,它仍然是花,只是它不象别的花那么鲜艳美好,因为它已带有恶的成分,或者说它是从恶中产生的花"在《恶之花》的具体诗作中,作者表现以丑为美的理论的方式有两种:其一是从常态的丑和恶的事物中,开掘出它的对立面美和好来,譬如在5祝福6中,作者将他母亲的诅咒!妻子的毒语以及世人的恶言,全都视为对自己的祝福;这是不同于世俗的审美观和价值论,诚如诗中所言:苦难正是灵药,足以根治我们败坏的道德,苦难正是出类拔萃!无比纯粹的香精,足以激励坚强不屈的人们去迎接神圣的欢乐!(张秋红译) 这里的灵药和香精,只是作者主观上的认识,并不代替客观的事物,也没有改变那些诅语谩骂的性质;而且以这种审美情趣对待那些污言秽语,就达到了变腐朽为神奇的效果"其二是将矛盾对立的概念结合起来运用,或以揭示出丑恶事物中的美好基因,或以暴露出正面事物中的腐恶之气"譬如: 我酣饮你的气息,哦,甘美,哦,毒素,何处可寻到你的慵懒之美?(《阳台》钱春绮译) 天空又悲又美,象大祭台一样!(《黄昏的和谐》郭宏安译) 懒散的宝贝,我多爱瞧你苗条身材(《起舞的蛇》郑克鲁译) 哦,发卷,哦,充满慵懒的香气!将再度找到你,哦,丰满的倦怠!(《头发》郭宏安译) 你不也如我是一轮秋阳,呵,我如此纯洁,如此无情的玛格丽"(《秋》陈敬容译) 在这样的一些诗句里,美和丑相互交错,或表现事物的两面性,如:阳台既是甘美又是毒素,天空又悲又美(又愁惨又美好),玛格丽如此纯洁又如此无情;或显示事物的对立面,有用消极之语状美好之事,如:慵懒之美、懒散的宝贝、慵懒的香气等,有以褒扬之词饰病态之物,如:丰满的倦怠"不管是那一种情况,它们都没有改变诗作所描写的事物的性质,只是增添了事物的内涵,使之变得更为丰富和繁杂"而最为典型的就是《你要把全宇宙纳入你的闺房》这首诗中所写的:“哦,罪恶的女王,哦,荡妇,就是你,劣畜,造就天才的才艺") 呜呼,污秽的伟大!崇高的卑鄙!让污秽与伟大相结合,使伟大中兼有污秽,污秽里掺杂伟大,因此,污秽就不那么面目可憎,伟大也不是那么令人神往;崇高与卑鄙相搭配,也是同理" 两种认识论都是对客观的直接把握辩证唯物史观认为,客观世界是处于一种矛盾对立而又辩证统一的发展变化之中"美丑对照原则和以丑为美理论实际上是根据两种认识路线来看待物质世界的,它们都符合辩证唯物史观的认识论。美丑对照原则,其理论依据就是雨果在其《克伦威尔序言》中所表述的那段名言: 近代的诗艺,会感觉到万物中的一切并非都是合乎人情的美,感觉到丑就在美的旁边,畸形靠近着优美,粗俗藏在崇高的背后,恶与善并存,黑暗与光明相共"这与其说是浪漫主义文学的宣言,不如说是对客观真实的正确反映,也是符合现实主义文学要求的理论观点"它是对以前的古典主义文学只注重美!仅描写崇高的一种反拨,是一种要求全面反映现实生活的审美观念"事实上,在美学领域里,也是一个充满矛盾的两面性世界,即美与丑两极并立! 雨果与波德莱尔这两位伟大的天才艺术家,通过他们自己的创作,成功地实践了各自的理论主张"雨果阐述的美丑对照原则及其以〈〈巴黎圣母院〉〉为代表的杰出作品,形象地展现了客观世界的两面性:美与丑,它们既共生又对立;鲜明地表达了作者主观认识的倾向性:美战胜丑,丑向美转化的善良愿望"波德莱尔坚持的以丑为美的主张及其以〈〈恶之花〉〉为典范的优美诗篇,不仅深刻地揭示了事物的表象与实质的关系:丑蕴涵着美,人们需要辩证地认识和审视丑;而且开创了美学领域的新途径:丑是文学创作的又一半壁江山,是揭示生活真谛!美化人类性灵的另一重要途径"两位艺术大师虽用不同的审美视角,但都是以赤诚和善良的心愿,从理论和实践两个方面,引领着人们从美中辨别丑!从丑中发现美,在美与丑这两物!两色构织汇集的艺术画廊中,把握和探究现实世界中的美丑二元对立及其辩证转化的美学意蕴"雨果的美丑对照固然没有改变事物的性质,波德莱尔的以丑为美也没有改变事物的性质"
