现代有机合成之父,Robert B. Woodward,美国人, 1965年获诺贝尔奖,for his achievements in the art of organic synthesis。16岁上MIT, 3年读完本科,1年的时间就拿到了博士学位。要不是只活62岁,肯定可以拿2次诺贝尔奖。他手下获诺贝尔奖的就有4人。超级大牛啊!他的名言,"There is excitement, adventure, and challenge, and there can be great art in organic synthesis" 影响了很多的有机合成化学家。
这是前期的
伍德沃德1917年“月10日生于美国马萨路塞州的波士顿。从小喜读书,善思考,学习成绩优异。1933年夏,只有16岁的伍德沃德就以优异的成绩,考人美国的著名大学麻省理工学院。在全班学生中,他是年龄最小的一个,素有“神童”之称,学校为了培养他,为他一人单独安排了许多课程。他聪颖过人,只用了3年时间就学完了大学的全部课程,并以出色的成绩获得了学上学位。
伍德沃德获学士学位后,直接攻取博士学位,只用了一年的时间,学完了博士生的所有课程,通过论文答辩获博士学位。从学士到博士,普通人往往需要6年左右的时间,而伍德沃德只用了一年,这在他同龄人中是最快的。获博士学位以后,伍德沃德在哈佛大学执教,1950年被聘为教授。他教学极为严谨,且有根强的吸引力,特别重视化学演示实验,着重训练学生的实验技巧,他培养的学生,许多人成了化学界的知名人士,其中包括获得1981年诺贝尔化学奖的美国化学家霍夫曼(R.Hoffmann)。伍德沃德在化学上的出色成就,使他名扬全球。1963年,瑞士人集资,办了一所化学研究所,此研究所就以伍德沃德的名字命名,并聘请他担任了第一任所长。
伍德沃德是本世纪在有机合成化学实验和理论上,取得划时代成果的罕见的有机化学家,他以极其情巧的技术,合成了胆固醇、皮质酮、马钱子碱、利血平、叶绿素等多种复杂有机化合物。据不完全统计,他合成的各种极难合成的复杂有机化合物达24种以上,所以他被称为“现代有机合成之父”。
伍德沃德还探明了金霉素、土霉素、河豚素等复杂有机物的结构与功能,探索了核酸与蛋自质的合成问题、发现了以他的名字命名的伍德沃德有机反应和伍德沃德有机试剂。他在有机化学合成、结构分析、理论说明等多个领域都有独到的见解和杰出的贡献,他还独立地提出二茂铁的夹心结构,这一结构与英国化学家威尔金森(G.Wilkinscn)、菲舍尔(E.O.Fischer)的研究结果完全一致。
1965年,伍德沃德因在有机合成方面的杰出贡献而荣获诺贝尔化学奖。获奖后,他并没有因为功成名就而停止工作。而是向着更艰巨复杂的化学合成方向前进“。他组织了14个国家的110位化学家,协同攻关,探索维生素B12的人工合成问题。在他以前,这种极为重要的药物,只能从动物的内脏中经人工提炼,所以价格极为昂贵,且供不应求。
维生素B12,的结构极为复杂,伍德沃德经研究发现,它有181个原子,在空间呈魔毡状分布,性质极为脆弱,受强酸、强碱、高温的作用都会分解,这就给人工合成造成极大的困难。伍德沃德设计了一个拼接式合成方案,即先合成维生素B12的各个局部,然后再把它们对接起来。这种方法后来成了合成所有有机大分子普遍采用的方法。
合成维生素B12过程中,不仅存在一个创立新的合成技术的问题,还遇到一个传统化学理论不能解释的有机理论问题。为此,伍德沃德参照了日本化学家福井谦一提出的“边界电子论”,和他的学生兼助手霍夫曼一起,提出了分子轨道对称守恒原理,这一理论用对称性简单直观地解释了许多有机化学过程,如电环合反应过程、环加成反应过程、σ键迁移过程等。该原理指出,反应物分子外层轨道对称一致时,反应就易进行,这叫“对称性允许”反应物分子外层轨道对称性不一致时,反应就不易进行,这叫“对称性禁阻”。分子轨道理论的创立,使霍夫曼和福井谦一共同获得了1981年诺贝尔化学奖。因为当时,伍德沃德已去世2年,而诺贝尔奖又不授给已去世的科学家,所以学术界认为,如果伍德沃德还健在的话,他必是获奖人之一,那样,他将成为少数两次获得诺贝尔奖金的科学家之一。
伍德沃德合成维生素B12时,共做了近千个复杂的有机合成实验,历时11年,终于在他谢世前几年实现了,完成了复杂的维生素B12的合成工作。参加维生素凡之合成的化学家,除了霍夫曼以外,还有瑞士著名化学家埃申莫塞(A.Escheni11oser)等。
在有机合成过程中,伍德沃德以惊人的毅力夜以继日地工作。例如在合成番木鳖碱、喹宁碱等复杂物质时,需要长时间的守护和观察、记录,那时,伍德沃德每天只睡4个小时,其他时间均在实验室工作。
伍德沃德谦虚和善,不计名利,善于与人合作,一旦出了成果,发表论文时,总喜欢把合作者的名字署在前边,他自己有时干脆不署名,对他的这一高尚品质,学术界和他共过事的人都众口称赞。
伍德沃德对化学教育尽心竭力,他一生共培养研究生、进修生500多人,他的学生已布满世界各地。伍德沃德在总结他的工作时说:“之所以能取得一些成绩,是因为有幸和世界上众多能干又热心的化学家合作。”
1979年6月8日,伍德沃德国积劳成疾,与世长辞,终年62岁。他在辞世前还面对他的学生和助手,念念不忘许多需要进一步研究的复杂有机物的合成工作,他逝世以后,人们经常以各种方式悼念这位有机化学巨星。
资料来源:
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