法国大文豪雨果在其《克伦威尔序言》一文中,提出了著名的“美丑对照原则”,他的《巴黎圣母院》就是运用这一原则的典范作品;而法国又一位颇具影响的诗人、文艺理论家波德莱尔则倡导了“以丑为美”理论,他的《恶之花》正是这一理论的代表力作"对于这两位大家的文艺思想,人们已从不同侧面进行了深入的探讨,给予了高度的评价"其中有一种观点认为,雨果的美丑对照原则,是遵循了对比逻辑,没有改变事物本身的性质;而波德莱尔的以丑为美,则改变了矛盾双方事物的性质"： 两种审美观都是对事物的具体反映其实,美丑对照与以丑为美这两种原则的运用,都没有改变事物本身的性质,只是改变了事物的原有面貌,而且它们改变事物面貌的方向正好相反"美丑对照是拉大、扩张了美丑之间的距离,它使美的更美,丑的更丑,而以丑为美则是缩短了美丑之间的差距,使丑的变为不是原来的那么丑,同时也就蕴涵着使美的变为不是原来的那么美。"美丑对照与以丑为美都是艺术地反映社会生活的正确途径和有效方法"美丑对照原则,主张将两种对立的事物放在一起进行对比,有效地突出两者之间的矛盾,构成一种巨大的反差,从而更为深刻地揭示出两个事物相反的本质特征" 雨果在其《巴黎圣母院》中,将他的美丑对照原则运用到了一种极至"作品中的美与丑不是简单的对立对比,而是错综地交织在一起,形成一种尖锐的矛盾和强烈的冲突"女主人公爱斯梅拉达是美的化身,从相貌到内心都展示出美仑美奂的典型,敲钟人伽西莫多外貌奇丑而心地纯洁善良;副主教克洛德外表道貌岸然!内心阴险狠毒,卫队长弗比斯外表潇洒风流!内心卑鄙自私"这几个人物本身就有着显著的对照特征:爱斯梅拉达内外映衬,相辅相成,完美和谐;伽西莫多丑陋的外貌蕴涵着高尚的心灵;克洛德与弗比斯则是以好看的外表反衬出丑陋的灵魂"而更重要的是他们之间形成的强烈反差与鲜明对比:在爱斯梅拉达的至善至美和伽西莫多的外丑内美面前,克洛德显得格外的丑恶不堪,弗比斯也尤为卑劣琐屑"这里,美丑对照的运用,达到了理想化的效果,爱斯梅拉达与伽西莫多这两种类型的美好形象在丑态人物的反衬下,更为鲜美艳丽!光彩照人;而克洛德与弗比斯这两个丑角在美好人物的光照之下,更显形象猥亵!灵魂肮脏,令人作呕"而以丑为美的理论,是作者世界观和方法论在美学领域的具体表现;它强调的是丑中有美,视丑为美,变腐朽为神奇,让丑的事物也显示出美的一面。" 波德莱尔的《恶之花》从它的总题到其中的篇章内容,都是实践这种理论的典型证明"所谓恶之花,就是恶中之花,再具体一点说,就是从恶中所发现的花,或者说是恶中也有花"这种恶之花,是否改变了恶的性质了呢?没有,它只是说明此恶并非万恶不堪,而是还有好的成分和花的因子,这就自然地减轻了恶的程度和分量;再从另一角度说,这种花是否就不成其为花了呢?也不是的"应该肯定,它仍然是花,只是它不象别的花那么鲜艳美好,因为它已带有恶的成分,或者说它是从恶中产生的花"在《恶之花》的具体诗作中,作者表现以丑为美的理论的方式有两种:其一是从常态的丑和恶的事物中,开掘出它的对立面美和好来,譬如在5祝福6中,作者将他母亲的诅咒!妻子的毒语以及世人的恶言,全都视为对自己的祝福;这是不同于世俗的审美观和价值论,诚如诗中所言:苦难正是灵药,足以根治我们败坏的道德,苦难正是出类拔萃!无比纯粹的香精,足以激励坚强不屈的人们去迎接神圣的欢乐!(张秋红译) 这里的灵药和香精,只是作者主观上的认识,并不代替客观的事物,也没有改变那些诅语谩骂的性质;而且以这种审美情趣对待那些污言秽语,就达到了变腐朽为神奇的效果"其二是将矛盾对立的概念结合起来运用,或以揭示出丑恶事物中的美好基因,或以暴露出正面事物中的腐恶之气"譬如: 我酣饮你的气息,哦,甘美,哦,毒素,何处可寻到你的慵懒之美?(《阳台》钱春绮译) 天空又悲又美,象大祭台一样!(《黄昏的和谐》郭宏安译) 懒散的宝贝,我多爱瞧你苗条身材(《起舞的蛇》郑克鲁译) 哦,发卷,哦,充满慵懒的香气!将再度找到你,哦,丰满的倦怠!(《头发》郭宏安译) 你不也如我是一轮秋阳,呵,我如此纯洁,如此无情的玛格丽"(《秋》陈敬容译) 在这样的一些诗句里,美和丑相互交错,或表现事物的两面性,如:阳台既是甘美又是毒素,天空又悲又美(又愁惨又美好),玛格丽如此纯洁又如此无情;或显示事物的对立面,有用消极之语状美好之事,如:慵懒之美、懒散的宝贝、慵懒的香气等,有以褒扬之词饰病态之物,如:丰满的倦怠"不管是那一种情况,它们都没有改变诗作所描写的事物的性质,只是增添了事物的内涵,使之变得更为丰富和繁杂"而最为典型的就是《你要把全宇宙纳入你的闺房》这首诗中所写的:“哦,罪恶的女王,哦,荡妇,就是你,劣畜,造就天才的才艺") 呜呼,污秽的伟大!崇高的卑鄙!让污秽与伟大相结合,使伟大中兼有污秽,污秽里掺杂伟大,因此,污秽就不那么面目可憎,伟大也不是那么令人神往;崇高与卑鄙相搭配,也是同理" 两种认识论都是对客观的直接把握辩证唯物史观认为,客观世界是处于一种矛盾对立而又辩证统一的发展变化之中"美丑对照原则和以丑为美理论实际上是根据两种认识路线来看待物质世界的,它们都符合辩证唯物史观的认识论。美丑对照原则,其理论依据就是雨果在其《克伦威尔序言》中所表述的那段名言: 近代的诗艺,会感觉到万物中的一切并非都是合乎人情的美,感觉到丑就在美的旁边,畸形靠近着优美,粗俗藏在崇高的背后,恶与善并存,黑暗与光明相共"这与其说是浪漫主义文学的宣言,不如说是对客观真实的正确反映,也是符合现实主义文学要求的理论观点"它是对以前的古典主义文学只注重美!仅描写崇高的一种反拨,是一种要求全面反映现实生活的审美观念"事实上,在美学领域里,也是一个充满矛盾的两面性世界,即美与丑两极并立! 雨果与波德莱尔这两位伟大的天才艺术家,通过他们自己的创作,成功地实践了各自的理论主张"雨果阐述的美丑对照原则及其以〈〈巴黎圣母院〉〉为代表的杰出作品,形象地展现了客观世界的两面性:美与丑,它们既共生又对立;鲜明地表达了作者主观认识的倾向性:美战胜丑,丑向美转化的善良愿望"波德莱尔坚持的以丑为美的主张及其以〈〈恶之花〉〉为典范的优美诗篇,不仅深刻地揭示了事物的表象与实质的关系:丑蕴涵着美,人们需要辩证地认识和审视丑;而且开创了美学领域的新途径:丑是文学创作的又一半壁江山,是揭示生活真谛!美化人类性灵的另一重要途径"两位艺术大师虽用不同的审美视角,但都是以赤诚和善良的心愿,从理论和实践两个方面,引领着人们从美中辨别丑!从丑中发现美,在美与丑这两物!两色构织汇集的艺术画廊中,把握和探究现实世界中的美丑二元对立及其辩证转化的美学意蕴"雨果的美丑对照固然没有改变事物的性质,波德莱尔的以丑为美也没有改变事物的性质"
在这部作品中,雨果运用“美丑对照”的原则来塑造人物形象、展现故事情节,通过多个角度来刻画美与丑，并通过浪漫主义的写作手法将这种对比进行强化，体现了“丑就在美的旁边,畸形靠近优美”的艺术主张。文中写到：“格雷沃广场上，美丽善良的吉普赛流浪姑娘爱斯梅拉达翩翩起舞，身后跟着漂亮聪明的加里；撞钟人卡西莫多丑陋畸形的身躯在钟楼上来回跳荡，发出怪兽一般的咆哮；神父阴郁的影子幽灵一样，厚重溽湿，借着黑色的外衣，在钟楼顶层的院墙内闪烁不止。”在《巴黎圣母院》中有外貌美丽无比、内心淳朴的爱斯梅拉达，也有丑陋万分但内心善良真诚的卡西莫多，还有道貌岸然、衣冠禽兽的克洛德，他们身上都有着鲜明的“美”或是“丑”的标签，将外貌、心灵的美与丑通过对比充分的展现，让美与丑、善于恶这原本属于对立面的两方变的相依相存。 一、美丑共存 ： 作品中的女主人公爱斯梅拉达，她最突出的一点是有着令人黯然失色的出众美貌，这样的美貌使女人们嫉妒，男人们爱慕——这就使她有罪了，一个低贱的下层人怎么能长得这么美？在暗淡的故事背景中她仿佛是一抹靓丽的色彩，逼得人不敢睁眼直视，雨果更是在文中写到：“不能一下子肯定这个女郎究竟是人，是仙，还是天使。”这样醒目的“美”不掩盖起来，就赤裸裸地展示在一个不怀好意的环境中，让这份美变成了危机的存在。 而敲钟人卡西莫多最突出的一点与爱斯梅拉达正好相反：极度的丑陋。畸形、恐怖几乎类似于一个怪物，同样不敢令人直视。他的鼻子是四面体的，嘴巴是马蹄形的，眉毛就像猪鬃，还是个驼背矮子、跛子，仿佛这样的人，从出生就是被诅咒的，因为丑陋就是罪恶，就是魔鬼，他丑得连“灵魂的姿势都是可怜的、畸形的”。虐待、嘲笑和偏见像大山一样压迫着他，使他远离人群，性情粗暴，举止奇特。正这样醒目的“丑”不掩盖起来，大刺刺暴露在一个狭隘肤浅的环境中，同时也让着份“丑”变成了危险的存在。 外貌的美与丑这两个极端的对立面碰在一起，原本不相容的两面，却也会因险恶的不公而惺惺相惜，彼此温暖。放在嘴边的那口水是爱斯梅拉达的美丽心灵，摆在窗前的那瓶插满花儿的普通陶罐是卡西莫多呵护的温柔。卡西莫多的爱纯洁无私，他以自己所爱的人幸福为满足，他的爱情充满了自我牺牲的崇高精神。爱斯梅拉达再次被捕给他很大的打击，他“哭得浑身颤抖”，她的惨死终于换起了他麻木多年的心。无论外表的“美”还是“丑”，卡西莫多与爱斯梅拉达都有一颗纯洁而美丽的心灵，这样心灵无比的美丽，内在美与外在美的统一固然好，然而最重要的是内在美，让“美”与“丑”不再是对立的两面。 二、善恶相依： 文中巴黎圣母院的副主教克洛德则是善恶相依的典型代表。克洛德的出生良好，听从父母的安排进入神学院学习，将自己全部的时间都用在知识的海洋之中，忠于宗教,不接近女人，并且对于弟弟用自己全部的激情和身心加以呵护，他还收养了被遗弃的卡西莫多，通过自己的努力将他抚养成人，让他当上了圣母院的敲钟人，这些行为充分的体现了他人性中的“善”。然而,在教会担任职务以后，克洛德的思想却逐渐开始发生变化，野心日益暴露出来，而且对于权利和地位的向往也越来越赤裸裸。他疯狂放纵情欲,在强烈的兽欲驱使下企图长期霸占爱斯梅拉达,为了爱，他甚至跪倒在爱斯梅拉达的脚下哭喊着说：“我们要逃走，我们到某个地方去！”爱斯梅拉达前后五次的拒绝并没有使他反省，反而刺激他使用更专横卑鄙的手段，一旦阴谋落空爱而不得，就要借助宗教和法律把爱斯梅拉达置于死地，做出很多邪恶的事情，使得他人性中最为黑暗的一面暴露无遗，在“恶”的道路上越走越远。 克洛德是一个复杂而具有悲剧色彩的人物，他从一个优秀善良的人，一步步走向灵魂的扭曲，并最终被“恶”占了上风，变成了一个邪恶的魔鬼，他个体人性的泯灭和对权力地位的欲望，造成了他的悲剧，从“善”到“恶”的转化，往往就在一念之间。 雨果曾说：“丑就在美的旁边，畸形靠近着优美，粗俗藏在崇高背后，善与恶并存，黑暗与光明相共。”文中人物自身外貌与内心互为映衬，使美的更加美、丑陋的更加丑陋，而人物前后品性的变化，卡西莫多的由丑变美，克洛德的由善到恶，都充分的说明人的品性是处在变化与发展之中的。 《巴黎圣母院》中把极美与极丑、极善与极恶紧密的结合在一起，紧紧的纠结在一组密切接触的人物身上，从而解释了美丑善恶的真正内涵，美丑相互依存，善恶可以转化，让人们对美与丑的评判标准有了新的认识。